Projet Post-Doctoral : La New Shakespeare Galle

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Projet Post-Doctoral : La New Shakespeare Galle Amandine Rabier! ! Laboratoire d’excellence « Création, Arts et Patrimoines », ! Projet post-doctoral :! ! La New Shakespeare Gallery ou l’itinéraire d’un échec ! ! Plateforme 4 : ! Exposition et Création : Pratiques sociales et expériences du musée ! Unité d’accueil principale : Centre de Recherches sur les Arts et le Langage, Ecole des Hautes Etudes de Sciences Sociales! Unité d’accueil secondaire : HiCSA, Université Paris 1, Panthéon Sorbonne! ! ! État de l’art :! ! En mai 1789 naît, sous l’impulsion d’un certain John Boydell, un nouveau mode d’exposi- tion en Angleterre, la Gallery. Nouveau, car porteur d’une nouvelle définition de ce terme. Il ne s’agit plus de la galerie au sens d’un lieu aménagé dans ou attenant à une résidence aristocratique, rassemblant une collection de peinture privée témoignant du pouvoir autant que du raffinement de son collectionneur, mais d’une salle d’exposition aménagée à cet effet, en plein centre de Londres, accessible à tous, dès lors que l’on s’acquittait d’un droit d’entrée de 1 shilling. ! L’exposition était alors une étape, la vitrine d’un plus vaste projet qui consistait en l’édition des Œuvres de Shakespeare illustrée, gravée d’après les tableaux de la galerie, conçue avec le concours de l’éditeur George Steevens, ainsi qu’en une autre publication exclusi- vement consacrée aux gravures. Les œuvres sont ainsi commandées aux plus éminents artistes de la Royal Academy, autour d’un thème qui devient le fil conducteur de l’expositi- on. Concernant la Boydell Gallery, le thème adopté à l’unanimité fut Shakespeare. À son ouverture, la Shakespeare Gallery de Boydell rencontra un immense succès. Un enthou- siasme qui contamina la critique puisque, bonne ou mauvaise, elle abonda sur l’événe- ment. Bien que les détracteurs fussent nombreux, peu importait, la Boydell Gallery occu- pait le devant de la scène, quitte à éclipser cette année-là l’exposition annuelle de la Royal Academy. Et le public suivit comme en attestent les témoignages via les correspondances de l’époque. ! Dans son ouvrage The Shows of London, Richard Altick intègre ce nouveau concept de Gallery dans les spectacles en vogue en Angleterre1. Parmi les spectacles de curiosités humaines, de pantomimes, ou encore les spectacles à effets visuels, comme ceux de la lanterne magique, des panoramas, de fantasmagories, la Gallery incarne le spectacle de la peinture. L’exposition Art on the line et le catalogue, dirigé par David Solkin, qui l’acco- mpagne, montrent d’ailleurs comment les expositions annuelles de la Royal Academy étaient elles aussi envisagées comme des spectacles par ce que Mark Hallett nomme la mise en espace d’une narration visuelle2. Luisa Calè, qui s’est intéressée particulièrement à la Milton Gallery de Henry Fuseli, a elle aussi définit les dispositifs mis en place par le peintre pour donner des équivalents spatiaux au processus narratif du poète3.! La réflexion grandissante sur les stratégies d’expositions publiques ou privées implique une nouvelle donnée : la prise en compte du spectateur. Pascal Griener redéfinit la notion de public au XVIIIe siècle et insiste sur le nouveau lien qui unit l’œuvre au spectateur4. Il analyse l’accès aux collections de peinture par le public avant la constitution des institu- tions muséales. Néanmoins, son ouvrage s’en tient à la notion commune de galerie pré- cédemment évoquée. Nous aimerions donc poursuivre ces recherches en nous intéres- sant à cette nouvelle forme de Gallery qui tient d’autant plus compte de la réception qu’elle est fortement déterminée par la notion de rentabilité. ! À l’époque de Boydell, les Galleries se multiplient : Thomas Macklin crée la Poets’ Gallery qui ouvre un an avant celle de Boydell, l’Historic Gallery de Robert Bowyer ouvre en 17925. Ces deux dernières font l’objet d’une étude6, mais la Gallery qui concentre toute l’attention à l’époque de sa création comme chez les historiens de l’art actuels, reste la 1 Richard Altick, The shows of London, Cambridge (Massachussets) and London, Harvard University Press, 1978. 2 David Solkin (ed.) Art on the Line : The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House, 1780-1836, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2001, p. 77-91. Mark Hallett, « Reading the Walls : Pictorial Dialogue at the British Royal Academy » in Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 37, N°4, Summer 2004, p. 581-604. 3 Luisa Calè, Henry Fuseli’s Milton Gallery : ‘Turning Readers into Spectators’, London, Clarendon Press, 2006. 4 Pascal Griener, La République de l’œil, l’expérience de l’art au siècle des lumières, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2010, p. 124. 5 Notons que ces Galleries tentent de se substituer ainsi à la Royal Academy qui selon Boydell échoue dans sa fonction de promouvoir la peinture d’histoire. 6 T. S. R. Boase, « Macklin and Bowyer » in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, Vol.26 n°1/2, 1963, p.148-177. Boydell Gallery7. Nous ne nous attarderons pas ici sur le bilan historiographique de cette dernière, citons simplement l’étude de Winifred Friedman qui est la première à faire l’inve- ntaire des œuvres de la Shakespeare Gallery de Boydell et à donner un descriptif sérieux de l’entreprise en insistant notamment sur l’aspect commercial du projet8. Quant à l’étude la plus récente, elle est menée par Rosie Dias9, spécialiste de la question du display en Angleterre au tournant du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle qui, dans le cas de la Boydell Gallery, arti- cule son édification à la construction de l’identité nationale à cette même période.! ! ! Description du projet :! ! Parmi les Galleries les moins étudiées se trouve celle qui nous intéresse, la « New Sha- kespeare Gallery » de James Woodmason. Nous avons recensé deux articles sur le sujet, écrit par un même auteur, Robin Hamlyn10. Une si maigre fortune critique est d’autant plus surprenante que Woodmason calque le projet de sa Gallery sur celui de Boydell. Dans son article le plus ancien, l’auteur fait un état des lieux des étapes de construction du projet de Woodmason mais son travail, bien que très utile, est avant tout descriptif et ne rend guère compte d’une vision et d’une mise en perspective de la Gallery. Son second article, en re- vanche, initie la comparaison entre la Boydell et la Woodmason Gallery mais sans pour 7 Pour un approfondissement bibliographique de la Boydell Gallery, voir l’ouvrage très complet de Walter Pape et Frederick Burwick (dir.), The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, Bottrop, Essen, Verlag Peter Pomp, 1996 (et plus particulièrement les chapitres « The Romantic reception of the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery: Lamb, Coleridge, Hazlitt » de Frederick Burwick et « Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery and its role in promoting English history painting » d’Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel) ainsi que l'article d’Isabelle Baudino « John Boydell et la Shakespeare Gallery » in Bulletin de la société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, n°40, 1995, p. 67-88, qui est l’une des rares études françaises sur le sujet. Pour un complément d’information, on pourra également se référer aux autres publications : William D. Moffat, « The Story of the Boydell Shakespeare » in Shakespeariana, vol.IV, 1887 ; Lawrence Thompson, « The Boydell Shakespeare: An English Monument to Graphic Arts » in The Princeton University Library Chronicle, février 1940, p. 17-24 ; Altick, « Eighteenth-Century book illustrations - Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery - Macklin's Poet's Gal- lery - Fuseli's Milton Gallery » Part one, Chapter 2, 1985, p. 37-56 ; Stuart Sillars, « «A magnificent Scheme, if it can but be effected» : Boydell, criticism and appropriation » in Painting Shakespeare : the artist as critic 1720-1820, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ; Marketing Shakespeare: The Boydell Gallery (1789-1805) and Beyond, exposition organisée par la Folger Shakespeare Library du 20 septembre 2007 au 5 janvier 2008. 8 Winifred Friedman, Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, New York, Garland, 1976. 9 Rosie Dias, Exhibiting Englishness. John Boydell’s Shakespeare Gallery and the Formation of a National Aesthetic, New Heaven and London, Yale University Press, 2013. 10 Robin Hamlyn, « An Irish Shakespeare Gallery » in Burlington Magazine, vol. 120, N°905, 1978, p. 515-529, Robin Hamlyn « The Shakespeare Galleries of John Boydell and James Woodmason » in Jane Martineau (ed.), Shakespeare in Art, Ferrara and London, Merrell, 2003, p. 97-115. autant, là encore, mettre en perspective l’aménagement de l’espace des deux collections et en limitant ses études de cas aux peintres Henry Fuseli et James Northcote. C’est donc en prolongeant cette comparaison amorcée que nous voudrions construire notre étude, afin de comprendre le parcours chaotique de cette Gallery.! Attentif à l’émulation que provoque la Shakespeare Gallery de John Boydell, l’entrepr- eneur James Woodmason importe le projet en Irlande et ouvre, en 1793, à Dublin, une Irish Shakespeare Gallery [sic] conçue sur le modèle de John Boydell. Pourtant, contrai- rement à celui de son devancier, ce projet est un échec. Étant donné le succès des Galle- ries à Londres, et particulièrement de celle de Boydell dont il s’est largement inspiré, Woodmason ne doute pas du potentiel de son entreprise et pense simplement ne pas s’être adressé au bon public. Il emporte donc tout naturellement son projet à Londres, afin de rentabiliser cette affaire mal engagée. Woodmason loue la salle de James Christie (créateur de la maison de vente du même nom), située dans la rue de Pall Mall, exacte- ment en face du bâtiment de la Gallery de Boydell. Il lui fait donc directement concurrence, en choisissant non seulement le même thème pour sa Gallery, Shakespeare, mais aussi en utilisant, comme Boydell quelques années plus tôt, les mêmes artistes académiciens bien connus du public : Reynolds, Fuseli, Northcote, West, Opie... Woodmason affiche lui aussi l’ambition de créer une école anglaise de la peinture d’histoire.
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