The Crucifixion Was Not on Friday
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Edinburgh Research Explorer
Edinburgh Research Explorer 'Dating the Death of Jesus' Citation for published version: Bond, H 2013, ''Dating the Death of Jesus': Memory and the Religious Imagination', New Testament Studies, vol. 59, no. 04, pp. 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688513000131 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1017/S0028688513000131 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: New Testament Studies Publisher Rights Statement: © Helen Bond, 2013. Bond, H. (2013). 'Dating the Death of Jesus': Memory and the Religious Imagination. New Testament Studies, 59(04), 461-475doi: 10.1017/S0028688513000131 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Dating the Death of Jesus: Memory and the Religious Imagination Helen K. Bond School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh, Mound Place, Edinburgh, EH1 2LX [email protected] After discussing the scholarly preference for dating Jesus’ crucifixion to 7th April 30 CE, this article argues that the precise date can no longer be recovered. All we can claim with any degree of historical certainty is that Jesus died some time around Passover (perhaps a week or so before the feast) between 29 and 34 CE. -
Journal of the Transactions Of
JOURNAL OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF OR. VOL. LXVI. LONDON: ~ubliit.Jel:r tiv tbt lnititute, 1, (IJ;mtra:l 3Suill:ringi, i!lllfdtmin,ter, •·m. 1. A L L R I G H T S R JC B E R V E D, 1934 781sT ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING, HELD IN COMMITTEE ROOM B, THE CENTRAL HALL, WESTMINSTER, S.W.l, ON MONDAY, MAY 28TH, 1934, A.T 4.30 P.M. LIEUT.-COLONEL ARTHUR KENNEY-HERBERT IN THE CHAIR. The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read, confirmed, and signed, and the HoN. SECRETARY announced the election of Robert J. Nairn, Esq., B.Sc., Ph.C., as an Associate. The CHAIRMAN then called on the Rev. John Stewart, Ph.D., to read his paper on "The Dates of Our Lord's Life and Ministry." THE DATES OF OUR WRD'S LIFE AND MINISTRY. By THE REV. JOHN STEWART, Ph.D. HERE are only three dates in our Lord's Life regarding T which the Scriptures give any definite information, but these are quite sufficient for our purpose. They are (1) The date of the Nativity; (2) The date when He began His public ministry ; and (3) The date of the Crucifixion. As regards the first of these the information given enables us to determine the year with practical certainty, the month and the day can be arrived at only approximately. The second is closely related to the time when John the Baptist began his work as forerunner, a year which is definitely known. How soon after John's appearance our Lord began His ministry is somewhat uncertain. -
In the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 1 of 111 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC, Case No. 17-17531 Plaintiff-Appellant, On Appeal from the United States v. District Court for the Northern District of California CARLA PETERMAN; MARTHA No. 3:13-cv-04934-JD GUZMAN ACEVES; LIANE Hon. James Donato RANDOLPH; CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN; MICHAEL PICKER, in their official capacities as Commissioners of the California Public Utilities Commission, Defendants-Appellees. Case No. 17-17532 WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC, On Appeal from the United States Plaintiff-Appellee, District Court for the Northern District v. of California No. 3:13-cv-04934-JD CARLA PETERMAN; MARTHA Hon. James Donato GUZMAN ACEVES; LIANE RANDOLPH; CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN; MICHAEL PICKER, in their official capacities as Commissioners of the California Public Utilities Commission, Defendants-Appellants. APPELLANT’S FIRST BRIEF ON CROSS-APPEAL Thomas Melone ALLCO RENEWABLE ENERGY LTD. 1740 Broadway, 15th Floor New York, NY 10019 Telephone: (212) 681-1120 Email: [email protected] Attorneys for Appellant WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 2 of 111 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Winding Creek Solar LLC is 100% owned by Allco Finance Limited, which is a privately held company in the business of developing solar energy projects. Allco Finance Limited has no parent companies, and no publicly held company owns 10 percent or more of its stock. /s/ Thomas Melone i Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 3 of 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT ................................................... -
The Persecution of Christians in the First Century
JETS 61.3 (2018): 525–47 THE PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE FIRST CENTURY ECKHARD J. SCHNABEL* Abstract: The Book of Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, Hebrews, and Revelation attest to nu- merous incidents of persecution, which are attested for most provinces of the Roman empire, triggered by a wide variety of causes and connected with a wide variety of charges against the fol- lowers of Jesus. This essay surveys the twenty-seven specific incidents of and general references to persecution of Christians in the NT, with a focus on geographical, chronological, and legal matters. Key words: persecution, mission, hostility, opposition, Jerusalem, Rome, Peter, Paul, Acts, Hebrews, Revelation This essay seeks to survey the evidence in the NT for instances of the perse- cution of Jesus’ earliest followers in their historical and chronological contexts without attempting to provide a comprehensive analysis of each incident. The Greek term diōgmos that several NT authors use, usually translated as “persecu- tion,”1 is defined as “a program or process designed to harass and oppress some- one.”2 The term “persecution” is used here to describe the aggressive harassment and deliberate ill-treatment of the followers of Jesus, ranging from verbal abuse, denunciation before local magistrates, initiating court proceedings to beatings, flog- ging, banishment from a city, execution, and lynch killings. I. PERSECUTION IN JUDEA, SYRIA, AND NABATEA (AD 30–38/40) 1. Persecution in Jerusalem, Judea (I). Priests in Jerusalem, the captain of the tem- ple, and Sadducees arrested the apostles Peter and John who spoke to a crowd of * Eckhard J. -
10 Bc 5 Bc 1 Ad 5 10 15 20
AD 14 AD 18 4 BC AD 4 Augustus Caiaphas Death of King Emperor Augustus Caesar, the fi rst appointed as Herod the formally adopts his emperor of a Jewish High Great of Judea stepson Tiberius as Rome, dies Priest his successor 10 BC 5 BC 1 AD 5 10 15 20 AD 6 7 BC Jesus a� ends Jesus born in Passover in Bethlehem Jerusalem of Judea as a boy (Luke 2:1-20) (Luke 2:40-52) TIMELINE | PAGE 1 AD 26 Pon� us Pilate begins governorship of Judea 25 30 AD 32 AD 31 Jesus miraculously AD 29 Jesus appoints feeds 5000 John the Bap� st’s and sends his (Ma� hew 14:13-33; ministry begins; Jesus apostles on their AD 30 Mark 6:31-52; is bap� zed and begins fi rst mission Jesus a� ends Luke 9:10-17; John 6) his ministry (Ma� hew 9:35- Passover in (Ma� hew 3:1-17; 11:1; Mark 6:6-13; Jerusalem and Mark 1:2-11; Luke 9:1-10) Luke 3:1-23) cleanses the temple (John 2:13-25) AD 32 AD 30 Jesus a� ends Jesus establishes the Feast of his ministry in Tabernacles in Galilee Jerusalem (Ma� hew 4:12-17; (John 7-9) Mark 1:14-15; Luke 4:14-15) TIMELINE | PAGE 2 AD 43 AD 36 AD 37 AD 40 AD 41 Roman Pon� us Pilate Death of Emperor Caligula Emperor Caligula conquest of governorship of Emperor orders a statue of assassinated and Britain begins Judea ends Tiberius himself be erected in Claudius crowned under Emperor the temple; Jewish the new Emperor Claudius peasants stop this from happening 35 40 AD 37 Paul visits Peter and James in Jerusalem (Acts 9:23-30; Gala� ans 1:18-24) AD 38-43 Missions to the Gen� les begin; church in An� och established AD 33 (Acts 10-11) Jesus crucifi ed -
Chapter 1: Sino-Malay Interaction in the First Millenium AD
Chapter 1 S ino -M alay INTERACTION IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM AD Since the late first millennium BC, the Malay region has played a pivotal role in the international maritime economy that encompasses maritime Southeast Asia, the South China Sea region, and the Indian Ocean littoral. This role has been as much the result of the region’s strategic location in maritime Asia as the geographical and demographic characteristics of the region’s islands. Unlike land-based polities, which have inter- nal economies based on agrarian hinterlands that enabled them to be self-sufficient, the islands of the Malay region have throughout history maintained two distinct types of societies—coastal societies and upland social groups. The polities of the Malay coastal region did not extend very far inland. The islands’ mountainous interiors have been occu- pied by groups who were ethnically and even linguistically distinct from the coastal societies.1 Although the coastal and inland groups interacted with each other economically, the prosperity and political stability of the coastal groups were determined mainly by their ability to capitalize on the international maritime trade that flowed through the region. The ports of the Malay region participated in the international trade in three ways. The first was by acting as an entrepôt in the trade between the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea, and island Southeast Asia. From the middle of the first millennium AD onward, the port-settlements along the Strait of Malacca and the northeastern parts of the Java Sea were able to capitalize on the region’s geographical advantages, under the leadership of a succession of port-polities that were able to project themselves as the key entrepôt in different eras. -
Biblical Chronology
Sept 78 78 38 45 98 180 Aug 77 77 July 75 32 170 76 76 Jun Pentecost 75 75 181 Legion Legion May - th 27 Masada of Fall Matt28 - RISEN MINISTRY Marcus Marcus Aurelius 161 160 WEEK LAST 74 Apr 74 Passover Mar Matt 21 Matt 73 73 20 - Feb 150 66 77/103 90 72 72 MINISTRY Transfiguration Matt17 Pius Pius Jan Destruction Jerusalem of Destruction LATER PEREAN PEREAN LATER 33 71 71 161 Temple destroyed Temple - Dedication Dec Jerusalem occupied by the Roman 10 Roman the by Jerusalemoccupied 140 Titus to Jerusalem of Fall 135 79 - 70 Antoninus 138 70 - Nov GALBA OTHO VITELLIUS Matt16 VESPASIAN 69 MINISTRY 69 69 Oct CIVIL WAR CIVIL Tabernacles JUDEAN LATER AMUEL Second JewishSecond Revolt,132 S 130 68 FIRST FIRST 68 BEN Sept JEWISH REVOLT 87 4/64/67 104 Jude ? Jude Aug 70? 67 67 - HANNIAS 138 P 66 - 120 Peter II July 15 BEN Hadrian 117 - 66 66 I Peter I Florus Jun 66 - Pentecost ATTHIAS (or AD 67) AD (or HEOPHILUS 65 65 Revelation M T 65 Gessius PAUL Matt14 of the of TWELVE 110 Paul & Peter of Martyrdom 46 52 104 May SPECIAL TRAINING SPECIAL . 64 IITim 64 BEN Apr Albinus Albinus July July 19, 64 Passover 64 117 - AMALIEL - Burning of Rome ESUS Titus the Baptist the J G 63 63 63 Trajan 98 Mar Tim. I 100 John of Death I,II,III I,II,III John First First Christian Persecution Lucceius BEN 98 - 62 63 62 Feb - Nerva 96 AMNAEUS ESUS FINAL FINAL TRAVELS Release from Imprisonment from Release J D 62 Acts Phil. -
When Was Jesus Born? a Response to a Recent Proposal
When Was Jesus Born? A Response to a Recent Proposal Lincoln H. Blumell and Thomas A. Wayment Editor’s note: We are pleased to publish this article, which pushes forward the con- versation about what is known and not known about the dating of the birth of Jesus Christ. This article responds to the article by ProfessorJeffrey R. Chadwick on this subject, which appeared in 1 in our volume 49, number 4, available on the BYU Studies website. The goal of the Chadwick article was to harmonize as much of the evidence, both scriptural and historical, as possible, sometimes using new or uncommon interpretations in order to reconcile apparent dispari- ties in the sources. By contrast, Professors Wayment and Blumell prefer a more cautious approach, placing less weight on positions that cannot be established with historical or textual certainty. While both of these articles agree on many points, this new analysis urges readers to adopt a less precise time frame in think- ing about when the birth of Jesus might have occurred. We welcome this rigorous and respectful give-and-take, and we hope that all readers will enjoy drawing their own conclusions about the evidences and approaches advanced by both of these articles. etermining an exact date (year, month, and day) for many events from Dantiquity is fraught with difficulties and challenges. Though modern society tends to implicitly associate “important” events with a specific date (or dates), like September 11, 2001, or December 7, 1941, ancient societies did not always feel compelled to remember such events by reference to the actual date on which they occurred. -
Historiography Early Church History
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND EARLY CHURCH HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS Historiography Or Preliminary Issues......................................................... 4 Texts ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5 Definition.............................................................................................................. 5 Necessity............................................................................................................... 5 What Is Church History?............................................................................. 6 What Is The Biblical Philosophy Of History? ............................................ 7 The Doctrine Of God............................................................................................ 7 The Doctrine Of Creation..................................................................................... 8 The Doctrine Of Predestination............................................................................ 8 Why Study Church History? ....................................................................... 9 The Faithfulness Of God .................................................................................... 10 Truth And Experience ........................................................................................ 10 Truth And Tradition .......................................................................................... -
Assembly District 1 Advocacy # of Children 0-17: 20,082 Health
Children's Fact Sheet Children's Assembly District 1 Advocacy # of Children 0-17: 20,082 Health 1 Children in Nevada Check-up: 659 2 Children Up-to-Date (Immunizations): 57.8% 3 Low-Birthweight Babies: 84.4 per 1,000 Mothers with Less Than Adequate 4 Prenatal Care: 148.4 per 1,000 5 Infant Mortality Rate: 4.4 per 1,000 6 Teen Birth Rate: 16.4 per 1,000 Safety0 7 CPS Abuse/Neglect Reports 281 Substantiated 14.2% 8 Children in Foster Care, CY 2017 93 HS Students Who Brought a Weapon 9 on School Property* 4.6% HS Students Who Didn't Feel Safe at 10 School* 7.9% * Indicates County Level Data 1-8 NV Dept. of HHS. (2019). Office of Analytics-Assembly District Reports. Retrieved from http://dhhs.nv.gov/Programs/Office_of_Analytics/OFFICE_OF_ANALYTICS_-_ASSEMBLY_DISTRICT_RE 9-10 NV Dept. of HHS. (2018). 2017 Nevada High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) Report. Retrieved from https://www.unr.edu/Documents/public- health/2017_yrbs/2017%20Nevada%20High%20School%20YRBS.pdf Children's Fact Sheet Children's Advocacy Assembly District 1 A I AN E # of Children 0-17: 20,082 Education 1 2 or more Races 8.1% English Language Learners (ELL) PI Asian 2% 11% 2 5.1% White 29.3% Reading Proficiency (Elementary/Middle) 55% / 45% 3 Math Proficiency (Elementary/Middle) Black 18.2% 48% / 37% 4 Students Who Qualify for FRL 59% 5 Science Proficiency (Elementary/Middle) 24% / 33% 7 Student Hispanic Race/Ethnicity 37.4% 6 School Star Ratings: 1 4 3 3 0 * Economic** Well***-Being **** ***** 7 Children 0-17 Living in Poverty 11.1% 8 SNAP Enrollment 10,041 9 TANF Enrollment 659 10 Children with All Available Parents in the Workforce 71% Teens 16-19 Not in School/Not Working11 3.7% 1-6 Opportunity 180: Great Schools, All Kids. -
IS CHRISTIANITY a FRAUD? a Preliminary Assessment of the Conder Thesis Third Edition
IS CHRISTIANITY A FRAUD? A Preliminary Assessment of the Conder Thesis third edition By Eric V. Snow AUTHOR'S PREFACE/ABSTRACT This essay defends the New Testament as historically accurate, as not being dependent for its doctrinal content on pagan religions and philosophy, and as having properly used the messianic texts of the Old Testament. It attacks Darrell Conder's Mystery Babylon and the Ten Lost Tribes in the End Time, which advocates conversion to some type of Judaism. This document was originally in WordPerfect 5.1 format for Windows 3.1, with elite (12 point) type and six lines of text per vertical inch, with footnotes. I wish to thank John Wheeler, a Global Church of God laymember who can read Hebrew, for his assistance on interpreting the messianic prophecies. TABLE OF CONTENTS Using the Ideas of Higher Critics and Jews, Conder's Ideas Aren't New......................................................2 Conder's Views of the Old Testament Opens the Doors to Deism or Agnosticism.....................................................2 The Book of Daniel Attacked?!......................................3 1. THE HISTORICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT DEFENDED..................5 The Bibliographical Test as Applied to the New Testament...........6 How Can You Know If the New Testament is a First-Century Document........................................................7 Scholars Move Away from a Second-Century Date for the NT...........8 How People in Cultures More Dependent on Oral Tradition Have Better Memories.................................................8 -
The GCAL Manual
Gcal Gcal An Extended Calendar Program Edition 4.1 June 2000 by Thomas Esken Copyright c 1994, 95, 96, 1997, 2000 Thomas Esken Any suggestions, improvements, extensions, bug reports, donations, proposals ¨ for contract work, and so forth are welcome! Please send them directly to my eMail address [email protected]. If you like my work, I'd appreciate a postcard from you! ------------------------oOO \\\_''/ OOo--------------------------- Thomas Esken O (/o-o\) O eMail: [email protected] Im Hagenfeld 84 (( ^ )) Phone: +49 251 232585 D-48147 Muenster; Germany \____) ~ (____/ MotD : 2old2live, 2young2die © This is Edition 4.1 of Gcal, an Extended Calendar Program, for the 4.1 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of cal and calendar. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the con- ditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. i Short Contents 1 Preface :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 2 Gcal Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 3 Invoking gcal :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 4 Eternal Holidays ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 5 Fixed Dates ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 79 A Genesis of the Gregorian Calendar :::::::::::::::::::::: 125 B Gcal Utilities ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 C Aspects in Internationalization ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 131 D Metasymbols ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 135 E Regular Expressions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 137 F Summary of all Regular Expressions :::::::::::::::::::: 143 G %?.