RUTAS TEXTUALES DE LA EXCLUSIÓN RAZA Y ETNICIDAD EN TEXTOS DE ENUNCIACIÓN ANDINA DEL PERÚ COLONIAL Y REPUBLICANO

by

María Teresa Grillo Arbulú

M.A., Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2006

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in

THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES

(Hispanic Studies)

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

(Vancouver)

October 2013

© María Teresa Grillo Arbulú, 2013

Abstract

My dissertation examines representations of ethnicity and race in narratives from the beginning of the conquest and colonization (XVI century) to the present, which I call “discourses of Andean enunciation” in . These discourses are formulated, either orally or in writing, by

Andean subjects ethnically self-identified as Indian/indigenous. In Latin American studies, emphasis has been given to notions such as “hybridity” and “mestizaje”, diminishing the relevance of the idea of race. Also, Andean authors’ rhetorical tools as strategies of resistance have been highlighted. My dissertation traces the inclusion and evolution of an idea of race in discourses by marginalized Andean subjects.

The body of primary texts belongs to different periods starting from Spaniards’ arrival in the Andes to the present millennium: Instrucción al Licenciado don Lope García de Castro

(1570) by Titu Cusi Yupanqui; El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno (1615) by Felipe

Guamán Poma de Ayala; Representación verdadera ... (1750) by Fray Calixto Túpac Inca;

Huillca. Habla un Campesino Peruano (1974), enunciated by Saturnino Huillca and edited by

Hugo Neira Samanez and Hilos de mi Vida (2002) by Hilaria Supa Huamán. The corpus is analyzed from a diachronic perspective, in order to find continuities and ruptures in the ways race and ethnicity are represented. My working hypothesis suggests that an idea of race can be traced back to the beginnings of colonization and is imposed by the dominant society through discourses on religion and education. I argue that this idea is reformulated by Andean marginalized subjects of enunciation, who resist it and simultaneously incorporate some of its discoursive elements, thus revealing its impact as a mechanism of domination.

The body of the dissertation is divided into three chapters, dealing with representations of the conquest and colonization, the decades before and after Tupac Amaru II’s revolution; and the

ii contemporary period. The study of the primary texts is complemented with a review of other selected texts by Andean, Spanish and “criollo” or “mestizo” authors, in order to contextualize the emergence of the primary texts.

iii

Preface

This dissertation is original, unpublished, independent work by the author, Maria Teresa Grillo

Arbulú. A part of Chapter 2 has been submitted for publication. A part of Chapter 4 is based on the author’s previous research for her Master thesis; the material is analyzed in this dissertation under a different theoretical framework.

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Tabla de Contenidos

Abstract ...... ii

Preface ...... iv

Tabla de Contenidos ...... v

Reconocimientos ...... vii

Capítulo 1 Introducción ...... 1 1.1 El descubrimiento de América y el inicio de la inferioridad del indio ...... 1 1.2 Algunas articulaciones de la idea de raza ...... 5 1.3 La raza y la colonialidad del poder ...... 13 1.4 Marco teórico y estado de la cuestión ...... 20 1.5 Organización de la tesis ...... 25

Capítulo 2 Titu Cusi Yupanqui y Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala: Percepciones andinas sobre etnicidad y raza en contextos de conquista y colonización ...... 27 2.1 Indios y españoles en los Andes ...... 27 2.2 Antiguas y nuevas jerarquías: el lugar de enunciación de Titu Cusi Yupanqui ..... 32 2.2.1 La imagen del traidor frente