The Case of Guerrero, Mexico

CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master Master degree of the for therequirements of In partial fulfilment Drug Trafficking, Drug Violence andDrug Violence Development;Drug Trafficking, The Case of Guerrero,of CaseTheMexico Supervisor: Prof Supervisor: Department of Political Science Political of Department Central European University European Central o Marcela Figueroa Franco Figueroa Marcela f Artsf Budapest, Hungary Budapest,

Submitted to Submitted in Political Science Science Political in June, June, By essor

2015

Julia Buxton Julia

CEU eTD Collection one ofitsoutcomes, violence, been have only addressed interms of security when issues the from violence that is argument conceptual main drug The development. of perspective and trafficking drug of problem the examines thesis This ABSTRACT future design of by levels higher in affected were conditions socioeconomic adverse more with regions the that suggests between suggest that evidence some is there conditions, socioeconomic and violence between relationship the about proposition the support to evidence strong no is the geographical analysis of its seven regions. interpretation levels: intwo inthe ofdata uses analysis The country. the the where region a in and poverty trafficking, Mexico, drug violence, of conditions Guerrero, of state the of study case the uses analysis conditions. socioeconomic adverse more have that places those in violence of terms policies reinforcement the whether and rates; violence with relation a have production drug of levels the whether production; drug the with relation some have conditions socioeconomic whether violence; to prone more regions soc whetheradverse here is aretested that hypotheses they have causes that are related to poverty, inequality and lack of development. The main low levels of socioeconomic condi socioeconomic of levels low

policies seekingpolicies to

the policies of reinforcement of policies the

qaiaie approach qualitative a address units of units the problem of the problem i

tions and drug production activities. It also It activities. production drug and tions

The main findings suggest that while there .

The findings pretend to be relevant for for relevant be to pretend findings The

analysis and its81municipalities in of ioeconomic conditions make some some make conditions ioeconomic equality have the highest rates of of rates highest the have equality had

drug trafficking. drug trafficking. worse based on observation and and observation on based

negative outcomes in in outcomes negative

drug trafficking and and trafficking drug s

relation a

ship The

CEU eTD Collection imperfections. impossibl seemed it times the even always, First and foremost, I would like to thank my family. T a twice me on checking for and thesis, this of period writing the during support absolute her for Bety, to Mexicans: my of rest the To other. each after look could we so (again) In Budapest, t who help For Back in Mexico, t Latinand America. topic this both, about passionate so being for mainly but thesis, this to contributions and thank to like also would I To grandma, am absolutely being for aunts, my especially family, my of rest the To ask for. making me want to be a better person. To Mau, for being the best brother in law one could little the To is. love unconditional what study. to back go to late too never have me saved

ing me get here and everywhere. To my friends, especially friends, my To everywhere. and here get me ing

for decidfor o my o

To Soco, my mother, for showing me, with her own example, that it is it that example, own her with me, showing for mother, my Soco, To o my me

wera in countless occasions.in countless i ng thatthings couldng bebetter.

Ursula, for the happy coincidence thatb coincidence happyUrsula, the for ntor and dear friend, Carlos Gallegos, for always being around.

my supervisor, Professor Julia Buxton, for all her comments comments her all for Buxton, Julia Professor supervisor, my ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To Soqui, my sister, because thanks to her, I know know I her, to thanks because sister, my Soqui, To human being growing inside her, who is already is who her, inside growing being human ii

For theimportance being ofnot indifferent e. o love: For

o Pepe,

honest for for his support and patience, rought us here together us rought beauti ,

Bárbara and Paola, Paola, and Bárbara azing and caring. and azing u ad ul of full and ful To the43. To .

CEU eTD Collection funniest and most unstable group of people I could ever find and love. and find ever could I people of group unstable most and funniest f little my To year. B. this Nemanja Yugoslavia: during Budapest in made I family the to least, not but Last we away shared during these from months home. day,I alive;to tomake still sure my was youof me. all shared with it crisessharedexistential thatwe of all To I friendship. beautiful neededfor it; her has been a big pleasure. To Dragana K. for making me tea (or giving me wine) every time being human like look even didn’t we where moments those through even other, each

ind not one, but two of them. of two but one, not ind them fr l te oe, ags dik, icsin, lels ngt ad the and nights sleepless discussions, drinks, laughs, jokes, the all for , ,

and Nemanja S., for the odds of coming from so far away to away far so from coming of odds the for S., Nemanja and

together. This was thegreatest This experiencealltogether. was because of Agi

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Isaac

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and Kirill and

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B. , for being the craziest, the being for , Taking care of of care Taking s, s, CEU eTD Collection 1.3 Data Collection and Measurement 1.2 Methods Selection 1.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses I. INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY Apendix 4.. ofMap Guerrero byMunicipal Divisions Appendix 3.Narcotics Seizures Illegalin Laboratories in Guerre Appendix 2.Dataset Appendix 1. Mexican DTOs, G APPENDICES CONCLUSIONS 4.4 Discussion 4.3 Analysis Region by 4.2 Analysis of Data by Municipality 4. 1Description of the Case: Guerrero IV. Overview 3.3 of the Conditionsof the Drug Market 3.2 Effects of the Governmental Response After 2006 3.1 Historical, Political and Structural Conditions MEXICO III. 2.3 Drugs and Development 2.2. Crime and Inequality 2.1. TheCycle Violence of II.

1.2.2 Limitations of the Scope 1.2.1 2.3 2. 2Violence Indicators 2.1 Socioeconomic Indicators 1.3.1 Data Concerns

DRUGS ASDEVELOPMENT VIOLENCE AND ISSUES METHODOLOGYRESEARCH Drug Trafficking andPresence of Civilian Armed Groups

ANALYSIS PUZTHE Justification for the Case Selection

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CEU eTD Collection Socioeconomic TraffickingIndicators6. Drug Table and by Region MunicipalitiesHigh5. Table with Level Homicideof Rivarlyand Rates Municipalities4. Table Controlled Localby Gangs Homicide Rate and Selected3. HomicideMunicipalities. Table Rate Indicators. Socioeconomic 2. ComparativeTable Guerrero and Mexico HomicideRates.1. Table andComparative Mexico Guerrero (2000 Figure by Guerrero 4.MapRegion of FigureGuerrero.DTOs presence 3.Map by Municipality GuerreroFigure 2. Homicide Rate(2000 Figure Rat Homicide 1.Mexico LIST OFLIST TABLES LIST OFLIST FIGURES e (2000

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48 42 39 30 47 44 43 40 35 34

CEU eTD Collection displac 3 2012. to 2006 20,000 from 2 was government Calderon’s sixyears the of during of deaths number the since 2007) violence drug to related ofdeaths accounting an maintained has (that Milenio newspaper to According debate. drug and crime organized of months 1 conditions f that policy The (Miron and However, inclusio activity. governm the was 2006 in changed what that is consideration into taken be activities, they cannot be also in Syria and Iraq. Armed Conflict Survey 2015 According violence. related drug of result a as 2015) (IDMC, displaced forcibly been have In Mexico, since 2006

Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, Mexico’s report. Retrieved June 4 June Retrieved report. Mexico’s Center, Monitoring Displacement Internal reported had administration previous However, the 2014. May from government federal the from Officialdata is The data oiia instability. political ement.org/americas/mexico/summary , 1999 , n The character of the state’s counter narcot counter state’s the of character The the the of

not precise. In March 2014 Mexico's National Public Security Ministry reported that in the first14 the in that reported Ministry Security Public National 2014Mexico's March In precise. not INTRODUCTION or violence more results. and negative thanpositive administration of President Enrique Peña Nieto, the country recorded 21,258 deaths deaths 21,258 recorded country the Nieto, Peña Enrique President of administration the ), what followed the strategy was an immediate escalation in t in escalation immediate an was strategy the followed what ), in the same way it has been documented in other cases of security reinfo security of cases other in documented been has it way same the in was security security The The issue has not only created an environment of insecu

mlmne t cma te leaiy f h nrois trade, narcotics the of illegality the combat to implemented

violence. more than 100,000

fully explained only lhuh hs ngtv otoe are outcomes negative these Although sectors, , 3

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the number of casualties are only surpassed by the

efforts

orts regarding the former president Felipe Caleron are still in are Caleron Felipe former the president regarding orts 1

n bde i odr o obt the combat to order in budget and people have died, 8,000 have disappeared

in terms of the illicit 1

ics response was punitive and followed the followed and punitive was response ics You can’t even awar You shit call this

th eae t te drug the to related

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narcotics ental response to this to response ental he levels of violence. of levels he

illegal

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rg trade. drug trafficking trafficking Warsend hat has to - rcement

victims to Why?

the the . .

CEU eTD Collection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xanUnVmL0RE 4 into proposition the relationship between conceptual this takes that this consideration, Mexico on focused research empirical and effects negative its make specific regions more prone to drug trafficking a such conditions said, being This differentactivities related todrug trafficking. develo of lack and inequality poverty, include that violence and crime of causes structural the account problem the of explanation the violent events distribute that farmers poor small, usually drugs, grow that people instance, for between Another outcome of this perspective is the fact that there is practically no conceptual dif but activities visible and represent” president the approachthey that is Following this argument, this thesis considers that

Felipe Calderon’s speech on June 23 June on speech Felipe Calderon’s pment.

. Felipe 4

As a result, these kin

. In addition, the conceptual proposition also Bearing Bearing this in mind, the product, the

the main research question research main the adrns words, Calderon’s s poverty, inequality, and lack of development can be significant factors that factors significant be can development of lack and inequality, poverty, s , such as violence. as such , thesis first aim is to is aim first thesis

socioeconomic condi issue

who

not only with an emphasis an with only

rd of drug trafficking drug of d trade the of charge in are 2011

ae no osdrto te structural the consideration into take of policies usually

h fgt s gis te ciias n te vl ht they that evil the and “criminals the against is fight the , last , Due to the fact that there is no previ no is there that fact the to Due

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that structure that

tions andtions rates of violence ical ical framework 2

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activities (including drug production) tackle

o n the criminal side of the trade. the of side criminal the n seeks seeks to amake distinction rd s

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used used for this thesis

work work s

the level of significance in significance of level the th is

. Additionally on the basis of

these type whether socioeconomic socioeconomic whether ass for causes ,

ous relevant literature relevant ous and the organizations organizations the and , does not restrict s

of responses between the criminality. ferentiation ,

immediate it will test will it In former In

and and to CEU eTD Collection police local September 2014, when 43 self groups, organizations. guerrilla also but DTOs, of presence only instability social and political of environment an through productionopium is cur Infact, years. last the during violence of increase the of terms in impact higher a registeredhas that regions the of one is state this that fact the in consists basicallyselection the for justification argument the test To thatmunicipalities have higher adverserates of socioeconomic conditions. wh tests str the to related proposition main the Following policies s that argument the discusses also drug production has relation with levels of drug production. Th violence. The second whether the number of Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) that have socioeconomic of relations am rently the state with the highe ut f rg ta ae rdcd n ht sa that in produced are that drugs of ount

and the increase of violence, this research also propose also research this violence, of increase the and te plc efreet a mr ngtv efcs n em o voec i those in violence of terms in effects negative more had enforcement policy ether there is a relation between relation a is there

participated Its .

The rss f oenblt ad violence and governability of crisis

(H1b)

s significant significant relation with levels of violence. ti thesis this , region ,

as well as well as rural

examine variables ,

traditionally students were killed in students were killed st ss as uses

security of reinforcement the between relation the upports

rates of homicides in the country the mayor of the city and city the of mayor the whether low levels of levels low

with e

third third ae f study of case one of the poorestone of andunderdeveloped te idctr rltd o rg trafficking drug to related indicators other adverse socioeconomic conditio 3 proposition proposition uctural causes for violence, this violence, for causes uctural

e territory me socioeconomic conditions and conditions socioeconomic

the city of

ece oe f t hget ons in points highest its of one reached h sae f ureo n Me in Guerrero of state the for years. In its territory there territory its In years. for -

(H1c) a defense groups and strong social social strong and groups defense

presence in a particular te . the s T

a hypothesis tha hypothesis a Sinc Iguala, in e is hypothesis first he brings local local

and also the one with largest e the e theoreticalthe framework gang that controlled that gang up

an event

the question ns have a significant

hypothesis t test t , high levels of of levels high

has also gone in which

(H1a)

its effects. its io The xico. sc as such , rritory or whether

are not are

(H2) tests the the the it

CEU eTD Collection analysithe in used data the of description The in thoseregions that andmunicipalities have levels of violence, there is some evidence to suggest that these po eff the of case the In regions. specific in drugs of cultivation po socioeconomic conditions may seem to have an impact in the production of drugs. In other words, finds is that while there is no significant relation between socioeconomic andconditions violence, maps, of use the by state. the of regions seventhe analysisof to find patterns groups. defense and rates of drug cultivation. It also includes other variables such as presence of guerrilla and self rate, inequality and containing for The analysis the state. links with socioeconomic conditi must have other lead that elements the all combined case The area. et ad ak f cnmc oiiy ol b a atr ht nlecs h pouto or production the influences that factor a be could mobility economic of lack and verty

each of the 81 municipalities of the state. the of municipalities 81 the of each

thesis is structured as follows. as structured is thesis

indicator of the case study and and correlations

variations The marginalizati s allow first

of socioeconomic conditions socioeconomic of

part of the analysis corresponds to corresponds analysis the of part

ed that

visualization is supported are not only related to drug trafficking activities, but that must have among the variables. The second part on; and drug trafficking indicators such as ons, a lack of development and

Chapter s. It also discusses some concerns about the data the about concerns some discusses Italso s.

With the same indicators, these observations, supportedobservations, these indicators,the same With by

the a qualitative approach

explains explains the state in its areas of conflict. conflict. of areas its in state the 4 These observations were were observations These worst economicworst conditions.

, such as such , to the conclusion the to in

detail the research methodology and the the and methodology research the detail income, education, children mortality mortality children education, income, ect of the policy enforcement on enforcement policy the of ect the observation of the ca the of observation the

weakness and even licies had a higher negative effect based on the

is focalized in that the problem of problem the that done using a using done homicide homicide rates, DTOs,

What the research the What

data a geographical

an observations s

es in order in es absence of

database violence set

and the -

CEU eTD Collection responsesstructural focused onthe rootsoftheproblem. tackle to intended actually are that policies how address the and case the i areIt involved. they which in activities other the as well as trade they drugs the and control, they that territories composition current the and Mexico in market drug illicit the surround origins. its from problem the evaluate and understand to approaches the influenced has ideology prohibition e drug between relationship the explains and analysis the supports that the limitations of the scope. Chapter II is dedicated to the discussion of the theoretical background t conomic inequality and development. Its main goal is to critically discuss how the international international the how discuss critically to is goal main Its development. and inequality conomic

tries to answer the question answerthe to tries this kind of approach could influence policy makers makers policy influence could approach of kind this

the main findings, the questions that questions the findings, main the

hpe II xlis h seii pltcl histor political, specific the explains III Chapter also incl analysis udes thecharactergovernmental ofudes area. the responsesinthis

with the discussion of results of discussion the with of “ how we got here gotwe how

the issue of drug trafficking and drug violence drug and trafficking drug of issue the the research leaves open and a and open leaves research the 5

” .

Chapter IVChapter . Finally, it it Finally,

cl n srcua cniin that conditions structural and ical the design and implementation of implementation and design the is dedicated to the to dedicated is presents so presents - traffic and violence with with violence and traffic

reflection focused on on focused reflection of me conclusions that that conclusions me

rg atl, the cartels, drug description of description Ultimately, with CEU eTD Collection also considereda speaking corresponds to a criminal activity, and the cultivation of illegal drugs, which is currently theoretically which trafficking, drug of activity the to correspond that acts the differentiating othe The violence. as such trafficking, drug of effects negative the to and sp make that factors significant be can development will not were andonly simplistically related to drug trafficking, the specific question that this research that violence of causes other for look to and research of scope the reduce to trying Furthermore, could that perspective approaches multifactorial alternative a from issue the address to intended research this its current crisis of violence, which is The 1.1 ofthe scope.limitations the discusses part third measurement and collection data structure the work. The second analysis research the describes chapter This Research Questions and Hypothese Research and Questions I.

puzzle follow is whether socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, inequality, and lack of of lack and inequality, poverty, as such conditions socioeconomic whether is follow

of this thesi this of

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY that inspire that felony. s. The first section deals with the research questions and questions research the with deals section first The s. d this thesis was thesis this d

utfcto fr the for justification section section , and ,

methodology help related to drug trafficking. From beginning,the the consists consists on the descript it

the s

also

discussion explain includes some concerns regarding concerns some includes

ae td selection study case 6

followed for followed ing ecific regions more prone to prone more regions ecific

on h srcua cue of causes structural the the factorsthe ion and selection of the method,

the theoretical approach and th and approach theoretical the

te ie frame time the , that h that r intention was to start start to was intention r ave brought Mexico to Mexico brought ave the

the data the drug production drug hypotheses that that hypotheses searching searching hs activity. this

and and set focus of . some The the for for e

CEU eTD Collection hypotheses; new of development the for capacity its validity; achieving for potential its on based T 1.2 Met that haverates adverse higher ofconditions. socioeconomic H2. reg the and policies the by affected more were that regions the between relation significant any is tha would trafficking drug against policies security of reinforcement in government poli enforcement the that effect the testing on focuses hypothesis second The H1c H1b. H1a variables These conditions. of and violence, drug are: socioeconomic production Con his thesis is focused on the case study an study case the on focused is thesis his n ions with moresocioeconomicTherefore,conditions.ions with adverse hypothesis thesecond is:

sequently, the first hypothesis is presented in three different arguments that combine the three . Drug a production levels significant has ofviolence. relation with Policy enforcement has had . Adverse conditions are socioeconomic relatedwith higher levels ofviol in others. in Adverse socioeconomic conditions have a significant relation with rates of drug production. be then in which regions hods Selection hods

Then, f Then, the state of state the ollowing the theoretical argument, ollowingtheoretical the

Guerrero and i and Guerrero , the policies

more more negative effects in terms of violence in those municipalities ts negative outcomes. Here it will be will it Here outcomes. negative ts

alysis. The choice for this type this for choice The alysis. had a more negative effect, in terms of violence 7

this research this has increaced has

seeks to find whetherthere find to seeks

violence. The question The violence.

of method is mainly mainly is method of ence. cies of the Mexican the of cies

argued that the the that argued

rates ,

CEU eTD Collection the between relations causal the and conditions structural the identify to is part this of aim The decad past the of violence drug and trafficking drug of evolution and context the in Guerrero first one consists in the historical, political and structural conditions that explain Mexico, and then i causal some find to order in Therefore, combinesvariables. thesuggested exploratory character, Another important re development. of lack and inequality marginalization, poverty, of context a within violence drug that fact the on phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin, 1981). and context, life real its in phenomenon contemporary a study case The schemeBrown,& 2009) (Gibson a elements this in because relevant be allows also approach the historical context it provides the chance to observe and interpret any unexpected aspects related to S 19). 2005: Bennett, & (George complexity causal the way it works on finding causal patterns ginning of the research and research the of ginning

research questions, which is not possible to do with exclusi with do to possible not is which questions, research nd patterns in the data that could that data the in patterns nd

approach this research aims research this aso

which o dniy n icue e hypothese new include and identify to n n to

particular is also is consider

nee

could at the end contribute to the theo the to contribute end the at could

ded in cases like this one, where useful .

to understand the particular conditions of drug trafficking and and trafficking drug of conditions particular the understand to case, the intention is not to test existing theories, but to find to but theories, existing test to not is intention the case,

is the fact that

for nference this thesis consists of two analytical parts. The The parts. analytical two of consists thesis this nference

the means of thi of means the in the context of single cases; and its ability to address

help in the process of a bottom a of process the in help 8

this this type of research design also allows a more ince this approach considers approach this ince also s researchs T he choice s that were not considered at the the at considered not were that s when the boundaries between the between boundaries the when

there is no previous research that vely statistical approaches. This approaches. statistical vely

as it as ry building. This aspect is is aspect This building. ry

of of this approach

attempts to understand to attempts - up theory up

structural and and structural -

building is based es. es.

CEU eTD Collection guerrillagroups of and thepresence even levels of vio is Guerrero underdevelopment, and poverty of indicators higher have that 32) of (out states two are there While conditions. extreme research this of variables main three the where state the is it because study case the as selected was Guerrero 1. of violence. iss Thislast part of cultivation and the areas regions with high the levels of rivalry on between DTOs and mainlytherefore with high patterns levels find to intended are observations These state. the of division accordin regions, seven in regrouped are municipalities the case this in but observation the on based also is part second The data. the of analysis and observation propositions the if find to corres aim will part this presented, variables between relation the and observation based on the dataset of the T indicators. trafficking d and socioeconomic with dataset a and Guerrero of state the conform that municipalities the on consists part second The th chain ofeventsandconditions result the as but phenomenon, isolated an as not object, study the reconstruct that variables 2.1

Justification theJustification for Case Selection pond pond to the indicators lence and political instability. The state has – rg rfikn, rg viole drug trafficking, drug e is sec first he and and if some other couldassumptions upported of withmapsand thevisualization regional localization. qualitative at

have

at the same time the state the time same the at in f h eprcl analysis empirical the of tion m , as well, unicipalities

along with

c ad ak f development of lack and nce analysis 9

’ conditions. Using the suggested hypothese political violence. ltifactorial elements.

data had had . a history of strong social mobilization It will use will It

currently be built through the description, wt te fiil economic official the with g

will

as units of analysis the 81 the analysis of units as Guerrero’s -

presenting present rsn a qualitative a present

characteristics characteristics hmevs in themselves

the highest the of rug

a s CEU eTD Collection “natural” territories for th diff is Jalisco, and t as long as instance, for Guerrero state southern the of case The borders. made some states more prone to d and trafficking internal validity is very high, external validity is very low. However, in the particular case of drug the Among the limitations regarding the scope of the research and the 1 homicide rate that currently available. is e accurate most and last the is because is 2013 of case the In effects. more had w places those visualizing help can 2013 and 2006 from rates between comparison the mainly with the second rational The 2013. and 2006 years the from violence of nineties and the first years of the two thousands. For the years last the of conjecture critical the the Regarding and aims toexplore. variablesthesis this that w .2.2 ill se policies analysis in a single state,

allow to identify how structural and historical conditions a conditions historical and structural how identify to allow

Limitations theScope of

changed at the endbeginningchanged of atFelipe 2006withthe of presidency, Calderon’s the time frame, time rug violence in Mexico Mexico in violence rug erent from erent proposition proposition that related with the effects of the reinforcement policies. Since e development ofthetrade. Even though the intention is to identify the identify to is intention the it it could be mentioned

the border states where their geographical localization made them them made localization geographical their where states border the d

evelop

that started at started that

the it

is important to analyze the specific conditions that conditions specific the analyze to importantis

drug

market the the impossibility to generalize the results. While

the end of th of end the analytical e –

events that in the short time have led to led have time short the in that events production and distribution for choosing this time period has to do to has period time this choosing for re deeply related with the events events the with related deeply re

m part part this research uses indicators

e eighties, e the case study the case ethodology he cases of Michoacan of cases he passing through passing selection selection

presents its own presents its xisting data of of data xisting here violence here -

within within their tha focus

has the the

CEU eTD Collection 5 published information specific more with complemented was data the fact, this to Due state. per (Application number 001700116115) transparency of law the to according requested information governmental DTOs, of presence hom of number the with calculated was rate The level. municipal at certificates death quantifies which (Inegi), Statistics of Institute National the to corresponds used data the Rate, Homicide of case the In source for andtheanalysis. measurement its available, usedresearch.a ofeach inthis following description onevariable,it butonly The is is sources different two were there rate, homicide of case mentioned the as such cases other In wereInanswered. partially case these of laws Mexican governmental transparency. Some of these current requests were not positively answered or in some cases to according request access information through obtained mainly to official sources that are publicly available through several gov used for recollec trafficking, drug to related activities the of nature illegal the of because general, In 1.3 of variablesare that not frequentlyanalyzed. limits

All the applications can be consulted in www.infomex.org.mx in consulted be can applications All the

Data Collection and and Data Collection Measurement

for generalization, it could tion always tion means of cds e 1000 naiat i te ae f ah uiiaiy Rgrig the Regarding municipality. each of case the in inhabitants 100,000 per icides this this research was filled with data from different sources. Most of it corresponds presents a problem of accuracy and inconsistency. In this case, the database database the case, this In inconsistency. and accuracy of problem a presents

b e

useful in opening new debates to examine 5 s, specific were details enterprises. through validated media

only provided presence of DTOs by state and some reg

ernmental databases; the rest was the causal relations

the data data the ions ions s CEU eTD Collection Mexico’s of list complete found not were Dieguez M. Manuel and Gallardo El Cerro and Jalisco of municipalities to correspond not do names the 2014. The information had some mistakes that were removed. For instance, this database mentions refers to the number of hectares of opium and cannabis that were seized by the army since 2000 to numbe (Application requests information drug of case the In region. The measurement was simply DTOs of presence the analysis, the of purposes the For territory. the of control the for fight DTOs four sometimes and extortion to gangs dedica localmainly thepresence of regionsis standsout what fact this that in due tothe (76% of the total area) register the presence of DTOs. The rest, however, are not free of criminality important is What point to is out thataccording to other media specialized enterprises articles. and specify if it was obtained by an information leak or by other means, the data was validated through tha reporters the of custody the in are documents the that by newspaper

of Cerro El Gallardo, Degollado, Manuel M. Dieguez, Tlacotepec and Altamirano that Altamirano and Tlacotepec Dieguez, M. Manuel Degollado, Gallardo, El Cerro of Milenio

kidnaping. In addition to this situation this to addition In kidnaping. was used to reveal to used was

production, the data used used data the production,

that that affirms that the data comes from governmental intelligence reports and current

municipalities. Altamirano municipalities.

numerical, indica

uiiaiis f ureo Dglao n Taoee are Tlacotepec and Degollado Guerrero. of municipalities

the level of competitiveness and rivalry and competitiveness of level the r 000700213814). The data regarding drug production production drug regarding data The 000700213814). r ting the number of DTOs that have 12

was found in the archives of previous public public previous of archives the in found was

the mention ’s data ’s , in some municipalities, two, three and and three two, municipalities, some in , t sign the article. Although it does not does it Although article. the sign t

was added to Pungarabato, to added was ed

data, 62of the 81municipalities

in specific reg specific in

presence in the because because

in ions. ions.

ted ted the CEU eTD Collection is it that is data this with problem main The 2013. from was data recent most the instance, time the by and schedules fixed on work not does publication it however its Statistic of official sources for the homicide rates that betweendiffer each other. is One the InstituteNational the regarding concerns methodological The 1. guerrilla was taken report published by the Human Rights Na presenceofself the for politicaldata proxy instability. The of d that there is equity on the income among the population of that specific region. Finally 0 to from values Ittakes population. specific a among income the of concentration the with measured (Coneval by its Gini index to measure inequality is calcul of Education, and Income correspond to data from the U All the yearonly thatcorresponded seizures counted from the the 2 the ecided to add the presence of self of presence the add to ecided 3

Spanish .1

city corresponds to this to corresponds city 1, where 1

Data Concerns socioeconomic variables were taken from official sources. Children Mortalitysocioeconomic were from taken Children sources. official Rate, variables Years s (Inegi s

acronym represents

Spanish by its by from media enterprises.from ). The first takes its data from death certificates at state and municipal level; municipal and state at certificates death from data its takes first The ).

acronym

the highest inequality and 0 the lowest. Spanish

latter ). The Gini index refers to the economic inequality of the society

acronym municipality. For the purposes of the research, the of purposes the For municipality. - defense groups and gu and groups defense ated ated by the National Council for Soc tional Commission in 2013. T ) and the National System for Public Safety (SNSP (SNSP Safety Public for System National the and )

oiie rates homicide 13

nited Nations Development Program. errillas a errillas 006 to the year2013. 006 tothe

- fiil aa r that are data official defense group was obtained from a a fromgroup was obtained defense When When a value is closer to 0 s a variable that could give could that variable a s he data for the presence of

ial Policy Evaluation of this research for for research this of

there were there hr ae two are there , this author

means

The we we by a CEU eTD Collection 2015. 2nd 6 due issues reports Nevertheless monitoring. media by h 2012) Rios, 2011; (Osorio, scholars some problems, these Facing precision. their corroborate to difficult is available public not are since 2007. However, their data holds on local correspondents reports and their complete databases Reforma as such newspapers, national Some inaccurate. more even is data, for source other the Media, some kindofmessages, etc.). torture of signs firearm, (with found i violence related drug of case the in homicides is that many of the possible research lines are almost impossible to follow. For instance, case single a as registered is it event, preliminary investigations, which means that homicides differences of kind other and violence drug to related homicides between differentiate not does also it However, month. each actualized is which municipality, SNSP hand, impossible to identify homicides related to drug violence and other k

The SNSP published its data through data its The published SNSP

but also face the fact that in some regions media has stopped reporting violence related violence reporting stopped has media regions some in that fact the face also but

and and

to threats or threats to between publishes Milenio

both databases is that Inegi counts death certificates and the SNSP counts SNSP the and certificates death counts Inegi that is databases both , have been making their own count of homicides rel homicides of count own their making been have , 6

attacks from the criminal organicriminal the fromattacks

its own database of of database own its

its website , decapitation, dismemberment, if the victim was found with with found was victim the if dismemberment, decapitation, , hs shlr nt ny eed n h accuracy the on depend only not scholars these . Another issue Another . t i t ave based their researches on building their own databases own their building on researches their based ave s very important to know how the victim was killed and killed was victim the how know to important very s http://www.secretariadoejecutivo.gob.mx/ if there is one, two or more victims found in the same federal jurisdiction and local state jurisdiction per jurisdiction state local and jurisdiction federal 14

as a result of no of result a as zations. In other cases, factorss In cases, other zations. ind of homicides. On the other 7

Te an as fr the for cause main The . differe ated to drug violence drug to ated ntiating the types of of types the ntiating

last

retrieved June June retrieved

uch as the the as uch f media of

CEU eTD Collection w 8 chapter thetheoretical thatthe thisthesis. support of discusses arguments propositions After stipulating the also makelimitations thedata notas accurateas necessary. and bribes of use the forces, security the of priorities number and ofseiz size drugs of cultivation for indicator government Mexican 0 number(Application research this formade was database that of request information public A office. took government new the when 2012 of end with the specific conditions of the murderers. However, the access to this data was restricted at the dru to related deaths detailed government the where available, publicly was moment the by that database some to reference makes 2013), Shrink, & Rodríguez (Molzahn, Mexico” per regions behavior homicides the of conditions m have to valuable be would It media information media, Mexican by 2011 in signed Coverage Violence the for Agreement Media

One of the agreements of this pact for instance is that media does not reproduce the messagestha the reproduce does not media that is instance for pact this of agreements the of One ith their victims. victims. their ith of specific DTOs, DTOs, specific of . Some Some research such as the one done by theTrans

incomplete

method method selection and the data that is used for the analysis of the case, the next te eus ws not was request the ,

ures and and a i c it as ,

8 .

if there is anyis there if

these ofmany depends factors. F , it has the problem that it can only be calculated through the the through calculated be only can it that problem the has it , r specific ore ud e sfl in useful be ould solved in a favorable way. Finally, regarding the the regarding Finally, way. favorable a in solved

striking striking 15 nomto rgrig h caatrsis f the of characteristics the regarding information

01700116015) but even thougheven but 01700116015) difference between difference

further the organization of the DTOs. All t All DTOs. the of organization the

- Border Institute,Border “Drug Violence in

analysis or instance, thecapacity or o eemn te violent the determine to

the types of homicides of types the

attended by the the attendedby

has made has t DTOs leave leave DTOs t

g violence g

and the hese

the

CEU eTD Collection ( related done research re and rates violence of increase the some between correlation been also has there violence, and crime topic, big third ( levels national and local in applied polic certain of or ineffectiveness or effectiveness application, the of studies comparative or studies case portray mainly issue, the to approaches policy to related mainly topics, other are crimebetween relationcoversthe among consumption ( of dealers drug smaller or organizations drug of members patterns with do to has second the 2013); Beitel, 2000; (Natarajan, t and crime organized the of nature the with related is one topics: general three cover narcotics of trade illegal the on focused research scholar the of Most 2.1. The CycleViolence of trafficking. could that variable a as development of they have been explained in preceding analysis. The third part of this chapter bring out the concept violence and its cycles. The second section discusses the concepts of crime and inequality and how t approaches the in emphasis an with trafficking drug of subject the in studied most are that topics the on focused reviewliterature a to corresponds section first The thesis. this This chapter is dedicated Espinosa & Rubin 2015; Espinosa & 2015; Rubin II.

DRUGS AND VIOLENCE AS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

to the discussion the theoretical framework and concepts that are used in Garzon 1999; Sneyder 2010;Miron 2011). &Duran Werb 2009;

and violence (Miron, 1999; violence(Miron, and Greenwald, G., 2009; Caulkins & Pacula, 2006) Pacula, & Caulkins 2009; G., Greenwald,

contribute to the study of the issues related to drug drug to related issues the of study the to contribute 16

Altschuler,& Brounstein, 1991) Brounstein, Altschuler,& inforcement policies against drug against policies inforcement e Ts nldn salr gangs smaller including DTOs he Snyder & Duran & Snyder - Martinez, 2009) Martinez, . In relation to the the to relation In . hat have studied have hat ; and the third the and ;

.There -

o the to traffic traffic ies ies CEU eTD Collection as caused is that violence to related is one first The 2011). Osorio 2014; (Chindea, dynamics policies that intent to eliminate the drug trafficking. Violence then obtains new representations and cha what (1999) Miron to According scale 2011). (Osorio, manner large a in used not usually is it organizations, illegal among and activities illegal of frame the in Mexico ha that symbolism the and numbers the without out carried been have activities illegal other and trafficking drug world, the of parts many in also but 2011) (Osorio, Mexico in only not decades, 44); a fight over the monopoly of the lead 2006: (Payan blowing or whistle cheating, treason, includes that 2013) (Valdés failure contract triggered be can violence conditions, “normal” In violent. (Osorio, 2011; Valdés, 2013). However, it is not true that all illegal markets territory a defend or protect to also and transactions illegal of frame the in agreements enforce In general, there is 2005; Fritz, & (Gomez Hernandez, 2012;Osorno,2011). journalists by done mainly are they since accuracy academic have not do works of kind these However, organization. particular a of history the about or lords drug publication the on increasean also been therehas implies, researchof kind this that 2012; Rios, research has been done also re During the years,past after the increase of violence related with drug trafficking in Mexico, much s gone through (Rios, 2012). Therefore, while violence is the way to Wright, 2009). Wright, an an agreement that v

In the topic of the changes in the nature of the DTOs, for the difficulty difficulty the for DTOs, the of nature the in changes the of topic the In

lated lated to this particular issue (Molzahn & Shirk, 2013; Osorio, 2011;

nges the intensity of violence is precisely the enforcement the precisely is violence of intensity the nges iolence beenhas used by criminal organizations in order to ership ership (Valdes 2013); or, competition (Payan 2006). 17

mainly because of three scenarios: a a scenarios: three of because mainly are solve per se

disagreements

of profiles of of profilesof

and always For an an - CEU eTD Collection crime/drug of trafficking inequality with and relationship development. its and causes the understand to approaches different with dealt has that background app security the from exclusively not and issue Since the intention of this work is to analyze the problem from the point of view of a development asofaexplained theoutcome problem thatmay other have structuralorigins. enforcem the and trafficking drug of outcome the as explained been that can give a bigger and less reductionist picture of the issue. While the problem of violence has analyzed important to understand the dynamics of violence and its causes, the problem that is less frequently consumption drug structures, can it What be identified from the review isthat series ofnegative effects. chain a trigger which policies, the of enforcement the by caused is that competition in increase the of do mostly with the c to has this others, the as evident as Not etc. police, municipal police, state police, national army, is which violence, of representation fourth popula civilian the and DTOs the between is one third The respectively. competition and succession of actions in violence cartels inter and intra to related outcome of the confrontation between the DTOs and the security forces: the second one is the one is the conditions under which the illegal activities such as drug trafficking evolve and evolve trafficking drug as such activities illegal the which under conditions the is hain of command among them. -

but not in the causes of drug trafficking. trafficking. drug of causes the in not but the confrontation between different security forces: forces: security different between confrontation the roach, the next section will discuss the theoretical theoretical the discuss will section next the roach, 18

it it is focused ontheoutcomes

Drug related violence basically grows because tion. Chindea (2014) also includes a includes also (2014) Chindea tion.

ent policies, it has not been not has it policies, ent hl i i o course of is it While

– violence, criminal CEU eTD Collection that theincidencehomicide isstatistically intentional of thatproduce largerincountries drugs. drug possessiona and drug production that considered also had (1998), al. et Fajnzylber research, previous a In 12). 2006: Verner, and Heinmann by (cited rates crime violent in changes with associated are poverty, of levels absolute distribution, income in Changes rates. crime national of determinant significant a not is capita per income of level the research his in However, rates. robbery and Fajnzylber 1999). of nations not only in economic growth but also in investment (Ayres 1988, as cited by McIlwaine Mcilwaine 1999). Violence and crime then, were seen as factors that undermined the development prominen more was crime violent developeded, more the was The it because North the in higher nations. was crime while that fact the developed in consisted argument with compared countries developing in lower were crime property that paradigm of change a was 1999). there 1990s, the (McIlwaine during However, individuals disadvantaged socially and economically among resistance of form a as seen be to started violence and crime 1980s, and 1970s the During trafficking. drug N 1999; McIlwaine 2006; Verner & Heinemann 2002; Loayza & Lederman Fajnzylber, 1991; (Bourguignon development thereWhile isa Inequality and 2.2. Crime

et et al. (2002) found that greater inequality is associated with higher intentional homicide n extensive literature on the relationships between crime, violence, inequality and betweencrime,and relationships violence,inequality literature extensive onthe n eumayer 2005 eumayer

re bothsignificantlyassociatedcrime with higher and rates ), there is not much of a mention of the particular the of mention a of much not is there ), 19

i te Rgr, 99 Zei a ctd by cited as Zveki, & 1989 (Rogers, the in t started considering rates of of rates considering started ahr hn hne in changes than rather

case of of case

CEU eTD Collection to claims, he related, are crime violent and violence However, system. socioeconomic agrarian Heinmann and Verner, 2006), rural violence in by Mexico has to d cited as (2001, Kay For 15). 2012: (Rios income” of source only the be to seems industry drug all almost for fact, In underdevelopment. and stage grinding a alleviate somehow to communities Mexican some helping fact in are consequences for Mexico”, she argues, “it is important to acknowledge that drug traffic cash flows 2012c, (Rios investments and income employment, of source only the sometimes are cartels drug on, goes she country, drug flows are in fact beneficial for some local, less diversified economies. In such places, drug though even that acknowledges however trafficking, drug regarding strategy government mexican current the defends who Rios, 14). has been a very important source of income for places that lack basic vital services” (Rios, 2012c: argu she As 14). (2012c: poverty multidimensional of context a of because so do production drug in involved get that individuals of majority large the that acknowledges In a recent violence to conducted is that growth prevention. of type the for implications important had violence in violence (Heinmann levels” & Verner, In2006: 15). this sense, the link between inequality and violence prevention. “Growth that is not pro pre the and growth of levels the inequality, of extent the than violence explaining in important less are development On the other hand, following studies (Heinmann & Verner, 2006) suggest that overall levels of levels overall that suggest 2006) Verner, & (Heinmann studies following hand, other the On analysis of the economic impact of the drug trafficking industry in Mexico, Rios argues

3. Atog te grgt du tafc s eeaig eaie economic negative generating is traffic drug aggregate the “Although 13). - existing level of violence. They argue that tackling inequality is the key for for key the is inequality tackling that argue They violence. of level existing - poor poor is unlik 20 rfi hs ngtv eooi ipc fr the for impact economic negative a has traffic

- producing communities, the drug traffic traffic drug the communities, producing ely to bring about a significant reduction o with its unequal and exclusionary es “the drug industry industry drug “the es

of poverty poverty of

CEU eTD Collection evidence shows that its production is related with adverse socioeconomic However,conditions. in trade, drug of case the in and related are poverty and crime that agreement an is there general, In D and 2.3 Drugs of levels different the trafficking, drug involvement inthe “criminal” activity. of case the for explores, that argument no is there inequality, and poverty with criminality of levels between relation causal a is there that consider approa theoreticalthese of some when even instance trade.For of chain the of differentparts are there trafficking, drug of case the in that fact the is miss arguments theoretical the all What (Bourguignon, 1999:171). little relatively have and activities these who from gain to those more relatively among found be to likely “are continues, he offenders, Criminal punished. el there are two other motivations. One is the economic motivation in the appropriation of somebody but violence and crime of determinants are inequality and poverty perspective, this From 1999). c other that insist and violence and Other approaches consider that economic development is not necessarily linked with raise in crime and therefore withdrug cultivation. they involved 2012c), Rios shows that in many by rur cited as (2002, Marin study, other In context. political the including factors, several se’s property and the other is the pursuit of illegal activity even at the risk of being caught and caught being of risk the at even activity illegal of pursuit the is other the and property se’s evelopment

al local economies are unable to compete in the agricultural markets onditions are necessary for them to take place (Bourguignon, place take to them for necessary are onditions

to lose in case they are caught” caught” are they case in lose to ches ches CEU eTD Collection Drug Control Programme (today UNODC), it was considered that “where law enforcement (…) is International Nations United the by review 2001 a In debate. international the in consideration h approaches development that mean not does This causes. and levels structural from it with dealing of way a represents it but argues, (1992) Smith problem, narcotics representat its on attacked only not could crime where framework broader a from problem the at looking start of necessity the is suggests this What 114). 1992: (Smith, underdevelopment” an poverty ha would responses These problem. the of militarization or enforcement law simple the beyond go that 15) 2015: (Buxton, responses economic and political of needed and vulnerable population regions’ this make conditions These activity 15). 2015: (Buxton, thi with involved get to prone more regions poor makes trafficking drug of model lucrative opportunities for social mobility, opaque governance and lack of viable economic alternatives, the as also that but activity, violent and illegal criminal, a as only not trafficking drug considers that perspective a out point generates. iswhyconsideredhere, This we underimportant it to which market theconditions and that approaches recent well, as not are There 1992). (Smith, routes reasons why people grow drugs, which responds to conditions where there are no other chances or is worri prohibition international the While dealers. and farmers between distinguish that instance For distribution. and production trade, of chain the of parts different the of character criminal the the case of drug trafficking, there are not man ed about eradicating drug production (Bewley production drug eradicating about ed ions but on its origin. The development approach would not be the final solution to the

dvlpet rbe ta hs t ros n odtos f ak of lack of conditions on roots its has that problem development a

ve to be based on efforts to solve the “underlying links of links “underlying the solve to efforts on based be to ve y studies that make the actual differentiation between 22

- Taylor, 2012), it has ignored for instance the the instance for ignored has it 2012), Taylor, discuss the roots of the illicit illicit the of roots the discuss ave not been taken into taken been not ave s CEU eTD Collection poverty groware of related tothe thenarcotics andultimately market withviolence. a that assumption our socioeconomic test to using order Guerrero, in indicators of state the of case the particularly and Mexico of case the case, drug trafficking. In the next chapters, we use these theoretical foundations in order to analyze development thi in and crime to related issues the explain accountto into taken be approachesmust specific that suggests This relations. this discusses that analysis empirical and activities that in specific c Summarizing, in the chain of events that goes from poverty to crime and the participation in illegal course has solved it not poverty. H crops. this many alternative development measures have been implemented in order to eradicate narcotic With areas”. new to crops illicit of diversification the in result frequently and organizations their not accompanied by measures, development (…) owever, in focusing the eradication at this level it has only criminalized poverty and of of and poverty criminalized only has it level this at eradication the focusing in owever, ircumstances lead to violence, there is also a need for theoretical debate

23 it will induce will it fierce resistance from farmers and

dverse economic conditions of inequality and and inequality of conditions economic dverse

s particular s CEU eTD Collection politica the second, 1990s; the of liberalization market the and 1980s the of crisis economic the first, changes: internal to related Fourare puzzle. this reconstruct can that moments six are There socioeconomic of poli conditions, outcome the as understood be to has that but isolation, in or itself shaped has that phenomena a not is it particularities, its has Mexico in trafficking drug though even that historical and conditions that lead to the critical levels conjuncture of the p structural its in disintegrated be to has problem the human first, forced displacement, even and regions some in instability political killings, of thousands violence, this understand to order In circumstances. external to also but internal, to only not related conditions economic and political with do to had that The current situation of drug tr Political StructuralConditions3.1 Historical, and and controlwhich over territories and theproduction cultivation ofnarcotics. presents part second The world. the of producers drug biggest the of one in country this turned and combined that conditions structural and political the discusses part first The violence. drug and trafficking c This III. IN MEXICO

hapter reconstructs the process that led Mexico Mexico led that process the reconstructs hapter THE PUZZLE OFDRUG TRAFFICKING AND DRUG VIOLENCE

data related to the actual characteristics of the market, in terms of DTOs presence presence DTOs of terms in market, the of characteristics actual the to related data tical changes, externaland policies.and also internal

afficking in Mexico are the result of a combination of several factors 24

perfect storm perfect ast eight years. The main goal is to point out to the actual state of affairs related to drug to related affairs of state actual the to

(Krauze, 2012) that has that 2012) (Krauze,

created created l CEU eTD Collection (Wallace & Boullosa, 2015). The market liberalization, and specially NAFTA, created a cycle that easier for the DTOs to transport drug shipments it made which 2012) (Krauze, NAFTA after exponentially grew also borders between goods of marihuana and opium as a way of survival (Valdés, 2013; Wallace & Boullosa, 2015). The crossing start farmers small crime, of motivations the from Far products. imported of prices subsidized the with compete to farmers Mexican for impossible almost made NAFTA (NAFTA) Mexico country and the Canada 1994, in US, implemented the between Agreement Trade Free the With sectors. some for 2006) (Buxton, market illegal the in participating of benefits the increased outcomes, contract adjustment, economic through went Caribbean, the and America Central with along Mexico, the second growth of the market of narcotics in Mexico after the sixties occurred during this period. mark the of liberalization the by Followed be will discussedthis inaseparate section. For being one of the time frames of this thesis, the case of the enforcement of the policies in 2006, more or less by temporality, even t arranged are They bellow. dismissed are them of each of circumstances and conditions specific The market. guns the and USA the of role the and America Latin in drugs on war the are and other The government. Calderon Felipe during 2006 in policies the correlations of forces between cartels during in the two thousands; and fourth, changes the enforcement of the the third, thousands; two and nineties the during decentralization and change ion and rising levels of unemployment in the eighties decade, which among other other among which decade, eighties the in unemployment of levels rising and ion hough many of the events overlap in time and space with others. o ipiae in implicated got ets in line with neoliberal policies during the nineties, the during policies neoliberal with line in ets

25 and and more difficult to the authorities to detect them

gemns ht xedd t capacities. its exceeded that agreements

two are related to external events events external to related are two ed to cultivate mainly cultivate to ed

CEU eTD Collection (Hernandez, 2013). 2010;Valdes, plaza region a controlled lords drugs where system a in consisted PRI, the by controlled structure, the former habits election. 1910, a part of Revolution Mexican the after time first the For regime. of change democratic electoral an was party ruling the in changes without years 71 after 2013) (Woldenberg, field electoral and political the of half second the at years, those By caused also an increase the in violence in Central America and in the number of gangs in the area. carried be shipmentsthe US. While were transportedbefore of result a as region other policie reinforcement to activities trafficking drug the of displacement geographical the of end against drugs implemented by the gove Colombian front the With role. fundamental a played Colombia, mainly America, Latin of countries other in situation the Mexico, in violence of crisis the in effect an had that events external the Among bigger this taking of production thro chances bigger opened time same the at and production the increased -

with knowledge of the local authorities and even security agents who received a bribe bribe a received who agents security even and authorities local the of knowledge with With With the change of party and an organizational restructuring of the government, many of through Central America Central through y nineties different different ugh border. the – like the te ots f rd hd o hne A te eut f a of result the As change. to had trade of routes the , s (Mora, 1996) (Mora, s from from the opposition plaza

system

and Mexico in order to reach the US the reach to order in Mexico and -

there was a change on the routes of routes the on change a was there -

started to change. nineties – the National Action Party (PAN) won the presidential 26

that had an impact in other areas. In 2000, and and 2000, In areas. other in impact an had that Mexico went through a series of reforms in the in reforms of series a through went Mexico throughFlorida theCaribbean to

rnment with support of the United States at the (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI) Party, Revolutionary (Institutional This inform al hierarchical and informal

(Guerrero, 2014 (Guerrero, Colombian cocaine Colombian alo effect balloon they started to ). This ). , there ,

– the the

to to –

CEU eTD Collection t more where Dos Erres They ar dictatorship. military Guatemalan the by 10 by cartel) formed Felix (Tijuana 9 responsibilities within the organization. When the Golfo cartel started moving south to the state of the in army that deserted their ranks its enemies, Leyva (Grillo, 2011, as cited by Krauze, 2012 Mexico in trafficking familiar net inside the lack the (2013), Valdés Guillermo government, Calderón’s during agency intelligence nets. communitarian and relations family based its ope DTOs Mexican Traditionally, trade. drug the controlled that groups big the between divisions Another event that started to synchronize in those years was the fact that 2012). 2012; Rios, (Krauze, anymore. applied not did business illicit the regulated that rules informal presidencythe the from before executed was that areas police and political the of control central the Without a 2011, (Grillo, collapsed” system the of basis “the government the lost local the and decreased power presidential Whi

The clearest examples of this are for instance the Beltran Leyva cartel, formed by five brothers; or the Arellano Arellano the or brothers; five by formed cartel, Leyva Beltran the instance for are this of examples clearest The

Afterwards ex kaibiles also incorporated to the grou the to incorporated also exkaibiles Afterwards le corruption did not disappear, it changed its rules (Rios, 2012: 6). The former strong strong former The 6). 2012: (Rios, rules its changed it disappear, not did corruption le

US, Los Zetas Los

its its leader, Osiel Cárdenas create rations on informal rules that favored trust within the organizations where there were Ing a way, the h , an 200 people were killed. were 200people an . became a powerful group that with the time started to gain more and more more and more gain to started time the with that group powerful a became Golfo The

seven brothers and four sisters. four and seven brothers Golfo

cartel is what marks a before and an after in the recent history of drug 10

and afterwards also by ex

cartel was in confrontation with the Sinaloa, Juarez and Beltran and Juarez Sinaloa, the with confrontation in was cartel overnment having control ofthe stopped trade. e accused of several killings of civilians, including including civilians, of of several killings e accused

- d 9 legal and illegal and legal

p. The kaibiles are members of paramilitary groups created created groups paramilitary of members The kaibilesare p. a personal guard with elite members of the Mexican and and Valdés, 2013) codn t te omr ed f h Mexican the of head former the to According 27

- kaibiles -

powers diminished. When the PRI the When diminished. powers . In. order protectto himself from 11 . Former soldiers with training there there were some important s cited by Krauze, 2010). 2010). Krauze, by cited s

the massacre of of massacre the

of this this of CEU eTD Collection http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2013/vol1/204050.htm#Mexico 12 responsegovernment totheMexican that finallytriggered thesituation. circumstances prepared the field that led to the crisis of drug violence in Mexic o tasks in Navy the to and Officers Police Federal war the make to order in training and equipment forces security for mainly government, Mexican the to Initiative Department of State since 2008, this country has provided $1.1 billion dollars as part of the Merida t In countries. American Latin in drugs in war the of outcomes the of much for responsible been have policies, its of direction the and government US. external the Among organizations and even sometimes the 2012) Krauze, by cited as 2011, (Grillo, internet in propaganda and massacres decapitations, as such organization but as a paramilitary group which aim was to control some regions using terror tactics und ended that organizations criminal local and smaller other to protection their sell to began they time same the At kidnaping. and extortion as such activities criminal other in involved got group violent extreme The operation. char in were Zetas Los territory, its expand to order in Michoacan

US Department of State. In of State. US Department

Besides its role as the biggest market for drug consumption, the United States, specifically its .

In fact they were the ones that started started ones that In the fact they were on drugs more effective inside the country. US has also trained more than 7,500 than more trained also has US country. the inside effective more drugs on factors factors

ternational Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2013 Report Strategy Control Narcotics ternational that

came together and led to the crisis of violence, is the role the is violence, of crisis the to led and together came

government (Atuesta, 2015 er their control. control. their er to sign to sign 28

he case of Mexico and according to the US the to according and Mexico of case he security and law enforcement law and security their

o Zetas Los killings with messages directed toother directed withmessages killings

last retrieved June 3, 2015.3, June retrieved last ).

did not think as a criminal criminal a as think not did ge of the logistics of the the of logistics the of ge

o, it was the specific 12

. While these While

of the of CEU eTD Collection kidnapingsin 146.4; in250% and homicides in66.7%. terms of violence an tasks safety public for budget more received have that regions those report, the follows fact, In 2015). (ASF, decreased institutions security public the of perception citizen’s the time, same the At increased. also violations rights human the militarization the of result a as and, criminality more I point 2011) Osorio, 2012; (Castañeda, public safety and security policy was his attempt to gain legitimacy after the post with linked organizations criminal of presence was there where regions to police federal the and navy army, the of mobilization presidency, his of beginning the at strategy displaced forcibly been have who those for also and missing people of rates the in increase an to but people dead of number the to limit not do consequences t The most evident effect of the crisis of violence was the dramatic increase in the homicide rates in Response After 3.2 Effects2006 Governmental ofthe e country he n a recent report from the Federal Audit Office, it has been stated that the strategy also created created also strategy the that stated been has it Office, Audit Federal the from report recent a n .

after the implementation of a reinforcement policy in 2006 2006 in policy reinforcement a of implementation the after d in other types of felonies. For instance, from 2007 to 2013, extortion increase , after a much closed elections that he won for half a percentual percentual a half for won he that elections closed much a after , the drug the traffic are the ones that have perceived a higher impact on impact higher a perceived have that ones the are

29 omr rsdn Felipe president former

k ing

For some analysts, some For unsafety increased and the thrust in the in thrust the and increased unsafety (IDMC, 2015) (IDMC, Calderon ordered the the ordered Calderon the redirection of the of redirection the .

As part of this new this of part As - Fgr 1). (Figure electoral conflic

The The t CEU eTD Collection 14 http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2013/vol1/204050.htm#Mexico 13 i cocaine of producers biggest the are (UNODC) Crime and Drugs on Office Nations United the heroine, of case the In Mexico. through comes America South from US the to gets sourcegovernmental this cocaine, produce not does it While illicit drugs to the United States. This includes cocaine, marihuana, heroin and methamphetamines. State of Department US the to According 3.3 Figure 20 25 30 10 15

Referencia UNO Referencia of Sta US Department 0 5 1998 Overview of the Conditions of the Drug Marke 1 . Mexico Homicide Rate (2000 11.01 2000 10.55 DC REPORTE DC DROGAS Mexico Homicide Rate (100,000inhabitants) te. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2013 Report Strategy Control Narcotics te. International

10.34 2002 10.34

2004 9.56 - n the world, Mexico is the third world producer of opium, opium, of producer world third the is Mexico world, the n 2013) 10.17

10.72 , Mexico is the major transit and source country for country source and transit major the is Mexico , 2006 30 14

9.09 reports that while Peru, Colombia and Bolivia and Colombia Peru, while that reports t

14.36 2008

20.31 last retrieved June 3, 2015.3, June retrieved last calculates that 90% of this drug that drug this of 90% that calculates 26.42 2010 24.22 2012 23.11 20.53

2014

CEU eTD Collection 15 southern state of Guerrero. the table, thedisputed most territories and are thenorthern USbo 1) (Appendix thi Golfo Zetas, Los Leyva, organizations: Tijuana Juarez, Sinaloa, country: the in drugs of market the controlled that organizations big five were years,the last also the consequencepolicies. security of In the case of the drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) there try addictspills to (WashingtonPost, 2014). heroin many turned has This painkillers. controlled of sale the with rigid more become has government Post, 2015a). One of the reasons for the raise of heroin declined in 37% since 2011 heroin has increased three times the amount of 2009 (The Washington has border Mexican the in agents enforcement law US by seized was that cannabis of amount instan For market. the losing is marihuana Mexican 2015a), Post, Washington (The quality better a has US the in produced been is that marihuana the Since Mexico. in marihuana con its of recent legalization USA, butthe biggesttothe of has the marihuana Mexico also been supplier Historically, Americas. the in biggest the is means which Myanmar, and Afganistan after only

Recent research however, suggests that the number of smaller gangs can be traced to 200 (Atuesta, 200 (Atuesta, to traced be gangs can of smaller number the that suggests however, Recentresearch , h nn ognztos oto i ttl 5 mle gns ht oper that gangs smaller 45 total in control organizations nine the s, upin n oe ot Aeia sae hs asd dces i te rdcin of production the in decrease a caused has states American North some in sumption . 15 The Pacifico

These organizations have presence in 23 out of 32 states and as it can be seen in seen be can it as and states 32 of out 23 in presence have organizations These

cartel,

cartel, n Golfo. and

Caballeros Templarios and, Jalisco Nueva Generacion. Nueva Jalisco and, Templarios Caballeros Arellano Felix By 2014, the Federal Attorney identified nine big big nine identified Attorney Federal the 2014, By 31 ,

Familia Michoacana

consumption consumption in the USA is the fact that the At the beginning of theAt thebeginning21 of have have been important changes during rder state of Tamaulipas staterder and the , Carrillo Carrillo Fuentes, Beltran ate within the country country the within ate eta Leyva, Beltran st

century there ce, while the the while ce, 2015 Besides ).

CEU eTD Collection an level affect the micro level in specific region violence of increase large the of point the to got violence in the country. This is to understand why, how and under what circumstances the country and dynamics complicated the multif understand to order in necessary is Mexico in market drug illicit the of formation the of conditions socioeconomic and historical the of analysis brief This alysis the state ofGuerrero. of actorial circumstances that led to the development of the market and to the current crisis of of crisis current the to and market the of development the to led that actorialcircumstances

. . The 32 refore, refore, the ; it also consi also it ;

next next chapter focuses on the case study ders how the events in the macro the in events the how ders CEU eTD Collection state, the of capital the city, last This level. national the at rates homicide highest two registerthe Chilpancingo,themselves, and violent) most the rowa yearin (forthird Acapulco country. the of Chilpancingo and Iguala de la Independencia municipalities its of Three Morelos. by surpassed only state, violent most second to the State is of these organizations is very different, the common characteristic that can be traced in all of them groups; and 46 self guerrilla three gangs; seven least at and DTOs five coexist territory its Within 2012. in 77.84 t higher are drug marginalization, homic always haspresented it While country. the presenceof DTOs and production, poverty, violence, of rates highest the registers Guerrero of state The 4. 1Descriptionofthe Case: Guerrero the research. part includes the discussion of the findings and the confrontation with the h fourth the Finally trafficking. drug and rates violence on data the with indicators socioeconomic in part third The state. the conform that municipalities the to correspond that observations 81 the of analysis the includes section second The Guerrero. of state the study, case the of portrayal detailed a presents and case the of description the to dedicated is chapter This IV.

2014 ranking of violence in states and municipalities, Guerrero was during the past year, the

weakness ANALYSIS han

the national avera national the terprets the data by region, describing and testing links and correlation in the in correlation and links testing and describing region, by data the terprets , the lack in the rule of law and corruption in the local governments. According According governments. local the in corruption and law of rule the in lack the , - defense defense groups (CNDH, 2014

ge (Table 1) from 2006 it went from went it 2006 from 1) (Table ge

are also between the tw 33 ; Trujillo & Michell, 2014). Although the

the analysis of the data. The first part part first The data. the of analysis the entieth most violent regions

a rate of 25.59 to a rate of rate a to 25.59 of rate a ypotheses presented in ide rates that that rateside – Acapulco,

origins

CEU eTD Collection entidades http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/biblioteca/finish/5 Federativa Entidades 16 Program Development Nations United the by published Municipalities Mexican for Index o levels highest of rates the Chiapas, and Oaxaca states, neighboring its with shares state the poverty, in live 70% where 000 338, 3’ of population currenta With 2014). stability”(Illades, political precarious a with and years, SinceSpain those thatGuerrero“has ended been in1821. po from Independence of war Mexican the after years 30 almost 1849, in state a became Guerrero Table the armed(CN forces caused that 15 out of 81 municipalities nation third the also is

Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Pública y Justicia Penal, 2015. Penal, Justicia y Pública Seguridad la para Consejo Ciudadano 1 . Homicide Rates - federativas s de Mexico 2014 Mexico s de - de - DH, 2014). DH, mexico

al place in cases of kidnapping of cases in place al f poverty in the country (Table 2). According to the Human DevelopmentHuman the to According 2). (Table country the povertyin f . Comparative Mexico and Guerrero. Comparativeand Mexico (2000 - 2014/0 Year 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

Source. Homicide rate Inegi 2000 Inegi rate Homicide Source.

[Violence in Mexican Municipalities and States in 2014] retrieved from from retrieved 2014] States in and Municipalities Mexican [Violence in

’ public safety is Mexico 10.72 10.17 10.34 10.34 10.55 11.01 20.53 23.11 24.22 26.42 20.31 14.36 9.56 9.09 34

- prensa/205 16

under the control of the federal police and . The situation during the past years has years past the during situation The . Guerrero La violencia en los Municipios y en las las en y Municipios los en violencia La 25.59 19.12 19.19 19.48 20.81 26.11 67.36 77.84 70.72 50 60.11 32.51 24.81 - 2013 20 - .89 la

- violencia

or, isolated, unequal,or,

- - 2013) en - los -

municipios - y caciquil - en - las - , CEU eTD Collection arrolloHumano/UNDP http://www.mx.undp.org/content/dam/mexico/docs/Publicaciones/PublicacionesReduccionPobreza/InformesDes retrieved from 17 Coneval. Bankand Gini,World UNDP; M Children Inegi; Education, UNPD; and Bank World Income Source. Table Partlow, 2014). accused of being the intellectual killer and the governor of the state had to resign (Ar a Soon state. the in operation safety public special a force and demonstrations Unidos organization criminal the of members to over handed were and Iguala of city the of night of September 26 lives Guerrero Currently, index. average this a in lowrate very municipalities the 81 almost halfof state where this isalso in in Mexico human developmentrate su (2014), Gini Human DevelopmentIndex Children mortality rate yearsAverage of education (in dollars) GNI per (PPP) capita

United Nations Nations United rpassed again by Oaxaca and Chiapas). Cochoapa el Grande, the municipality with the lowest lowest the with municipality the Grande, el Cochoapa Chiapas). and Oaxaca by again rpassed

17 which has links with the . SocioeconomicIndicators. Comparative Mexico Guerrero and Guerrero as a state isin the thirdworst place ofhuman development in the country(only

Developmen