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2011.08.12 Dissertation UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Practices of Ecological Citizenship: Global Dreams for a Chinese Village Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14q253mq Author May, Shannon Kathleen Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Practices of Ecological Citizenship: Global Dreams for a Chinese Village by Shannon Kathleen May A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Liu Xin, Chair Professor Harrison Fraker Professor Martin Jay Professor Aihwa Ong Professor Paul Rabinow Fall 2011 Copyright by Shannon Kathleen May 2011 Abstract Practices of Ecological Citizenship: Global Dreams for a Chinese Village by Shannon Kathleen May Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Professor Liu Xin, Chair In a small rural village in the mountains of Northeastern China, a transnational assemblage is building an internationally lauded eco-city. Examining the global dreams for a green “sustainable community” in Huangbaiyu Village opens up a window on to the science of global warming and the ecological rationality to which it gives rise. Taking the site of Huangbaiyu not as a bounded physical location, but a nodal point through which multiple logics, values, and persons converge, I ask: What type of self and society do the structures of the eco-city shape through its spaces of inhabitance and systems of survival? The construction of an eco-city is itself more than a built environment; it is a physical manifestation of a system of values and a record of power. In the name of a shared community of fate, new assemblages of authority and practices of governance are emerging. As scientific models ground political discourse, the name through which authority to act upon a population is invoked is no longer only the state, but also the planet, in which every person has a vested interest and for which every person is responsible. Under these terms, everyday practices of living become subject to judgment, transformation and discipline by persons never met in the name of protecting the planet. In China, the uncertainties of global climate change align with national anxieties over the “three rural problems”: agriculture, farmers, and the countryside. In the name of sustainable development, the villagers of Huangbaiyu are again becoming the object of alien ends. This time it is market consolidation, not Communist collectivization that is re-ordering value in the countryside. In the name of protecting a “planet in peril,” the villagers of Huangbaiyu would be dispossessed of their access to the natural resources of their valleys. In the name of improving their quality of life, they would be forced into either wage labor or abject poverty. What is at stake in Huangbaiyu is not only of consequence to the persons who have inhabited its spaces, but to all those who are encountering the ethical claims operationalized by ecological citizenship, or are thinking of making such claims on others. Unless attention is focused on what – and who – a new hierarchy of ecological value devalues, an ecological age may prove to be little different from the present industrial age. 1 To 这 for challenging me to consider that happiness might be at least as important as thought i Table of Contents Dedication i List of Figures and Tables iii Acknowledgements v 1. Introduction: Green Dreams and Schemes 1 Part I Locating Ecological Citizenship 21 2. Ecological Citizenship 22 3. Opening Ceremonies 41 Part II Discourse, Interests, Designs, Development 57 4. Global Uncertainty, National Anxiety 58 5. Assembling a “Sustainable Community” 79 6. Ecological Modernism 111 7. An Experience of Universal Progress 145 8. Conclusion 171 Bibliography 174 ii List of Figures FIGURES 1.1 Huangbaiyu’s Central Valley seen from the eastern mountains 4 1.2 Construction of Phase One of the China-US Sustainable Development Demonstration Village 5 1.3 Derelict houses in the “sustainable community,” Huangbaiyu. 6 3.1 “Huangbaiyu Sustainable Village” Master Plan. Drawn by William McDonough + Partners for the China-US Center for Sustainable Development 44 3.2 “China Benxi Huangbaiyu Sustainable Development Model Village Residence.” Drawn by Benxi Architectural Design Institute for the China-US Center for Sustainable Development 45 3.3 “China Benxi Huangbaiyu Sustainable Development Model Village Residences of Phase One [of the Project]” 45 3.4 Staff and affiliates of the China-US Center for Sustainable Development arrive at the China Benxi Huangbaiyu Sustainable Development Model Village Opening Ceremonies 47 3.5 Newsweek Reporter Sarah Schaffer takes notes 48 3.6 The construction team for the model house in the model village watch the Opening Ceremonies from the roof 48 3.7 William McDonough addresses the crowd in Huangbaiyu 51 3.8 Residents listen to McDonough 52 3.9 Benxi Mayor Li Bo examines the “sustainable” and “ecological” materials used to construct the first model house in the sustainable development model village 54 4.1 Entrance to the model sustainable development project in Huangbaiyu 60 4.2 The perceived threat of China’s newly consumptive population 64 4.3 “Awaiting Xiaokang.” Performance art and photography by Han Bing, 2000 69 6.1 The Master Plan diagram for Huangbaiyu 128 6.2 The Hamlets of Huangbaiyu 129 6.3 Excrement-Nutrient Cycles in Systems of Household and Community/Market Circulation 135 7.1 Map of China 147 7.2 Map of Liaoning Province 147 7.3 Map of Huangbaiyu village, Sishanling Township, Nanfen District, Benxi City, Liaoning Province. 148 7.4 Hamlets of Huangbaiyu Village 157 iii List of Tables TABLES 5.1 Leadership of the US-China Forum on Environment and Development during the Second Forum held on April 9, 1999 in Washington, DC 82 5.2 Participants in US-China Forum on Environment and Development Business Roundtable, co-chaired by US Vice President Al Gore and China Premier Zhu Rongji, April 9, 1999, Washington, DC. 83 6.1 Available Sources of Household Income in Existing Hamlets and Under the Master Plan 138 7.1 Huangbaiyu Hamlet and Production Team names 158 iv Acknowledgements A dissertation in anthropology is difficult because while it is a research and writing project, it is also a very personal process of self-discovery and maturity. The anthropologist lives her material, and that living means that it is an emotional, complicated, and long process through which many personal and professional debts are acquired. Every day I worked with my data, I was reminded of the courage of the people who spoke with me and let me live their lives with them: the courage to tell me personal thoughts, the courage to speak about their aspirations to design a new city, the courage to openly discuss government plans, the courage to reflect on corporate missions, and the courage to reflect on work that did not go as planned. It is not an easy thing to allow someone in to your life and work as an observer and questioner, and yet dozens of people did. Funding for the research of this dissertation came from the National Science Foundation, UC Berkeley Dean’s Office, and Intel Corporation. This dissertation would not have been possible if Intel Corporation’s People and Practices Research Group had not offered me a research internship, and informed the China-US Center for Sustainable Development (the Center) that I would be conducting my dissertation research under their auspices, and requested my full inclusion in the organization. As a member of the Center’s Board of Councilors, Intel was in a position to make such a request and have it honored. I do not think that such extensive and open access to all the elements of the Center’s work would have been possible without Intel’s support. John Sherry, Tony Salvador, Richard Beckwith, Scott Mainwaring, and Ken Anderson were particularly supportive and helpful. The China-US Center for Sustainable Development was also remarkably open, and showed great generosity in their making materials available and including me in many of their project deliberations. Rick Schulberg, Rory Schmick, Joe Marcotte, and Zhong Ping were incredibly inclusive of me, and always demonstrated dedication and personal commitment to their work. Bradley Zenger, Joe Miller, Mary Andringa and Jason Pearson were also open with their time and their thoughts when our work brought us together. Professor Peng Zhenwei of Tongji University was always generous with his time for my insistent questions, whether we were in Huangbaiyu, Beijing, or Shanghai. Unlike many anthropologists working in China I never had my research or living directly curtailed by government or party officials. It is still not allowed for a foreigner to live in a village in China, and it took the active engagement and the opening of “back doors” by many government officials for my visas to be granted. The welcome that I received from the municipal government is a testament to their support of and hopes for the Huangbaiyu project. Professor and Benxi Assistant Mayor Dai Limin was a close colleague during my stay in Huangbaiyu, someone with whom I could speak about anything. He is a respected forestry ecology scholar, and a thoughtful policy advisor and management official for his city’s government. Sishanling’s Party Secretary Zhang Shuyuan was a close confidante who never bit his tongue, and made me feel at home. I must give a special thanks to William McDonough who, despite his fame and renown, made himself available for my questions in person and over the phone, in Huangbaiyu, Beijing, and Maui. He is a man with a kind heart, guided by a strong vision.
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