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Molecular and Morphological Evolution of the Amphipod Radiation of Lake Baikal

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Molecular and Morphological Evolution of the Amphipod Radiation of Lake Baikal W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 Molecular and morphological evolution of the amphipod radiation of Lake Baikal Kenneth S. Macdonald III College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Genetics Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Macdonald, Kenneth S. III, "Molecular and morphological evolution of the amphipod radiation of Lake Baikal" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616759. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-axk5-fs83 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. Molecular and Morphological Evolution of the Amphipod Radiation of Lake Baikal A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kenneth S. Macdonald III 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Approval Sheet This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Kenneth Macdonald III Approved, September 2002 f j J. Emmett Duffy, Ph.D. Committee Chairman/Advisor John Graves Kuehl John Holsinger Dept, of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University CftfF Cunningham Department of Biology Duke University ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... v List of Tables.............................................................................................................................vii List of Figures...........................................................................................................................viii Abstract....................................................................................................................................... x Introduction................................................................................................................................ 2 Literature Cited ...........................................................................................................................12 Chapter 1: A molecular phylogeny of the amphipods of Lake Baikal using 16S rDNA Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 19 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 24 Results.........................................................................................................................................28 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 31 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2: A Combined Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of the Amphipods of Lake Baikal, Russia Abstract.......................................................................................................................................65 Introduction ................................................................................................................................66 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 69 Results.........................................................................................................................................74 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Discussion. 76 Literature Cited ...........................................................................................................................83 Chapter 3: Morphological Character Evolution of the Amphipods of Lake Baikal Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 100 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................101 Materials and Methods ..............................................................................................................104 Results....................................................................................................................................... 105 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 107 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 116 General Conclusions.............................................................................................................. 141 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................ 145 Appendices.............................................................................................................................. 147 Vita............................................................................................................................................161 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments I would first and most importantly thank my major advisor. Dr. Emmett Duffy. Emmett not only took me. an aspiring "fish biologist”, under his wing and opened my eyes to the wonders of the invertebrate world, he was also very generous with his time and support. He also allowed me to not only achieve my goals, but also to have fun along the way. I also want to thank Dr. John Graves, who was a second major advisor in almost every way but name, for his support and for generously allowing almost unfettered use of his laboratory. I want to thank the rest of my committee: Dr. Cliff Cunningham, for his enthusiastic support and his analytical prowess; Dr. John Holsinger. for his amphipod expertise; and Dr. Steve Kuehl, for his different (i.e. non-biological) viewpoint and questions. I would also like to thank my two Russian colleagues: Dr. Nikolai Muguc provided numerous samples, and Dr. Lev Yampolsky not only supplied me with specimens, he also guided me to Lake Baikal, and allowed me to experience this wondrous place for myself. Thanks to all my lab mates, both in the Fisheries Genetics Lab and in the Evolutionary Ecology Lab (Go Team MOBEE!) for unending support, numerous lab lunches, beautiful days on the Ferry Pier, and all the juicy gossip I could bear. Also thanks to Dr. Dave Carlini, who helped me create a sturdy foundation of phylogenetic knowledge that has been steadily built upon during my years at VIMS, and Jan McDowell, who taught me most of the lab techniques I’ve been botching (through no fault of her own) for the last several years. I also want to thank my family, who, along with all the snide comments, also gave me v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. their undying love and support through many, many years of schooling. I want to thank my many wonderful friends I've collected over my seven years at VIMS, especially Sara, who has helped me deal with both the good and bad for over half of those years. When you spend seven years in once place, you tend to accumulate debts to practically everyone, so I finally want to thank the VIMS community in general, for making my tenure here an enjoyable one. This dissertation was financially supported by an NSF grant (DEB 9S-157S5). by part of a NOAA NMFS CMER award (NA17FE1497). and by numerous VIMS Minor Research Grants. VIMS GSA Minigrants, and William and Mary Minor Research Grants. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Tables Chapter 1 1. Species Sampled .................................................................................................................... 47 2. 16S Pairvvise Distances .......................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 2 1. Species Sampled .................................................................................................................... 87 2. Results of Phylogenetic Analyses ..........................................................................................88
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