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Mobility and Landuse Patterns of the Cody Complex In MOBILITY AND LANDUSE PATTERNS OF THE CODY COMPLEX IN SASKATCHEWAN A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By ADAM MICHAEL SPLAWINSKI Copyright Adam Michael Splawinski, April, 2014. All rights reserved Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying, publication, or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology 55 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B1 i Abstract The Cody Complex is a late Paleo-Indian complex found throughout the Great Plains of North America. In Saskatchewan, material of the complex is mostly found as surface finds and therefore out of its original context. In situ Cody Complex material has only been recovered from three excavated sites in Saskatchewan. While various archaeologists (professional and avocational) have collected and recorded Cody material from surface finds throughout the province, the results of their efforst have not been widely disseminated. These issues have led to a situation in which little is known about the Cody Complex in Saskatchewan. This thesis attempts to begin correcting this problem, firstly by acting as a reference source by compiling as much information as possible on the Cody Complex material found throughout Saskatchewan. Included in these reference materials are pictures, measurements and find locations of the projectile points and Cody knives whenever such information is available. Secondly an attempt is made to determine possible Cody Complex mobility and landuse patterns within the province. Mobility and landuse patterns were determined based on the lithic material types used to make the Cody Complex projectile points and Cody knives. In particular the find locations of various specimens was compared to where the material could be acquired. Cody Complex projectile points and the associated knives were focused on due to most Cody Complex material in the province being surface collected. Based on the lithic types used to create these tools, the Cody Complex people in Saskatchewan were practicing a highly mobile and non-local landuse pattern, with a particular focus of interactions with more southern areas such as the Knife River Flint quarry area of North Dakota. ii Acknowledgments First I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Ernie Walker for his help in finding a focus for the information I collected. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee for their time. In particular Dr. David Meyer for the endless supply of help he provided; including but not limited to research material, both artefacts and countless articles and books. I would also like to thank Urve Linnemae for giving me access to material from the Heron Eden site. I would also like to thank the rest of the Department of Archeology and Anthropology staff, particularly Debbie Croteau, for help with all the paper work associated with being a graduate student. I would like to thank all of the avocational archaeologists who do a great job of collecting and preserving the archaeological heritage of the province, much of which would be lost without them. In particular, I would like the thank Wayne Lerch for allowing me to view his collection just when I was starting this project. I would also like to thank Biron Ebell for providing me with his archaeological expertise and allowing me to view the material he recovered over the years. I would also like to thank the curator of the Notukeu Heritage Museum in Ponteix who let me have access to the enormous and wonderful collection of the late Henry Libiron. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students both past and current for giving me a source to not only bounce ideas off of but by providing me with fun times. In particular (but no particular order) Kris Sullivan, Denise Huynh, Tam Huynh, Cara Pollio, Karman Steuber, Nadia Smith, Karin Steuber, Dave Bennett, Candice Koblun and Megan Clarke. Finally, I would like to thank Lynn for being supportive while finishing my thesis and for putting up with the mess my thesis has created in my living space. Lastly, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family, particularly my mom for her constant support, in too many ways to acknowledge throughout my entire program. iii Table of Contents Permission to Use ............................................................................................................................ i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Thesis Organization............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Culture History and Environment of the Study Area ..................................................... 5 2.1 Culture History of the Northern Plains in Saskatchewan ...................................................... 5 2.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Paleo-Indian Period ........................................................................................................ 5 2.1.3 Middle Precontact Period ............................................................................................... 9 2.1.4 Early Middle Precontact Period .................................................................................... 10 2.1.5 Middle Middle Precontact Period ................................................................................. 11 2.1.6 Late Middle Precontact ................................................................................................. 12 2.1.7 Late Precontact Period .................................................................................................. 13 2.1.8 Contact Period .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Modern and Paleo-Environment of the Study Area ............................................................ 16 2.2.1 Modern Environment .................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Boreal Forest Region .................................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Aspen Parkland Region ................................................................................................ 17 2.2.4 Prairie Region ............................................................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Paleo-Environmental Considerations ........................................................................... 18 Chapter 3 Overview of the Cody Complex................................................................................... 23 iv 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Beginnings of the Cody Complex ....................................................................................... 23 3.3 Changes to the Complex ....................................................................................................
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