A Study of Strategic Plan for Forest Stand Conservation in the Nature

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Volume 6 Number 2: December 2017

Date of Publication 15 December 2017

Contents Vol. 6 | No. 2 | Pages 71-113

Asian Journal of Conservation Biology ISSN 2278-7666 (Online)

Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number 2: December 2017

Full Length Research Paper

A Study of Strategic Plan for Forest Stand Conservation in The Nature Reserve of Taliabu Island Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu , Iskar Bone , Gun Mardiatmoko, Agustinus Kastanya, pp.

[ ABSTRACT ] [ FULL PAPER PDF]

First photographic record of endemic brown eared-pheasant Crossoptilon mantchuricum by camera-trapping at Jinhuashan-Henglingzi Hemaji Nature Reserve, China AI Lianmin, LI Zengming, DING Kai, Thomas D. Dahmer, pp.

[ ABSTRACT ] [ FULL PAPER PDF ]

Distribution of Sri Lanka Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger In India Satish Pande, Reuven Yosef, Rajgopal Patil, Prashant Deshpande, Vaibhav Deshmukh, Pravin Kawle, Rajkumar Pawar, pp.

[ ABSTRACT ] [ FULL PAPER PDF ]

Environmental Covariates of Species Richness and Composition of Vascular Plants of Olangchung Gola and Ghunsa Valleys of Eastern Nepal Sanjeev K Rai, Rajesh Tamang, Jyoti P Gajurel, Shiva Devkota, Krishna K Shrestha, Michael P Nobis and Christoph Scheidegger [ ABSTRACT ] [ FULL PAPER PDF ]

Short Communication

The diversity of tortoises and their diet at Tswapong North District of Botswana Setlalekgomo M.R., Gaoganetswe M., Selebatso T.

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On the taxonomy and nomenclature of common Indian cricket frog Rana agricola Jerdon, 1853 (Amphibia: Dicroglossidae) S. R. Ganesh, Sushil K. Dutta, S. R. Chandramouli

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Asian Journal of Conservation Biology (AJCB) is an international peer-reviewed open access journal of conservation biology, dedicated to provide a reliable source of information concerning the biodiversity conservation, natural resources management, sustainable development, legal status, survival prospects of all wildlife and would prefer conservation issues related to Asian biodiversity. One goal of the journal is to encourage submission on conservation issues related to turtles and tortoises.

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief : Prof. D.K. Sharma, School of Biological Science, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, India

Founder & Editor : Dr. Chittaranjan Baruah, P.G. Department of Zoology, Darrang College, Tezpur, India

Associate Editors :

Dr. A.H.M. Ali Reza, Delta State University, Mississippi, USA

Diogo Ver�ssimo, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

Joko Guntoro, Satucita Foundation, Kuala Simpang, Aceh, Indonesia

Dr. Sabir Bin Muzaffar, Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Dr. Susanta Kr. Bhuyan, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Boko, Assam, India

Sitha Som, Conservation International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Dr. M.A. Laskar, Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthony's College, Shillong, India

Wondamgegne Daniel, Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, USA

Dr. Ramesh Nath, Dhing College, Nagaon, Assam, India

Dr. Jayanta Deka, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, Assam, India

Assistant Editors :

Ashok Kumar Mallik, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc Bangalore, India

Uzma Noureen, WWF- Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan

Jayaditya Purkayastha, Help Earth, Guwahati, India

Dr. Papari Devi, Department of Biological Science, Dimension Academy, Tezpur, India

Editorial Assistance :

Phalgun Chetia

A study of strategic plan for Forest Stand Conservation in the Nature Reserve of Taliabu Island

Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu1, Iskar Bone1, Gun Mardiatmoko1,*, Agustinus Kastanya1

1Forestry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University, Ambon 97233, Indonesia

(Accepted: November 01, 2017)

ABSTRACT

Presently it perceived is increasingly difficult for the management of a nature reserve and other conservation areas because in general the area of forest is increasingly narrow in almost all countries in the world both developed and developing countries. One of the causes is the explosion of people in the world that has been pushing for greater infrastructure development in all countries such as for road construction and water installa- tions, settlements, government and private offices, business or market centers, agriculture and livestock, opening of mining activities in the forest area, etc. This is further exacerbated by the rampant illegal logging activities in forest areas. This paper aims to develop the management strategy of Nature Reserve at Taliabu Island with SWOT, QSPM and the projection of the first and second 5 year activities. The GIS Management is also carried out with the help of GIS. Base on the results of research conducted it can be known priority strategy is determined by ranking the strategies based on the value of the TAS from the largest to the smallest. In addition, 3 zones of Taliabu Island Nature Reserve management are defined as: core zone, buffer zone and transi- tion zone.

Keywords: SWOT, QSPM, TAS, nature preserve, natural resources, conflict resolution

pushing for greater infrastructure development in all INTRODUCTION countries such as for road construction and water instal- The Nature preserve is a nature reserve area that has lations, settlements, government and private offices, specific characteristics of plants and ecosystems that business or market centers, agriculture and livestock, must be protected and preserved. The sustainability of a mining opening activities in forest area etc. This is fur- nature reserve should run naturally in accordance with ther exacerbated by the rampant illegal logging activi- its original condition. In addition, the flora and fauna ties. contained in it can be used for purposes in the present Kleinschmit et al. (2016), illegal logging has and future. Characteristics in the determination of a na- recently been recognized as a form of transnational ture reserve area include: having a diversity of plants organized crime that has increased support for and ecosystems; The representation of formation from integrated international interventions. The evidence certain biota and its constituent units; Have rare plant shows that there is a very different kind of actor’s communities and ecosystems or their near-extinct exis- involvement, with overlapping and collusion between tence; Has a characteristic potential so that it becomes some parties such as legal and illegal entrepreneurs, an example for the existence of an ecosystem that re- corporations, "traditional" criminals, as well as state quires conservation and protection efforts; Lies in forest actors and agents. In some parts of the world, organized areas that have not been disturbed by human interven- forest crime may be very cruel and also linked to the tion to a sufficient extent to support the management of financing of war and conflict. Related to infrastructure the nature reserve and ensure natural ecological sustain- development, Otto & Ozment (2017) reminded of the ability; etc. development priority of natural infrastructure such as forest rather than artificial infrastructure. So don’t Presently it increasingly is difficult for the man- sacrifice too much forest area for the development of agement of a nature reserve and other conservation areas artificial infrastructure. They argue that the natural because in general the area of forest is increasingly nar- system also has unique benefits that make them immune row in almost all countries in the world both developed to some of the problems faced in infrastructure and developing countries. Therefore, there are more and development, for example in America. Considerations more disturbances and threats to the forest area both in are given: (1) the value of forest appreciated over time production forests, protected forests and other forest as it grows and develops - unlike built infrastructure, conservation areas. One of the causes is the explosion of such as pipes and reservoirs, which ultimately require people in the world which has been costly repairs or complete replacement; (2) the forest

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] 73

Pattimahu et al. provides benefits other than supplying clean water, such demand arises when certain renewable resource demand as carbon sequestration, habitat provision and cannot be satisfied by the existing supply; Scarcity recreational opportunities; and (3) forests and wetlands caused by supply occurs when there is environmental build resilience to infrastructure systems built around degradation, pollution, natural variation or damage to them by absorbing flood waters and providing a buffer infrastructure in the delivery or reduction of supply and against storm surges. This extends the lifespan of built the presence of "structural scarcity" that occurs when systems and increases their capacity to cope with different groups in society face unequal access to re- extreme climate and weather changes. The sources. This Structural Scarcity can be caused by poor consequences of deforestation and forest degradation natural resource governance (EU-UN Partnership, around the world have triggered climate change. The 2008a). impact of global warming has caused a natural disaster In many countries, there are some conflicts that that is felt from time to time is increasingly large and arise in the management of conservation areas in the frequent. Of course this has caused a lot of worries of the field. Some examples are given: severe conflicts between world's population. Faced with these conditions, in the reserve managers and local communities in the Nangun management of a nature reserve and conservation area River reserve, Yunnan, China (Kui, 2000) or problems in will not be separated from the conflict of interest in the protecting the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, due to management of natural resources. So, on the one hand rapid population growth, timber exploitation, Land and there are efforts to protect and conserve the area and on energy, tourism and housing development (Panusittikorn the other side for utilization in the development of the & Prato, 2001). Also the threats in the Van Long Nature economy to improve the welfare of the population. Thus, Reserve are forest fire, unsustainable land use in the core in general can be said that where there are natural zone of the nature reserve, the rapid development of tour- resources there is a conflict of interest. ism and the cement plant next to the nature reserve area According to the EU-UN Partnership (2008a), (Nguyen, 2008). The conflict is also found in the preser- conflict management related to natural resources is now vation of elephant and or tiger habitat in India and Nepal. more important than ever. With increasing economic Thus, humans and wild animals are forced to share com- growth and world population has also increased the level mon resources, which can lead to conflicts between hu- of global consumption; various countries face various mans and wildlife (Bargali, 2016 and Neupane et al., problems such as lack of important renewable resources 2017). The conflict also occurred between humans and such as fresh water, agricultural land, rangeland, forests, rare tiger in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indo- fisheries and other wildlife. The occurrence of environ- nesia (Nugraha & Sugardjito, 2009). According to Mad- mental degradation and climate change accompanied by den (2009), human-wildlife conflict is a serious obstacle the depletion of renewable natural resources has become to conservation worldwide and will become more com- a fundamental threat to human safety. It can disrupt the mon with increasing human populations, development livelihoods of the people and negatively impact the eco- expands, global climate change, and human and environ- system and undermine peace and development. There- mental factors that make direct competition between hu- fore, governments, especially in developing countries, mans and wildlife higher. Beside that, the human-wildlife are under pressure to be able to manage natural resources conflict is a widespread problem and further threatens sustainably and also resolve conflicts around their own- both animals and local livelihoods. There is an added risk ership, management, allocation and control. Such con- of human life that will further exacerbate the problem if flicts can occur non-violently or violently. Furthermore, the conflict involves predators (Miranda et al., 2016). natural resource conflicts such as land conflicts are usu- The conflict, according to TII (2016), has been exacer- ally violent when associated with political exclusion, bated by the slow response of park management to rapid marginalization and social discrimination processes and social and political dynamics beyond national park the perception that peaceful action is no longer a viable boundaries, including: (1) lack of clarity on the extent to strategy for change. This land conflict can trigger vio- which communities are involved in park management, lence because it is closely related to community identity, (2) during the implementation of decentralization that led history and culture. In fact, violent conflict may coexist to the mutual disagreement between district managers with peacemaking efforts and may even contribute to the and park managers and (3) the failure of park manage- creation of new complaints after a peace deal. To address ment to show the real economic contribution to conserve these violent conflicts requires international support in nature in order to support the livelihood of communities flexible land conflict managers. In the context of this and increase the gross domestic product of local govern- conflict, for example, conflict management strategies ments. The most visible impact of the conflict is the in- must be complemented by conflict prevention strategies, creasing threat of biodiversity. Under the USAID (2015) country development and strategies still ongoing (EU- statement, the main drivers of loss of biodiversity are at UN Partnership, 2008b). least 5 things, namely (1) habitat conversion (e.g., con- There are at least three triggers in natural re- version of natural forests to plantations or agriculture); source conflict: competition for increasingly scarce re- (2) overexploitation of natural resources (e.g., overfish- newable resources; Poor natural resource and environ- ing); (3) pollution (e.g., excessive nutrient loads in fresh- mental governance and the dynamics and stresses of water systems); (4) invasive alien species (in nearly all cross-border natural resources. There are three major ecosystem types); and (5) the myriad impacts of climate causes of increasing scarcity of resources working sepa- change. Frank (2015) provides a statement related to ob- rately or in combination: Demand caused by scarcity as stacles in the management of wildlife conservation. The

AJCB Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 73–80, 2017 74 Nature Reserve of Taliabu Island

Figure 1. Land-use and study site of Taliabu Island emergence of these constraints is because practitioners 9,743 Ha. Taliabu Island is specifically located in the focus their attention on reducing negative interactions, Wallace region and between the Wallace line and rather than on improving the positive relationship be- Webber line that has a wealth of high biodiversity. tween humans and wildlife. Therefore, the solution to the Therefore, this area needs to be protected and kept in an management of wildlife conservation can be successful unspoiled condition for the sake of sources of germ- that is necessary to do a positive interaction, coexistence, plasma, innovation, science, technology development to and tolerance toward wildlife. In fact, this is not easy to support the world's life order. Land-use and study site is implement in the field especially for developing coun- presented in Figure 1. tries. The management of a reserve area is implemented In fact, many conflicts in renewable resources or based on a management plan prepared based on the study especially in conservation areas from time to time in of ecological, technical, economic and socio-cultural each country cannot be solved completely. In general, it aspects. Therefore, the preparation of the Ten Year can only be solved partially and there is no holistic con- Management Plan of TINR is also based on that aspect flict resolution. Thus, it is imperative that we make many by taking into account the factual situation, condition and efforts to reduce conflict management in conservation problems. Further information, data and problems are areas or minimize it gradually. Many approaches and analyzed taking into consideration national development techniques for dealing with conflict resolution have been policies, regional, regional strategic environment and done, one of which is the application of strategic plan- management organization. The management plan of the ning. According to Mittenthal (2002), the strategic plan Nature Reserve is analyzed with SWOT analysis, by is a tool that provides guidance on mission fulfillment identifying external factors (opportunities and threats) with efficiency and maximum impact. If effective and and internal factors (strengths and weaknesses). By using useful, it should articulate specific objectives and de- the internal and external matrix, it can be given weight scribe the action steps and resources needed to achieve and rating on the parameters that have been determined, them. As a rule, most of the strategic plans should be so that will get the value (score). This value will provide reviewed and changed every three to five years. The stra- direction on future prospects for the management plan of tegic plan is a comprehensive document covering all the Nature Reserve. Determination The priority of the aspects of the organization's work, including programs strategy to be implemented is done by evaluating and services, management and operations, fundraising alternative choice strategy with Quantitative Strategies and finance, facilities and governance. Depending on the Planning Matrix (QSPM) approach. This stage is done scope and emphasis of the organization, a plan can also with the aim to determine which strategy is considered explain approaches to improve marketing, Membership the best to be implemented. QSPM is a technique that development and administrative systems. can be considered as a prioritized rank alternative strategy (David, 2006). The analysis was also conducted MATERIALS AND METHOD by Khaleh et al. (2016) to evaluat