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Implications for Collaborative Governance and Management of the Angat River Basin, Philippines

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Implications for Collaborative Governance and Management of the Angat River Basin, Philippines INTEGRATED RIVER MANAGEMENT MODELS: IMPLICATIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ANGAT RIVER BASIN, PHILIPPINES by THERESA ASLIN FRESCO B.A., The University of The Fraser Valley, 2005 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (PLANNING) in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES School of Community and Regional Planning We accept this project as conforming to the required standard ...................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May 2012 © Theresa Aslin Fresco, 2012 ABSTRACT As the main municipal water source for Metro Manila’s 12 million residents, supplier of irrigation water to 26,791 hectares of farmland in Pampanga and Bulacan provinces, flood control for downstream municipalities and provider of 10% of the nation’s hydroelectricity, the Angat River Basin is of prime socioeconomic importance to Luzon, the central island and economic centre of the Philippines. According to the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), the Manila Waterworks and Sewerage Board (MWSS) and the National Power Corporation (NPC), future water requirements for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes on Luzon Island show remarkable increases. In addition to the challenges of climate change, longer droughts and intense weather events, the already stressed Angat River is projected to face increased water demand due to rural to urban migration into Metro Manila, projected doubling of population in Bulacan Province in the next decade, increased industrialization and increased demand for hydroelectricity. Given the complexity, breadth of competing uses and interrelated nature of natural systems such as river basins, collaborative governance has been an effective strategy to grapple with the challenges of fragmented and siloed agencies dealing with water management. In order to provide insight on a potential response to these challenges of governance in the Angat River system, this study seeks to explore existing, international case studies of collaborative governance models, their implications and potential recommendations for Angat’s management. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ x DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND RATIONALE ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Project Objectives and Research Questions ...................................................................... 2 1.2 Theoretical Framework: An Introduction to Key Concepts and Terms ........................... 4 1.2.1 Tragedy of the Commons ................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Complex Adaptive Systems Theory ................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) ........................................................ 7 1.2.4 Collaborative Governance ................................................................................................ 9 1.2.5 Watersheds, Catchments and Basins ........................................................................... 11 1.3 Study Relevance and Rationale .......................................................................................... 12 1.4 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 13 1.4.1 Project Inspiration ........................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.4.3 Limitations of Project Data ............................................................................................. 15 1.5 Project Organization ............................................................................................................. 15 2 CASE STUDY BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1 The State of Water in the Philippines ................................................................................. 16 2.2 The Angat River Basin ......................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Key Challenges Facing the Angat River Basin ................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Competing Uses ............................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Climate Change Impacts ................................................................................................. 26 2.4 Institutional, Legislative and Planning Contexts .............................................................. 27 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................................. 27 2.4.2 Legislative Framework .................................................................................................... 35 2.4.3 Planning Framework ....................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4 Political Context ............................................................................................................... 44 3 EXAMPLES OF COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 48 3.1 Tigum-Aganan Watershed, Iloilo ........................................................................................ 48 3.1.1 Lessons Learned from Tigum-Aganan .......................................................................... 53 3.2 Ayuquila River Basin, Mexico ............................................................................................. 59 3.2.1 Lessons Learned from Ayuquila .................................................................................... 65 3.3 Billings Reservoir, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil .......................................................... 69 3.3.1 Lessons Learned from the Billings Reservoir ............................................................. 76 4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANGAT RIVER BASIN ........................................................................ 81 5 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................. 100 5.1 Recommendations for the PPDO ...................................................................................... 100 5.2 Revisiting the Project Research Questions .................................................................... 103 5.3 Areas of Future Research and Projects ........................................................................... 105 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 121 APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 142 APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 143 APPENDIX 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 147 APPENDIX 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 148 APPENDIX 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 149 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Southeast Asia: water supply and demand (Rola et al. 2005: 3) . 18 Table 2.2: Water Potential and Demand by River Basin (JICA 1998 as cited in World Bank 2003: 5). 18 Table 2.3: Water Allocations for the Angat Reservoir (Tabios and David 2004: 111) . 23 Table 2.4: Angat Water Supply Optimization Project Components and Funding Sources (ADB 2004: 2) . 25 Table 2.5: Government Agencies with Water Resources-related Responsibilities and Enabling Law (adopted from NEDA 2010: 21-25 and Elazegui 2004: 87-88) . 27 Table 2.6: Laws and Policies for Water Environment in the Philippines (ADB 2009: 106-108; Chan Robles Virtual Law Library 2006; WEP Asia website 2012) . 36 Table 2.7: Major Plans and Plan
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