An Archaeological Survey for the Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme, Fassfern Estate, Loch Eil, Lochaber, Highland. for Hydroplan UK. Apri
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An Archaeological Survey for the Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme, Fassfern Estate, Loch Eil, Lochaber, Highland. For Hydroplan UK. April 2013. Jennifer G. Robertson MA PhD FSA Scot. MIFA Garden Cottage, Ardtornish Estate, Morvern, By Oban, Argyll, PA80 5UZ. Tel. 01967 421234. E-Mail [email protected] Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme 1.Summary. 24 archaeological sites were recorded in a desk-based and walkover survey at Gleann Dubh Lighe, Fassfern Estate, Loch Eil, Lochaber, Highland. Most were associated with the agricultural landscape of either pre-clearance farmsteads or of the subsequent phase of sheep-farming, though a significant number resulted from the woodland management practices of the 18th century and later. No scheduled ancient monuments or listed buildings are situated within the vicinity of the survey area. The archaeological sites with grid references, impact assessments and mitigations are summarized in Table 1 in Appendix A. 2. Introduction. An archaeological survey was undertaken on behalf of Hydroplan UK., at Gleann Dubh Lighe, Fassfern Estate, Loch Eil, Lochaber, Highland (OS 1:10.000 Sheet NM98SW), prior to the proposed construction of a hydro scheme. (See Fig 1: Location Map) The proposed hydro scheme at Dubh Lighe consists of: (See Fig. 4): a) Intake 1 on the Dubh Lighe at approx. NM 94793 83659. b) A buried pipeline from Intake 1 along firstly the East bank of Dubh Lighe to approximately NM 94475 81725 and then along the West bank to c) Powerhouse 1 on the West bank of Dubh Lighe at approx. NM 93300 80250 d) An additional water supply is captured from Intake 2 on the Allt Coire na Breac Leitir at approx. NM 94769 83470 and conveyed by aqueduct to Intake 1. e) A further additional water supply is captured from Intake 3 on the Allt an Tuim Ruaidh at approx. NM 92943 81074 and conveyed by a buried pipeline to the main pipeline. Fig. 1: Location Map (Extract from OS Explorer 398 Loch Morar & Mallaig) (© Crown copyright 2003. All rights reserved. Licence number 10044103) J.G.Robertson. Ardtornish. April 2013. 1 Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme The survey area lies on quartz, schists and gneiss of the metamorphic Moine succession and consists of sloping ground, rising from 10m to a height of 200m OD. Apart from the uppermost part of the survey area, the pipelines run through coniferous plantations, which have been part of a forestry programme since the 1950’s. Many of these have been ploughed prior to planting. The survey area consists of a narrow strip of ground, 50m either side of the proposed pipelines, an area 50m in diameter around the intakes and 100m in diameter around the powerhouse. 3. Working Methods. The survey consisted of a combination of a desk-based assessment and a rapid walkover survey. 3.1. Desk-based Assessment. The desk-based assessment consisted of the consultation of a variety of sources: 3.1.1. Sites and Monuments Registers. a) The National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS), held by RCAHMS, John Sinclair House, 16 Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX, available on www.rcahms.gov.uk b) The Historic Environment Record (HER), held by the Highland Council Archaeology Unit, Planning and Development Service, Glenurquhart Road, Inverness, IV3 5NX, available on www.ambaile.org Three sites are relevant to the survey area: 1. Dubh Lighe – farmstead (possible) at NM 9488 8349 (Site 23) NMRS Ref. NM98SW.12 HER ref. MHG 34998 “What may be a farmstead comprising one unroofed building and an attached enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Argyllshire 1875, sheet v). One unroofed building of two compartments and with an attached enclosure are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974).” 2. Dubh Lighe – farmstead, field system at NM 9431 8234 (Sites 21 and 22) NMRS Ref. NM98SW.13 HER ref. MHG 34999 “A farmstead comprising one unroofed L-shaped building with an attached length of wall, which lies within a field, is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Argyllshire 1875, sheet v). The field is shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974).” 3. Dubh Lighe - enclosure at NM 9450 8163 (Site 14) NMRS Ref. NM98SW.14 HER Ref. MHG 35000 “An enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Argyllshire 1875, sheet v), but it is not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974).” Two further sites are situated in the vicinity of the survey area: 4. Tom Buidhe – burnt mound (possible) to the SW at NM 9312 8001 NMRS Ref. NM98SW.19 J.G.Robertson. Ardtornish. April 2013. 2 Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme HER Ref. MHG 36647 During “a rapid survey of the existing 3000ha plantation ... the remains of a possible burnt mound at c NM 9312 8001 were found.” 5. Allt Coire Chuirn –enclosure to the NE at NM 9488 8430 NMRS Ref. NM98SW.15 HER ref. MHG 35002 “An enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Argyllshire 1875, sheet i), but it is not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974).” 3.1.2. Maps. a) William Roy’s Map of Scotland, 1747-55. b) William Morrison: Plans and Estimates of the Expence of Inclosing the Farms within the Annexed Estates of Lochiel, Callart and Ardsheall, 1774: No. 32 Drimnasaly. (In National Archives of Scotland E786/50) c) George Langlands & Sons: Map of Argyleshire, 1801. d) John Thomson: the Atlas of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1832. e) OS 1st Ed. 6” Map Sheets: Argyllshire i and v, surveyed 1872, publ. 1875; f) OS 2nd Ed. 6” Map Sheets: Inverness-shire cxxxvii and cxxxviii, surveyed 1899, publ. 1904 and 1903 respectively. g) OS 1:10,000 Sheets NM98SW, 1974. h) OS Explorer 398 Loch Morar & Mallaig, 1:25,000, 2003. 3.1.3. Archives. a) National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh: William Morrison Map (see above) b) Fort William Library: William Morrison: Report of the Contents and Estimate Rents of part of the annexed Estate of Lochiel, 1772. (photocopy of) c) Fort William Archives: Census of Parish of Kilmallie 1841, 1851, 1861, 1881, 1891. Ordnance Survey Name Books. d) Jonathon Wordsworth: Fassfern Estate, Lochiel: An Archaeological Survey, 2000. (Unpublished report for Fassfern Estate prior to forestry planting in selected areas, available on www.ambaile.org.uk see below 3.1.6) 3.1.4. Aerial Photographs. Aerial photographs were consulted in the RCAHMS Air Photo Unit: a) CPE/UK/0177; Date 7.10.1946; Scale 1:10,000; Frames 3415-3418; 5407-5411. b) CPE/UK/0178; Date 7.10.1946; Scale 1:10,000; Frames 1241; 4347. c) CPE/UK/0322; Date 25.3.1948; Scale 1:10,000; Frames 3370-1. d) 543/RAF/0433; Date 1.12.1958; Scale 1:15,000; Frames F22 0006-0008 3.1.5. Published Sources. Cameron, Thomas Alexander and Muir, Denis Douglas: The Lochaber Geographic Compendium especially as it relates to the Clan Cameron, 2009. (Place-names of Lochaber) Fraser, Rev. Alexander: “Parish of Kilmallie” in The (Old) Statistical Account of Scotland, 1791-99, Vol XVII Inverness-shire, Ross and Cromarty, 115-155. Gibson, John G.: Back O’ The Hill, 2008. Haldane, A.R.B.: The Drove Roads of Scotland, 1952. Kilgour, W.T.: Lochaber in War and Peace, 1908. Lindsay, J.M.: The Use of Woodland in Argyllshire and Perthshire Between 1650 and 1850, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1974. J.G.Robertson. Ardtornish. April 2013. 3 Dubh Lighe Hydro Scheme Lindsay, J.M.: “Charcoal iron smelting and its fuel supply; the example of Lorn furnace, Argyllshire, 1753-1876”, in Journal of Historical Geography, 1, 3, 283-298, 1975. Livingstone, A., Aikman, C.W.H. and Hart, B.S.: No Quarter Given: The Muster Roll of Prince Charles Edward Stuart’s Army, 1745-6, 2001. MacCulloch, Donald B.: Romantic Lochaber, Arisaig and Morar, 3rd. Ed. 1996 (1st Ed. 1939) McGillivray, Rev. Donald: “Parish of Kilmallie” in The New Statistical Account of Scotland, 1835, 117-127. MacMillan, Somerled: Bygone Lochaber, 1971. Munro, J. and Munro, R.W.: Acts of the Lords of the Isles, 1336-1493, 1986. Slimon, Campbell: Stells Stools Strupag, 2007 www.mountainbothies.org.uk 3.1.6. Previous Archaeological Survey. A desk-based and walkover survey was undertaken by Jonathon Wordsworth in 2000, prior to planting in selected forestry compartments within Fassfern Estate. This survey included the Drimsallie area, concentrating particularly to the South and East of the present survey area, but with some targeted fieldwork within Gleann Dubh Lighe. Three sites recorded by Wordsworth lie within the present survey area and are included in the gazetteer: Sites 4, 16 and 18. 3.2. Fieldwork. The desk-based research was followed by a rapid walkover survey. This was undertaken by the writer on 7th -8th March, 3rd and 5th April 2013. The conditions for archaeological survey were exceptionally good. The weather was dry and sunny and the preceding prolonged cold, dry spell precluded any vegetation growth. However, most of the survey area lay within forestry plantations and much of these had been ploughed and planted, thereby restricting the potential for the discovery of archaeological remains. Windblown trees were also an occasional problem. 4. Historical Background. [Note: The spelling of several place-names in the area has varied through history. The spelling adopted within this report, unless otherwise indicated, is that which appears on current OS maps.] The place-name, Dubh Lighe, translated as Black or Dark River contrasts with that of the neighbouring river to the East, Fionn Lighe, meaning Light or Clear River.