April 1986
VolumeXXlI, No.2 Price: $1.50
~ Looking to 1988 Editor's Columll
Sacramento Bee lwlilical edifor Marf;II Smilh wrole recelllly that Ron{/Id Reagan has bee" lite "supergllle'" IhOl has held the cOliserl"(Jtil'e mOI'emelll together for 20 years. Of COllrse, Mr. RIPON fOR(JM Reagall also has hemlhe "sllpergllle" Ihat has held the Repub lican Porty together since 1980. Bill Ihe IJresidelll ll"ill be leaving Edtlor's Column I office Sooll . so perhaps il is tillle Re/Jllblicalls begill cOllsitierillg Profitt'S lind Persptdh-es: J the Juture oj their party. A Con,~rsalktn ,,-jIb III this issue, Nell' Jersey Gm't'rtlor Tom Keall says Illat tlu! Thomas Ktan GOP nmst flOt look for allo/her charismatic persollality /0 Edilorial: AmeriCil's Poor 7 prm'ide lI11ity, bllt nailer base its growth IlpOIl ideas. Ami Ripon and America's funs: Forum etiitorial/xx1rC1 member Slel'e Klillsky argiles Ilwt pro Dealing with Ihe Problem gressil't' Repl/blicalls IUII"e milch to cOllfribllle 10 thar grQlI'//t. III a rerie\\' oJRichard Reel"e:{s book. The Reagan Detour. Klillsk), Party Rulf'S: Democrats in the \I outlinesJollr themes II'hidt progressil'e RepllbliclIIIS CaIlIlS(' to I)rl~ c r '5 .sc,at: Josiah LH Auspitz broaden the GOP. Lee Auspitz (Ilso claims tllat unless Republi. can PorI )' oJficial.~ pay doser (Il/elllioll 10 part)' rilles, Demo Out 0( Angola: 13 crats willlwre tile largest !w)' all tile strllctl/re oj ReplllJ/icllll TUf'I'IKC M. O'Sullivan delegate selection ill /988. A Republican Primtr on Acid Rain: 16 - Bill McKellzie Sher"-ood lJoIo hlerl
Norma PIIulus: 11M! Woman Who 18 MEMO Would Be GO\-ernor: TO, TH E EDITORS William P. McKtnlR FROM, JACK KEMP. M .C. ReVRWS: Richard Rft.'f'S . The Reagan 19 RE: "LOSING THE MIDDLE GROUND: THE DEBATE Detour: OVER FAMILY PLANN ING FUNDING Slc.u 8 . KlirlSky Carolyn Weaver's article "Losing the Middle Ground: The Thr Chairman's Corner: 2l Deabte Over FJmily Planning Funding" in the February. 1986 Lesson rrorn lhe Philippilmi: issue of the Ripon Forum is riddled with inaccuracies and Jim u~h misreprese ntations. Mi ss Weaver's atlempt to manufaclUre Ii Library Court 2.l "facts" to fit her predetemlined thesis is unworthy of publica ti on in your magazi ne. Washington Notrs lind Quotes 24 Miss Weaver asserts that the Kemp-Hatch amendment to Title X of the Public Health Services Act. as ori gi nally drafted. would have prohibited federally fu nded fami ly planning clinics from counseling clients about abortion. II would have done nothingof the kind . The amendment prohibited federal funds from going to RIPON FORI.JM organi zations that "perform abortion procedures, COl/liSe! Jor abortion procedures. or refer for abortion procedures" and Editor: Witllam P. McKenzie clearl y applied to the positive act by an employee of a federa ll y Editorial Board: Daniel J. Swillinge. Dale Curtis Allred W. Tata Sleven Klinsl<.y funded famit y planning clinic of recommending 10 a client that aemE. Meyer Darla AlWOOd she shoultl have an abortion. Nothing in the original Kemp Ar1 DiJeClOr : Robey Graphics Coler: Terrence O'Sullivan Hatch amendment prohibited the non-directive discussion of abortion as a legal option. and as Miss Weaver notes. the THE RIPON FORUM (ISN 0035-5526) Is published bi-monlh/y in 1986. "counsel for" clause was dropped from the amendment before it In the publication \tie SOciety hopes 10 prlMOe II iorum lor l!e$h ideas. w&l1 was even offered. researched proposals. and a spirit of a'88tiYe criticism and ir'IrIoviIIion in !he Even moreoutmgeous is Mi ss Weaver's "knowing" aside thai Republican Party. Manuscripts and phoIOOjjfapfts are solicited, but do noI represenl ··Rep. Kemp also opposes the IUD and the Pill." This statement the 'tiews of the Society unless .0 slaled. is naching less than a fabrication and has no basis in fact or Conlents are COJI'Irighled 1986 by the Ropon SocieIy. lnc., 6 LibnllY Coun. S.E .• reason. I ha\'e repeatedly stated- and demonstmted- my sup 'NastWogton. D.C. 20003. port for a federal commitment to providing family planning Second class postage and left paid at WasilinglOn. D.C. and additional mailing services that include all legitimate fonns of birth control to those oHices . Po5tmllSt8l': Send I\O(jress changes 10 Ripon FQrum. 6 Library Court S .€., individuals who could not otherwise afford them. Hov.'ever. WashinglOn. D.C. 20003. abortion is not a method of birth control. 1 believe that federally Subecripton rates: 525 per year, 517.50 lor SIudents. servicemen. Peace Corps. funded fam il y planning programs will be strengthened if they Vista and 0Ihef YOIunteerl. OwtrIJeIlS, I\O(j $6. Please allow liW ~ for ac:Idress arc required to concentrate all of their resources on preventing ... "",. un wa nted pregnancies. rather than terminating them once The Ripon Society Inc.. Kenneth J. Groeeberger, president. is a Aapublican they've begun. research and policy orgarlizallon whose members are business. academic. and professional me!"I and women. It I, headquartered in Washington. D.C .. wittl Another inaccuracy Miss Weaver included in her article is the Nallonal Assoclale member. throughout the United Stales. The Sociely Is statement that I "led" the fight against the reauthorization of the supported by chapter dues, Indiv idual contributions. and revenues lrom its publication •. comilll/ed 011 page 12 2 RIPON FORUM -,.------
Pro tiles and Perspectives Profiles and Perspectives Profiles and Perspectives Profiles and Perspectives Profiles and Perspectives Profiles and Perspectives A Conversation with Thomas Kean
Food fines stretch ow of II Mellu)(Jisl clillreh ill Trenton. New ask somebody 10 adva nce in the ki nd of society we live in Jersey. hilt just dow/l the street olle call see the exterior of(II/earl y without first givi ng them certllin tools. If you put someone who completed office buildillg shining brig/lfly ill the lloollday 5 111/. The has been denied a basic high school education on the starting sight is more thall imager),. because it reflects the llCllIli/ llichotomy line next to someone who has had a first-cl:lss education. it's that /1011' exists in New Jersey: economic growth existing alongside pretty obvious who's going to win. Likewise, some people have urban pOlY!rI)'. Bill if IJrogressil't! Republicall GOl'emor Thomas been denied equ:ll opportunity due to the color of their ski n, or Kean has his \\t'l}'. fhe growlh sif/e of ,hal equation will 50011 erase 10 the lack of basic necessit ies early in thei r life. As a society, we the COllllectioll ofNclI' Jersey wilh industrial (/CCll)'. III fact, Kellll. have to step in and redress those kinds of imbalances, II'holl1 David Broder m/b' the "hero" of the Republican Party. Ripon Forum: But a considerable number of measures have claims illlhis inter\'iew wilh Forum edilOr Bill McKenzie. thaI lite been enacted over the last two decades to correct such im restoration of tlte state's spirit is his most significant accomplish. balances, and a number of problems remai n. For example, ment since ell/ering office fOllr years ago. statistics show that onl y 41 percent of all black children under 18 Of course. New Jersey has a 10llg \\ll)' to go before some li ve with two parents. and more than half of all black fami lies Americalls believe it is the "Garden State." Hilt the me.uage of with chi ldren are headed by women. rights and opportllniTY that its governor is preachillg is an impor Kean: Peoplc react to incentives. and there has been an incen tant first !itep. New Jerseyans seem to agree, becallse lhe boyish ti ve for some fathers to leave thei r homes. If they h"d stayed , Keall \\US ree/ecte(J in Nm'ember J985 with mu 60 percelll of the many families would not have been able to get assistance. I' m stale's \"(Jte. He did so with .f/lvng Sllpport from both IIniOlis (lnd suggesting that we have to build incentives into the system, blacks. a feat which also has gained him considerable natiollal Ripon Forum: What ki nd of incentives exist in New Jersey? attention. He dismisses questions (lbom presidemial (lfT/bitioIlS, bill Kean: A number of outreach programs have been developed in there is (III old saying Ilmt "whatlhe world wkes, Trenton /I1(lkes." the black and Hispanic communities, the aim of which is to With time the world beyolld Trenton may be hearing more from Tom provide the ki nds of skills and opportunities needed to succeed. Keall. I also support affinnative action, which is directed toward people who have nO( been given the tools to compete. With such measures, individuals can then go as far and fast as they wa nl. Ripon Forum: "allowing your November 1985 reelect ion. The Moreover, the GOP should reach out 10 those people who are Nell' York Times wrote; "Mr. Kean described his message as a standing in a bank line to see a loan officer. That includes the 'vision' and said he hoped to spread it by speaking out around man or woman who has a small business and thinks they' II now the country, something he did not do during his first term ," take the chance to expand. Or, the fellow who's wa it ing to get a What is your pol itical vision? college loan for his chi ld. Or. the person who lives in a pretty Kean: The message of the Republican Party has got to be built bad neighborhood, but who now wants to invest in a beller one. around opportunity. This is the historic message of the Republi Those kind of people have a vision, and th is country has always can P"drty. from Abraham Lincoln and the Homestead Act on. appealed to them. Our party should appeal to them, too. Thai message has sometimes been lost during our history, but it Ripon Forum: Over the last decade. the urban Northeast has is still vi tal to the American dream or experience, been hit particularly hard by economic downturns, What meas The urb:m enterprise program, for example, is a product of ures do ~ u support to redeve lop the No rtheast? the theme of opportunity. By using the tool of pri vate enterpri se. Kean: The Northeast is doing pretty darn we ll these days. New incentives have been provided to develop our citi es. In tum. jobs Jersey is a prime example. Along with Massachusetts, it is have been created where it was previously said jobs couldn't be leading the region's economic resurgence. created. 7.000 new jobs wi ll be created in New Jersey's central Having said that. we do have problems. and measures are cities. and 2.000 of them wi ll be in Newark alone. The program needed to stimulate and direct economic growth. For instance . shows how people who historiclilly have been denied the abi lity the ai m of New Jersey's new transportation trust fu nd is to to share in creating progress can benefit from the theme of rebuild the state 's sagging infrastructure , That is critical to opportunit y. attracting new businesses and jobs. We're working on roads that Ri pon Forum: Is the idea of a "level playing fiel d ." which you desperately need help, "" e've bought new buses for the transpor spoke about after your reelection, related to this? tation system, we've taken over a rail road. and we've held fares Kean: That fi ts right in wi th the theme of opportu ni ty, You can't down fortwoorthrce years. People said that mass transportation 3 APRIL 1986 was not the way to go. that it was just too expensive and was Ripon Forum: But what abom after yo u're govern or? losi ng ridership. But we stopped the rise in fares and invested in Kean: rm not goi ng to look to the nat ional scene. I made a very the system. The result has been a dramatic increase in ridership. definite decision to move towards state government. This is Moreover. we put together an environmental trust fund to where a 101 of the opport unities ex ist. build resource recovery and sewage plants which can meet the Ripon Forum: But you seem to have a strong. bold vision for needs of the Clean Water Act. We 've also used Industrial Devel the Republican P.lny. What about running in 1992? opment Bonds (lOBs) to target growth in arcas of high unem Kean: Although you never want 10 rule anything oul, [ look at ployment and to create various public/pri vate partnerships. Be myse lf more as the messenger. as somebody who says that th is is cause of these measures. all sort s of things are under the direction the Repu bl ican Party has to go beyond Ronald Reagan . We have an extmordi nary president who wi ll go down " The message ojthe Republica" Party has got to be as one of the great figures in his tory. He's reshaped the fu nda built aroulld opportunity. This is the historic mental way \\-'C th ink IIbout issues and politics. And the part y is message ofth e Republican Party, jrom Abraham re volvi ng around him as our planet revolves around the sun . But the danger is that when the sun is removed from the Lillcol" alld the Homestead Act 0 11 _" center, you create a vac uum . And if that vac uum is not filled by construction. For example . three or four years ago. nothing was ideas or vision. then it is liable 10 fall apart. This would give the happening in Tre nton . Now. a considerable amount of develop Democrats Ihe kind of opportunit y they should n't have. Ina ment is under way. The same phenomenon is occurring in tionalthings are coming out of the mouths of Democrats. They Newark . Our strategy is very growth-oriented and very planned . reall y don 't have ilnything aroun d which they ean un ite. Repub- Ripon Forum: What effect wi ll Grmnm-Rudman have on your strategy? "I look at myself more as the messenger, as Kean: Interestingly. tax rcform will have a grcatereffect. Under somebody who says that this is the direction th e the proposed reronn. Industrial Development Bonds will be capped if any pri vat e ownership is involved. That wi ll return us Republica" Party has to go beyond Ronald to the idea that government is Ihe only one that can operate state Reagan. " and local services. which is str-mge si nce this adm ini!>tr.ltion be li eves so deepl y in privatiz.uion. It doesn't make sense to cap licans do. In fact. I don't change my speech when I go from the projects that will create growth . revenues for the stale. and funds Chamber of Commeree to the AFL-C10. If my next appearance for the fedenll government. is at a blac k chu rch. the speech remains fu ndamentall y the But concerning Gr.lmm-Rudman. I recent ly met with the same . state's mayors. and many of them said they ,"'ere j ust beginning Ripon Forum: Is the reception the same? to see the light when Gramm- Rud man was passed. ow. things Kean: Ye s. When}\lu talk about growth and opportunit y. you're wi ll become very, very difficult. For example. some mayors said saying things all those groups understand . Organized labor they were usi ng revenue sharing to pay police and fi re workers. wants decent jobs. the Chamber of Commerce wants busi ness to Since revenue Sharing will be cut out entirel y. without eve n a grow with minimal interference, and blacks arc tired of not phllsedown, police and fire workers will have to be laid ofr. being able to have a portion of the economic pie. Ripon Forum: What kind of campaign should RepU blicans run "/ recelltly met with the state's mayors, alld lIIallY oj lifter Ronald Reagan lem'es office"! them said they werejust beginllillg to see the light Kean: One b'lsed on ideas. They shouldn'l look for a person whell Gramm-RlUlmall was passed. Now, thillgs ality or a charismat ic individual. Those people come ;llong will become very, very difficult." every now and then, butlhat's nOi what you bu ild a party around. To tum the Republican Pa rty into a permanent Illajorit y in this We've adopted a different strategy in Ncw Jcrsey. Last year. trfRepuhlicallsj shouldn'tlookjor a personality ora the state initiated a progmtll which placed 2,OOOextra policemen charismatic individual, Those people come alollg on the street. But unless a ci ty can put the policemen on the street. they don't get the moncy. The program is part of our every 1l0W alld Ih ell , bUlthal's not what you build a growth stmtegy. because wit h more policemen on the comer, party around, " more businesses will locate in an urban area. Ripon Forum: Let's return to your political vision . Have you century. you must start with a consistent philosophy and j ud ge spoken out about it around the country? you r programs by that philosoph y. Is it pro-growth? Docs it Kean: I'm not going to a great delli . My job is being governor of create opponunity'! Docs it create a level playi ng field ? Is there New Jersey. although by winning an election rvc attracted a 101 something people of any background can understand? The best of invitations. r ve accepled one in New Hampshi re. and will be leaders in th is country talk that language. accepting four or fi ve others. But I don't believe I can move Ripon Forum: You've talked about the Republican Party being around the country and still be a good governor of New Jersey. unified. Can the GOP exist as a coalition? Ripon Forum: You've said that yo u don't wa nl to be a national Ke an: Al l parties are cool it ions. Thequcstion is whethertherc is candidate. parti cularl y in 1988. Wh y not? a cent ml core . The Republ ican P"olTt y was united around a set of Kean: It's incompatible wi th being a good governor. Wit h the beliefs from the Civil War through Tedd y Roosc\'elt's presi. possible except ion of a high visibility state. like New York or dency. and Franklin Roosevelt created a similar core of ideas for Cal ifornia . yo u can'l be a governor and run for preside nt. If I Democrats. ·Iooay. both partics are trying to find th.tt core. reall y w 4 RIPONFORUM II' recognize that we don', disagree on the fundamental message: initiative and referendum proposal and a civil service refonn the creation of opportunity. measure . The last four governors have not been able to gel the Ripon Forum: So the Republ ican Party is wide enough for Jesse laller passed , but I think I have the votes 10 do it. Helms muJ Lowell Wcickcr? Ripon Forum: New Jersey also has been confronted with seri Kean: You "re talking about the extremes. but I would hope so. ous questions about the disposal of toxic wastes. How do yo u Ripon forum: The November gubernatorial elections in New propose to hasten the cleanup of such wastes and who will bear Jersey and Virginia proved that the political cenler should not be the brunt of the cost: the state's taxpayers or waste producers? o\'erlooked. Already (omler Virginia Governor Charles Robb Kean: Up to thei r level of responsibility, waste producers will and other Democratic officeholders have fomlCd the Democratic bear the COSts. But the problem comes when you can't find the Leadership Council 10 guide their party back 10 the center. What responsible party. If there has been dumping al a site, and the should the leadership of the GOP do 10 capture the middle? responsible company went out of busi ness 20 years ago, there's Kean: I rejcct the world ·'middle." just as I reject the words onl y one option left : the taxpayer with a combination of Super "conservative" and ·' Ii beral. ,- "Aggressive" is a word I like 10 fund and stale resources. use. If)'Ou follow the kinds of policics that I'm talking about. Even when the Uniled States Congress passes the Superfund. }Qu're talking about a pro-growth phi losophy. You creale a we plan to continue spending more per indi vidual on cleaning up sense of exci tement and understanding about the country's di toxic waste than any other state in the country. Of course, the rection. The Republican P'J.rt y has the philosophy to do that. but clean-up process ;s frustrating. It takes a long lime 10 identify it needs 10 get out of the boardrooms and country clubs and start the source, test the ground water, and determine if there's a talking to people. People understand opportunity almost as well problem. But since we have a bi-partisan commitment in New as they understa nd democr:lcy. Jersey, I suspect that we will be the Ripon Forum: But it seenl S that first state to say wc cleaned up toxic there remains a difference within the waste . We may nOi be able to make GOP on a number of "rights" is that statement for 10 or 15 years, but sues. such as support for the Equal the cleanup of toxic wastes will re Rights Amendment. extension of the main a top priorit y. Voting Ri ghts Act, and freedom of Ripon Forum: There's also been choice on abortion. consi derable talk in New Jersey Kean: Social issues can·t be central about tax reform, and you've called to the Republican message, al for a study of the state's tax Struc though civil rights is not a social ture. What would you like to see the issue. It is an opportunity issue . If study produce? people don' t have civil rights, for Kean: It is an unusual study, be· heaven's sake how can Ihey partici cause unlike previ ous ones which pate in a democracy? People jusl have examined revenue sources. this ha ve [0 have equal rights, or they're one looks at spending, too. Its first not goi ng to have equal oppor job is to ex amine state s pending tunities. Moreover, }Qu cannot go through the tum of the century, and into certain communities with the then to determine the revenue message of opportunity and be cred sources the state will need. Beyond ible ifpeople thi nk yo u don ' t believe that, the study has to look into a in equal ri ghts. series of fairness questions. Like Ripon Forum: The charge has been most states, a "crazy-quilt " tax sys leveled at moderates and pru tem has been built up over 50 or 60 gressives within the GOP that they've not paid enough attention years, If more money was needed, thcn the question always to party affairs. In what shape will yo u leave the New Jersey became: what 's the easiest way to get it poli tical ly? When you do Republican Party? thai 20 or 30 times, you get a lax system that isn't based on Kean: Anyone who is titular head of a party will answer rationalit y. What I' ve asked the commission to devise is a tax positively, but I think that if )'Qu talk to any of our count y structure that will meet the state's needs fairly and with ra chainnen you will find the New Jersey GOP is in its best shape tional ity. It is a bi-partisan commission, so presumably il also ever. I' ve purposefull y concentrated on party-building. We' ve will be concerned with selling the plan. strengthened county organizations and helped elect local offi cials. We've got a higher percentage of cont ro l in county orgna "Ijpeople don 't !rave civil righls,jor heave,,'s sake izations than we've probabl y had in 50 years. Ripon ."orum: But there 's been speculation that since the New how call they participate i" a democracy?" Jersey Assembly is now dominated by more conservati ve Re publicans, it might be difficult to pass the kind of sociallegisla Ripon forum: What are you most proud of in your first ternl? tion that was enacted during your first ternl , such as the divesti Kean: The spirit we've developed in the state. There are many ture of New Jersey's holdings in the slock of companies involved individual progmms of which I am proud, but it seems that the in South Africa. state now has a can-do spirit. People in New Jersey rc,ogni ze Kean: Up to this point, the Republican Assembly and I have not that there's no reason they can' t do anything as well or better found an issue on which we disagree. That will occur, but I' m than an ybody in the area. Instead of looking to our neighbors in getti ng programs through thi s Legislature that the previous one New York and Pennsy lvania, wc're promoting ourselves and blocked. An insurance reform measure was just passed. as was a solving problems. In man y ways. we·re sett ing examples for the bill to give colleges more autonomy. I hope I wil l get through an rest of thc country. APRIL 1986 5 Ripon Forum: What disappoimed you mosl abom your fi rst We're also concentrating on higher education , and we arc (enn? pursui ng a unique program. Money is nOl just handed out to Kean: That's always a difficult question. I'm an optimist by colleges and uni versities. Educational institutions must show natu re and figure that whateverdisappoims me will be solved in that they can get some of the top people in their field . For the futu re. But the bureaucracy's been tough. Coming from the instance. to receive ex tra state fu nds a university must develop a private seclOr, I've found that it takes much longer to get things done in government. Maki ng government move in the direct ion Itl've purpose/lilly cOllcentrated Oil party.buildillg. yo u'd li ke it to go is a slow process. I would have liked to have moved it fas ter. We've strengthened county organizations aud Ripon Forum: What are the priorities of you r second teml? helped elect local officials." Kean: The first is pro moti ng jobs. So many of our programs and po licies revolve around that. The second is the environment. proposal for excellence in a specific area. The proposal is then We're a crowded state. and we've got a problem of where 10 judged by a panel of experts from outside the state. and if il is throw our garbage and how 10 keep our air and walerclean. But approved the college or university receives the "challenge"' the th ird priority-education- may be the most imponanl. I' ve grant. Last year. two state coll eges received the entire SIO gollen 16 or 17 proposals passed whi ch are fundamentally million allocated for this competilive program. The business communit y has been part icul arly helpful in nPeople in New J ersey recognize that there's no promoting education. The state's high·tech effort , for instance, reasontlrey can't do allY tiring as well or better tlran has been put together wit h the cooperat ion of the private and allybody ill tire area. III mallY ways, we're setting public sectors. They've been able to recruit some of the fi nest examples/ or tir e rest ofth e country ... people in the country to OUT uni ve rsities. The same th ing is true for our medical and denltll schools. We don', show our coll eges changi ng education in New Jersey. Some other educational how to use the state money. They tell us how to use it . I hope this proposals are pending. and they involve everything from tradi· incentive· based approach to improving higher education is tional teacher trai ning to improving teacher pay. We now have something other Slates can pick up. • the highest minimum teacher salaries in the nation. ------ Subscribe Now to the Ripon Forum. THERIPONFORUM o Yes! Send me a full year of the Ripon Forum fo r o nly $25 "Required reading for progressive o Enclosed is a contribution to the Ripo n Societ y: Republicans"-TIME Magazine $ - --- "Positioning itself to be the voice of the Name Party's future"- The Boston G lobe Address Apt. , ead by Members of Congress, leading R journalists, political activists, and es State Zip pecially those interested in the direction of the Republican Party. (optional! The Ripon Forum brings you six issues a Occupation year fi ll ed with fr esh & provocative debate on the subjects of our day, profiles of out Political Interes ts/Activities standing mainstream Republicans, book revi ews, and political news from around Phone ' the nation. Please m ake checks payable 10: THE RJPON SOCIETY The Ripon Forum. The only magazine 6 Library Coun, SE of its kind. Don't miss an issue. Washington, DC 20003 • Foreign orders. please mclude S6 fo r oversea s posrage. • RIPON FOR UM '" Forum Editorial: America's Poor and America's Teens: Dealing With The Problem There thcy ""'Cre. dressed in khaki fmig ucs and prominently Federal Commitment displayed across our television screens. almost like those troops }Qu sec tra ining in Angola or Nicaragua. Except these figures To correct these problems. scveral goals must be pursued . were young and American. and marching in a shelter in East The foremost aim should be to maintain the federal govcrn Harlem. The CBS Evening News reported the "soldiers" on thc ment's commitment to eradicating di scrimination. Politicall y. screen were not part of a "contra" effort. bUI rather Irainees in th is means supporting such measures as the Voti ng Rights Act Ihe Youth Cadet Corps. an offshoot orlhe Youth Action Program and the Civil Rights Restoration Act. The fonner ensures no in New York Cit y. The program is an attempt to give street kids American will be slighted at the voti ng booth, and the latter an opportunity 10 tn'lke it in Ihc "real world." :md since leaving restores the previously broad coverage of status banning dis thc borde rs of a gheno demands considerable determinat ion. crimination on the basis of race. sex, age or handicap by institu these yout hs were parading around in uniform. barking signals, tions receiving federal funds. and building their confidence. Economicall y, affirmati ve action programs and minority Admiuedl y. the scene from a recent CBS News broadcast was business hi ring goals are needed to remedy histori c. systemic a bit unsettling. After all . the military mind has its limits. and injustices. The Reagan administration , of course, has waffled on there are other ways 10 build assuredness. But self-confidence is each of these aims. Attorney General Edwin Meese III recently what many inner city youths lack. and programs which build proposed to end a 21-year policy of using goals to encourage feder.tI contractors to hi re more minorities and women. The "Thejoremost aim should be to maintaill the longtimc Reagan aide wants to perm it such goals on a volu ntary federal government's commitmelll to eradicating basis. although he has been opposed by the majority of the discrimination . " Re agan Cabinet (Labor Secretary Bill Brock in particular), 69 senators (Robert Dole and Pete Domenici incl uded), the Na such arc 10 be applauded. The egos of many ghello youths arc ti onal Association of Manufactu re rs, and the Busi ness Roundta fragile. and what is often perceived as an extern al hostility is the ble. Perhaps such opposition will convince conservati ve ide product of a deep-seated insecurit y. In the 1960s. this insecurity ologues such as Mr. Meese that affirmati ve ac tion and hiring was recognized to be a function of the cyc le of poverty, and goals arc needed to provide the leve l playing field that is so progr.uns like the Comprehensive Employment and Training essential to equal opportunity. Act and the Jobs Corps were initiated to break the vi cious circle. But since manifestations of the cycle of poverty remain, many people wo nder whether the att empts of another generation to "The second goal should be the deyelopment ofa eradicate poverty have failed . tOllgherapproach tofederal spending . .. A more The answer is no. those atternpts have not failed . Instead. they demanding, work·oriellIed welfare program, like should be seen as a first step. Without programmatic measures to that proposed by moderate Repllblican provide better educational opportunities. job training. and fi n:meial assist:mcc. many minorities would nOl have been able to Representative Nallcy j ohmon, is needed. " escape the quicksand of poverty. The imprimatur of the federal government has been necessary to crack discrimination. or at least slow it down. and allow more Americans to enter the Quality, Not Quantity marketp lace. Deep-seated problems. of course. re main. The unemploy The second goal should be the development of a tougher ment rate for black teenagers is 41.6 percent. and the unemploy approach to federal spending. Some liberals made the mistake in me nt rate for all blacks is 14 .9 percent . Half of all black families the 1970s of assum ing that the mere ex istence of a federal with children are headed by women. lmd the median income of program was more important than its quality or effecti veness. those fa mities decl ined from $9.380 in 1967 to $8.648 in 1984. An example is public '>I.'etfare spending. While it has been Moreover, 42 percent of all black families li ve in poverty. and im portant in providing securit y for many destitute famities, black family median income is 56 percent of white family v.'C lfare also has created a dependency among some recipients. income. A more demanding. work-oriented program. like that proposed APRIl1986 7 by moderate Republican Representative Nancy Johnson is beat, and sooner or later it will sound ." needed. The Johnson plan is an attcmpllO reach chronic welfare The message of that drumbeat is one of individual responsi bil dependents, such as those who have children under the age of ity, of personal discipl ine and steel-headed perserverance. It six, and provide them with the option of job training or further means. as Jesse Jackson says, babies nOl having babies. But it education. It also seeks to promote personal advancement by also means revitalizing the work eth ic and providing oppor providing participants with guidance by a carcercounsclor. And tunities for that ethic to be put into action. The Youth Action incenti ves, such as medical benefits and transportation services, Program is a good example . because it instills discipline while are provided 10 ensure that welfare recipients participate in the also creati ng a chance for young people to develop skills. The program. which sits now before the U.S. House of Represcnta· youth participating in the program design projects and are given li ves. the right to hire staff. Deteriorated homes have been rebuilt, a tutoring program has been initiated. and a pregnancy prevention plan has been put into place. Problem of the Spirit Progmms that focus on a young person's abilit ies go far in conquering the problem of the spirit. A government agency or Of course, the most difficult goal to achieve in combatti ng the institution can accomplish much . but what many yo un gsters cycle of poverty is the development of individual respect. At the heart of many social problems is a sense of defeat. And that lack "Programs thatfocus Oil a youllg person's abilities of purpose can lead to a loss of ideals. Perhaps what is also needed is a message of moral reaffirmation. At theconclusion of gofar ill conquering the problem ofth e spirit." Bill Moycrs's reccnt CBS documentary on the plight ofthc black fami ly, the fomler press secretary to Lyndon Johnson asked need is individual attention. They require people who arc wi ll Carolyn Wallace, the manager of a community center in New ing to work with them, and develop their sense of worth. That ark, what could be done to stem the rise in black teenage doesn't mean just black youngsters. either. Nearly 17 percent of pregnancy. "They won't listen to me, ,. Moyers said in refcrence white families are headed by single parents. As Carolyn Wallace to the need for greater personal responsibility among some black concluded. the problem facing America's teens "is going to you ths. " II doesn't make any difference," Wallace shot back. surpass color. . Nobody's going 10 be safe unless we all send .. You' ve got to say it anyway. They may not listen to me. either. out this drumbeat- hey let's deal wi th it. Let's deal with the But [whenl everybody's saying it. it"s going to be like a drum- problem." • Jacob K. Javits, In Memoriam. On a cold November aftern oon two years ago, Jacob Javits Yet the detennined Javits persevered. just as he had for 34 welcomed several Riponers into his law office in New York. The years in the United States Congress. The son of Manhattan's purpose of the meeting was to discuss the fmure of progressive Lo .....'Cr East Side worked long hours in both ch:lmbers to ensure Republicanism. and the senator who had been a proud liberal that equal rights were available for this nation's minorities. that Republican told the group that he would do whatever he could to the hard earned dollars of private pensioneers would be pro help the cause of Republican progressives. He talked for some tected by the federal government. and that the power of the time and then concl ud ed the meeting by saying that he loved presidency wo uld be limited in foreign pursuits by the voice of each one there. the people-the United Slates Congress. Wh y did a Senate legend speak so forthrightly to a group of The ded icated legislator also had been a student of Lincoln. individuals, most of whom knew him only by reputation? The and he told the Ripon dinner last November that GOP pro ansv"er is simple and goes to the he:lrt of the man. Jacob Javits gressives have a "profound mission to perform politically." was a possessor of strong passions. the strongest of which was Whether "in the majority or the minority:' he said. "we have a that human beings have an obligation to each other. At a Ripon great fu nction to play_ We have a duty to use power to the best Society dinner in New York a year later. he repeated that same effect. [Remain] devotees of the concept of a nalional party in message. "You have an obligation to the society which pro which Lincoln so vividl y believed." tected you when you were brought into the world. which taught No doubt, Abraham Lincoln would have been proud to have you . which supported you and nurtured you. You have an had a student like Jacob Javits. The New York senator possessed obligation to repay it ," the senator told the audience. the fire ofa brave man, and dared to stand for his convicti ons. In One might say that Jacob Javits knew then that his years would the autumn years of his life he also sought to pass the torch of not be many. His primary chore since 1980 had been to combat equality and justice on to another generation. In that mission, the debilitating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. also known as like many others of his career, Jacob Javits succeeded. Like " Lou Gehrig's Disease." The illness had robbed him of his Lincoln , his sense of obligation will bum in the years ahead in strong voice and placed him in a wheelchair. the li ves of those young Americans who care about fairness .• • RtPONFORUM '" Party Rules: Democrats in The Driver's Seat by Josiah Lee Auspit: R Ules wrangles arc all the more delicious to party profes statewide delegation, which was common in bOlh parties prior to sionals because there is no inevitable electoral consequence, 1968. has now become ve ry difficult locnginccr. The Democrats The rules professionals, who form a stable behind-the-scenes have thus enabled constituencies which cannot command a group in boI: h parties, understand thai elections more often tum majority in their geographical area to be represented in natio nal on peace, prosperity, personality and potluck than on the arcane presidential politics. This suilS the Democrats's post-New Dcal questions of party rules. and they are wont to indulge themselves need to move from a "coalition" of secti onal monoliths to a in procedural maneuvers that the general public only vaguely more genuinely pluralistic and individualized middle class c il understands. izen's party. Yet beneath the ir peuy machinatio ns, the rules professionals Moreover. the Democratic rule-makers have also taken cor are custodians of long-ternl questions about the structure of the rective measures against the well-known weakn esses of PR o In two-party system. The more responsible professionals under its pure foml, proportional representation encourages splinter stand their public trust. and have the disciplined political inte l ligence to disti nguish principled conduct from tactical maneu "Wlrile tire Republicans stood by complacently, the ver, even when they choose the latter. Though rules decisions do nol directly determine any single election. they do profoundly Democrats revamped tire enlire process of influence the underl ying stru cture of our poli ti cal part ies. presidential selection to suit their intra-party needs. " The Democratic Achiel'ement groups and ideological and ethnic polarization. The Israe li and Since 1968, the Democrats have been criticized for a pro Italian parli ame nts and the French Fourt h Republic exemplify tracted seri es of lawsuits and commissions centered on part y its problems. Early on, the Democrats adopted a IS percent rules. So much auention has been focused on their small prob threshold as the minim um vote for qualifying for a proportional lems that few have noticed the enormous achi evement of the share of de legates. But in the absence of a stampede li ke that to Democratic rules establishment during thi s period. While the Jimmy Carter in 1976. even this fi gure made a deadlocked Republicans stood by complacently. the Democrats revamped convention a strong arithmetical probability. the entire process of presidential se lection to suit their int ra party needs. Breaking Deadlocks Their main innovation has been proportional re presentation Hence under the Hunt Commission, which reported in 1982. (PR). by which a candidate who receives a give n percentage of the Democrats introduced several majoritarian correctives. the vOle in a primary. state conve ntion. or caucus is entitled to a Some of these were purely arithmetical; n()(ably. the raising of like percentage of delegates. PR has become so widely accepted the minimum threshold from 15 percent to a 17-25 percent range that today. among the 100 state parties. only the California GOP to reduce Ihe power and number of splinter candidates. But the re tains a wi nner-take-all Slate-wide system. The unanimous most important philosophical departure was to reserve nearly Josiah Lee Auspitz is WI oceassiol/al cOllfriblllor to Ihe Ripon one-founh of the convention for pledged and unpledged party Forum. c 1986. Josiah LeI' AIISI)it:. officials. This gave formal recognition to the doctrine of "re sponsible part y governments," in which the president 's nomina This article is adapted from a 20,OOO-word essay entitled tion is prebrokercd th rough the congressmen. ma)Qrs, gover "Party Ru les" thai will appear in The /984 Elecliol/ and nors and party officials with whom he wi ll have to deal. It a lso Ihe Fwure of Americall Politics (Peter W. Schramm and assured the presence on the conve ntion floor of experienced Dennis 1. Mahoney, editors). to be co-published in May politicians who, quick to break any deadlock, wou ld preempt 1986 by the Carolina Acade mic Press and the Claremont the bargaining power of "third force" candidates. Institute for the Study of Political Philosoph y and States A second important corrective was the so-called congres manship. sional distri ct, winner-take-all option by which states could abandon PR :l1togeth er. On this option delegates are elected by a APRIL 1986 • simple plural it y at the congressional district level. According to become the Republican threshold as well. the Democratic theory, these delegates. elected on their local The ru les agenda of the Democrats. then. has more than re putations. wi ll be especially likely to sw itch their votes if there parochial interest. On four cou nts-the balance between cau is a need for a "deliberative convent ion." In 1984 seven states cuses and primaries, the modification of pure proportionalit y, with about a quarter of the convention seats chose this option. the congressional district winner-lake-all primary, and the tim The combinalion of party officials and congressional district ing and struclUre of key state primaries-the measures adoptcd delegates meant that about one half the 1984 convention dele by the Democrats may have greater impact on the Republicans gales were elected under conditions that would assure their than among themselves. There are already signs that the Demo flexibility. crats are aware of this power. The result , as Jesse Jackson discovered late in the game in 1984, was to make a "third force" candidacy difficult to sustain. Caucuses v. Primaries The failure of Jackson to wield a power broker's role in San In 1984 the direct primary receded to below its 1968 levels in Francisco had nothing to do with his being black, but with the the Democratic nomination process. This fact was masked in careful design of the rules to discourage allY candidate from statistics issued by the Democratic National Committee. which engaging in massive vote bargaini ng on the convention fl oor. counted as primaries six " beauty contests" in winner-take-all It is a tribute to the Hunt Commission that the main elements congressional district states. where delegates were elected inde of its solution to the Democratic problem have only been tin pendently of the primaries. Organized labor has declared in kered with by the successor Fdirness (or Fowler) Commission favor of a further movement away from primaries and towards for 1988. The thresholds have been moved back down to 15 caucuses in 1988. Traditionally. cau cuses pit organizational agai nst "amateur"' " Their main innovation has been proportional Democrats. But the old wisdom that this favors organized labor representation, which has become so widely does not hold in those states where the issue-oriented activists of accepted that today, only the California GOP yesteryear have become today's hard-boiled professionals. In retains a winner-take-all state-wide system. " primary states organizational Democrats have often suffered from defections to med ia-oriented candidates, but thi s. too, percent. but as a counterbalancing move even more unpledged could change if they get behind a charismatic candidate. The officials have been added to assure a smoothl y brokered conven strongest competitive argument for a caucus system among the tion in the event of deadlock. Democrats, then. is not intra-party but inter-part 'I-namely. that And it is a further tribute to the Democrats's sense of humor widespread use of caucus systems tcnds to inhibit rapid Republi that they have cheerfu lly abandoned their past mi stakes. even can growth. when these arc approved by the Supreme Court in landmark The ·'realignment'· of attitudes to favor the GOP is an old decisions. One such case. dec ided in 1975. established their post-warstory. (The GOP, after all . brieny rewon control ofbolh right to set racial quotils. but by 1978 they had repudiated quotas houses of Congress in 1946 and seemed to have set the stage for in their rules. A hard-fought 1981 case sustained their ri ght to further realignments in 1956 and 1972). To tum a temporary shift outlaw delegates elected in Wisconsin's open primary. yet in of attitudes into a realignment of party loyalty and participation. 1986 they restored Wisconsin 's system . however. has always required a more open Republican structu re. Wi thout the experience of participating in a GOP primary. The 1988 Rules Ad v~ n(age Democratic and Independent voters are slow to redefine them selves as Republicans. Instead , they see votes for this or that In al l. the Democrats have done as much as can be done with Republican as judgments of personal ity or as ways of chasti sing rules to set the stage for a post-New Deal revival. They may be a Democratic Party which they still consider their own . Hence weak on money. ideas, leaders, programs. and morale-but they ambitious Republican leaders ha ve often pressed for open prim have done a thoroughly professional job with their party struc aries. at least as a transi tional phase. to accelerate the movement ture . Andjust in time: 1988 is the first year since 1968 when both of voters into the GOP. Direct and open primaries have tradi parties are expected to have full y open nominat ions. tionall y helped "moderat es" in weakly Republican industrial states, but the Reagan example suggests that "conservati ves" "One thing is certain about 1988: the Democrats too , may be able to draw on fluid Independent and Democratic will have the largest say on the structure of votes. Caucuses. by contrast, usually draw those who are already Republican delegate selection." experienced in prior organizational activit y. In areas with strong GOP traditions. caucuses reinforce mainstream Republicanism, One thing is certain about 1988: the peculiarities of the two with participants drawn in large measure from ex isting ward , parties' national ru les decree that it is the Democrats who wi ll precinct and local candidate organizations. In the South. how have the largest say on the structure of Republican delegate ever, and wherever grassroots GOP organ ization is sparse , cau selection. The Republican National Committee does not have cuses are likely to attract the participation of iss ues-oriented any rule-making power between conve ntions. The GOP rules activists. As wi th the " amateur" Democrats. such activists ex plicitl y defer to state law on matters of delegate selection and generally need a few elections before they develop a political timing of primaries- 10 RtPONFORUM ,. No generalization can hold for all Siales. bUI nationwide a rules for presentation or minority planks have been rurther fashion for di rect primaries and parlicularly for open primaries ti ghtened to assure that the GOP conve ntion will be more boI:tled benefits the GOP, while a fashion for caucuses helps ilia retain up Ihan a Democratic one . Republicans like to rely on a sense of ils existing strength where it is al ready strong but gives it civility outside the rules. When their good manners break down , predictable national liabi lit ies where it is weak . The plan of as happens every generation or two, the problems or reconcilia southern Democrats 10 group their slates into a re gional primary ti on arc compounded by the unrair adva ntage that one side or (a device thai is. of course, objectionable for rei nt roduci ng the another has taken of procedures that did nO( bear elose scrutiny sectionali sm th3t national parties were set up to counteract) to begin with. The Democrdtic rules, by cont rast. assume a level of confl ict and diversit y that requires more serious attention to "Direct and open primaries have traditionally committee structure and rormal procedure. helped imoderates' in weakly Republican industrial stales, but the Reagan example suggests that The State Part y Role 'conservatives, J too, may be able to draw onfluid The flexibility orthe GOP to broker a deadlocked convention illdependent and Democratic votes. JJ may thus depend on those states where the legislatures have availed themselves or the new winner-take-all, congression31 would as a laclical matter benefit the GOP by enabling many district option pennitted by the Hunt Commission. This is the closet Republicans in the South to make thei r fi rs t party- identi next best thing to the old favorite son device for assuri ng fying act. But Democratic legislatures could thwart the enor gubernatorial control over a delegati on. In 1984 thi s pro-organi mous GOP poIential of thi s device by scheduling cau cuses rather zation option was used by the GOP in six st<"ltes that usuall y elect than open primaries. "moderate" Republican governors. In rour of the se-New Jersey. West Virginia. 1I1 inois and Pennsylvania- the GOP Proportionalit y Mischief would appear to be strong enough to retain or initiate its own system without Democratic cooperation . Republican guber The Democrat ic proportionality thresholds ha\'e a similar natorial gains in 1986 cou ld lead to rurther initiatives on this potential for causing mischief among Republicans. We have front. secn that the Hunt Commission countered the thrust of PR It is striking that , short of pre em piing the ground wilh federal toward rragmentation and deadlock by making the Democratic legislation, Republicans have no way to arfect the rules of the conve ntion ntore "repu bl ican"- Ihat is by introducing indirect game on the national leve l. At the state level they can make ronns of representati on and rai sing the proport ional it y thresh ch.mges only in those slates where they either control the sttlte olds. The most prominent device was reserving 14 percent orthe Icgisl3lurcs (as in Michigan in 1984, New Jersey arter 1986, slO( s at the 1984 convention ror unplcdged elected and party Indiantl always) or where a tradition or deference lets each party officials. the so-called ··super-delegates.·· and 3nO(her 8 percent choose its own system for presidential competition. Michigan ror pledged officialdom. Republicans. for example, ac ted promptly in 1985 to make thei r district caucuses the opening event orthe nomination campaign. liThe illternal organization o/Ilr e GOP cOll velltioll The tradition of dererence permils the most marked variation is 1101desiglle d to bear the weight o/intellse rivalry. in California. where il preserves on the Republican side the only . _ . The Democratic rules, by cOlltrast, assume a remaining state-wide winner-take-all direct primary in thecoun lTy. This device. retained for its obvious benefit to a Reagan level 0/co nflict alld diversity that requires more presidential candidacy in 1976 and 1980. did not provide a serious attelltioll to committee struclllre alld/ormal visible margin of victory in those years. But if the California procedure. " d:lte is moved up, or if the GOP race is close. a winner-lake-till system may seem too big tI wi ld card to go unchallenged . Even RepUblicans. who hew more closely to the sep3ration of during the Reagan ascendency, GOP conservatives from small powers as a r-.tti onale ror their presidenti31 conve ntion. resist western slates have seen the California primary as a circumven such provisions for party offici31dom and 3re legendary for tion or the GOP prohibition against unit-rule vot ing. Yet any denying delegate scats to popular office-holders. As a result. the orderly revision by the Calirornia GOP before the 1988 conven lowering of proportionality th resholds will have greater frag tion would require thc coopeTliti on or a Democratic legislati ve menting efrects among them. Ir no single candidate stampedes majority, public opinion. how will they winnow down a multicandidate To break out from under the power of the Democrats, Republi field? In the past. Re publicans have been able to rely on their cans htlve recently begun to use the courts. The resourcerul majoritarian instincts to avoid an impasse. But the movement or Connecticut GOP has sued to hold an open primary in defiance issues-oriented activists into the party opens the GOP conven of a law wriuen by the Democ r:ltic legislature. In approvi ng the tion to the iron logic or proportionality. An y media-oriented GOP petiti on. the U.S. District Court of Appeals rorlhe Second candidate whose supporters are more concern ed about issues Circu it noted that Democratic enac tment of a taw rorbidding than about winning can. by perseveri ng through to the conven Independents and Democrats from vO(i ng in an open primary tion. hope to have more leverage in the GOP system than Jesse violated nO( onl y the Fi rst Amendment rights of the GOP but a Jackson had in San Francisco. fund amental principle: '·rew concepts are so antithetical to the Moreover. the internal organization or the GOP convention is notion of representati ve democracy as that or a temporary major not designed to bear the ,,",-eight or intense ri valry. especially if a It y entrenching itself by manipulating the system through which multi-candidate fie ld prevents a first ballO( victory. GOP con the voters, in theory. may register their dissatisfaction by choos ve ntion committees on rules, credentials and platforms do not ing new leadershi p.·' reflect the weight of state delegations on the conve ntion fl oor The RNC for its part. made a major investment or resources (each state has two committee vO(es reg3rdless of size). and the arter 1984 in legal action to bl ock the pro-Democratic gerrym:ln- APAIl1986 11 dering of congressional districts. In doing so it articulated an else in the political system. Beyond invoking its Fi rst Amend exceptionally activist interpretation of the Fourteenth Amend ment ri ght to free association. the party does not even try to . ment and of judicial intervention in state legislative affairs. It justify its stru cture. Its current (1972) allocati on fomlU la, for furth er proposed a broad definition of " gerrymandering" to wh ich Monon BlackY.. e ll claimed au thorship in a 1985 lVashillg- include computerized programs that follow a one person one 1011 Post interview, adds to these old provisions bo nuses that vote standard. To make a show of its bona fide s the RNC has attempt (thus far wi thout success) to bui ld in a se lf-entrenching sectional majorit y based on a singleclection. At a time when the " To break out/rom under the power ofth e Democrats have withdrawn official recognition of special inter Democrats, Republicalls have recently begun to use est and sectional caucuses. the RNC has restructu red its execu tire courts . . . . Unfortunately, the inattention of tive committee along sectional lines and has even added to its the natiollal GOP to its own rules limits the benefits offi cial list of "auxiliaries" of hyp henated Repu blicans: to the old list of blac k. Hispan ic. and "heritage" (mostly Asian and it can expectf rom ajudicial offellSive. " East European) Republicans. it now has written Jews and labor into the rules. Finally and amusingly. the doctrines of judicial chosen to file an amicus brief with the Supreme Court to act ivism , gerrymandering, vote dilution and Fourteenth overturn the pro-Republican districting plan of thc GOP-domi Amendment rights which the RNC lawye rs have submitted to nated legislature of Ind iana. (If the general pri nciple were ac the Supremc Court in thc Indiana and Nort h Carol ina briefs cepted. the overturning ofpro-Dcmocratic redistricting in other undercut both a polit ical and legal defense of the GOP's own states might give the GOP a chance at winning a House majority convention fomlUla. in 1991.) As a furth er legal maneuver the RNC fil ed an amicus It is true that the Democrats perpetuate their power by an often brief in a North Carolina case allegi ng "dilution" of the fran sleazy ma nipulati on of rules. but the national GOP has too many chise of blacks. skeletons in its closet to mount a vigorous public counter offensive. It maintains superiority in fundraisi ng, campaign Skeletons in Ihe Re publica n Closet management. and advert ising techn iq ue- all of which arc important advantages in a commerci al society. But since Amer Unfortunately. the inattention of the national GOP to its own ica is also a ru le·of-law society. Republican weakness on the rules during the past two decades limits the benelits it can expect rule-based dimension of its competition wi th the Democrats is from a judicial offensive. Its own national convention happens not a trivial matt er. to retain provisions inserted as an ethnic gerrymander in the To the limited but profound ex tent that rules affect winning, 1920s. a pe ri od when both parties were carried away with then. the Democrats are now structured for long·term health. nativi st sentimenl. They now dilute the votes of American whi le the GOP is structured for long-term trouble. • citizens in the popu lous states toa degree unparalleled anywhere conti/we(l from page 2 Title X program in June. and that I tenned a vote in favor of that Congressiol/al Quarterly, USA Today and The W(uhiIl81011 Post. authorization as an " abortion" vale. The fllCI is that I did not among others). Mr. Kemp's ori ginal amendment would have lead the fi ght on that issue; I did not even speak during Ihe barred even the ment ion of abortion to cl ients of federally debate! Those duties were ably handled by my colleague. Rep. funded family planning clinics unless the woman's life wo uld be Thomas Bliley. I did vote against the reauthorization. because it endangered by the pregnancy. Mr. Kemp has never before was brought up under a shortcut procedure that curtailed debate disputed that this was the intem of his amendment. and prohibited amendments from being offered . And whi le The amendment. moreover. was written not to ban "counsel most pro-li fe groups do consider a vote against the reauthori za for" abort ion procedures, as Mr. Kemp misquotes it in his leiter, tion as a pro-life vote. I have ne ve r been asked by Miss Weaver but "counseling for" abortion procedures. "Counse l for" has or anyone else to characteri ze that vote one way or another. an implication of ad vocacy that now serves Mr. Kemp's pur I have never talked to Miss Weaver about this or any other poses. The correct wording clearl y refers to the neutral discus subject. She did contact my staff repeatedly and was provided sion of abortion as a medical option. with information about my posi tion. Yet she chose to ignore the P,Hnily planning clin ics receiving federal money have always fac ts. I recognize th at the abortion issue is an emotional one. been prohibited from advis ing wo men to have abort ions. Mr. over which there is a great deal of disagreement. I bel ieve that Kemp. in fact, rejected a substitute amendment that would have the lack of consensus about when life begins is in and of itself a restated that ban on the grou nds that it was meaningless. compelling reason to oppose abortion-if we err, we should err Concerning Ihc ··knowing aside" that ·· Rep. Kemp also op on the side of li fe. But regardless of our differences of opinion poses the IUD and the Pill. " it was Mr. Kemp's own aide on on thi s issue. there is no excuse for irresponsible journalism of abortion and fam il y planning issues who volunteered to me that th is type . It is a discredit to yo ur publication. and I protest in the Mr. Kemp opposes th c IUD and the Pill as abortifacients. strongest possible terms. Mr. Kemp is correct that I misidentified him as a leader in the move to defeat Ihe family planning program reauthorization in Carolyn Weal'cr Rcplics: June. He had reportedl y origi nall y planned to offer his amend ment to Ihat bill. but did not take an active role in defeating it. Representative Kemp's letter is a misrepresentation of his own Leaders in that fi ght did indeed characterize it as an " abortion ,. amendment. as his colleagues in Congress will instantl y recog vole, as I reported . I regret the error. but it docs not undercut the mze. central poi nt. which is that Mr. Kemp is a leader in the assault on As was widely re ported at the time (by the New York rimel·. family planning programs. • 12 RI PON FORUM " Out of Angola by Terrence M . 0 '511/1il'(lll "U·N I·TA! U-N I-TA !:' the crowd of conservative ac problems in Portu gal led to a military coup in Lisbon . Soon tiv ists chanted wildly. as their favori te African "freedom aft er. the new regime announced that Portugal's colonies would fightcr"- Angola's Jonas Savimbi-steppcd up to receive an be set free within a year. and Portuguese nat ionals began to nee award from Ihe Ameri can Conservative Union and the Young Angola. Eve rything that wasn't nailed down went with them. Americans for Freedom. The socialist rebel leader, who milted and. more importantly, the country was left with no government easily with the conservati ve Republican power that ni ght. was in and little trained manpo ....-e r. Washington to court Ronald Reagan. the United States Congress In the years before Angola's independence three major guer and thc American people. And his aim was simple: 10 secure aid ril la groups had emerged. The largest. Holden Roberto's pro for hi s army of rebels. which is currently fi ghti ng the Marxist western Nat ional Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), government in Angola. was aided by the United States. which sought to counter the The Reagan administrat ion has billed Savi mbi as thc African Soviet-backed PopUlar Movement for the Liberation of Angola answer to Nicaragua's ··contras. ,. but Ihc leader of the National (MPLA). Roberto also was aided by Jonas Savimbi. but Savimbi Union for the Total lndcpcndcnce of Angola (UN ITA) also has fornled UN ITA in 1966 after a major falling-out with Roberto. been described as a man of many faces. rhe Washington Pos(s And while UN ITA was the nation's smallest resistance group. it Leon Dash says that Jonas Savimbi is " an eni gma. a man 00 also received aid from a wide variety of sources. including whom many labels can stick- brilliant. charismat ic. affabl e. China , France and the United Stales. un yielding, forgivi ng, temporizing. Machiavelli an . opportunis On the eve of Angola's independence in 1975, the Portuguese ti c, lying, nationalistic. Marxist. Maoist. pro-Western and so tried 10 negotiate an interim governme nt between these factions. cialist."" Whatever Savimbi is, the debate over United States aid BU I since each group tried 10 gain dominance. the bid fai led. In 10 him has been spirited. the process. the CIA-backed FNLA unexpectedly wilted in the face of the Soviet/Cuban-aided MPLA . The pro-western forces A Cooyoluted Hi s tor~' were thus faced with a losing battle. so South Africa. anxious To understand that debate_ one must first grasp the nature of about the fighting adjacent to its territory of Nam ibi a. entered the Angolan civil war. Angola is the size of Texas and California the fray. The MPLA responded by seeking more Cuban aid. and combined. and it has been the site of connict since indepen as that aid arrived in October 1975. the South Africans launched dence movements began in Africa over 25 years ago. In facl. the a full scale invasion of Angola . An alliance had been secret ly country's fight for freedom has been the continent's most per negotiated between the South Africans and Savimbi. and the plexing, rife with irony that would be humorous but for the fact South African/UNITA forces pushed to within miles of Luanda. that the situation has been so devastating to the Angolan people, By then, hQY.'ever. over 20.1)0 Cuban troops had come to the Angola came under Portuguese rule almost four hundred Popular Move me nt 's defense. and the UN ITA/South Africa years ago. and it has experienced some of the colonial era's movement was stalled. The United SHites was pressed for fur worst exploitation. Until the turn of this century. this southwest ther assistance. but since the American public was just being African nation was a penal colony and the home of an intricate made aware of its $40 million in covert aid. Henry Kissinger and racial caste system. similar in many respects to that of South the Ford administr.ation were turned down when they requested Africa's apartheid. Luanda. the capitol of Angola. was known aid in late 1975 . for "" the good life" (some called itthe Rio de Janeiro of Africa). Congress was fearful of another Vietnam-like involvement. But it also was one of colonial Africa's "whitest" cities. Bl ack and the Clark Amendment. which officially denied additional Angolans lived almost exclusive ly outside of Luanda. and mosl fu nds for U.S. covert operations in Angola. was passed . A languished in poverty: 98 percent were illiterate and the vast chagrined South Africa was thus forced 10 withdraw from the majority were without medical services. batt le. During the 1950s resistance began to deve lop. and by 1961 In the meantime. the MPLA had secured enough control of Angola 's first guerilla bands began to harass the Portugesc Luanda and a portion of the surrounding countryside to claim colonialists. That continued unti l 1974. when internal political victory by November. and international diplomatic recognition soon foll owed . (The Ford White House. embarrassed by its Terrence M. O' Sulfil'(lII is (l{lmillislratil'e r!ireclOr of the Ri,JOII defeat. refused to recognize the new Angolan government.) Society. alld IW.f spem three years ill Africa, both as (/ stlltielll Moreover. Cuban forces re mained. and Jonas Savimbi. with aid ami as (l Peace Corps 1'O//ll1Ieer. from South Africa. settled into a ten-year military stand-off. APRIl1986 13 Reluctant Allies prochement. but on each attempt thcy have been rejected. Economically. of course. strong tics do exist between the Recent moves, however. have changed the nature of that United States and Angola. Chevron/Gulf has over 5600 million standoff. Last summer. Congress repealed the Clark Amend invested in an oil recovery and refinery operation in the small. ment in an apparent demonstration of its willingness to support coastal region ofCabinda. The facility is by far Angola's great the administration's " Reagan Doctrine." While the goal of that est income producer. and one of the new M PLA government's doctrine has been to back anti-communi st "freedom figh ters" in first oflicial ac tS was to ask Gulf to resume its oper.ttions. which places like Nicaragua, Cambodia. Afghanistan and Angola. the \.VCre suspended during the mid-1970s. The majority of Angolan administration has chosen not to seek oven aid for the Savimbi oil is now shipped to the United States and constitutes most of led resistance. Pcrhaps feari ng an open debate. it has preferred the 51.1 billion in annual tr.tde between the two governments. instead to channel aid covertly through the CIA. The Angolan government also benefits from U.S. Export But whether cove r! or overt. there are several fac tors that Import Bank loan credits and guarantees, which have provided argue against supplying aid to Mr. Savimbi. First. there is for joint oi l projects bety:een Gulf and the Angolan oi l company. considerable doubt about the intensit y of the MPLA's loyalt y to Sonangol. But since the Reagan administration and its congres the Soviet Union. One must pay a price for being an ally of the sional all ies view this as cont rary to administration policy in Soviets. and the Angolans arc doing just that. There arc nearly Angola, they have sought to stop such assistance. According to the White House. G u[ f Oil shou ld "put American national interests be fore its own." " Wh ether covert or overt, there are severalfactors that argue against supplying aid tojollas Savimbi. " Oeslruclh'c Engagemellt: the Regio nal Question 35.000 Cuban troops and Soviet advisors stationed in Angola, Of course. determining interests has not been the Reagan but the MPLA government must send an estimated 60 percent of administration's strong suit either. Consider the effects of the its annual income to Havana and Moscow for military and other administration's five-year policy of "constructi ve e ngagement " costs. In fact. Angola's president. Jose Eduardo dos Santos. in South Africa. By advocating "susta ined and o rde rl y claims that our intervention will only lead to more Cuban troops change," the Reagan administr.ttion promotes a notion that most in Angola. lind has even asked that the U. S. not force him into an others in the region have abando ned: that white South Africans increased dependence on the Soviets. will voluntarily turn over powe r to the black majority. In fact. the The MPLA government is also undoubtedly aware of the administration's policies have served to heighten the perception Soviets's heavy-handedness. Throughout the Third World. the that the U.S. tacitly suppons the white South African govern Soviet Union is known for ils opportunism as ..ve il as its racism ment 's policy of racial apartheid. (in So malia and Angola. the Russians established segregated That perccption must especiall y be taken into account when beaches). Countries like Somalia. Ghana. Eg ypt and Guinea considering providing Ame ri c an aid to Jonas Savimbi 's have expelled them; and in virtually every other place where guerillas. In his "al[iance with the devi l," Mr. Savimbi not only communism has been tried in Africa. it has failed. has received substantial support from the white South African One reason for this fa ilure is rOOled deeply in African culture. and may be exempli fied by the old saying : You can never buy an What th e United States mllst ask itself, then , is: call African government : yo u can only rent it for a day. Africa cannot it afford to promote all image ofalignment with be seen solely through an East-West prism because Africans are jonas Savi",bi and th e white South African first and foremost indiv idualists and tribalists. Only after that ident ity is considered do the concepts of nati onalism or ideology government-particularly if we wish to mediate ill come into play. As David Lamb. a Los Aligeles Times corre the assuredly tumultuous days ahead ill southern spondent who spent four years covering Africa. says in hi s book Africa?" Tile Afriea lls: "Africa. unl ike. say, Chi na. docs not have the tradition of central government so essential to the propagation of government . he also has assisted South Afri can forces in sup communism. It has no history of placing co mmon welfare above pressing SWAPO and anti-apartheid ANC guerrillas in Angola that of the family or tribe. It has no ex perience in being indus and nearby Namibia. The rebel leader claims that his suppor! is trious in any endeavor unrelated to individual survival. The purely prdClical and based upon survival. But in the eyes of tenets of Marxism are alien to African cuhure." black southern Africans. Mr. Savimbi is seen as a pawn of the If Africans havc any intrinsic leaning. it is toward democracy. white Pretorian government . Village and tribal government leaders are elected by various What the United States must ask itself. then. is: can it afford to forms of popular consent . which provides some loca[ tradition promote an image of alignment with Jonas Savi mbi and the of democracy. Most Africans also are deeply re ligious people. white South African government- particularly if we wish to whether Muslim, Christian. o r an imist. and this docs not lend mediale in the assuredly tumultuous days ahead in southern itself either to the acceptance of pure communist dogma. Africa? It is inevitable that the United States wi ll havc to deal Of course, the communist rhetoric of some African govern with South Africa's emerging black leadership. and if we have ments has often caused westerners to miss the realities of Af been consistenl y on the "wrong side" of the apartheid issue, a rican politics. In turn , new African nations have been denied the high price will be paid. In facl. whi le supporting South Africa chance to develop democr.ttic, western-leaning tendenc ies. This and its allies in the name of anti-communism may be a noble incl udes the MPLA govern ment. In 1975. it was written off as goal. it also may ensure Soviet support among black-ruled hopelessly Marxist, altho ugh neither the government nor its governments in southern Africa. president have turned out to be Marxist monsters. In fact. they Of course, there have been some signs or moderation in the have frequentl y approached the U.S. seeking an official rap- United Slates' Africllll policy. This has been especiall y notice- 14 RtPONFORUM 11"------ able at the State Department, which in 1984 brokered adramatic runher U.S. development aid and improved relations. agreement between South Africa and Mozambique's Marxist If that sou nds like weak-kneed collaboratiun, remember that leader, Samora Mache!. The so-called Nkomati Accord man Jonas Savimbi has questionable democratic credentials. The dated that each nation stop supporting thc rebels that were fonner Maoist has repeatedl y criticized the Luanda government plaguing thc other: Mozambique agreed to halt support for an ti for being multi-eth nic, and has advocated a policy of black South African ANC guerrillas. and South Africa pledged not to supremi sm. Moreover, there is no guarantee that the UN ITA provide further aid to Mozambique National Resistance (RE leader will not tum infO another U.S.-backed despot: Mobutu NAMO) guerrillas. (There has been speculation. however, that Sese Seko, Zaire's president, has raped his country of nearl y $3 the latter aid continues.) billion. but he has remained acceptable because he is "pro In fact , thc improvement of relations with Mozambique pro American. " vides a good example ofwhut U.S. policy towards Angola could Ulti mately. hov.'C ver. the simple fact of taking sides in thi s be like . Whi le the MOl:ambique government is similar to that in liule waf could irreparably damage our status in the region. Two Angola. its positive response to U. S. overtures demonstrales of three U.S. intelligence agencies admit that Savimbi has lillie that regional cooperation is possible. Similar overtures to An chance of either winning the conflict or joining a coalition gola wou ld find a welcome. Since its people now face a war government. With the prospect of a destructi ve. drawn-out induced fami ne. the MPLA govern ment desperately needs eco involvement , we arc faced wi th a situation that may benefit no nomic stability. And because it has demonstrated its rather loose one but the Soviet Union. • adherence to Marxist dogma by embracing the capitalistic Cabi· nda Gulf Oil operation, it is high ly likely thai it would welcome 1986 PARIS CONFERENCE REGISTRATION This summer, July 2-5, 1986, the Ripon Educational Fund is sponsoring another Trans Atlantic Conference with the British Bow Group and the Club 89 of France, in Paris. Topics will include economic and political tre nds, defense, education, and Third World policy. Registration Deadline: May 1, 1986! Name ______Organization ______ Address: ______Business Phone ______ ______Home Phone ______ Please regi ster me for th e 1986 Pari s Conference on Liberty~July 2-5. 1986 o Registration enclosed: $200 (Hotel not included) Professional Contact G roup (C heck One) o Reserve Conference Hotel Accommodations PLM SI. Ja cques Hotel July 2 - 5 o 1 person (530 francs) Business Students o 2 persons (630 francs) LawPoliti ics~ ~======OtAcade~~;he r ~cs~==== Places at the Conference will be limited Arts ______Early Registration is Requested For travel arrangements. contact Ripon Travel Coordinator Carolyn Ward. 1522 K Street. N.W., Suite 712 Washington, D.C. 20005 (Ca ll collect, 202/682-2 11 2) *($5.00oflheregis/ration fee is a fax deduclible conlribulion 10 the Ripon Educational Fund) Make Checks payable to Ripon Educational Fund, Inc. and return to 2027 Que Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 APRIL 1986 15 A Republican Primer on Acid Rain by Sherwood Boehlert Inthe wake of the second summit meeting between President transboundary pollution is "contributing to acidification of sen Reagan and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, the de sitive areas in both countries ." But the Canadians argue we bate overclean air and "acid rain " has re tu rned to the head li nes. produce more of the stuff than they do. and have pressed the At their March 1986 meeting. the president dropped his long U,S. to move 16 AIPONFOAUM .. Agency has made severa l recommendmions. mosl notably a Work ing together in the House. moder-J.te Republicans have moderate proposal by forme r EPA Administrator William offered a solution. Unt il now. no one has tried to bridge thc Ruckl eshaus to reduce hamlful emissions by four million tons. "scrubbing-switching" dilemma: no one has been able to craft a ThaI initiative was denounced by environmentalists as insuffi bill that recogni zes both the social and economic costs of con cien!; it was sunk by onidals at the White House for bei ng too trolling acid rain. This year, moderate House Republicans made expensive and intrusive. More and more study was ordered the attempt, and have produced serious momentum on the acid instead. rain issue. Beginning in November, I began hosting meetings that pulled together seventeen members of the House '92 Group. the moder "There is 11 0 shortage ofpr oposals/or dealing with ate Republican caucus. as well as Representati ves Newt Gi n· acid rajll , but all have/allell victim to compe/illg grich of Georgia and Vi n Weber of Minnes()(a. conservative regional alld economic concerns." leaders with respectable positions on environmental issues. Our goal was to craft an acid rain proposal that Republicans could In Congress. acid rai n proposals have generall y called for a suppon: one which achieved deep e mission reductions at the fu ll 50 perce nt reduction in the emissions that cause acid rain. least possible cost. wi th the greatest flex.ibilit y for industry to and there have been two major variations on how to reach thaI comply, the least possible disruption to the coal industry. and goal. The "least cost" approach. best embodied in the House with the least possible impact on states which don't contribute to "Udall-Cheney" bi lt. simply lays out reductions goals and the problem. various deadl ines. and leaves the free market to decide how the We ha ve ac hieved those goals and more. In early March. this reductions will be made . This approach is an economi st's Republican Working Group on Acid Rain proposed establ ishing dream. si nce the federal government 's role is relatively mini maL " The president's endorsement o/the U.S.-COllado Under th is scheme. the poll uter P:lYs the full cost of comply report was a small step/ora presidelll. but a great ing with Ihe law. and of course. that means the heaviest payment burdens would be passed along to electric consumers. Also. the leap/or Ollr envirollmelll and relations with high-sul fur coal mining industry. concent rated in the Illinois-to Canada. JJ West Virginia coal belt. has adamantly opposed this approach since the cheapest and easiest way to reduce sulfur emissions is state-by-state "bubbles," in which state authorities would have to switch 10 lower-sulfur coal. pUlling thousands of miners out of the fl ex.ibilit y to reach a single. low national standard for e mis work. sion rates by any manner they found feasible. The emission rate The other leading proposal. embodied in 1984's " Waxman standard is low enough to ensure deep reduct ions: the fl exibility Sikorski" bill , lays out the reductions goal. mandates expensive keeps costS to a minimum : and coal miners's jobs arc protected pollution-control "scrubbers" to be installed at the country's since for many sources the cost-effective choice wi ll be install worst polluting plants, and offers government subsidies to the ing "scrubbers." The '92 Group proposal fou nd more ways to keep costs low and the program workable. Most irnponantl y, the Group's pro " Working together in th e HOllse, moderate posal was crafted to earn the support of leaders from al l sections Republicans have offered a soilltion, They have of the country. The resu lt was a major breakthrough. offering to Democrats a chance to compromise on an acid rain package that produced serious momentum Oil the add rain could appeal to a broad range of Republicans. issue. JJ Most significantl y, the pac kage had major input from the '92 Group co-chair. Representative Tom Tauke of Iowa, a key mcm· polluter to case the economic impacl of these requirements. To ber of the subcommittee with jurisdiction over the issue. Tauke funher spread the costs of the program . " Waxman-S ikorski" will undoubtedly playa leadership role in th is year's acid rain included a small nationwide tax on electricity production. a debate. and could convince other subcommitt ee RepUbl icans to provision which caused westerners to oppose Ihe whole bi ll support his position. since western power is mostl y clean hydroelectric or nuclear. By mandating technology. " Waxm:ln-Sikorski" offered max imum protect ion 10 the coal miners. but earned the wrath of Conclusion industries opposed to federal government intrusion in their business. The Democratic package had been carefully designed As this goes to press. the acid rain debate is changing daily. to " buy off' vario