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Stadiums and Sports Entertainment Districts on the Landscape Stadiums and Sports Entertainment Districts on the Landscape: An Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model _____________________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Ian Alexander Boese Dr. Douglas Hurt, Thesis Adviser May 2018 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled STADIUMS AND SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICTS ON THE LANDSCAPE: AN URBAN SPORST-ANCHORED ENTERTAINMENT DEVELOPMENT MODEL presented by Ian Boese, a candidate for the degree of Masters of Arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _____________________________________________________ Professor Douglas Hurt _____________________________________________________ Professor Matthew Foulkes ____________________________________________________ Professor Stephen Jeanetta ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Stephen Jeanetta and Dr. Matthew Foulkes for their guidance and insight in this research. I would also like to thank the geography department at the University of Missouri for providing me with the opportunity to pursue this research and for helping me along the way. Most of all I would like to thank Dr. Doug Hurt, who has been not only instrumental, but critically important in this process. He was unwavering in his support and I can truly say that without him, this would not have been possible. For that, you have my deepest gratitude. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………..ii LIST OF FIGURES AND IMAGES……………..……………………………….vii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….……ix Chapter Page 1. Introduction and Methods…………………………………………………...….. 1 2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………….....9 2.1 City Image and Urban Tourism…………………………………............9 2.2 Sports as Tourism and Economic Drivers………………………...........10 2.3 Gentrification……………………………………………………..........12 2.4 Case Study Site Literature………………………………………...........15 3. The Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model………… 21 3.1 Stadium Site…………………………………………….…………...... 26 3.2 Parking and Transportation…………………………….……………... 27 3.3 Recreational Space……………………………………….………….... 28 3.4 Highways and Interstates………………………………….………….. 29 3.5 Adjacent Sports Entertainment………………………………..……..... 30 3.6 Zone of Transition………………………………………..…………… 32 3.6.1 Other Sports Facilities………………..……………………..... 33 iii 3.6.2. Convention Centers………………......……………………… 34 3.7 Areas Beyond the Zone of Transition…………...…………………..... 36 3.8 Suburban Stadiums…………………………………………………..... 36 3.9 Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model Usage……………………………………………………………………….38 4. Busch Stadium III and Ballpark Village……………………………….......39 4.1 History of the St. Louis Cardinals and Busch Stadium……...………... 39 4.2 Busch Stadium III and Ballpark Village Compared to the Urban Sports-Anchored Development Model…...……………………………….. 41 4.3 Stadium Site…………………………………………..………………. 41 4.4 Parking and Transportation………………………………………..….. 45 4.5 Recreational Space……………………………………………..……... 47 4.6 Highways and Interstates…………………………………….……….. 49 4.7 Adjacent Sports Entertainment……………………………..…………. 51 4.8. Zone of Transition…………………………………..………………... 55 4.8.1 Other Sports Facilities………………………..………………. 55 4.8.2 Convention Centers…………………………………..………. 56 4.9 Gentrification Exhibited………………………………………..……... 59 4.10 St. Louis’ Fit in the Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model…………...………………………………………….. 65 iv 5. Petco Park and its Baseball District in San Diego…………………………….. 67 5.1 History of the San Diego Padres and Petco Park………………….... 67 5.2 Petco Park Compared to the Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model……………………………………..... 69 5.3 Stadium Site………………………………………..………………... 69 5.4 Parking and Transportation……………………..………………….... 74 5.5 Recreational Space……………………………..……………………. 77 5.6 Highways and Interstates………………..……………………...…..... 80 5.7 Adjacent Sports Entertainment…………..…………………………... 82 5.8. Zone of Transition………………………...………………………..... 84 5.8.1 Other Sports Facilities………………………………………... 84 5.8.2 Convention Centers…………..…………….………………… 85 5.9 Gentrification Exhibited………………………………………….….... 88 5.10 San Diego’s Fit in the Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model…….………………………………………………… 93 6. London Northumberland Development Project………………….…………… 95 6.1 History of the Tottenham Hotspurs and White Hart Lane……………. 95 6.2 Northumberland Development Project Compared to the Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model……….……. 96 v 6.3 Stadium Site………………………………………………………...… 97 6.4 Parking and Transportation………………………………………….. 100 6.5 Recreational Space…………………………………………………... 102 6.6 Highways and Interstates……………………………………………. 104 6.7 Adjacent Sports Entertainment………………………………….….... 106 6.8. Zone of Transition…………………………………………………... 109 6.9 Gentrification Exhibited………………………………………….….. 112 6.10 Tottenham’s Fit in the Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model……………………….…………………………….. 120 7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…... 121 Reference List………………………………………………………………..…. 129 vi LIST OF FIGURES AND IMAGES Figure Page 3.1 Stadium Table……………………………………………………………. …..24 3.2 Urban Sports Anchored Entertainment Development Model……………….. 25 Images 4.1 St. Louis Outfield Grandstand Gap……………………………………….…. 43 4.2 Stan “The Man” Musial Statue…………………………………………….… 44 4.3 29-Story Residential Tower Site (1)……………………………………….… 46 4.4 Busch II Infield as a Miniature Baseball Diamond……………………….…. 48 4.5 Clark Avenue in St. Louis………………………………………………….... 50 4.6 Outside Ballpark Village…………………………………………………….. 53 4.7 Inside Ballpark Village………………………………………………………. 54 4.8 Scottrade Center…………………………………………………………….. .57 4.9 America’s Center Convention Complex…………………………………….. 58 4.10 Class-A Building Site………………………………………………………. 63 4.11 29-Story Residential Tower Site (2)………………………………………... 64 5.1 Indigenous Design Element at Petco Park…………………………………... 71 5.2 Petco Park Grandstands Open Up to Reveal Downtown……………………. 72 5.3 Brick Memorialization………………………………………………………. 73 vii 5.4 12th and Imperial Transit Station in San Diego……………………………… 75 5.5 San Diego Parking Garage…………………………………………………... 76 5.6 Park at the Park………………………………………………………………. 78 5.7 Sand Pit at Petco Park…………………………………………………… …...79 5.8 San Diego Bridges………………………………………………………. …...81 5.9 San Diego Ballpark Village Area……………………………………….. …...83 5.10 Omni Hotel Bridge to Petco Park……………………………………… …...86 5.11 San Diego Convention Center…………………………………………. …...87 5.12 Apartment Construction……………………………………………….. …...92 6.1 Tottenham Stadium Site………………………………………………… …...99 6.2 White Hart Lane Stope………………………………………………….. ….101 6.3 Bruce Castle Park……………………………………………………….. ….103 6.4 London Transit Sign…………………………………………………….. ….105 6.5 The Bill Nicholson Pub…………………………………………………. ….107 6.6 The Bill Nicholson Pub Sign……………………………………………. ….109 6.7 Shelbourne Road………………………………………………………… ….111 6.8 Tottenham Hotspur Foundation Sign (1)………………………………... ….116 6.9 Tottenham Hotspur Foundation Sign (2)………………………………... ….117 6.10 Criminals Beware Sticker……………………………………………… ….118 6.11 Local Market Adjacent to New White Hart Lane…………………….... ….119 viii Stadiums and Sports Entertainment Districts on the Landscape: An Urban Sports-Anchored Entertainment Development Model Ian Boese Dr. Douglas Hurt, Thesis Adviser ABSTRACT With sports stadiums being built at an incredible rate, particularly since the 1990s, the need to examine how these facilities (and the development around them) impact cities is crucial to understanding changing urban landscapes. By creating a two-dimensional spatial model of all Major League Baseball stadiums and their surrounding entertainment districts built since 1992, I assess what components these ballparks share and what sort of development is common between them. Additionally, I apply this spatial model to two Major League Baseball stadium case studies, Petco Park in San Diego, and Busch Stadium III in St. Louis to determine the accuracy of the model. Finally, I investigate a third stadium, the English Premier League’s (soccer) Tottenham Hotspurs still-in-construction stadium, to assess the international and multi-sport validity of my model. For each case study site, I sought common themes in their public promotion, including whether gentrification (or any of its various synonyms) was encouraged by their respective projects. This is done by reviewing government and planning documents related to development plans, media reports, and any historic or contemporary imagery publicly available. The purpose of this research is to create a model capable of explaining how new stadiums and sports-anchored entertainment districts are situated within urban landscapes and to address how gentrification plays a key role in shaping American and global cities ix Chapter 1: Introduction and Methods Since 1992, 21 new Major League Baseball (MLB) stadiums have been built, many of them inspired by the design of Camden Yards at Oriole Park, home of the Baltimore Orioles. This retro-construction boom constitutes over two-thirds of the stadiums in the league as MLB contains 30 franchises. As the word “retro” indicates, these stadiums are attempting to recreate the sense of place that can be found in older areas such as Wrigleyville, home of Wrigley Stadium and the Chicago Cubs, which is widely considered a model for a lively baseball-themed neighborhood. These stadiums often
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