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Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Introduction to Memory What would life be like with no memory? Worth Publishers Video Overview begin at 40 mins Memory . Memory (SAF video episode 2 begin @ 13:52) . persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information . Flashbulb Memory . a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event "You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is our coherence, our reason, our feelings, even our action. Without it, we are nothing.“ ~Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" Memory Demonstration I will share a list of words with you Your job is to try to recall all of them as best you can Please open your notebook and have a writing implement handy for after the demonstration Please do not talk during this demonstration Here are the words: BED NIGHT COMFORT REST AWAKE SNORE DREAM AARDVARK TIRED EAT SOUND SLUMBER WAKE •So those are the words. On that blank sheet of paper, write your name, your full address, phone number and your parents’ names •This is what is called a “distracter activity” Now, write the words you can recall—in any order I will be going around the room to see how you did. Now, how many of you remember the word “Aardvark”? How many of you remember the word “sleep”? Why do you think this occurred? Schema: A mental map or mental representation of an idea—made up of associations and connections The brain: •Looks for patterns •Tries to make meaning wherever it can (e.g. clouds, ceiling tiles, etc.) Memory Models to Know: Information Processing Model Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Atkinson Shiffrin Model 1968 Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory Memory: Information Processing Model . similar to a computer . write to file- type it in… . save to disk- hit save… . read from disk- find the file and open it…. Memory: Information Processing Model . Encoding . the processing of information into the memory system . i.e., extracting meaning . Storage . the retention of encoded information over time . Retrieval . process of getting information out of memory Memory: Atkinson Shiffrin Model A three stage processing model Components: Encoding and Retrieval Memory- AS . Sensory Memory . the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system . Working Memory (newer concept) . focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information Memory- AS . Short-Term Memory . activated memory that holds a few items briefly . look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten . Long-Term Memory . the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system A Simplified Connectionism and Info. Processing Memory Models Attention to important Sensory input or novel information Encoding External Sensory Short-term Long-term events memory memory memory Encoding Retrieving Encoding: Getting Information In Worth Publishers Encoding: Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic Encoding . Automatic Processing . unconscious encoding of incidental information . space . time . frequency . well-learned information . word meanings . we can learn automatic processing . reading backwards Encoding . Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage Encoding . Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables . TUV ZOF GEK WAV . the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 . Spacing Effect . distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice Encoding: Serial Position Effect Percent 90 age of 80 words Serial Position recalled 70 Effect-tendency 60 to recall best 50 the last items in 40 a list 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list What Do We Encode? . SeMantic Encoding . encoding of meaning . including Meaning of words . Acoustic Encoding . encoding of sound . especially sound of words . Visual Encoding . encoding of picture images Encoding Encoding . Imagery . mental pictures . a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding . Mnemonics . memory aids . especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Encoding . Chunking . organizing items into familiar, manageable units . like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 . often occurs automatically . use of acronyms . HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior . ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream Encoding: Chunking . Organized information is more easily recalled Encoding . Hierarchies . complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning Imagery Organization (semantic (visual Encoding) Encoding) Chunks Hierarchies Storage: Retaining Information Storage: Retaining Information . Iconic Memory . a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli . a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second . Echoic Memory . momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli Storage: Short-Term Memory Percentage 90 who recalled consonants 80 . Short-Term 70 60 Memory 50 40 . limited in 30 duration and 20 10 capacity 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 . “magical” Time in seconds between presentation number 7+/-2 of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Storage: Long-Term Memory . How does storage work? . Synaptic changes . Long-term Potentiation . increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation . Strong emotions make for stronger memories . some stress hormones boost learning and retention Storage: Long-Term Memory . Amnesia--the loss of memory . Explicit Memory . memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare . also called declarative memory . hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage . Implicit Memory . retention independent of conscious recollection . also called procedural memory Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit Implicit (declarative) (nondeclarative) With conscious Without conscious recall recall Facts-general Personally Dispositions- knowledge experienced Skills-motor classical and (“semantic events and cognitive operant memory”) (“episodic conditioning memory”) effects Storage: Long-Term Memory . MRI scan of hippocampus Prefrontal Cortex Memory involving the (in red) Never forget a sequence of events, not face video part 1 the events though Part 2 Amygdala Encodes emotional aspects of memory Hippocampus Encodes and transfers new explicit memories to LTM. Cerebellum Memories involving movement Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval: Getting Information Out . Recall . measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier . as on a fill-in-the blank test . Recognition . Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned . as on a multiple-choice test Recall vs. Recognition With celebrity yearbook photos! Instructions I will show you an old school photo of a celebrity and ask you to identify who it is with no hints. This is testing your recall – I am asking you to recall all of the celebrities you’ve ever seen that could possibly fit your impression of the picture. You’ll find that this is probably pretty tough. Next, I will offer you a list of possible celebrities to choose from that might belong to that photo (like a multiple choice test). This is testing your recognition – by asking you to choose the answer from a list of possibilities, you will probably find that when you have the opportunity to recognize the individual in question, it is easier to come up with a match. Ready? Recall Who is this handsome fellow? Recognition A. Brad Pitt B. Gordon Ramsay C. Ryan Seacrest D. Mike “The Situation” Sorentino Recall Who is this sweet-looking girl? Recognition A. Madonna B. Katy Perry C. Jenna Elfman D. Jennifer Aniston Recall Who is this fine young man? Recognition A. Eminem B. David Schwimmer C. Johnny Knoxville D. Taylor Lautner Recall Who is this gorgeous gal? Recognition A. Jennifer Lopez B. Eva Longoria C. Fergie D. Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi Recall Who is this lovely lady? Recognition A. Lisa Rinna B. Julia Roberts C. Kim Kardashian D. Megan Fox So which do you think is easier? Recall or Recognition? Why? Recall example Recognition example Retrieval . Relearning . memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time . Priming . activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory Retrieval Cues Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0 Water/ Land/ Water/ Land/ land water water land Different contexts for Same contexts for hearing and recall hearing and recall Retrieval Cues . Deja Vu (French)--already seen . cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience . "I've experienced this before." Retrieval Cues . Mood-congruent Memory . tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood . memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues . State-dependent Memory . what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state Retrieval Cues . After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier,
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