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Ubiquitous Computing Ubiquitous Computing UbiquitousComputing:SmartDevices,EnvironmentsandInteractions StefanPoslad © 2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-03560-3 Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions Stefan Poslad Queen Mary, University of London, UK A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication This edition first published 2009 Ó 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Poslad, Stefan. Ubiquitous computing : smart device, environment, and interactions / Stefan Poslad. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978 0 470 03560 3 (cloth) 1. Ubiquitous computing. 2. Context aware computing. 3. Human computer interaction. I. Title. QA76.5915.P67 2009 004 dc22 2008052234 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 0 470 03560 3 (H/B) Set in 9/11pt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK To my family, Ros and Ben here, and to friends and family in three wonderful parts of the world, South Wales (UK), Glandorf and Brisbane. Contents List of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii 1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 1 1.1 Living in a Digital World 1 1.1.1 Chapter Overview 2 1.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications 2 1.1.2.1 Personal Memories 3 1.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service 5 1.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management 5 1.1.2.4 Utility Regulation 6 1.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI 7 1.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 8 1.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems 9 1.2.2 Distributed ICT Systems 9 1.2.2.1 Networked ICT Devices 10 1.2.2.2 Transparency and Openness 10 1.2.3 Implicit Human Computer Interaction (iHCI) 11 1.2.3.1 The Calm Computer 11 1.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human Computer Interaction 12 1.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality 12 1.2.4 Context Awareness 13 1.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual 14 1.2.4.2 User Awareness 14 1.2.4.3 Active Versus Passive Context Awareness 15 1.2.5 Autonomy 15 1.2.5.1 Reducing Human Interaction 16 1.2.5.2 Easing System Maintenance Versus Self Maintaining Systems 16 viii Contents 1.2.6 Intelligence 17 1.2.7 Taxonomy of UbiCom Properties 17 1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 22 1.3.1 Human ICT Device Interaction (HCI) 24 1.3.2 ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) 25 1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 26 1.4.1 Smart Devices 27 1.4.1.1 Weiser’s ICT Device Forms: Tabs, Pads and Boards 28 1.4.1.2 Extended Forms for ICT Devices: Dust, Skin and Clay 28 1.4.1.3 Mobility 29 1.4.1.4 Volatile Service Access 29 1.4.1.5 Situated and Self Aware 30 1.4.2 Smart Environments 30 1.4.2.1 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments 31 1.4.2.2 Embedded Versus Untethered 31 1.4.2.3 Device Sizes 32 1.4.3 Smart Interaction 32 1.4.3.1 Basic Interaction 32 1.4.3.2 Smart Interaction 33 1.5 Discussion 34 1.5.1 Interlinking System Properties, Environments and Designs 34 1.5.2 Common Myths about Ubiquitous Computing 35 1.5.3 Organisation of the Smart DEI Approach 37 Exercises 38 References 39 2 Applications and Requirements 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.1.1 Overview 41 2.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 41 2.2.1 Smart Devices: CCI 42 2.2.1.1 Smart Boards, Pads and Tabs 42 2.2.1.2 Active Badge, Bat and Floor 42 2.2.2 Smart Environments: CPI and CCI 43 2.2.2.1 Classroom 2000 43 2.2.2.2 Smart Space and Meeting Room 43 2.2.2.3 Interactive Workspaces and iRoom 44 2.2.2.4 Cooltown 44 2.2.2.5 EasyLiving and SPOT 45 2.2.2.6 HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence 46 2.2.3 Smart Devices: CPI 46 2.2.3.1 Unimate and MH 1 Robots 46 2.2.3.2 Smart Dust and TinyOS 47 2.2.4 Smart Devices: iHCI and HPI 48 2.2.4.1 Calm Computing 48 2.2.4.2 Things That Think and Tangible Bits 48 2.2.4.3 DataTiles 49 2.2.4.4 Ambient Wood 50 2.2.4.5 WearComp and WearCam 50 2.2.4.6 Cyborg 1.0 and 2.0 52 2.2.5 Other UbiCom Projects 52 Contents ix 2.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 53 2.3.1 Ubiquitous Networks of Devices: CCI 53 2.3.2 Human Computer Interaction 54 2.3.2.1 Ubiquitous Audio Video Content Access 54 2.3.2.2 Ubiquitous Information Access and Ebooks 55 2.3.2.3 Universal Local Control of ICT Systems 56 2.3.2.4 User Awareness and Personal Spaces 58 2.3.3 Human to Human Interaction (HHI) Applications 58 2.3.3.1 Transaction based M Commerce and U Commerce Services 59 2.3.3.2 Enhancing the Productivity of Mobile Humans 59 2.3.3.3 Care in the Community 60 2.3.4 Human Physical World Computer Interaction (HPI) and (CPI) 61 2.3.4.1 Physical Environment Awareness 61 2.3.4.2 (Physical) Environment Control 61 2.3.4.3 Smart Utilities 62 2.3.4.4 Smart Buildings and Home Automation 62 2.3.4.5 Smart Living Environments and Smart Furniture 63 2.3.4.6 Smart Street Furniture 65 2.3.4.7 Smart Vehicles, Transport and Travel 65 2.3.4.8 Pervasive Games and Social Physical Spaces 66 2.4 Discussion 67 2.4.1 Achievements from Early Projects and Status Today 67 2.4.1.1 Smart Devices 67 2.4.1.2 Smart Physical World Environments 68 2.4.1.3 Context Awareness and Service Discovery 69 2.4.1.4 Wearable Smart Devices and Implants 69 Exercises 71 References 71 3 Smart Devices and Services 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.1.1 Chapter Overview 75 3.1.2 Smart Device and Service Characteristics 75 3.1.3 Distributed System Viewpoints 77 3.1.4 Abstraction Versus Virtualisation 78 3.2 Service Architecture Models 80 3.2.1 Partitioning and Distribution of Service Components 80 3.2.2 Multi tier Client Service Models 81 3.2.2.1 Distributed Data Storage 82 3.2.2.2 Distributed Processing 82 3.2.2.3 Client Server Design 83 3.2.2.4 Proxy based Service Access 84 3.2.3 Middleware 85 3.2.4 Service Oriented Computing (SOC) 86 3.2.5 Grid Computing 87 3.2.6 Peer to Peer Systems 88 3.2.7 Device Models 91 3.3 Service Provision Life Cycle 91 3.3.1 Network Discovery 92 3.3.2 Service Announcement, Discovery, Selection and Configuration 93 x Contents 3.3.2.1 Web Service Discovery 95 3.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Semantic Resource Discovery 95 3.3.3 Service Invocation 95 3.3.3.1 Distributed Processes 96 3.3.3.2 Asynchronous (MOM) Versus Synchronous (RPC) Communication Models 97 3.3.3.3 Reliable versus Unreliable Communication 99 3.3.3.4 Caches, Read Ahead and Delayed Writes 99 3.3.3.5 On Demand Service Access 100 3.3.3.6 Event Driven Architectures (EDA) 101 3.3.3.7 Shared Data Repository 103 3.3.3.8 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Model 103 3.3.3.9 Volatile Service Invocation 104 3.3.4 Service Composition 105 3.3.4.1 Service Interoperability 106 3.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 106 3.4.1 Virtual Machines 106 3.4.2 BIOS 107 3.4.3 Multi Tasking Operating Systems (MTOS) 108 3.4.4 Process Control 109 3.4.5 Memory Management 110 3.4.6 Input and Output 111 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.1.1 Chapter Overview 115 4.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 115 4.2.1 Mobile Service Design 116 4.2.1.1 SMS and Mobile Web Services 117 4.2.1.2 Java VM and J2ME 119 4.2.1.3 .NET CF 120 4.2.2 Mobile Code 121 4.2.3 Mobile Devices and Mobile Users 122 4.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 123 4.3.1 Microkernel Designs 123 4.3.2 Mobility Support 123 4.3.3 Resource Constrained Devices 124 4.3.4 Power Management 125 4.3.4.1 Low Power CPUs 125 4.3.4.2 Application Support 126 4.4 Smart Card Devices 126 4.4.1 Smart Card OS 127 4.4.2 Smart Card Development 128 4.5 Device Networks 128 4.5.1 HAVi, HES and X10 129 4.5.2 Device Discovery 129 4.5.3 OSGi 131 Exercises 132 References 133 Contents xi 5 Human–Computer Interaction 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.1.1 Chapter Overview 135 5.1.2 Explicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 136 5.1.3 Complexity of Ubiquitous Explicit HCI 136 5.1.4 Implicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 137 5.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely
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