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Making Meaning of Urban Greening in the Anthropocene University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 Making Meaning of Urban Greening in the Anthropocene Theodore Stephen Eisenman University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons, Landscape Architecture Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Eisenman, Theodore Stephen, "Making Meaning of Urban Greening in the Anthropocene" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1051. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1051 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1051 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Making Meaning of Urban Greening in the Anthropocene Abstract Municipalities worldwide are showing substantial interest in urban greening, defined here as the introduction or conservation of flora in cities. Encompassing innovative policies, designs, and initiatives that are vegetating the urban landscape, this bloom of activity may be unlike anything since street trees and large parks transformed the fabric of cities in the 19th century. Yet, there has been little scholarship on the historical and contemporary contours of these practices, which are emerging amidst two important phenomena: global urbanization; and increasing awareness of human-induced alteration of the biosphere, described here as the Anthropocene Awakening. This dissertation strives to make meaning of urban greening at this significant inflection point through a chronicle of trees in U.S. cities, assessment of city planning scholarship, review of scientific literature addressing human health benefits of urban vegetation, and a survey of municipal tree planting practitioners. Longitudinal study reveals that the rationale for urban trees has recently shifted from civic improvement and beautification ot ecosystem services. Research on urban ecosystem services is an open frontier; and there is a pressing need for a definition and conceptual framework that reflects municipal greening practice. Human health is a central aspect of ecosystem services, and scientific literature reveals a psychosocial orientation to the human health benefits of urban flora. This suggests that cultural ecosystem services are especially important in urban settings; and that research and practice should address the socioecological dimensions of flora in cities. This represents an opportunity for urban planners and designers, despite a lack of attention to greenery in city planning scholarship. Literature also suggests that urban trees may, depending on many factors, be a minor component in mitigating local and global air pollution; and arguments based on this rationale may divert attention from the problem – fossil fuel emissions. A survey of municipal tree planting programs and practitioners supports this reasoning. Findings also suggest a planning and design norm described as proximal greening for multifunctional urban landscapes. Finally, as municipal leaders and residents grapple with the profound implications of the Anthropocene and seek to enhance the livability and sustainability of cities, urban greening may contribute more to the former than the latter. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group City & Regional Planning First Advisor Thomas L. Daniels Keywords Anthropocene, green infrastructure, livability, urban ecosystem services, urban greening, urban trees Subject Categories Environmental Sciences | Landscape Architecture | Urban Studies and Planning This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1051 VTSO le serlrmuruo] elqeuleNns roJ relueC eruoJrTeC ocueprse5-ur-rosseJoJd pue Jolcerr6l'1]ecur4 elueqdelg erue,r1.(suue4 go r$rsrerrrun 'uorlecnpg pue rlcreeseU u€qrnJo JosseJordJropssnN'J ecuer \ef 'qcJlg '1 erueEng eruerrlr(suue4 go ,(1rsre.r.run '3uruue14 1euorEs5 puu .Qr3 go JosseJoJd 'slerueq ',I seruor{J eeDlruruoJ uorlBuossr(I uor]€cnpg pue r{cr€ese6 ueqrnJo rossoJoJdJJopssnN'J ocuer \eT 'r{cJlfl '1 erueEng a.tnlouBtg uosradrruq3 dnorg elcnpuJg Suruuey4 leuorEeg pue fi13 3o rosseJord'slerueq'.I s"uror{J 9IOZ ,(qdosopq4 Jo rolco6l Jo ee.r8eq eql roJ slueure;rnbo5 orpJo luetullglnC Ielged UI eruerr1,(suue4 3o,{1rsre^run eq} Jo ser}Fcec oql o} palueserd 3uruue14 leuor8eg puu .Qg3 UI NOIJVJUSSSIC V uetuuesrg ueqdel5 oJopoer{J flNf,JOdOUHINY trHJ NI CNINgtrUC NYflUN f,O ONINYSW ONDIYW MAKING MEANING OF URBAN GREENING IN THE ANTHROPOCENE COPYRIGHT 2015 Theodore Stephen Eisenman iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to extend sincere gratitude to my dissertation advisor Thomas Daniels, and to committee members Eugenie Birch and Stephanie Pincetl. Tom’s expertise in environmental planning has been invaluable. He has been generous with his time, consistent in his support, and an excellent mentor. Genie’s keen editorial eye, passion for urban planning, and unflagging commitment to bringing this work to bear on the world is infectious. Stephanie deepened my exposure to the urban greening discourse and encouraged me to ask important questions. This work would not have been possible without the support of many others. Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch served as an external reader and provided sophisticated comments that enriched the work. Richard Weller also served as an external reader, moving me to explore the broad implications of municipal greening. Sharon Ravitch’s courses on qualitative methods were instrumental in developing the dissertation proposal. Directly and indirectly, UPenn faculty members have informed this work. David Gouverneur deepened my thinking on urban design in a global context. Amy Hillier offered guidance and helpful comments related to human health. Andy Lamas reinforced the importance of the experiential and the sociopolitical. John Landis deepened my appreciation for the complexity and scope of urban planning. Domenic Vitiello, Ann Greene, and Francesca Ammon helped me to situate urban greening in historic context. And Aaron Wunsch expanded my purview to include therapeutic landscapes. In addition to the knowledge imparted, each has modeled what it means to be an inspired scholar and teacher. Outside of UPenn, Elizabeth Blackmar, Larissa Larsen, Gina Lovasi, and Bill Sullivan offered thoughtful comments and discussion. Others have kindly responded to inquiries, including: Sarah Anderson; Rob Armstrong; Jason Byrne, Lindsay Campbell; Robert iv Goo; Henry Lawrence; Anthony Le; Lara Roman; Georgia Silvera Seamans; Erika Svendsen; Tom Whitlow; and Al Zelaya. I would like to extend special thanks to the local tree planting practitioners who offered their time to participate in the survey and interview I conducted. For purposes of confidentiality, these persons cannot be named. But I sincerely appreciate your time in contributing to this research, and I commend you for your inspired work. The UPenn library staff has been very helpful with research, including: Ed Deegan, Heather Glaser, William Keller, Nick Okrent, and Anu Vedantham. Roslynne Carter and Kate Daniel in the Department’s administrative office have been consistently supportive, as have Chris Cataldo, Alex Jarymovych, Andrea Porter, and Christine Williams with the School of Design. Over the course of the past few years, my City and Regional Planning PhD student colleagues have in various ways supported this work and me. Thank you Stuart Andreasson, Katie Brinkley, Caroline Cheong, Ben Chrisinger, Meagan Ehlenz, Billy Fleming, Albert Han, Kirsten Kinzer, Theodore Lim, Amy Lynch, Simon Mosbah, Mary Rocco, Matthias Sweet, Ken Steif, Joseph Su, Josh Warner, and Zoe Warner. Helene Littke and Tigran Haas were pivotal in arranging a Visiting PhD Fellowship at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden during summer 2014. In my previous academic training at Cornell University, Barbara Bedford, Paula Horrigan, Marianne Krasny, Peter Trowbridge, Tom Whitlow, and Robert Young contributed to my scholarly development and research interests. These interests have also been informed by professional colleagues including: Chad Adams, Jose Almiñana, Jeff Anzevino, Matt Arnn, Carol Ash, Kent Barwick, Chris Behr, Heather Boyer, Janet Burnet, Andy Chmar, Bob Elliott, Joan Davidson, Katy Dunlap, Carol Franklin, Simon v Gruber, Peter Harnik, Clay Hiles, Jennifer Grossman, Paula Hewitt, Angela Kays- Burden, Liz McEnaney, Jon Meade, Franco Montalto, Lynn Richards, Steve Rosenberg, Rik Scarce, Ned Sullivan, Sacha Spector, and Burt Woolf. Heartfelt thanks to Shenglin Elijah Chang, Cynthia Cortes, and Katherine Kalavritinos for support and encouragement during the transition to, and throughout, this important life chapter. To Daniel Cantor, Annica Carlmark, Jeff Carreira, Sophia Demas, Amy Edelstein, Amy and Lance Izakov, Deborah Kaplan, Michele Kaufman, Patty Redenbaugh, Dorian Schiller, Aza Williams, Helena van Vliet, Danielle Wright, and David Zeitler for inspiration and depth. To Allison Baird, Chris Behr, Diji Chandrasekharan, Brian Cooney, Heather and Marc Dantzker, Court Golumbic, Jon Guth, Philip Handmaker, Janne Helmersson, Hans Johnson, Joe and Jennifer Millman, Rusty and Elizabeth Greiff, Stewart Lewack, Bill Sprengnether, Caroline Stem, Josh and Vanina Wolf, and Brooke Zanetell for laughter and longstanding friendship. To Aunt Lillie and Uncle Art for taking such interest in this work and for unconditional support – Yes, Dad would
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