Signals and Communication Technology

Series Editors Emre Celebi, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA Jingdong Chen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China E. S. Gopi, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Amy Neustein, Linguistic Technology Systems, Fort Lee, NJ, USA H. Vincent Poor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA This series is devoted to fundamentals and applications of modern methods of signal processing and cutting-edge communication technologies. The main topics are information and signal theory, acoustical signal processing, image processing and multimedia systems, mobile and wireless communications, and computer and communication networks. Volumes in the series address researchers in academia and industrial R&D departments. The series is application-oriented. The level of presentation of each individual volume, however, depends on the subject and can range from practical to scientific. “Signals and Communication Technology” is indexed by Scopus.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4748 Walter Fischer

Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology A Practical Engineering Guide

Fourth Edition

123 Walter Fischer Rohde&Schwarz GmbH & Co KG Training Center Munich, Germany

Translated by István Szendro Csaba Szombathy SZOMEL Translation Agency SZOMEL Translation Agency

ISSN 1860-4862 ISSN 1860-4870 (electronic) Signals and Communication Technology ISBN 978-3-030-32184-0 ISBN 978-3-030-32185-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32185-7

1st–3rd editions: © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004, 2008, 2010 4th edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface to the Fourth Edition

Eight years have elapsed since the last edition of this book, and the ap- pearance of the first English edition dates even further back to 1.5 decades from now. In both periods many amazing technical innovations were in- troduced. The most important invention in the last decades was the smart phone and the tablet PC. Both products have changed the world in general and also the world of broadcasting. Movies, as well as TV and audio broadcast services are now transported via both traditional transmission techniques and smart phones or tablet PCs. Especially the young genera- tion uses more and more the IP-based broadcast technology called ”streaming“. This current version of the book has been completely revised and ex- tended to the current broadcast technology standards. Practical examples from the introduction phase of DVB-T2 are included as well as new stand- ards like 3DTV, HbbTV, HEVC/H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV Ultra High Definition, 4K, DOCSIS3.1, OTT/streaming, ATSC3.0 and LTE/5G-based broadcast. Concerning audio broadcasting, both its digital aspect such as DAB/DAB+ and its analog form like FM are described. When the first edition of this book was published, analog television sys- tems represented the technology of the era and nearly all the TV sets in the living rooms were heavy cathode ray tube equipment, featuring big dimen- sions with a typical screen diameter not wider than 32 inches. Now we are using big flat screens whose diameters often reach up to 60 inches, but are typically not smaller than 40 inches. Such flat screens are no longer heavy and they can also display ultra high definition pictures. Accordingly, the typical program materials are mostly distributed in high definition televi- sion resolution. This work has been published in English and in German languages, and some editions have been even translated into Hungarian and Spanish lan- guages. Many people all over the world on all continents have read this book, giving a lot of positive feedback. Many participants in my numberless broadcast seminars all over the world have used this book as an additional source of information. On the other hand, I have included many inputs from my seminars, lessons at the

V VI Preface to the Fourth Edition

Munich University of Applied Sciences and the Deggendorf Institute of Technology (DIT, THD), as well as experiences and results from field tri- als and laboratory tests in this book. Let me express my deep thanks to everybody who helped me to com- plete this book and who gave me feedback. I would like to express my special thanks to my colleagues at Rohde & Schwarz and to Springer. I am also very pleased to have met Csaba Szombathy from Budapest – he and his translation agency helped me to translate and correct some new chap- ters. I have also further extended my experience via intensive communica- tion with different broadcasters and broadcast network providers all over the world.

Dipl.Ing.(FH) Walter Fischer Moosburg an der Isar, near Munich, Germany, August 2019

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... VII

1 Introduction ...... 1

2 Analog Television ...... 11 2.1 Scanning an Original Black/White Picture ...... 14 2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses ...... 16 2.3 Adding the Color Information ...... 18 2.4 Transmission Methods ...... 21 2.5 Distortion and Interference ...... 22 2.6 Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval ...... 24 2.7 Measurements on Analog Video Signals ...... 28 2.8 Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network ...... 33

3 The MPEG Data Stream ...... 35 3.1 MPEG-Standards and Applications ...... 36 3.2 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream ...... 41 3.3 The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES)...... 44 3.4 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet ...... 47 3.5 Information for the Receiver ...... 51 3.5.1 Synchronizing to the Transport Stream ...... 52 3.5.2 Reading out the Current Program Structure ...... 53 3.5.3 Accessing a Program ...... 55 3.5.4 Accessing Scrambled Programs ...... 55 3.5.5 Program Synchronization (PCR, DTS, PTS) ...... 57 3.5.6 Additional Information in the Transport Stream (SI) ...... 60 3.5.7 Non-Private and Private Sections and Tables ...... 61 3.5.8 The Service Information according to DVB (SI) ...... 69 3.6 The PSIP according to the ATSC ...... 83 3.7 ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T ...... 86 3.8 DTMB (China) Tables ...... 88 3.9 Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream ...... 88

VII VIII Table of Contents

3.9.1 The Transport Priority ...... 88 3.9.2 The Transport Scrambling Control Bits ...... 89 3.9.3 The Adaptation Field Control Bits ...... 89 3.9.4 The Continuity Counter ...... 90

4 Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601) ...... 91

5 Video Signal Formats for HDTV and UHDTV ...... 97 5.1 Image Formats ...... 98 5.2 Uncompressed HDTV Baseband Signal ...... 100 5.3 Physical Video Interface Signals Up To UHDTV ...... 103

6 Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain ...... 107 6.1 The Fourier Transform ...... 109 6.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) ...... 111 6.3 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ...... 113 6.4 Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT ...... 115 6.5 The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) ...... 115 6.6 Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency Domain ...... 119 6.7 Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them ...... 121 6.8 Window Functions ...... 124

7 Video Coding (MPEG-2, MPEG-4/AVC, HEVC) ...... 125 7.1 Video Compression ...... 126 7.1.1 Reducing the Quantization from 10 Bits to 8 ...... 129 7.1.2 Omitting the Horizontal and Vertical Blanking Intervals ...... 130 7.1.3 Reduction in Vertical Color Resolution (4:2:0) ...... 131 7.1.4 Further Data Reduction Steps ...... 132 7.1.5 Differential Pulse Code Modulation of Moving Pictures ...... 133 7.1.6 Discrete Cosine Transform Followed by Quantization ...... 138 7.1.7 Zig-Zag Scanning with Run-Length Coding of Zero Sequ. .. 145 7.1.8 Huffman Coding ...... 146 7.2 Summary ...... 146 7.3 Structure of the Video Elementary Stream ...... 149 7.4 More Recent Video Compression Methods ...... 152 7.5 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding ...... 152 7.6 HEVC ― High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV ...... 160 7.6.1. Image Formats ...... 160 7.6.2. Video Coding Methods ...... 161 7.6.3. The Place of H.265 in the MPEG World ...... 162 7.6.4. Video Coding Steps in H.265 ...... 164 Table of Contents IX

7.6.5. HEVC in Detail ...... 166 7.6.6. Summary, Outlook, and the Path to UHDTV ...... 174

8 Audio Coding ...... 177 8.1 Digital Audio Source Signal ...... 177 8.2 History of Audio Coding ...... 178 8.3 Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear ...... 181 8.4 Basic Principles of Audio Coding ...... 185 8.5 Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II ...... 187 8.6 Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital ...... 190 8.7 Multichannel Sound ...... 191 8.8 New Developments - MPEG-4 ...... 192

9 Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB ...... 195 9.1 Teletext and Subtitles ...... 195 9.2 Video Program System ...... 199 9.3 WSS – Wide Screen Signalling ...... 201 9.4 Practical examples ...... 203 9.5 Further Program Associated Data ...... 205

10 Physical AV Interface Signals ...... 207 10.1 Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals ...... 209 10.2 "CCIR 601" Parallel and Serial Interface ...... 210 10.3 Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface (TS PARALLEL) ...... 211 10.4 Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface (TS-ASI) ...... 215 10.5 SMPTE310 Interface ...... 216 10.6 ISDB-T BCMUX ...... 217 10.7 DVI Interface ...... 217 10.8 HD-SDI interface ...... 219 10.9 DVB-IP interface ...... 219 10.10 SDI over IP, AVB ...... 220 10.11 HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface ...... 220 10.11.1 HDMI – Development Path and Versions ...... 221 10.11.2 Mechanical Implementation ...... 222 10.11.3 HDMI Interface Functions ...... 224 10.11.4 HDMI Interface Signal Formats ...... 225 10.11.5 HDMI Measurement Technology ...... 228 10.11.6 HDMI – Summary and Outlook ...... 228

11 Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream ...... 231 11.1 Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss) ...... 233 X Table of Contents

11.2 Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error) ...... 234 11.3 Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT) ...... 234 11.4 Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error) ... 235 11.5 The PID_Error ...... 236 11.6 The Continuity_Count_Error ...... 237 11.7 The Transport_Error (Priority 2) ...... 238 11.8 The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error ...... 239 11.9 The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error) ...... 239 11.10 The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error) ...... 241 11.11 The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error) ...... 242 11.12 Service Information Repetition Rate Error (SI_Repetition) ..... 243 11.13 Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables ... 244 11.14 Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID) ...... 244 11.15 Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information 245 11.16 Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error ...... 246 11.17 Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream .. 246

12 Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals ...... 249 12.1 Methods for Measuring Video Quality ...... 251 12.1.1 Subjective Picture Quality Analysis ...... 252 12.1.2 Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale Method DSCQS 253 12.1.3 Single Stimulus Continual Quality Evaluation Method SSCQE ...... 253 12.2 Objective Picture Quality Analysis ...... 253 12.3 Summary and Outlook ...... 259

13 Basic Principles of Digital Modulation ...... 261 13.1 Introduction ...... 261 13.2 Mixer ...... 263 13.3 Amplitude Modulator ...... 265 13.4 IQ Modulator ...... 267 13.5 The IQ Demodulator ...... 275 13.6 Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation...... 280 13.7 Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform ...... 282 13.8 Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction ...... 284 13.9 A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods ...... 288 13.9.1 Amplitude Modulation ...... 289 13.9.2 Variants of Amplitude Modulation ...... 293 13.9.3 Frequency Modulation ...... 294 13.9.4 Phase Modulation ...... 297 13.10 Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals ...... 298 Table of Contents XI

13.11 Summary ...... 301

14 Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S2 . 303 14.1 The DVB-S System Parameters ...... 306 14.2 The DVB-S Modulator ...... 308 14.3 Convolutional Coding ...... 314 14.4 Signal Processing in the Satellite ...... 319 14.5 The DVB-S Receiver ...... 320 14.6 Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link ...... 323 14.7 DVB-S2 ...... 327 14.8 DVB-S2X – Extensions in the DVB-S2 Standard ...... 334

15 DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology ...... 341 15.1 Introduction ...... 341 15.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios ...... 342 15.3 Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer .. 344 15.3.1 Approximate Determination of the Noise Power N ...... 346 15.3.2 C/N, S/N and Eb/N0 ...... 347 15.3.3 Finding the EB/N0 Ratio in DVB-S(1) ...... 348 15.4 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ...... 349 15.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation ...... 350 15.6 DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test ...... 351 15.7 Measurements on a Satellite Antenna System ...... 353

16 Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C ...... 357 16.1 The DVB-C Standard ...... 359 16.2 The DVB-C Modulator ...... 361 16.3 The DVB-C Receiver ...... 363 16.4 Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link ...... 364

17 Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B (US) . 367 17.1 J83B Transmission Parameters ...... 369 The transmission parameters provided in J83B are: ...... 369 17.2 J83B Baseband Input Signals ...... 370 17.3 Forward Error Correction ...... 370 17.4. Calculation of the Net Data Rate ...... 372 17.5 Roll-off Filtering ...... 373 17.6 Fall-off-the-Cliff ...... 373

18 Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable ...... 377 18.1 DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis378 18.2 Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis .... 382 XII Table of Contents

18.2.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) ...... 382 18.2.2 Phase Jitter ...... 385 18.2.3 Sinusoidal Interferer ...... 386 18.2.4 Effects of the I/Q Modulator ...... 386 18.2.5 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ...... 389 18.2.6 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) ...... 391 18.3 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER) ...... 391 18.4 Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals ...... 392 18.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation ...... 394 18.6 Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel ...... 395 18.7 DVB-C/J83A/B/C Receiver Test ...... 395

19 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) ...... 399 19.1 Why Multi-Carrier? ...... 401 19.2 What is COFDM? ...... 404 19.3 Generating the COFDM Symbols ...... 409 19.4 Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum ...... 419 19.5 Hierarchical Modulation ...... 423 19.6 Summary ...... 423

20 Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T) . 425 20.1 The DVB-T Standard ...... 427 20.2 The DVB-T Carriers ...... 429 20.3 Hierarchical Modulation ...... 435 20.4 DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel ...... 437 20.5 The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter ...... 446 20.6 The DVB-T Receiver ...... 449 20.7 Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects .. 454 20.8 DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN) ...... 462 20.9 Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T ...... 470

21 Measuring DVB-T Signals ...... 477 21.1 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio ...... 479 21.2 Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer ...... 481 21.3 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals ...... 485 21.3.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) ...... 486 21.3.2 Phase Jitter ...... 486 21.3.3 Interference Sources ...... 486 21.3.4 Echoes, Multipath Reception ...... 487 21.3.5 Doppler Effect ...... 487 21.3.6 I/Q Errors of the Modulator ...... 487 21.3.7 Cause and Effect of I/Q Errors in DVB-T ...... 491 Table of Contents XIII

21.4 Measuring the Crest Factor ...... 500 21.5 Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response ... 501 21.6 Measuring the Impulse Response ...... 502 21.7 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation ...... 502

22 DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds .... 507 22.1 Introduction ...... 507 22.2 Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting ...... 509 22.3 Essential Parameters of DVB-H ...... 511 22.4 DSM-CC Sections ...... 511 22.5 Multiprotocol Encapsulation ...... 513 22.6 DVB-H Standard ...... 514 22.7 Summary ...... 519 22.8 DVB-SH ...... 520

23 Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard ...... 523 23.1 The 8VSB Modulator ...... 528 23.2 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate ...... 536 23.3 The ATSC Receiver ...... 538 23.4 Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path ...... 538 23.5 ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV ...... 539 23.5.1 Compatibility with the Existing Frame Structure ...... 539 23.5.2 MPEG-4 Video and Audio Streaming ...... 541 23.5.3 ATSC M/H Multiplexer ...... 543 23.5.4 ATSC M/H Modulator ...... 546 23.5.5 Forming Single-Frequency Networks ...... 546 23.5.6 Summary ...... 547 23.6 Closed Captioning ...... 548 23.7 Current Status of ATSC ...... 549

24 ATSC/8VSB Measurements ...... 551 24.1 Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement ...... 551 24.2 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer ...... 552 24.3 Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals ...... 553 24.4 Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response .... 556 24.5. Further Measurements ...... 559

25 Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T...... 561 25.1 Introduction ...... 561 25.2 ISDB-T Concept ...... 562 25.4 Forming Layers ...... 564 25.5 Baseband Encoding ...... 565 XIV Table of Contents

25.6 Changes in the Transport Stream Structure ...... 565 25.7 Block Diagram ...... 567 25.8 Channel Tables ...... 568 25.9 Performance of ISDB-T ...... 569 25.10 Other ISDB Standards ...... 571 25.11 ISDB-T measurements ...... 571 25.12 Summary ...... 573

26 Digital Audio Broadcasting – DAB/DAB+ ...... 575 26.1 Comparing DAB and DVB ...... 577 26.2 An Overview of DAB ...... 580 26.3 The Physical Layer of DAB ...... 585 26.4 DAB – Forward Error Correction ...... 597 26.5 DAB Modulator and Transmitter ...... 602 26.6 DAB Data Structure ...... 606 26.7 DAB Single-Frequency Networks ...... 611 26.8 DAB Data Broadcasting ...... 613 26.9 DAB+ ...... 614 26.10 DAB/DAB+ Multiplex Signal Formats ...... 616 26.11 DAB Measuring Technology ...... 617 26.11.1 Testing DAB Receivers ...... 617 26.11.2 Measuring the DAB Signal ...... 618

27 DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU ...... 623 27.1 Data Broadcasting in DVB ...... 624 27.2 Object Carousels ...... 625 27.3 The Multimedia Home Platform MHP ...... 627 27.4 System Software Update SSU ...... 629

28 T-DMB ...... 631

29 IPTV – Television over the Internet ...... 633 29.1 DVB-IP ...... 635 29.2 IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI ...... 636 29.3 OTT – Over the TOP TV ...... 637

30 DRM – Digital Radio Mondiale ...... 639 30.1 Audio source encoding ...... 643 30.2 Forward Error Correction ...... 643 30.3 Modulation Method ...... 644 30.4 Frame structure ...... 645 30.5 Interference on the transmission link ...... 646 Table of Contents XV

30.6 DRM data rates ...... 647 30.7 DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers ...... 648 30.8 DRM+ ...... 649

31 Single-Frequency Networks in DVB-T in Practice ...... 651 31.1 SFN Measurement Parameters ...... 652 31.1.1 Guard Interval Violation ...... 656 31.1.2 Pre-echoes ...... 658 31.1.3 The 0-dB Echo ...... 658 31.1.4 Quasi Mobile Receiving Situation ...... 659 31.1.5 Transmission of Non-Identical TPS Bits ...... 659 31.1.6 Frequency Accuracy of the Transmitters ...... 660 31.2 Practical Examples ...... 660 31.2.1 Pre-echoes ...... 663 31.2.2 The 0-dB Echoes ...... 663 31.2.4 TPS Bits ...... 663 31.2.5 Mobile DVB-T Reception ...... 665 31.3 Response of DVB-T Receivers ...... 670 31.4 Receiver Test ...... 671 33.4.1 Minimum Receiver Input Level in the AWGN Channel ..... 672 31.4.2 Minimum SNR ...... 672 31.4.3 Adjacent-Channel Occupancy ...... 672 31.4.4 Co-channel Reception ...... 673 31.4.5 Multi-path Reception ...... 673 31.4.6 Channel Search ...... 673 31.4.7 Booting Speed and Action ...... 673 31.4.8 Program Change ...... 673 31.4.9 Teletext ...... 674 31.4.10 VPS Functions ...... 674 31.4.11 Dynamic PSI/SI Tables ...... 674 31.4.12 Firmware Configuration ...... 674 31.4.13 Miscellaneous ...... 675 31.5 Network Planning ...... 675 31.6 Filling the Gaps in the Coverage ...... 675 31.7 Fall-off-the-Cliff ...... 678 31.8 Summary ...... 679

32 DTMB ...... 681 32.1 DMB-T, or now DTMB ...... 681 32.2 Some more Details ...... 682

33 DOCSIS – Data over Cable Service Interface Specification ...... 687 XVI Table of Contents

33.1 Downstream ...... 687 33.2 Upstream ...... 689 33.3 CMTS and Cable Modem ...... 690 33.4 The Development of DOCSIS ...... 690 33.5 Data Streams – Continuous and Time Slot-Based (TDMA) ...... 695 33.6 Modulation – Single- and Multi-Carrier Schemes on the Cable 695 33.7 DOCSIS 3.1 ...... 697 33.8 Outlook ...... 713

34 Display Technologies ...... 715 34.1 Previous Converter Systems - the Nipkow Disk ...... 717 34.2 The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) ...... 719 34.3 The Plasma Screen ...... 723 34.4 The Liquid Crystal Display Screen ...... 724 34.5 Digital Light Processing Systems ...... 726 34.6 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes ...... 726 34.7 Effects on Image Reproduction ...... 726 34.8 Compensation Methods ...... 729 34.9 Test Methods ...... 729 34.10 Current State of the Technology ...... 730

35 The New Generation of DVB Standards ...... 733 35.1 Overview of the DVB Standards ...... 734 35.2 Characteristics of the Old and the New Standards ...... 735 35.3 Capabilities and Aims of the New DVB Standards ...... 736

36 Baseband Signals for DVB-x2 ...... 739 36.1 Input Signal Formats ...... 739 36.1.1 MPEG-2 Transport Streams - TS ...... 740 36.1.2 Generic Fixed Packetized Streams - GFPS ...... 741 36.1.3 Generic Continuous Streams - GCS ...... 741 36.1.4 Generic Encapsulated Streams - GSE ...... 742 36.2 Signal Processing and Conditioning in the Modulator Input Section ...... 742 36.2.1 Single Input Stream ...... 743 36.2.2 Multiple Input Streams ...... 746 36.3 Standard-related Special Features ...... 749 36.3.1 DVB-S2 ...... 749 36.3.2 DVB-T2 ...... 750 36.3.3 DVB-C2 ...... 756 36.3.4 DVB-S2X ...... 757 Table of Contents XVII

37 DVB-T2 ...... 759 37.1 Introduction ...... 759 37.2 Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity ...... 760 37.3 DVB-T2 - Overview ...... 761 37.4 Baseband Interface ...... 762 37.5 Forward Error Correction ...... 764 37.6 COFDM Parameters ...... 768 37.6.1 Normal Carrier Mode ...... 771 37.6.2 Extended Carrier Mode ...... 771 37.7 Modulation Patterns ...... 774 37.7.1 Normal Constellation Diagrams ...... 774 37.7.2 Definition of 'Cell' ...... 776 37.7.3 Rotated Q-delayed Constellation Diagrams ...... 776 37.8 Frame Structure ...... 779 37.8.1 P1 Symbol ...... 781 37.8.2 P2 Symbols ...... 782 37.8.3 Symbol, Frame, Superframe ...... 783 37.9 Block Diagram ...... 784 37.10 Interleavers ...... 785 37.10.1 Types of Interleaver ...... 786 37.10.2 DVB-T2 Time Interleaver Configuration ...... 787 37.11 Pilots ...... 790 37.12 Sub-Slicing ...... 793 37.13 Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS) ...... 794 37.14 PAPR Reduction ...... 794 37.15 SISO/MISO Multi-Antenna Systems ...... 796 37.15.1 MISO according to Alamouti ...... 796 37.15.2 Modified Alamouti in DVB-T2 ...... 797 37.16 Future Extension Frames ...... 801 37.17 Auxiliary Data Streams ...... 801 37.18 DVB-T2-MI ...... 801 37.19 SFNs in DVB-T2 ...... 802 37.20 Transmitter Identification Information in DVB-T2 ...... 803 37.21 Performance ...... 804 37.22 T2-Lite ...... 804 37.23 Outlook ...... 804

38 DVB-C2 ...... 807 38.1 Introduction ...... 807 38.2 Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity ...... 809 38.3 DVB-C2 – An Overview ...... 810 38.4 Baseband Interface ...... 810 XVIII Table of Contents

38.5 Forward Error Correction ...... 811 38.6 COFDM Parameters ...... 811 38.7 Modulation Pattern ...... 813 38.10 Definition of a Cell ...... 815 38.11 Interleavers ...... 815 38.12 Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) ...... 816 38.13 Frame Structure ...... 816 38.14 Channel Bundling and Slice Building ...... 817 38.15 Preamble Symbols ...... 818 38.16 Pilots in DVB-C2 ...... 821 38.17 PAPR ...... 822 38.18 Block Diagram ...... 822 38.19 Levels in Broadband Cables ...... 822 38.20 Capacity ...... 824 38.21 Outlook ...... 824

39 DVB-T2 Measurement Technology ...... 825 39.1 Measuring the RF Level ...... 826 39.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios (BER) ...... 828 39.3 Measuring the Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ...... 829 39.4 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T2 Signals ...... 833 39.5 Measuring the Shoulder Distance ...... 836 39.6 Measuring the Channel Impulse Response ...... 838 39.7 Measuring the Amplitude Response and Group Delay ...... 838 39.8 Measuring the Crest Factor (PAPR) ...... 839 39.9 Pre- and Post-Signaling Data ...... 840 39.10 Practical Experiences and Measurement Results ...... 840 39.10.1 Single and Multiple PLP...... 842 39.10.2 Code Rates and Modulation Methods of DVB-T2 ...... 843 39.10.3 Comparison of Non-rotated and Rotated Constellations ... 843 39.10.4 Time Interleaver Parameters and Data Symbols per Fr. .... 844 39.10.5 DVB-T2 Based Single Frequency Networks ...... 844 39.10.6 SISO/MSO in DVB-T2 ...... 845 39.10.7 Suitability of DVB-T2 for Mobile Use ...... 846 39.11 Summary ...... 847

40 VHF FM Radio ...... 849 40.1 Channel Spacing and Modulation Method ...... 851 40.2 Spectrum of an FM-Modulated Signal ...... 853 40.3 Stereo Multiplex Signal ...... 857 40.4 Radio Data System (RDS) ...... 861 40.5 Minimum Field Strength and Adjacent-Channel Protection ...... 864 Table of Contents XIX

40.6 Interferences Along the VHF FM Transmission Path ...... 864 40.7 Minimum Receiver Input Level ...... 865 40.8 Comparison with DAB/DAB+ ...... 870 40.9 Measurements on VHF FM Stereo Signals ...... 871 40.9.1 Measuring the RF Level ...... 872 40.9.2 Level Adjustment ...... 872 40.9.3 Measuring the FM Deviation and the Multiplex Power ...... 874 40.9.4 Measuring the Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) ...... 874 40.9.5 Frequency Response of the Left and Right Audio Channels877 40.9.6 Measuring the Stereo Crosstalk ...... 877 40.9.7 Measuring the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) ...... 878 40.9.8 Stereo Balance ...... 879 40.9.9 Dual-Tone Factor ...... 879 40.9.10 MPX Baseband Frequency Response ...... 880 40.9.11 Asynchronous and Synchronous AM ...... 881 40.9.12 Measuring Out-of-Band Components...... 881

41 Other Transmission Standards ...... 883 41.1 MediaFLO ...... 883 41.2 IBOC - HD Radio ...... 884 41.3 FMextra ...... 885 41.4 CMMB – Chinese Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting ...... 885

42 Digital Dividend ...... 887 42.1 Anatomy of the Mobile Radio Signals ...... 887 42.2 Terrestrial TV Networks and Mobile Radio ...... 888 42.3 Broadband Cable TV Networks and Mobile Radio ...... 889 42.3.1 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on DVB-C ………890 42.3.2 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Analog TV Reception ...... 890 42.3.3 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Other Digital Broadband Services ...... 890 42.4 Electromagnetic Field Immunity Standard for Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers ...... 891 42.5 Summary ...... 891

43 3DTV – Three-Dimensional Television ...... 893 43.1 Anatomical Basics of 3D ...... 893 43.2 The 3D Principle ...... 895 43.3 Presentation of 3D Material ...... 896 43.4 3DTV Transmission ...... 898 43.5 Current 3D Technology Status and Outlook ...... 901 XX Table of Contents

44 Broadcast over Internet, HbbTV, OTT, Streaming ...... 903 44.1 Introduction ...... 903 44.2 Internet Applications in TV and Sound Broadcast ...... 904 44.3 HbbTV - Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV ...... 905 44.4 OTT – Over the Top TV ...... 910 44.5 Summary and Outlook ...... 912

45 Studio, Playout, Headend and Distribution Network ...... 915 45.1 Playout ...... 916 45.2 Headend ...... 917 45.3 Distribution Network ...... 918 45.4 Summary ...... 919

46 Terrestrial Broadcasting Transmitters and Transmitter Stations921 46.1 Modulation Signal Feed ...... 922 46.2 Terrestrial Broadcast-Transmit Station ...... 923 46.3 Modulator, Exciter ...... 925 46.4 GPS Time/Frequency Reference ...... 927 46.5 Transmitter Power Amplifiers ...... 928 46.5.1 Transistor Technology ...... 931 46.5.2 Power Amplifier Classes ...... 935 46.5.3 Power Combiners and Power Dividers ...... 940 46.5.4 Transmission Lines ...... 945 46.5.5 Cooling Technology ...... 947 46.5.6 Amplifier Technologies for Improving Efficiency ...... 949 46.6 Transmitter Output Filter ...... 952 46.6.1 Harmonics Filter ...... 954 46.6.2 Mask Filters ...... 954 46.7 Antenna Combiner ...... 961 46.8 Antenna Feed and Transmit Antenna ...... 961

47 ATSC3.0 ...... 971 47.1 ATSC3.0 goals and system design ...... 971 47.2 ATSC3.0 input formats ...... 972 47.3 ATSC3.0 forward error correction (FEC) ...... 972 47.4 Modulation scheme ...... 974 47.5 Layer Division Multiplexing ...... 976 47.6 Time Interleaving ...... 978 47.7 OFDM implementation in ATSC3.0 ...... 978 47.8. PAPR, SISO, MISO ...... 983 47.9 Single-Frequency Networks ...... 984 47.10 TDM, FDM and LDM ...... 984 Table of Contents XXI

47.11 Summary ...... 986

48 LTE/5G-Based Broadcast ...... 987 48.1 Mobile Broadcast Standards ...... 987 48.2 Mobile Communication Standards ...... 989 48.3 MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services ...... 994 48.4 Summary ...... 1000

49 Outlook ...... 1001

Bibliography ...... 1003

Definition of Terms ...... 1013

Channel Tables ...... 1029 Europe, Terrestrial and Cable ...... 1029 Australia, Terrestrial ...... 1032 North America, Terrestrial ...... 1033 North America, Cable ...... 1035 DAB Channel Tables ...... 1039 Europe, Satellite ...... 1042

Index ...... 1043