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1 Introduction Notes 1 Introduction 1. Barry, ‘Introduction’; Golden (ed.), Encyclopedia; Barry and Davies (eds), Palgrave Advances; Owen Davies, ‘Witchcraft, Magic and Culture 1736–1951: brief historiography’ (2007) at www.cunningfolk.com; Gaskill, ‘Pursuit’. For the wider historiography of spirits, miracles, the ‘disenchantment of the world’ etc. see Walker, ‘Cessation’; Marshall and Walsham (eds), Angels; Saler, ‘Modernity’; Walsham, ‘Miracles’; Walsham, ‘Reformation’; Walsham, ‘Invisible Helpers’. 2. Briggs, ‘Many Reasons’. The main surveys are (for Europe) Levack, Witch Hunt; Briggs, Witches and Neighbours; Behringer, Witches; (for England) Sharpe, Instruments; Sharpe, Witchcraft in Early Modern England; Sharpe (gen. ed.), English Witchcraft. 3. Macfarlane, Witchcraft; Thomas, Religion; Larner, Enemies; Wilson, Magical Universe; Briggs, Witches of Lorraine; Hutton, ‘Anthropological and Historical Approaches’; Bever, Realities. 4. See Hodgkin, ‘Gender’, and for key texts on women: Larner, Witchcraft; Roper, Oedipus; Dolan, Dangerous Familiars; Purkiss, ‘Women’s Stories’; Purkiss, Witch; Willis, Malevolent Nurture; Sharpe, ‘Women’; Goodare, ‘Women’; Roper, Witch Craze. For masculinity see Gaskill, ‘Devil’; Kent, ‘Masculinity’; Rowlands (ed.), Witchcraft. 5. See Levack, ‘Crime’ and for key texts: Unsworth, ‘Witchcraft’; Sharpe, Witchcraft in Seventeenth-Century Yorkshire; Sharpe, Instruments; Sharpe, ‘Devil’; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft in Early Modern Kent’; Gaskill, Crime; Gaskill, ‘Witches and Witchcraft Prosecutions’; Durston, Witchcraft; Gaskill, ‘Witches and Witnesses’; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence’; Newton and Bath (eds), Witchcraft; Sharpe, ‘Witchcraft in the Early Modern Isle of Man’. 6. Thomas, Religion, p. 570. For a historiographical perspective on Thomas’s work see Barry, ‘Introduction’ and Macfarlane, ‘Civility’. ‘That most intrac- table of issues, the reasons belief in witchcraft declined’ (Sharpe, Instruments, p. 33) is the subject of Bostridge, ‘Witchcraft’; Bostridge, Witchcraft; Sharpe, Instruments, pp. 211–302; Levack, ‘Decline and End of Witchcraft’; Hunter, ‘Witchcraft Controversy’; Hunter, ‘Witchcraft and Decline’; Davies, ‘Decriminalising’; Sneddon, Witchcraft. There is a particularly sophisticated literature on post- 1660 cases and decline in Scotland: see Larner, ‘Two Late Scottish Witchcraft Tracts’; Larner, Enemies; Henderson, ‘Survival’; Cowan and Henderson, ‘Last’; Levack, ‘Great Scottish Witch Hunt’; Levack, ‘Decline and End of Scottish Witch- hunting’; Wasser, ‘Mechanical World- View’; Levack, Witch- Hunting; Maxwell- Stuart, Abundance; Maxwell- Stuart, ‘Witchcraft’; Kidd, ‘Scottish Enlightenment’. 7. See, for example, Merkel and Debus (eds), Hermeticism; Vickers (ed.), Occult and Scientific Mentalities; Webster, From Paracelsus; Hulme and Jordanova (eds), Enlightenment; Rousseau (ed.), Languages; Jacob, Living; Porter (ed.), 276 Notes to pp. 4–10 277 Medicine; Burns, Age; Shaw, Miracle. Crucial contributions to this develop- ment in relation to witchcraft are: MacDonald, ‘Religion’; Harley, ‘Mental Illness’; Hunter, ‘Witchcraft Controversy’; Porter, ‘Witchcraft’; Midelfort, Exorcism. 8. De Blecourt, `Witchdoctors’; de Blecourt, ‘On Continuation’; Davies, ‘Healing Charms’; Davies, ‘Cunning Folk in England’; Davies, ‘Methodism’; Davies, ‘Newspapers’; Davies, Witchcraft; Davies, People; Gijswijt- Hofstra, ‘Witch- Craft’; Davies, ‘Cunning Folk in the Medical Marketplace’; Davies, Cunning Folk; Davies and de Blecourt (eds), Beyond; Davies and de Blecourt (eds), Witchcraft; Waters, ‘Belief’. 9. Briggs, Witches and Neighbours; Sharpe, Instruments; Davies, Cunning Folk. 10. Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons; Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials; Holmes, ‘Popular Culture?’; Ginzburg, Ecstasies; Clark, Thinking; Elmer, ‘Towards a Politics’; Wilby, Cunning Folk; Wilby, Visions. For these issues in English demonology see: Oldridge, ‘Protestant Conceptions’; Oldridge, Devil; Johnstone, ‘Protestant Devil’; Johnstone, Devil. 11. Clark, Thinking; Behringer, Witches. See also, in related areas: Davies, Haunted; Davies, Grimoires; Cameron, Enchanted Europe. 12. Ginzburg, Night Battles; Ginzburg, Myths; Levi, Inheriting Power; Le Roy Ladurie, Jasmin’s Witch; Muir and Ruggiero (eds), Microhistory; Levi, ‘On Microhistory’; Ruggiero, Binding Passions. English examples include: Gregory, ‘Witchcraft’; MacDonald (ed.), Witchcraft; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Power’; Gilbert and Bunn, Trial; Sharpe, Bewitching; Gaskill, Witchfinders; Marshall, Mother Leakey; Almond, Witches; Ryrie, Sorcerer’s Tale. For the lat- est European example see Robisheaux, Last Witch. 13. See Gibson, ‘Thinking Witchcraft’. Key examples are: Anglo (ed.), Damned Art; Rosenthal, Salem Story; Purkiss, ‘Desire’; Rowlands, ‘Telling’; Gibson, Reading; Clark (ed.), Languages; Gibson, ‘Thomas Potts’s’; Gibson, Possession; Gibson, Witchcraft. 14. Pearson, ‘Writing Witchcraft’; Jenkins, ‘Continuity’; Magliocco, Witching Culture and, for Hutton: Hutton, Triumph; Hutton, ‘Paganism’; Hutton, Witches; Evans and Green (eds), Ten Years. 15. Gent, Trial; Timmons, ‘Witchcraft’; Marshall, Mother Leakey. For Cornwall see Semmens, ‘Usage’; Semmens, Witch. For Devon: Semmens, ‘I will not go to the Devil’. For Dorset: Udal, ‘Witchcraft’. For Somerset: Davies, People. For Wiltshire: Hunter, ‘New Light’ and Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft, Politics, and Memory’. 16. Barry, ‘South West’. 17. An exception to the south-eastern focus of county studies is Poole (ed.), Lancashire. The fundamental sources for trials remain Ewen, Witch Hunting and Ewen, Witchcraft, used by Sharpe, Instruments pp. 112–14, 146–7; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence’ at nn. 42, 51, 67, 157. 18. Ewen, Witchcraft, p. 439; Cockburn (ed.), Somerset; Cockburn (ed.), Western Circuit. 19. Inderwick, Side- Lights, pp. 165, 171–4, 190–4. He notes that these figures excluded Bristol (for which there was always a separate commission) but I have no seen no evidence of any Bristol cases during this period. 20. Notestein, History, pp. 219, 224, 254. 21. Thomas, Religion, p. 537. 278 Notes to pp. 10–12 22. Thompson, Wives, pp. 102, 115, 185 onwards. 23. Sharpe, Instruments, pp. 77, 150, 152, 164, 223; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence’; Valletta, Witchcraft, pp. 224–35. Valletta lists no witches from Devon or Dorset, and only one from Cornwall, while mistakes include: p. 227 (Perry actually 1662); p. 232 (Carrier actually 1690, Castle actu- ally 1653, Christian not Christopher Green and Ridwood not Richwood); p. 235 (Orchard actually 1658 and Tilling actually 1672); p. 248 (Wonder of Wonders listed under 1650 though dated 1662). See next chapter for other errors in Valletta’s account of particular cases. 24. Devon: Cotton, Gleanings; Harte, ‘Ecclesiastical and Religious Affairs’; Hamilton, Quarter Session; Roberts, Recovery. Dorset: Mansell- Pleydell, ‘On Sorcery’; Davies (ed.), Touchyng; Jenkinson, ‘Witchcraft’ (on Grimmerton). Somerset: Bates Harbin (ed.), Quarter-Sessions I, II and III; Dawes (ed.), Quarter-Sessions . Wiltshire: Gomme (ed.), Popular Superstitions, pp. 281–91; Cunnington, Records; Underdown, Revel. 25. Kittredge, ‘Case’, reprinted as first chapter of Kittredge, Witchcraft. 26. Gray and Draisey, ‘Witchcraft’; Thomas, Religion; Stieg, Laud’s Laboratory; Quaife, Wanton Wives; Ingram, Church Courts. 27. Bower, Doctor Lamb; Doctor Lamb’s Darling; More, Antidote; Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft, Politics, and Memory’. For 1662 see: Power of Witchcraft; True and Perfect Account; Truth Brought to Light. For Beckington see the next chap- ter, n. 141. For the trial pamphlets in general see Gibson, Reading and (for the later ones) Elmer (ed.), English Witchcraft vol. 5. 28. Cornwall: Return of Prayer; True Account; Blight, True and Impartial Account, all discussed in Corey, ‘Propaganda’. Devon: Marshall, ‘Piety’; Marshall, Mother Leakey; Brink (ed.), Life and see also Flavel, Pneumatologia. Two eighteenth- century personal accounts of struggles with the demonic are: Bowdler, Devil’s Cloven- Foot and Walker, Awful Memento. 29. Pitt, Account; Corey, ‘Propaganda’; Spooner, John Tregagle; Marshall, ‘Ann Jeffries’. 30. True Relation; Wonderful and Strange Miracle; Miles, Wonder; Faithful Narrative; Demon of Marleborough; Narrative of Demon; Great News from the West of England; Strange and Wonderful News, Strange and Wonderful (yet True) Relation; Somersetshire Daemon; Somersetshire Wonder; Drummer of Tedworth; Great Mercy; Rollins, Pack; Green, ‘On some Somerset Chapbooks’. Walsham, Providence discusses the genres and lists many such works. Undated eighteenth- century examples are: Great and Wonderful News; Satan’s Decoy; Heaven’s Judgement; The Prodigal Daughter, or Disobedient Lady Reclaim’d; The Prodigal Daughter, or the Disobedient Lady Reclaimed. A salutary example is the different locations specified in Timely Warning to All (Bridgewater) and Timely Warning to Rash (Stepney), two otherwise identical stories. 31. Raymond (ed.), Making; Anna Trapnel’s Report. See Friedman, ‘Battle’; Raymond, Pamphlets; Peacey, Politicians; Stoyle, ‘Road’. 32. See Elmer, ‘Saints’, and examples in Besse, Collection; Penney (ed.), Journal; Cadbury (ed.), George Fox’s Book; [Smith], Gagg (discussed in next chapter). 33. Burns, Age; Calamy, Nonconformists Memorial; Matthews (ed.), Calamy. 34. More, Antidote; More, Collection; Glanvill, Saducismus; Blagrave, Astrological Practice; Mather, Essay; Bovet, Pandaemonium; Sinclair, Satan’s Invisible World; R.B., Kingdom; Baxter, Certainty; Hale, Collection; Burthogge, Essay; Copy of a Notes to pp. 12–15 279 Letter; Beaumont,
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