Master Plan on Water Supply and Sanitation for the Nirnova River Basin

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+)

MASTER PLAN ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FOR THE NIRNOVA RIVER BASIN Republic of Moldova DRAFT VERSION

Draft version 22 March 2021

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Beneficiaries IWRM department of the MARDE (legislation and supervision), Mayors’ association of the Nârnova basin (Planning support and follow up of implementation) in coordination with the Nisporeni and Hâncesti rayons councils Produced by OIKUMENA Public Association Authors Tudor Castravet, Team Manager, AO OIKUMENA; Veaceslav Vladicescu, Expert, ECOLOGIE-EXPERT S.R.L., Tatiana Ilescu, Expert, ECOLOGIE- EXPERT S.R.L. Produced for: International Office for Water (France), as contracting authority in EUWI+East member state consortium, responsible for this pilot implementation action foreseen in the future RBM plan. Contract follow up insured by Pierre Henry de Villeneuve, Jean-Marc Berland and Camille Madec (IOWater), Victor Bujac and Svetlana Stirbu (National EUWI+ Project Representatives in Moldova) Supervision Iurie Levinschi, president of the Rayon Hâncesti Vasile Marcuta, president of the Rayon Nisporeni In close coordination with the association of mayors and in particular Svetlana Duca in her role of animator, and Apele Moldovei (Liliana Povar - Directia alimentare cu apa si canalizare) Date March 11, 2021 Version draft Acknowledgements: Solidarity Water Europe for offering its support in particular for the creation of a pilot governance scheme for inter-municipality management at Nirnova basin scale and supporting anilation of the stakeholders’ involvement Financed by: European Union Co-financed by: Artois-Picardie Water Agency (France) for the implementing Member State

Disclaimer:

The EU-funded program European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+) is im-plemented by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), both responsible for the implementation of Result 1, and an EU Mem-ber States Consortium comprising the Environment Agency Austria (UBA, Austria), the lead coordinator, and the International Office for Water (IOW, France), both responsible for the implementation of Results 2 and 3. The program is co-funded by Austria and France through the Austrian Development Agency and the French Artois-Picardie Water Agency.This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union or of the governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries.This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Imprint Owner and Editor: EU Member State Consortium Umweltbundesamt GmbH International Office for Water (IOW) Spittelauer Lände 5 21/23 rue de Madrid 1090 Vienna, AUSTRIA 75008 Paris, FRANCE

Responsible IOW Communication officer: Chloé Dechelette, [email protected]

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 3 LIST OF TABLES ...... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 11 ANNEXES ...... 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 15 GLOSSARY ...... 17 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 19 1.1. Adequate character of the data ...... 19 2. GENERAL DIAGNOSIS ...... 22 2.1. Summary ...... 22 2.2. Project area – Nirnova Basin ...... 22 2.3. Natural setting ...... 29 2.3.1. Environment ...... 29 2.3.2. Climate ...... 31 2.3.3. Topography and landscape ...... 32 2.3.4. Geology and hydrogeology ...... 38 2.3.5. Hydrography ...... 44 2.3.6. Soils ...... 49 2.3.7. State Protected Natural Areas ...... 53 2.3.8. Ecological condition and sensitive areas ...... 57 2.4. Infrastructure ...... 58 2.4.1. Land fund ...... 58 2.4.2. Transports ...... 59 2.4.3. Natural gas ...... 62 2.4.4. Electricity ...... 62 2.4.5. Solid waste management ...... 62 2.5. Socio-economic evaluation (assessment) ...... 62 2.5.1. Socio-economic profile of Nisporeni district ...... 62 2.5.2. Socio-economic profile of the localities in the Nirnova river basin ...... 67 2.5.3. Analysis of perception and social demand on water supply and sewerage systems 72 2.5.4. Financial aspects of water insurance services and water prices ...... 72 2.6. Institutional and legal framework ...... 78 2.6.1. Development strategies ...... 78 2.6.2. Administrative organization ...... 79 2.6.3. Institutions at national level ...... 80 2.6.4. Institutions at district level ...... 84

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.6.5. National legislation in the water supply and sewerage sector ...... 85 2.6.8. European legislation in the field of water supply and sewerage ...... 101 2.6.7. International Treaties and Conventions ...... 103 3. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION REGARDING THE WATER SUPPLY ...... 104 3.1. Summary ...... 104 3.2. Water resources ...... 105 3.2.1. Water sources in the study area ...... 105 3.2.2. Surface waters ...... 105 3.2.3. Groundwaters ...... 109 3.3. Pollution and impact on water sources ...... 111 3.4. Existing water infrastructure and current performance ...... 113 3.4.1. Existing water infrastructure ...... 113 3.4.2. Water capture ...... 121 3.4.3. Water treatment ...... 131 3.4.4. Water adduction ...... 131 3.4.5. Water storage ...... 133 3.4.6. Water distribution ...... 135 3.4.7. Population served ...... 137 3.4.8. Quality of water supply services ...... 140 3.5. Conclusions ...... 144 4. ANALYSIS OF THE WASTEWATER SITUATION ...... 145 4.1. Summary ...... 145 4.2. Existing wastewater infrastructure and current performance ...... 145 4.2.1. Sewerage networks ...... 145 4.2.2. Pumping stations ...... 146 4.2.3. Wastewater treatment plants ...... 147 4.2.4. Sludge treatment and discharge ...... 148 4.3. Population served ...... 148 4.4. Quality of sewerage services ...... 148 4.5. Impact of wastewater on health ...... 150 5. ORGANIZATIONAL DIAGNOSIS ...... 153 6. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PROJECTS ...... 160 7. PROJECTIONS ...... 173 7.1. Summary ...... 173 7.2. Demographic projections ...... 173 7.3. Water demand projection ...... 180 7.3.1. Domestic/ household requirements ...... 181 7.3.2. Non-domestic requirement ...... 182 7.3.3. Water losses/ Technological consumption ...... 182 4

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

7.3.4. Ensuring the fire safety requirements ...... 184 7.3.5. Water forecast summary ...... 184 7.3.6. Conclusions ...... 186 7.4. Projections on wastewater flows and pollutant loads ...... 187 7.4.1. Wastewater flow projection ...... 187 7.4.2. Summary of wastewater forecast ...... 187 7.4.3. Projections of polluting loads of wastewater ...... 189 7.5. Conclusions ...... 189 8. MAIN SIZING PARAMETERS ...... 191 8.1. Main parameters – water supply ...... 191 8.1.1. Water capture ...... 192 8.1.2. Water treatment ...... 193 8.1.3. Water storage ...... 196 8.1.4. Water distribution ...... 196 8.2. Applied technologies – sanitation ...... 197 8.2.1. Household technologies ...... 197 8.2.2. Wastewater transport ...... 200 8.2.3. Technologies – wastewater treatment ...... 202 8.2.4. Technologies – sludge treatment ...... 204 8.2.5. Proposed technologies ...... 207 8.3. Main parameters – wastewater ...... 210 8.3.1. Storage ...... 210 8.3.2. Transport ...... 210 8.3.3. Wastewater treatment and sludge treatment ...... 211 8.4. Net Present Value (NPV) ...... 212 9. SCENARIO ANALYSIS...... 213 9.1. Water supply scenarios ...... 213 9.1.1. Water supply scenario – Decentralized (Scenario AA0) ...... 218 9.1.2. Water Supply Scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA1) ...... 232 9.1.3. Water supply scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA2) ...... 235 9.1.4. Water supply scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA3) ...... 238 9.1.5. Assessment of water supply scenarios ...... 240 9.1.6. Proposed options ...... 242 9.2. Wastewater Scenarios ...... 242 9.2.1. Approach strategy for defining the agglomerations ...... 245 9.2.2. Scenario S0 – decentralized ...... 250 9.2.3. Scenario S1 – centralized ...... 252 9.2.4. Scenario S2 – centralized ...... 253 9.2.5. Scenario S3 – centralized ...... 255 5

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

9.2.6. Scenarios assessment – Waste water ...... 257 9.2.7. Proposed options ...... 259 10. PROGRAM OF ACTIONS AND THEIR COSTS ON DRINKING WATER ...... 261 10.1. Summary ...... 261 10.2. Short-term action program ...... 261 10.3. Long-term action program ...... 270 10.3.1. Staging criteria ...... 270 10.3.2. Long-term investment measures ...... 273 10.3.3. Investment costs ...... 274 10.3.4. Operating, maintenance and administration costs ...... 276 10.3.5. Staging program ...... 278 11. PROGRAM OF ACTIONS AND THEIR COSTS REGARDING SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... 283 11.1. Summary ...... 283 11.2. Short-term action program ...... 283 11.3. Long-term action program ...... 284 11.3.1. Staging criteria ...... 284 11.3.2. Long-term investment measures ...... 287 11.3.3. Investment costs ...... 287 11.3.4. Operating, maintenance and administration costs ...... 289 11.3.5. Staging program ...... 292 12. INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES ...... 295 References ...... 305 Annexes ...... 306

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Rate of completed questionnaires for households ...... 21 Table 2-1 Share of areas in relation to the total area of the Republic of Moldova ...... 23 Table 2-2 Number of localities in the Nirnova basin ...... 24 Table 2-3 List of localities included in the study ...... 25 Table 2-4 Distribution of population in Nirnova basin ...... 27 Table 2-5 Volume of pollutant emissions into the air from stationary sources, in 2018 (IPM Yearbook – 2018 “Environmental protection in the Republic of Moldova”) ...... 29 Table 2-6 Fuel consumption and amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from car transport, in 2018 (IPM Yearbook – 2018 “Environmental protection in the Republic of Moldova”) ...... 30 Table 2-7 Average temperature and amount of precipitation recorded at the Chisinau weather station (State Hydrometeorological Service) ...... 31 Table 2-8 Extremities of the Nirnova basin ...... 33 Table 2-9 Geomorphological regionation of the Republic of Moldova (N. Boboc, A. Levadniuc, 1979)...... 34 Table 2-10 Pre-Quaternary geological feature of the Nirnova basin (Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources) ...... 38 Table 2-11 Water quality in the Prut River (Monthly bulletin on the quality of the environment on the territory of the Republic of Moldova in December 2019, Environmental Agency) ...... 48 Table 2-12 Soils of the Nirnova basin ...... 50 Table 2-13 NPHA list in the Nirnova basin ...... 54 Table 2-14 Natural increase (National Bureau of Statistics) ...... 63 Table 2-15 Dynamics of the fluctuation of the number of inhabitants in the Nirnova river basin 67 Table 2-16 Main activities in the Nirnova river basin (Data presented by the town halls) ...... 68 Table 2-17 Existing public services (Data presented by town halls) ...... 69 Table 2-18 Average income per capita ...... 70 Table 2-19 Current rates for WSS services ...... 73 Table 2-20 Value parameters of water quality intended for human consumption in accordance with the requirements established by the EU Directive and Law No. 182 of the Republic of Moldova ...... 86 Table 2-21 Discharge limit values for waste water discharged into water bodies ...... 91 Table 2-22 Reference values for discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants ...... 91 Table 2-23 Delimitation of agglomerations ...... 93 Table 2-24 Main national regulations on the environment, water supply and sewerage ...... 94

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Table 2-25 List of the main national normative acts regarding the environment, water supply and sewerage ...... 100 Table 2-26 Main EU regulations provided for in the Association Agreement on Environment, Water Supply and Sewerage ...... 101 Table 2-27 Requirements according to the size of the agglomeration and the condition of the water body in accordance with the Directive 91/271/EEC of May 21, 1991 on urban waste water treatment ...... 102 Table 3-1 Results of the assessment of surface water resources of the Prut River, Republic of Moldova and their statistical parameters ...... 106 Table 3-2 Servitude discharge of the Prut River ...... 107 Table 3-3 Water supply sources of the localities in the study area ...... 114 Table 3-4 Infrastructure of public water supply systems in the study area ...... 119 Table 3-5 Characteristic of the sondes (probes) of the water supply systems from the localities in the study area ...... 121 Table 3-6 Characteristics of existing groundwater sources in thestudy ...... 128 Table 3-7 Adductions of water supply systems in localities ...... 132 Table 3-8 Characteristics of the storages existing study area ...... 134 Table 3-9 Water distribution networks in Nirnova basin localities ...... 136 Table 3-10 Degree of provision with public water supply services in the localities of the study area...... 137 Table 3-11 Technical condition of water infrastructure ...... 140 Table 3-12 Critical problems of water supply systems in the localities of the study area ...... 142 Table 4-1 Infrastructure of existing sewerage networks ...... 146 Table 4-2 Infrastructure of wastewater pumping stations ...... 146 Table 4-3 Percentage of reduction of pollutants of the Nisporeni treatment plant ...... 147 Table 4-4 Technical condition of wastewater infrastructure ...... 149 Table 4-5 Incidence due to some water-borne infectious diseases, cases per 10,000 population ...... 151 Table 4-6 Prevalence by some groups of diseases, which can be directly or indirectly conditioned of drinking water quality ...... 152 Table 5-1 Provision of WSS services for each TAU (LPA/ Operators) ...... 153 Table 6-1 Technical characteristics of the water infrastructure for the “Lunca Prutului” aqueduct ...... 164 Table 6-2 List of existing WSS technical projects in the study area and their degree of implementation ...... 168 Table 7-1 Growth rates of the population of the Republic of Moldova (2020-2040), % ...... 174 Table 7-2 Estimated average annual population growth rates for urban and rural areas in the study area for three scenarios ...... 175 8

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Table 7-3 Forecasts for 2021, 2027 and 2033 for three scenarios ...... 175 Table 7-4 Forecast population in the study area, 2021-2033 ...... 176 Table 7-5 Population density in the study area ...... 178 Table 7-6 Water forecast summary ...... 185 Table 7-7 Water forecast summary ...... 187 Table 7-8 Quantities of wastewater generated by localities, 2033 ...... 187 Table 8-1 Comparative presentation of water sources ...... 193 Table 8-2 Supposed distribution of pipe dimensions according to the maximum DN ...... 197 Table 8-3 Advantages/disadvantages of the proposed technologies ...... 207 Table 8-4 Presumed distribution of channel dimensions depending on the maximum DN of the pipe ...... 210 Table 9-1 Local water infrastructure for each locality ...... 217 Table 9-2 Centralized water supply scenario – AA0 ...... 219 Table 9-3 Potential existing water sources ...... 221 Table 9-4 List of local water resources recommended for use ...... 224 Table 9-5 Water storage proposals ...... 229 Table 9-6 Zoning of localities depending on the proposed water supply sources ...... 230 Table 9-7 Features of Water Supply Scenario – Centralized – AA1 ...... 233 Table 9-8 Features of Water Supply Scenario – Centralized – AA2 ...... 235 Table 9-9 Features of Water Supply Scenario AA3 – Centralized ...... 238 Table 9-10 Infrastructure and investments required for each Scenario ...... 240 Table 9-11 Investment cost for all scenarios, including storage and distribution ...... 241 Table 9-12 Net present value for each scenario ...... 241 Table 9-13 Sewerage infrastructure (at local level) ...... 243 Table 9-14 Local pumping stations ...... 244 Table 9-15 Distribution of the population within the settlements in the study area ...... 246 Table 9-16 Requirements for the wastewater collection and treatment system ...... 246 Table 9-17 Delimitation of Clusters and Agglomerations ...... 249 Table 9-18 Reference values for discharges from urban wastewater treatment plants ...... 250 Table 9-19 Wastewater treatment plants (Scenario S0) ...... 250 Table 9-20 Technical characteristics – Sanitation scenario S1 (Centralized) ...... 253 Table 9-21 Technical characteristics – Sanitation scenario S2 (Centralized) ...... 255 Table 9-22 Technical characteristics – Sanitation scenario S3 (Centralized) ...... 257 Table 9-23 Regional infrastructure required for each Scenario ...... 257 9

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Table 9-24 Regional investments required for each Scenario ...... 258 Table 9-25 Investment cost for all scenarios, including local investments ...... 258 Table 9-26 Net present value for each scenario ...... 259 Table 10-1 Short-term priority action program ...... 265 Table 10-2 Priorities depending on criteria ...... 271 Table 10-3 Long-term investments (at local level) ...... 273 Table 10-4 Long-term investment (at regional level) ...... 274 Table 10-5 Water infrastructure investments ...... 275 Table 10-6 Estimated O&M costs ...... 277 Table 10-7 Staging of investments for water supply ...... 281 Table 11-1 Proposed objectives ...... 285 Table 11-2 Priorities depending on criteria ...... 285 Table 11-3 Economic assessment of Scenario S1 (investments) ...... 287 Table 11-4 Local investments required for each locality (for all scenarios) ...... 288 Table 11-5 O&M Scenario S1 ...... 289 Table 11-6 O&M at local level ...... 291 Table 11-7 Staging of sanitation investments ...... 294

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Location of the Nirnova basin – study area ...... 23 Figure 2-2 Map of Hydrographic basins in the RM (Moldova Waters Agency) ...... 24 Figure 2-3 Map of the townships in the Nirnova basin that are part of the study ...... 25 Figure 2-4 Map of the population distribution in the study area ...... 28 Figure 2-5 Graph of temperature and average precipitation in the Nisporeni town, (meteoblue.com) ...... 32 Figure 2-6 The wind rose for the Nisporeni town (meteoblue.com) ...... 32 Figure 2-7 Relief of the Nirnova river basin (Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin, 2018) ...... 35 Figure 2-8 Vegetation of the Nirnova basin ...... 37 Figure 2-9 Geological map of the Nirnova basin area ...... 39 Figure 2-10 Map of the mineralization of the Badenian-Sarmatian aquifer complex (Physico- chemical characteristics of the aquifer systems from the Miocene rocks of the Republic of Moldova, Institute of Geology and Seismology of the ASM) ...... 41 Figure 2-11 Seismic zoning of the Republic of Moldova (Institute of Geology and Seismology) 43 Figure 2-12 Spatial variation of the average specific flow of the Prut River (Institute of Ecology and Geography of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 2016) ...... 45 Figure 2-13 Hydrographic network and water accumulations in the area of the Nirnova sub- basin ...... 47 Figure 2-14 Share of soil texture in the Nirnova basin ...... 51 Figure 2-15 Map of soils in the Nirnova basin ...... 52 Figure 2-16 Map of State Protected Natural Areas in the Nirnova basin (Institute of Ecology and Geography) ...... 56 Figure 2-17 Destination of the surfaces in the Nirnova basin, ha ...... 59 Figure 2-18 Infrastructure of the road network in the Nirnova basin ...... 61 Figure 2-19 Stable population in the period of 2015-2019 (National Bureau of Statistics[ Note: The total number per republic is for reference only.]) ...... 63 Figure 2-20 Population structure by sex and living environment (National Bureau of Statistics) 64 Figure 2-21 Dynamics of indicators on the number of enterprises, average number of staff, sales revenues and number of enterprises that received a profit in the period of 2015-2018 (National Bureau of Statistics) ...... 65 Figure 2-22 Dynamics of indicators on current financial investments, long-term financial investments, assets and staff remuneration in the period of 2015-2018 (National Bureau of Statistics) ...... 66 Figure 2-23 Expression of desire to connect to a drinking water supply system, % (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 75

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Figure 2-24 Availability (willingness) of payment when connecting to a water supply system (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 75 Figure 2-25 Availability (willingness) to pay for drinking water services, % (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 76 Figure 2-26 Expressing the desire to connect to a sewerage system if it is to be built, % (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 76 Figure 2-27 Availability (willingness) of payment for connection to a sewerage system, % (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 77 Figure 2-28 Willingness to pay for sewerage services (Survey conducted following the questioning of households) ...... 77 Figure 3-1 Hydrograph of the average annual discharge of the Prut River, Ungheni (1945-2016) ...... 106 Figure 3-2 Liquid runoff regime on the Prut ...... 107 Figure 3-3 Number of shallow groundwater sources, units ...... 109 Figure 3-4 Groundwater volume captured in the study area ...... 110 Figure 3-5 Water sources used in the public water supply systems in the study area ...... 116 Figure 3-6 Sources of water supply of localities and connection rates to the systems ...... 117 Figure 3-7 Correspondence of water quality in public water supply systems and connection rates to these systems ...... 118 Figure 3-8 Surface water volume captured from Prut River (Grozesti), 2019 ...... 122 Figure 3-9 Graphic representation of aquifers ...... 123 Figure 3-10 Number of existing freatic groundwater sources used in the study area ...... 124 Figure 3-11 Example of a fountain from Balanesti village, Nisporeni district ...... 125 Figure 3-12 Example of capture by drains ...... 125 Figure 3-13 Schematic example of artesian well and related facilities ...... 127 Figure 3-14 Map on the degree of connection of the population to public water supply services ...... 139 Figure 5-1 Distribution of WSS structures, 2020 ...... 155 Figure 5-2 Simplified organization chart of I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” ...... 156 Figure 6-1 Scheme of the “Lunca Prutului” aqueduct ...... 163 Figure 6-2 Scheme of the interconnection aqueduct r.Prut - village. Macaresti ...... 167 Figure 7-1 Estimation and forecasting of the number of population of the Republic of Moldova, 2004-2035...... 174 Figure 7-2 BN population forecast in the medium scenario for the period of 2004-2033 ...... 177 Figure 7-3 Population density in the study area ...... 179 Figure 7-4 Forecast of the quantity of pollutants generated by the population, t/year ...... 189 Figure 8-1 Example of a dry toilet ...... 198 12

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Figure 8-2 Example of a septic tank ...... 198 Figure 8-3 Example of an RBC household wastewater treatment plant ...... 199 Figure 8-4 Example of a CW (Constructed Wetland) treatment plant ...... 200 Figure 8-5 Example of a fine-screen septic sludge transfer station ...... 202 Figure 8-6 Comparison between net present value for gravitational sewerage and pressurized sewerage including pumping station (5,000 PE, 1%, 25 years) ...... 211 Figure 9-1 Distribution of the population of the Agglomerations in the Nirnova basin ...... 214 Figure 9-2 Clusters identified in the Nirnova basin area ...... 215 Figure 9-3 Water supply – Scenario AA0 (decentralized) ...... 220 Figure 9-4 Water supply – Scenario AA1 (centralized) ...... 234 Figure 9-5 Water supply – Scenario AA2 (Centralized) ...... 237 Figure 9-6 Water supply – Scenario AA3 ...... 239 Figure 9-7 Comparative analysis of scenarios ...... 241 Figure 9-8 Delimitation of agglomerations ...... 248 Figure 9-9 Sewerage – Scenario S1 ...... 252 Figure 9-10 Sewerage – Scenario 2 ...... 254 Figure 9-11 Sewerage – Scenario S3 ...... 256 Figure 9-12 Comparative analysis of investments ...... 258 Figure 10-1 Staging of investments – water supply ...... 281 Figure 11-1 Prioritization of investments in sanitation ...... 293

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Diagnosis of localities regarding the water supply and sewerage

Annex 2: Value parameters of water used in the study area

Annex 3: Questionnaire templates

Annex 4: Information letters from the authorities

Annex 5: Forecasts of the water consumption and volumes of generated water

Annex 6: Maps

Annex 7: Economic calculations

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WSS Water supply and sewerage AGMR Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources EA Environmental Agency AMAC Association “Moldova Apa-Canal” SPNA State Protected Natural Areas NPHA National Public Health Agency NAER National Agency for Energy Regulation PCA Partnership and Cooperation Agreement LPA Local Public Authority ASM Academy of Science of Moldova NBS National Bureau of Statistics

BOD5 Biochemical oxygen demand (consumption) every 5 days MPC Maximum Permissible Concentration NCPH National Center of Public Health DC District Council PHC Public Health Center EQMD Environmental Quality Monitoring Department D Pipe nominal diameter GD Government Decision NEF National Ecological Fund SIFM Social Investment Fund of the Republic of Moldova GIS Geographic Information System IEP Inspectorate for Environmental Protection I.C.S. Enterprise with Foreign Capital I.M. Municipal Enterprise I.S. State Enterprise EI Equivalent Inhabitant MARDE Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment MPWSS Master Plan on Water Supply and Sanitation NGO Non-Governmental Organization RO Regional Operator

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

PE Polyethylene GDP Gross Domestic Product RM Republic of Moldova S.A. Joint-stock Company WSS Water Supply System PS Purification Station WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant FS Feasibility study SHS State Hydrometeorological Service PS Pumping Station TP Treatment Plant TAU Territorial Administrative Unit EU European Union UM Unit of measure SniP Standard of the Soviet Union

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

GLOSSARY

 adduction - a constructive system that ensures the safe transport of water from the catchment to the reservoir;

 collection system – sewerage system that collects and transports the wastewater;

 distribution system – part of the water supply system, which is used for distribution, storage or supply of water and is not part of the water treatment system.

 domestic wastewater – sewage water resulting from the use of water in households, public institutions and services, which come from human metabolism, from household and hygienic activities and discharged into the sewerage system;

 equivalent inhabitant (EI) – biodegradable organic charge with a biochemical oxygen demand

(consumption) at 5 days – CBO5 – of 60 g O2/day;

 group of agglomerations – “Cluster” – a group of settlements/ agglomerations that may be grouped and served by a centralized collection and treatment system.

 household distribution system - pipes, fittings and devices installed between taps that are normally used for water intended for human consumption in both public and private spaces and the distribution network, but only if they are not the responsibility of the water supplier, as a water supplier, under applicable national law;1

 human agglomeration – area where the population and/ or economic activities are sufficiently concentrated to make it possible to collect urban wastewater and to direct it to a treatment plant or to an end point of discharge;

 individual fountain (well) – groundwater source used to meet the requirements of drinking and domestic water, through water storage facilities, in the absence of individual distribution networks, which are for individual use or serve a number of less than 20 persons;

 industrial wastewater – all wastewater coming from premises used for commercial or industrial purposes other than the domestic wastewater or drainage water;

 operator - a legal entity that disposes, directs, operates and maintains a public water supply and/or sewerage system and provides consumers with a public water supply and/or sewerage service based on a contract;2

 potable water intended for human consumption means: any type of water used in any food business for the production, processing, preservation or marketing of products or substances intended for human consumption; water intended for human consumption;3

 public fountain (well) – underground water source used to meet the drinking and domestic water requirements, through water storage facilities in the absence of special distribution

1 Notion extracted from Law no. 303 of 13.12.2013 regarding the public water supply and sewerage service

2 Notion extracted from Law no. 303 of 13.12.2013 regarding the public water supply and sewerage service

3 Concept taken from DIRECTIVE (EU) 2020/2184 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption 17

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

networks and serving a number of 20-50 persons or is under the management of public objectives (except for institutions for children, medical, commercial and/ or food institutions);

 public sewerage network – part of the public sewerage system consisting of sewers and pipes, manholes and constructions – annexes that ensure the collection, discharge and transport of the wastewater from two or more consumers;

 small drinking water supply systems – drinking water supply systems in rural localities with a population of less than 2,000 inhabitants or with a capacity of less than 200 m3/day, aqueduct systems that supply objectives with seasonal activities (children rest camps, work camps);

 urban agglomeration – area where the population and/ or economic activities are sufficiently concentrated to make it economicaly viable to collect urban wastewater and direct it to a treatment plant or to an end point of discharge;  urban wastewater – domestic wastewater or a mixture of domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater and/ or drainage water;

 water catchment facilities – tubular fountain, captured spring, pump, artesian well with or without water distribution network;

 water chlorination – water disinfection process with the use of chlorogenic substances and presence of the residual chlorine;

 water collection facilities – tubular fountain, captured spring, pump, artesian well with or without water distribution network;

 water supply system – system of works, except for sanitary installations in dwellings or buildings, built to provide the consumers with drinking water.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

1. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the vision of the consultant’s team on the working methodology and the steps for the achievement of the Master Plan for sewerage and water supply for the Nirnova basin. The activities described herein complement the initial phase of the project and describe the approaches to the next work steps for the completion of the master plan. At this stage, the consolidation of the consultant’s team was completed, the data collection strategy required in the study was developed and the data collection process was carried out based on the query of the parties interested in the basin. The need for qualitative water supply and sanitation services in urban areas, especially in rural areas of the Republic of Moldova, is still urgent. Compared to the neighboring countries, in Moldova there is still a limited access to such services. The access to tap water in rural areas is about 37%, compared to about 89% in urban areas (Concept Note ..., 2017). The water resources are polluted and scarce, increasing the risk of competition between different uses and users. The current investments are insufficient and are simplified to the localities that are already covered by infrastructure. In such a context, where the need for water supply and sanitation services is so great and the water and financial resources are limited, it is essential to plan and prioritize investments. One of the main tributaries of the Prut River is Nirnova. The Nirnova basin is located in the vest on the Codri mountains. The most areas in the Nirnova basin are deficient in terms of water sources for drinking water, their flows being insufficient and inconsistent. The surface water pollution is largely caused by the private sector, agricultural sector, filling stations and the lack of wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure. The groundwater pollution is mainly determined by the lack of centralized sewers and treatment plants in most localities and by the inadequate operation of existing treatment plants. It is necessary to develop a master plan for drinking water and sewerage for the Nirnova basin. The plan will contain realistic proposals for improving the access to drinking water, wastewater treatment and resource conservation, and will present a technical and sanitary overview of the problem of drinking water supply and wastewater management. In addition, it will be a decision support tool for the implementation of operational technical solutions and will include the main features of the paper to facilitate rapid implementation. Also, the inter-town (-village) scale is important to be taken into account for a consolidated management by uniting the efforts of the different municipalities that share the joint hydrographic situation. 1.1. Adequate character of the data

In the study area, the collection of the data related to the water supply and sewerage service was necessary to obtain a realistic picture of the current situation. The data available from the existing EEA (Solidarité Eau Europe / Solidarity Water Europe) studies were used in the preparation of this document, being critically analyzed. Subsequently, a questionnaire was developed which addressed the following issues: A. General information about the locality; B. Information on water supply; C. Information on sewerage systems; D. Information on social services; E. Information on economic agents; F. Information on environmental protection; G. Information on WSS Operator.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

On April 27, 2020, the questionnaires were distributed and the mayors were acquainted with the content and how to fill in the data so as to obtain information on the technical aspects of all facilities in the territory in the field of water supply and wastewater collection and treatment.

Thus, 18 questionnaires were sent to the town/ village halls. Although all town/ village halls filled in these questionnaires, the degree of response and quality may be estimated at 70%, with the following gaps and shortcomings:

- lack of data on existing general water supply and sewerage schemes; - lack of data on the location of water supply sources and other elements that are part of the water infrastructure; - little information was obtained on the quality of water at the source; - no data were presented on water consumption by locality and by groups of consumers in over 70% of localities; - the schemes, technical and financial data of the WSS technical projects existing in the localities were not presented.

In order to cover the insufficiencies of filling in the questionnaires by the town/ village halls / Operators, working visits were made in all the 18 Territorial Administrative Units. In a different composition, the work team focused on identifying problems regarding the following aspects of water supply and sewerage systems in the localities of the project area:

 Water quality in aquifer horizons;  Geological and hydrological data of the exploited aquifer horizons;  Flow of water sources and water reserves;  Ongoing and future projects in localities regarding WSS;  Existing operators;  Operation and maintenance of water supply and sewerage systems;  Tariff policy applied in the localities of the study area.

At the same time, additional information was requested from state structures such as the Agency “Apele Moldovei”, Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources, National Agency for Public Health, Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, like:

- Underground water reserves in the aquifer layers in the Nirnova basin area; - Captured volume of underground water, groundwater and surface water for water supply purposes for the last 5-10 years; - Research with concrete data and laboratory tests on the quality of surface water, water from wells and fountains at regional level; - Volume of wastewater discharged into surface waters for the last years at regional level; - Health condition of the population at locality/ region/ district level (frequency of diseases caused by poor quality water); - Recent studies/ research with data that could be useful in the development of this master plan.

In order to analyze the perception and social demand of the water supply and sewerage systems in the area, a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions for households was conducted. The data were collected by interviewing one of the members of the household present at the time of the interviews. 265 households out of a total of approximately 18,627 households in the 18 townships were interviewed. The number of interviewed households was established according to the total

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

population of the locality. The households were randomly selected from different areas of the localities.

The number of completed household questionnaires for each locality was stable according to the total number of inhabitants in the locality as follows:

• Localities with a population of less than 500 inhabitants - 3 questionnaires; • Localities with a population between 500 and 1,000 inhabitants - 5 questionnaires; • Localities with a population between 1,000 and 2,000 inhabitants - 10 questionnaires; • Localities with a population of over 2,000 inhabitants - 15 questionnaires.

Respectively, each questionnaire is represented by several people. Thus, making a generalization, for each surveyed household it has an average of 3.5 people (0.9 children). The rate of the interviewed population varies between 0.5% (Nisporeni) and 5.6% Ivanovca commune, see the table below.

TABLE 1-1 RATE OF COMPLETED QUESTIONNAIRES FOR HOUSEHOLDS

# TAU Population, Completed Number of inhabitants in Rate 2020 questionnaires the questionnaires

1. Balanesti 2329 21 58 2,5%

2. Vinatori 1011 10 35 3,5%

3. Ciutesti 1962 13 46 2,3%

4. Seliste 2960 20 63 2,1%

5. Siscani 2468 23 77 3,1%

6. Marinici 2599 18 72 2,8%

7. Calimanest i 819 10 31 3,8%

8. Nisporeni 11400 15 53 0,5%

9. Varzaresti 6019 25 101 1,7%

10. Miresti 1226 8 27 2,2%

11. Cateleni 1265 10 52 4,1%

12. Bujor 3600 15 50 1,4%

13. Nemteni 1695 10 27 1,6%

14. Obileni 1511 10 51 3,4%

15. Ivanovca 1024 11 57 5,6%

16. Onesti 1609 13 37 2,3%

17. Cotul Morii 1808 15 45 2,5%

18. Leuseni 2006 18 53 2,6%

Total 47311 264 935 2,0%

After collecting the questionnaires from the LPAs, the information on the answers, data and information available was verified through intense telephone or on-site discussions. However, in some cases, the information is likely to be erroneous or distorted due to several factors. The information completed by the population cannot be verified in any way. Thus, the data used are

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

not 100% reliable in terms of accuracy but are quite sufficiently reasoned for the preparation of this Master Plan.

2. GENERAL DIAGNOSIS 2.1. Summary

This chapter assesses the current situation in the Nirnova Basin region, which is necessary to identify the situation of all components that help to the program of actions and investments for the water supply and sewerage infrastructure:  The project area includes a description of the existing location of the basin presenting the demography, geography, and administrative-territorial organization of the basin;  Natural setting where general images are presented regarding the environment, climate, air quality, topographers and landscape, geology, seismology and hydrogeology, soils, natural areas protected by the state, ecology and sensitive areas. The methodology was to research as completely as possible the data and attributes of the basin, being possible to see from here that such physical factors have an influence on the way of development and growth of the region.  The existing infrastructure includes the evaluation and assessment of information on the relevant existing public infrastructure, other than the water/ wastewater infrastructure, such as transport, heating system, solid waste, electricity, social institutions etc. The applied method was to research the data and statistics available in Giurgiu County.  The socio-economic evaluation describes the socio-economic conditions at local, district and regional level. The data will serve as a basis for the forecasts of water requirements and volumes of wastewater, as well as for the accessibility of investments.  The analysis of the legislative framework will provide an overview of the national and European legislative framework in the water supply and sanitation sector and the legal implications resulting from the international agreements.  The analysis of the institutional framework presents an analysis of all relevant organizations involved in the monitoring and regulating the water supply and sewerage sector in Moldova at national and district level (ministries and public institutions). The tasks and functions of each institution are briefly described.

2.2. Project area – Nirnova Basin The study area takes place in the Western Central region of the Republic of Moldova. The study area includes 9 townships from Nisporeni district and 9 townships from Hincesti district on an area of 505.89 km2. The list of localities is presented in the

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-2 MAP OF HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS IN The Nirnova hydrographic sub-basin is THE RM (MOLDOVA WATERS AGENCY) located in the central western part of the Republic of Moldova and occupies an area of 543.81 km², which represents 1.6% of the total area of the RM. The Nirnova River is a tributary of the Prut River, being part of the Danube-Prut Hydrographic District and the Black Sea. The length of the river is 49 km. Nirnova River. The river crosses 2 of the 32 districts of the country (Hincesti and Nisporeni), and one of its sources, Balanesti, is located at a distance of approximately 90 km from the Chisinau capital. The Nirnova flows into the Prut River, near the locality of Leuseni, which borders Romania. The highest altitude of the sub- basin is in Balanesti, at approximately 285 m.

Source: "Apele Moldovei" Agency

TABLE 2-2 NUMBER OF LOCALITIES IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

District Number of villages under Number of townships study under study Nirnova hydrographic sub- Hincesti 15 (out of 63) 9 (out of 39) basin Nisporeni 16 (out of 39) 9 (out of 22)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-3 MAP OF THE TOWNSHIPS IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN THAT ARE PART OF THE STUDY

. The surface of the study area occupies 48.7% of the surface of the Nisporeni district and 13.5% of the total surface of the Hincesti district.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-1 SHARE OF AREAS IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL AREA OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Area, km2 Share in relation to the total Share in relation to the total area area of the RM of the district Nisporeni total 629.0 1.9% Hincesti total 1,483.4 4.4% Total 2,112.4 6.2% Nisporeni study 306.1 0.9% 48.7% Hincesti study 199.9 0.6% 13.5% Total study area 505.9 1.5% 23.9%

FIGURE 2-1 LOCATION OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN – STUDY AREA

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Source: "Apele Moldovei" Agency

TABLE 2-2 NUMBER OF LOCALITIES IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

District Number of villages under Number of townships study under study Nirnova hydrographic sub- Hincesti 15 (out of 63) 9 (out of 39) basin Nisporeni 16 (out of 39) 9 (out of 22)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-3 MAP OF THE TOWNSHIPS IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN THAT ARE PART OF THE STUDY

TABLE 2-3 LIST OF LOCALITIES INCLUDED IN THE STUDY

No. Village halls Localities No. Village halls Localities

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Nisporeni District Hincesti District 1 Balanesti Balanesti 10 Miresti Miresti Gaureni Chetroseni 2 Vinatori Vinatori 11 Cateleni Cateleni 3 Ciutesti Ciutesti 12 Bujor Bujor Valea Narnovei 13 Nemteni Nemteni 4 Seliste Seliste 14 Obileni Obileni Paruceni 15 Ivanovca Ivanovca 5 Nisporeni Nisporeni Costesti 6 Varzaresti Varzaresti Frasin Sendreni 16 Onesti Onesti 7 Siscani Siscani Strambeni Drojdieni 17 Cotul Morii Cotul Morii Odaia Sarateni 8 Marinici Marinici 18 Leuseni Leuseni Helesteni Feteasca 9 Calimanesti Calimanesti

Population The Nisporeni and Hincesti districts were created based on the law on administrative-territorial reform No. 764 of 27/12/2001. According to the 2014 census, the population of the Nisporeni district registers 53,154 inhabitants and of the Hincesti district – 103,784 inhabitants. The population of the study area includes 43,869 inhabitants, 63.7% of the inhabitants are in Nisporeni and 36.3% in Hincesti. Following the questioning of the LPAs in 2020, the total population of the basin is 47,311, which represents 7.27% more inhabitants.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-4 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN NIRNOVA BASIN

Rural 17,894 inhabitants Nisporeni (36%) 27,957 Total Nirnova inhabitants Urban (64%) basin 10,063 43,869 inhabitants inhabitants Hincesti (36%) 15,912 inhabitants (36%)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-4 MAP OF THE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE STUDY AREA

The strategy for sustainable development of the Nisporeni district (2013-2020) divided the localities of the district into 5 microzones according to the principles:

 Geographical proximity between neighboring localities

 Traditional socio-economic relations between localities

 Connecting to the same access paths in microzones

 Joint infrastructure problems 30

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Thus, the localities in the Nirnova basin correspond to the following microzones:

 Nisporeni town and Varzaresti township – Nisporeni microzone;

 Marinisi township and Calimanesti village – Border microzone;

 Balanesti township, Vinatori village, Ciutesti township, Seliste township – North-East microzone;

 Siscani township – Southeast microzone.

2.3. Natural setting

2.3.1. Environment The Nirnova basin area is attributed to the Central Moldavian Plateau. It has a general slope from NW to SE. The maximum altitudes also include the maximums in the country: Balanesti Hill – 429 m, Veverita Hill – 407 m and Magura Hill – 389 m. With a strongly fragmented relief, the plateau is similar in appearance to low mountains. Landslides develop very intensely on such relief units. The landslide and erosion processes have led to the wide spread of the potholes. The landslides occupy considerable areas, often affecting localities, agricultural lands, transport routes etc. The forests (beech tree, oak tree, maple tree etc.) represent approximately 40% of the total area of the massif. At the basin level, the forests occupy 50,516 ha, which represents 17.9% of the total area of the basin. Landslides are found on 5,089 ha, 10.9%, of which 3,787 ha (8.1%) are active. Air quality The ecological monitoring activity regarding the atmospheric air quality is carried out by the Environmental Quality Monitoring Directorate (EQMD) within the State Hydrometeorological Service. For this purpose, the EQMD has 17 stationary monitoring stations in 5 industrialized centers of the Republic of Moldova (Chisinau, Balti, Bender, Tiraspol, Ribnita). The Hincesti and Nisporeni districts do not have a major impact on the atmospheric air pollution due to the activity of the industrial sector compared to other districts of the Republic of Moldova such as Chisinau, Balti, Rezina, Floresti etc. The volumes of pollutant emissions into the air from stationary sources and the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of fuel reported by the Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (IEP) in 2018 are represented in the tables below.

TABLE 2-5 VOLUME OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS INTO THE AIR FROM STATIONARY SOURCES, IN 2018 (IPM YEARBOOK – 2018 “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA”)

Region Volume of emissions CH, t SO2, CO, t NO2, Solid Volatile organic to atmospheric air, t t substances, compounds, t tons t Total RM 6,477.597 606.4 96.1 2,123.3 989.0 450.1 1,411.6

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Nisporeni 137.1 43.3 8.6 37.4 17.4 30.2 0 district Hincesti 754.3 248.4 104.2 202.1 19.8 140.1 34.0 district

The mobile sources of pollution represent:  auto transport;  railway transport – represented by the State Enterprise “Moldovan Railway”;  air transport – represented the State Enterprise “Air Moldova” Airline;  river transport – represented by the institutions: - I.P. “Giurgiulesti Port Captaincy”, State Enterprise “Naval Registry”, State Enterprise “Ungheni River Port”. The car transport is the main source of pollution of the atmospheric air, emitting large amounts of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, soot, benzo(a)pyrene and led (plumbum) into the air.

TABLE 2-6 FUEL CONSUMPTION AND AMOUNT OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM CAR TRANSPORT, IN 2018 (IPM YEARBOOK – 2018 “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA”)

Region Fuel consumption, tons Amount of pollutants and share (CO, hydrocarbons, NO2, SO2, Aldehydes, solid Gasoline Diesel Liquified substances), tons/year gas Total RM 100,111.5 198,856.2 24,643.4 92,189.6 Nisporeni 2,550 3,120 1,352 2,405.9 (2.6%) district Hincesti 4,992 15,844 2,911 6,153.3 (6.7%) district

Waste management Both the Nisporeni district and Hincesti district face poorly developed household waste infrastructure and management, both quantitatively and qualitatively. There is currently no control over the quality and quantity of waste at landfills. There is no program for the capture of landfill (storage) gases or for the collection, recovery/ treatment of leachate, the access roads to the waste disposal sites (landfills) are not maintained, the vehicles and other equipment are not cleaned, the waste disposal sites (landfills) are not fenced, guarded and marked. In the area analyzed according to the LPA reports, there are over 65 unauthorized garbage collectors and only 8 garbage collectors are arranged. In Nisporeni, the current landfill will operate until 2030. It consists of two existing cells (cell 1 + cell 2), and in 2021 cell 3 will come into operation. In order to continue the process of implementing the provisions of the Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Moldova for the years of 2013-2027, there have been developed a Feasibility Study and Impact Assessment Documentation for the Waste Management Region No. 5 which includes the Ungheni district, Nisporeni district and Calarasi district. This project is estimated at a value of EUR 11.8 million and provides for the following:

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

 implementation of waste collection for the entire population of the area;  implementation of separate collection of recyclable waste, in collection points on three fractions, for the entire area;  implementation of separate collection of vegetable (green) waste in public parks and gardens throughout the area;  stimulating the individual composting of the biodegradable waste;  construction of a transfer station in Niscani, Calarasi district;  construction of two sorting stations in Nisporeni and Floritoaia Veche;  construction of a green waste composting station in Floritoaia Veche;  construction of a regional landfill for solid waste in Floritoaia Veche;  closure of the existing Niscani landfill.

2.3.2. Climate The climate of the Republic of Moldova is moderate-continental, differing by an unstable character. The average air temperature is equal to +8 - +9 Celsius degrees, and at the soil surface it is between +10 - +11 Celsius degrees. The absolute minimum temperature is -33 Celsius degrees, and the maximum +40 Celsius degrees. The cold periods of the year are short. The first frosts appear in October, the last ones in April. The duration of the frost-free temperature period is 174 – 179 days. The highest annual rainfall is 500-550 mm, which falls on the western slopes of the plateau of central Moldova. The solid rainfall is especially characteristic for the months of January-February. In the central part of the country, including Nisporeni and Hincesti, the snow lasts for 60 days.

TABLE 2-7 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION RECORDED AT THE CHISINAU WEATHER STATION (STATE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Average annual temperature, 10.6 10.5 11.2 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.2 11.2 11.2 12.2 Celsius degrees

Annual amount of precipitation, 734 428 522 531 604 431 644 635 609 403 mm

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-5 GRAPH OF TEMPERATURE AND AVERAGE PRECIPITATION IN THE NISPORENI TOWN, (METEOBLUE.COM)

FIGURE 2-6 THE WIND ROSE FOR THE NISPORENI TOWN (METEOBLUE.COM)

2.3.3. Topography and landscape The Nirnova river basin is positioned in the central western part of the Republic of Moldova. The project area includes localities from the Nisporeni and Hincesti districts. The southwestern border of the basin borders Romania. The Nirnova basin has a distance of 14 km between the extreme west and east points and 34 km from north to south.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-8 EXTREMITIES OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN

Locality Coordinates

North Balanesti, Nisporeni 47° 22' North; 28° 08' East

South Feteasca, Leuseni township, Nisporeni 46° 78' North; 28° 19' East

West Nemteni, Hincesti 46° 90' North; 28° 08' East

East Miresti, Hincesti 46° 99' North; 28° 31' East

From a geomorphological point of view, the land is assigned to the Central Moldova Plateau (Codrii), which occupies about 14% of the territory of the republic (see Figure 2-8). It is characterized, as a whole, by a form of “plateau” continued by hills and hillocks which peaks descend gently to the south and southeast, steeper (through short and fast hills) – to the west, northwest and north. The character of “plateau” as a general appearance of the region is due to the lithology and tectonic movements, which in the late Pliocene – early Quaternary suffered a maximum rise for Moldova – 220-230 m. Its earlier entry under the action of denudation factors made the age of the main peaks, as well as of the subordinate relief forms be different from the other landscape regions. This “plateau” represents the continuation to the east of the Central Moldavian Plateau (west of the Prut) with the difference that the structural plateaus are less highlighted. The average altitude for the entire surface of the Plateau is 220 m. The attitudinal maxims reach 429.5 m (Balanesti hill) and the minimum altitudes are found in the meadows of the rivers Prut – 35 m (Nemteni village), Raut and Bic – 50 m (Sangera village), Botna – 25 m (Salcuta village), Cogilnic – 60 m (Basarabeasca town).

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-9 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL REGIONATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (N. BOBOC, A. LEVADNIUC, 1979)

The average slope of the watercourse for the Nirnova river is 2.2‰, and the sinuosity coefficient is 1.07. The width of the minor riverbed varies between 1 and 7 meters. The low flow (and limited during summer) is not known.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-7 RELIEF OF THE NIRNOVA RIVER BASIN (TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE NIRNOVA RIVER BASIN, 2018)

The Nirnova river basin has many secular forests managed by the State Enterprises “Nisporeni- Silva” and “Hincesti-Silva”. According to the latest arrangements in 2010, the area of the state- owned forest fund managed by the Forestry Enterprise “Hincesti-Silva” is 34,096.1 ha, of which 32,181.88 ha are covered with forests. While the S.E. “Nisporeni-Silva” manages an area of the forest fund of 13,681.41 ha owned by the state, of which 13,298.7 ha – area covered with forests. 37

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The Nisporeni district has a rich forest fund (4 forest divisions (detours): Nisporeni, Ciorasti, Grozesti, Paruceni; 36 forest sectors and 16 cantons) and natural areas protected by the state (Seliste, Milesti). Near the Balanesti village, Nisporeni district, there is the highest hill in the country with an altitude of 429.5 meters named after the township – Balanesti. There are three forest natural reservations in Cioresti, Seliste and Nemteni. There are also two landscape reservations – Cazimir-Milesti and Vila Nisporeni in the Nisporeni district. According to the data of the state land cadastre, the area covered with forests in the Nirnova basin is 50,516 ha, which represents 17.9% of the total area of the basin and 76.2% of the forest fund area of the Nisporeni and Hincesti districts.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-8 VEGETATION OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.3.4. Geology and hydrogeology The area of the Nirnova basin is in the central part of the Republic of Moldova, administratively it is assigned to the Nisporeni and Hincesti districts. From a geomorphological point of view, the land is assigned to the Central Moldavian Plateau (Codrii). The character of “plateau” is due to the lithology and tectonic movements that at the end of the Pliocene – the beginning of the Quaternary suffered a maximum rise for Moldova. The plateau of Central Moldova is the area most affected by the contemporary geomorphological processes. The slopes are made of Neogene sandy-clayey rocks, which occupy 80% of the territory. From a tectonic point of view, the sector is located within the limits of the Moldovan Platform. The database shows that the most common substrates are Lower Bessarabian and Upper Bessarabian which occupy 69.7% of the basin area, see the table below.

TABLE 2-10 PRE-QUATERNARY GEOLOGICAL FEATURE OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN (AGENCY FOR GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES)

Layer index Age Rocks Occupied area, ha

N1bs1 Lower Bessarabian Sands, aleurites, clays, reef limestones 19221

N1bs2 Upper Bessarabian Sands, aleurites, clays, limestones 15903

N1h-m Chersonian-Meotian Sands, aleurites, clays 9828

N2k21 Middle Kimmerian Alluvium, sands, pebbles 2063

N2ak3 Upper Akchagylian Alluvium, sands, pebbles 976

N2ak2 Middle Akchagylian Alluvium, sands, pebbles 933

N1h Chersonian Sands, clays, aleurites 795

N2k31 Upper Kimmerian Alluvium, sands, pebbles, aleurites, clays 286

N2ak1 Lower Akchagylian Alluvium, sands, pebbles 222

N2k1 Lower Kimmerian Alluvium, sands, aleurites, clays 153

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-9 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN AREA

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Groundwater The volume of water captured from underground sources on the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova in 2018 is 30.5 mil. m3, which represents 23.2% of the total volume of water captured [GD no. 442 of 01.07.2020 regarding the amendment of GD no. 199/2014 on the approval of the Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2014-2028).]. The Badenian-Sarmatian aquifer complex (N1b-S1) extends over almost the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova, including the Nirnova basin, except for the narrow strips adjacent to the valleys of the Dniester and Prut rivers. This is the only hydraulic aquifer complex, in the northern part joining the Sarmatian and the Lower Badenian, and in the central and southern part – the lower and middle Sarmatian. The aquiferous rocks are reef limestones, which in some areas contain overlapping intercalations of marls and sands. The water abundance of the Badenian- Sarmatian complex differs territorially, thus, in the northern part, the flow of the researched wells (sondes) indicates a value of 0.1-2.2 l/sec (Donduseni district, Ocnita district), center: 0.0-2,2 l/sec (Telenesti district). The lowest abundance of water of the complex is registered in the Glodeni district and Falesti district where the flow in wells (sondes) is 0.1-0.3 l/sec. Groundwater quality The quality condition of groundwater is estimated using methods of determining the concentration of pollutants and assessing the changes in the chemical composition of aquifer complexes and horizons with reference to maximum permissible concentrations and EU water quality requirements. The responsibility for monitoring the groundwater in the Republic of Moldova rests with the Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources, which manages all monitoring wells (sondes). The formation of the chemical composition of the Badenian – Sarmatian aquifer complex (N1b- S1) is influenced by: the lithological composition of aquifer rocks, their depth of immersion (sinking) from the day surface, the influence of drainage activity of the large river valleys and the anthropogenic factor. Overall, all these factors ensure a wide distribution with predominance of fresh water in the meadow of the Dniester River and in the nearby districts, where the carbonate layers are widespread and the waters are intensively drained, creating an area of intensive water exchange. From the Prut river valley in the direction to the south of the Republic of Moldova, the total immersion of aquifers takes place and, as a result, the mineralization of groundwater increases. In the Nirnova basin area, the groundwater does not meet the requirements of sanitary norms according to the content of sulfates (detected in the wells (sondes) in Siscani, Miresti, Onesti), ammonia (found in the wells (sondes) in Balanesti, Seliste, Nemteni, Onesti, Leuseni), mineralization value (found in the wells (sondes) in Siscani, Onesti), fluorine content (detected in the wells (sondes) from Balanesti, Nemteni, Onesti), total hardness (Siscani, Obileni).

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-10 MAP OF THE MINERALIZATION OF THE BADENIAN-SARMATIAN AQUIFER COMPLEX (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AQUIFER SYSTEMS FROM THE MIOCENE ROCKS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA, INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY OF THE ASM)

Useful mineral substances in the basin area The Central Area of the Republic of Moldova is rich in carbonated rocks such as: limestone, marl, clay raw material, sands, sand and gravel formations, diatomite and tripoli. In addition to carbonated minerals, clay and sandy clay deposits are developed in the region, used as a raw material for the production of bricks. The useful mineral substances are mainly sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, chalk, gypsum, sand, sandstone (slate), bentonite, tripoli and diatomite, which can be used in construction, 43

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

cement and glass production, in the food, chemical, metallurgical industries etc. The resources4 for the basin area are described below.  Siscani township – limestone deposit, raw building stone (unauthorized exploitation);  Ciutesti – sand, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation);  Sendreni – sand, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation);  Nisporeni town – sandy clay, raw material for brick and tile (reserve exploitation);  Siscani – limestone, building stone (authorized exploitation);  Miresti – sand, clay, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation);  Bujor – clay, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation);  Obileni – sand, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation);  Sarateni – sand, raw material for construction (unauthorized exploitation).

Seismicity According to the seismic areas updated in 2010 by the approval of the Order of the Minister of Constructions and Regional Development No. 25 of 23/12/2009 with the publication of the Map of the seismic zoning of the Republic of Moldova as a supplement to the normative document СниП II-7-81 * “Строительство в сейсмических районах (Construction in seismic areas)” developed by the Institute of Geophysics and Geology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, the seismic intensity in degrees MSK-64 for the Nirnova basin area is 7 degrees.

4 “Using natural resources: improving the registry and transparency”, 2019

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-11 SEISMIC ZONING OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.3.5. Hydrography All aquatic objects: rivers, channels (canals), lakes, accumulation lakes and ponds are surface waters and are considered the national property of the Republic of Moldova. Law on Waters No. 272 of 23/12/2011, Article 5: The water resources management provides that the river basin district is the main unit for the management of river basins and groundwater associated thereto. The districts of the river basins of the Republic of Moldova are: i) the District of the Dniester River Basin; ii) Danube-Prut and Black Sea Basin District. The volume of water captured from surface sources on the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova in 2018 amounted to 87.9 million m3, which represents 67.0% of the total volume of water captured [GD no. 442 of 01.07.2020 regarding the amendment of GD no. 199/2014 on the approval of the Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2014-2028).]. The hydrographic district of Prut-Danube-Black Sea begins on the southeastern slope of Hovarla peak, 15 km to south-southwest of Vorohta village, in the mountain massif of the Forest Carpathians; opens and flows into the Danube river from the left bank, 164 km from its mouth, to 0.5 km to southwest of Giurgiulesti village. Along the course it first crosses the Cernauti region of Ukraine, then it presents a natural border between the Republic of Moldova and Romania. The average annual volume5 of the Prut River is equal to 2.7 km3, and varies from 1.2 km3 in years with insufficient humidity up to 5 km3, values that are recorded in years with a high assurance in water resources. The average annual flow is equivalent to 78-87 m3/s, with fluctuations between 40 and 162 m3/s. The average annual rainfall in the Prut Basin within the limits of the Republic of Moldova is 524- 636 mm. The minimum amount of precipitation is observed during the cold period of the year, and the maximum is recorded during the warm months of the year.

5 According to the data from the “Management Plan of the Prut Hydrographic Basin, Cycle I, 2017-2020”, developed by the Institute of Ecology and Geography of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-12 SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE AVERAGE SPECIFIC FLOW OF THE PRUT RIVER (INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF MOLDOVA, 2016)

The Nirnova River starts from an old pond to 1 km west of Vinatori village and opens and flows into the Prut river to 278 km from its mouth, 2.5 km southwest of Leuseni village (Erreur ! Source

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

du renvoi introuvable.). The main tributaries are: an unnamed river – it flows from the left bank to 33 km from the mouth and has a length of 12 km; Budai river – left tributary, it flows at 20 km from the mouth, length of 15 km; an unnamed river which flows from the left bank, to 8 km from the mouth, length – 18 km. Nirnova receives other 37 tributaries with a length of less than 10 km and a total length of 88 km. The length of the river is 49 km, the average slope – 2.2 ‰, the sinuosity coefficient of the river – 1.07. The river valley is straight, Latin V-shaped, with a width of 2.5-3.0 km, maximum – 4 km (4 km downstream of Nisporeni town), minimum – 1.6 km (opposite to Ciutesti village). The slopes are steep, concave, plowed, poorly dismantled, rarely convex, with a height from 60 m (at 1.3 km upstream of Leuseni village) to 195 m (4 km upstream of Nisporeni town), predominant height – 100-140 m. The riverbed is weakly winding (meandering), without branches, unstable, in some places little expressed, predominantly dry, with a width of 1-7 m. As can be seen in the map below regarding the hydrographic network, the largest water accumulations are found in the Balanesti, Seliste, Nisporeni, Bujor, Siscani, Onesti and Nemteni localities.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-13 HYDROGRAPHIC NETWORK AND WATER ACCUMULATIONS IN THE AREA OF THE NIRNOVA SUB-BASIN

Surface water quality The National Agency for Public Health (NAPH), based on the normative acts in force, monitors and supervises the surface water quality in 162 fixed points in the Republic of Moldova, including

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

in 27 points on the Dniester and Prut Rivers. The monitoring is performed at 36 chemical and 5 microbiological parameters, including virological parameters and the content of viable helminth eggs. According to the latest investigations, findings have been made compared to 2018, the sanitary-chemical and microbiological parameters show a decrease in the number of results attributed to class I (very good) of water quality and a considerable increase in the number of results attributed to class IV (polluted) and class V (highly polluted). For the Prut River, there is a decrease of the samples attributed to class I (very good) from 30% in 2018 to 9% in 2019, and an increase of the samples attributed to class IV (polluted) from 9% in 2018 to 39% in 2019. At the bacteriological parameters the share of samples attributed to class IV (polluted) of quality for the Prut River the share of samples assigned to class IV (polluted) of quality increased from 8% in 2018 to 12% in 2019.

TABLE 2-11 WATER QUALITY IN THE PRUT RIVER (MONTHLY BULLETIN ON THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA IN DECEMBER 2019, ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY)

Place of water Parameters Unit of Recorded Quality sampling investigated measurement concentration class6

Prut River, nitrite nitrogen mgN/l 53.5 III Giurgiulesti village magnesium ion mg/l 0.330 V

mineral phosphorus mgPO4/l 101.0 V

According to the Yearbook “Surface Water Quality Condition” of 2015, the average concentration of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the water samples from the Nirnova river was 9.28 mgO2/l, and the minimum recorded value indicated 6.35 mgO2/l. According to the Regulation, the water quality after O2 for this section falls within the limits of class III (moderately polluted). The average concentration of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) indicated the value of 4.96 mgO2/l, the maximum value recorded indicates 7.27 mgO2/l – the quality of water falling within the limits of class IV (polluted). The average concentration of the dichromate chemical oxygen demand

6 Note: The results of surface water quality monitoring are evaluated by delimitation into 5 quality classes:

1) class I (very good) – surface waters in which there are no alterations (or there are minor alterations) of the physico- chemical and biological quality values. The waters of this class are intended for all types of use;

2) class II (good) – surface waters that have been slightly affected by anthropogenic activity, but which can still ensure all uses properly. The operation of the aquatic ecosystems is not affected. The simple treatment methods are sufficient for the preparation of drinking water;

3) class III (moderately polluted) – surface waters which physical-chemical and biological quality values deviate moderately from the natural background (bottom) of water quality, due to human activities. The simple treatment is not sufficient for the use of water for drinking purposes, as normal treatment methods are applied;

4) class IV (polluted) – surface waters that show evidence of major deviations of the physico-chemical and biological quality values from the natural background (bottom) of water quality, due to human activities. The waters do not meet the requirements for drinking water without the application of advanced treatment methods;

5) class V (highly polluted) – surface waters that show evidence of major deviations of physico-chemical and biological values from the natural background (bottom) of water quality, due to human activities. The biological components, especially fish ones, are damaged and the water cannot be used for drinking purposes.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

(DCOD) in the samples was 108.16 mgO2/l, the maximum value – 177.20 mgO2/l. The quality of water according to this parameter falls within the limits of class V (highly polluted). The maximum concentrations during 2014 reached the level:  for ammonium ions – 0.63 mgN/l (1.62 MAC);

 for nitrites – 0.171 mgN/l (8.55 MAC);

 for total iron – 0.12 mg/l (1.2 MAC);

 for phenols – 0.003 mg/l (3.0 MAC);

 for petroleum products – 0.15 mg/l (3.0 MAC).

The average concentrations for ammonium ions, nitrates, anion-active detergents, total iron, dissolved zinc, and the maximum concentrations for nitrates, anion-active detergents, dissolved zinc did not exceed the CMA values. Depending on the monitored parameters, the quality classes in the Nirnova river vary as follows:  1st class quality (very good): by smell, dissolved copper and dissolved zinc;

 2nd class quality (good): according to the pH;

 3rd class quality (moderately polluted): by chlorides, phenols, ammonium ions, nitrates, dissolved oxygen, saturation and petroleum products;

th  4 class quality (polluted): by BOD5, color, nitrites, total phosphorus and orthophosphates;

 5th class quality (highly polluted): by DCOD, hardness, total iron, magnesium, total mineralization, sodium and potassium ions, sulphates and solid suspensions.

Based on the value of IPA7 - 1.74, in 2014 the quality of the water of the Nirnova river was in the third class quality (moderately polluted). Most ponds in the region are polluted due to poor maintenance and their area has decreased in recent years due to drought. Some of the ponds are privatized and intended for fish farming (pisciculture).

2.3.6. Soils The Nirnova river basin corresponds mainly to the pedoclimatic zone II but also to the pedoclimatic zone IIa (the territories of Balanesti, Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti, Seliste, Sendreni localities). The specificity of the environmental components, first of all, of the climatic elements, geological structure, vegetation and relief, determined the formation of a wide range of soils with various physico-chemical characteristics. The chernozems are spread on the entire territory of the basin with a share of 47.4% of the Nirnova basin. On the lower parts of the slopes, the river terraces, under different floristic associations (oak forests, meadows and steppes) on loamy-clayey and loessoid rocks different subtypes of chernozem were formed: carbonate, clayey-illuvial, leachate and typical ones.

7 IPA – Water Pollution Index

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The alluvial soils, present in a proportion of 18% on the territory of the basin, are created as a result of the meadow formation processes that led to the creation of great alluvial soil variability on different segments of the meadows. The variability of alluvial soils is complicated not only by the alluvial processes, but also by the local peculiarities of the hydric regimes of the meadow, by the quality of the phreatic waters, etc. The grey soils are represented by 3 subtypes (albic, typically vertical) in proportion of 12.9%. The Albic gray soils formed on sandy-loam or loam-sandy parent rocks, supported at a certain depth of clay. Typical gray soils are characterized by a differentiated profile, being formed on different parent rocks-clayey clays, clayey clays, sandy clays etc.

TABLE 2-12 SOILS OF THE NIRNOVA BASIN

Types of soil Soil subtype Area, ha Occupied area, ha

Chernozioms Common 7,001.10 22,118.89

Carbonatic 6,591.60

Leachate 5,443.73

Typical 3,039.73

Clayey-illuvial 42.73

Alluvial Mollic 3,363.46 8,403.71

Stratified 3,130.84

Gleyc 1,525.66

Vertic 239.46

Turbic 144.29

Grey Albic 2,998.26 6,022.13

Typical 2,929.41

Vertic 94.46

Landslides Active 3,787.16 5,088.98

Stabilized 1,301.82

Brown Luvic 1,659.57 2,204.59

Typical 545.02

Deluvial Mollic 773.77 1,249,94

Ocric 476.17

Chernozemoid Typical 1,026.13 1,184.17

Leachate 158.04

Other types Typical mud, ravines, hydric solonchak, hydric solonetz 440.14

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-14 SHARE OF SOIL TEXTURE IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

3% 7% argilo-lutoase

10% lutoase

49% luto-nisipoase

nisipo-lutoase și nisipoase 31% argiloase mediu și fine

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-15 MAP OF SOILS IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

Soil quality In the Republic of Moldova the soils are the main natural wealth, which is expressed by the fertility and diversity thereof. Over the last 30 years, the weighted average creditworthiness grade of the agricultural lands in the country has decreased by 5 points and currently stands at 65 points. 54

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

With reference to the quality of the soils in the Nirnova basin, it should be mentioned that, according to the data provided by the S.E. “State Planning Insitute for Land Management”, the weighted average credit rating on January 01, 2019 is 53.6 points. The highest credit rating is in the villages of Bujor (72), Cotul Morii (62) and Siscani (62). While the weakest fertile soils are registered in the localities of Obileni (42), Leuseni (43) and Calimanesti (43). Of the total area of the localities of the basin, 31.3% is constituted by the eroded lands.

Land use The use of soil resources in the Republic of Moldova is one of the decisive factors for the national economy. According to the Land Cadastre, approved by the Government Decision No. 971 of August 12, 2016, on January 01, 2016 the surface of agricultural lands was 2,499,585 ha or about 74% of the country’s surface, of which arable land – 1,822,912 ha (73%), multiannual plantations – 288,900 ha (12%), pastures – 345,034 ha (14%), waste-land (fallow) – 40,600 ha (1.6%). In the Nirnova basin, the surface of agricultural lands is 27,832.2 ha or 55.1% of the total surface of the basin. The arable lands make up 20,819.4 ha (41.2%), multi-annual plantations – 6,818.9 ha (13.5%) of which: vineyards – 4,942.4 ha (9.8%), orchards – 1,876.6 ha (3.7%), pastures – 5,126.3 ha (10.1%), waste-lands (fallows) – 383.3 ha (0.8%).

Soil erosion and landslides In the Republic of Moldova, due to inadequate and extensive anthropogenic activities, other objective and subjective factors, the surface of the eroded lands has increased by 244.3 thousand ha over the last 35 years. The maximum share of land with eroded soils is recorded in the central region of the country (42.6% of the surface). The most negative impact on land resources has the erosion of linear and surface soils, which are actively developing as a result of heavy short-term rains, more and more frequent lately. The surface of lands affected by landslides has also increased, which currently constitutes over 55 thousand ha of active landslides and about 350 thousand ha of landslides in state (condition) of stagnation. The soil erosion and landslides present a major danger and risk phenomenon, which conditions enormous losses to the economy, population and nature, and significantly diminishes the land fund of the republic. In the basin area, the intensive capitalization and systematic tillage of soils caused the intensification of their erosion and degradation processes. The total area of lands subject to landslides is 5,089 ha (10.9%), the surface of eroded soils is 15826 ha, which is 31.3% of the territory of the basin localities.

2.3.7. State Protected Natural Areas The Law No. 1538 of 25/02/1998 on the fund of state protected natural areas establishes the legal basis for the creation and operation of the fund of state protected natural areas, its principles, mechanism and method of conservation, as well as the attributions of central and local public authorities, non-governmental organizations and citizens in this domain. In accordance with this Law, the fund of protected areas consists of the following categories of natural objects and complexes: I. Delimited in accordance with the classification of the International Union for Conservation of Nature: 55

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

a) scientific reservation; b) national park; c) monument of nature; d) natural reserve; e) landscape reservation (of geographical landscape); f) reservation of resources; g) area with multifunctional management. II. Not related to the classification of the International Union for Conservation of Nature: a) dendrological garden; b) monument of landscape architecture; c) zoo. III. Established by other international regulations: a) biosphere reserve (UNESCO Program); b) wetland of international importance (Ramsar Convention). The table below lists the protected areas in the area of the Nirnova basin and in its vicinity, in accordance with the annexes of the Law No. 1538.

TABLE 2-13 NPHA LIST IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

No. Name Area, Location Owner of the land ha

MONUMENTS OF NATURE – GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL

1 Bumps (potholes) near 200 6 km south of the Nisporeni town, on the left Agricultural Company the Nisporeni town bank of the Nirnova river “Nisporeni”

2 Seliste tectonic fracture 240 1 km south of the Seliste village Agricultural Enterprise “Moldova”

MONUMENTS OF NATURE – HYDROLOGICAL

1 Spring of Nemteni 0.5 In the center of Nemteni village Agricultural village Enterprise “Hlopesti”

MONUMENTS OF NATURE – BOTANICAL

1 Secular tree – 1 Paruceni forest range, Seliste-Leu, plot 26, Nisporeni State Pedunculate oak subplot 15 Forestry Household

2 Secular tree – Sorb 1 35 m east of the cemetery of Nisporeni town Nisporeni Town Hall

3 Secular tree – Beech 1 Iurceni forest range, Cabac, plot 5, subplot 3 Nisporeni State Forestry Household

NATURAL RESERVATIONS – FORESTRY

1 Nemteni 20.9 Onesti forest range, Nemteni, plot 2, subplots Hincesti State 2, 3 Forestry Household

2 Seliste-Leu 315 Paruceni forest district, Seliste-Leu, plots 27- Nisporeni State 30 Forestry Household

NATURAL RESERVATIONS – MEDICINAL PLANTS

1 Seliste 315 Paruceni forest range, Seliste-Leu, plots 27- Nisporeni State 30 Forestry Household

LANDSCAPE RESERVATIONS (GEOGRAPHICAL)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

1 Cazimir-Milesti 500 Between the villages of Milesti, Balanesti, Nisporeni State Gaureni the Paruceni forest range, Cazimir- Forestry Household Milesti, plots 3-7

2 Vila Nisporeni 3,499 South-east of Nisporeni town, Nisporeni Nisporeni State forest range, Nisporeni, plots 7-38 Forestry Household

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE MONUMENTS

1 Park of Milesti village 3 Milesti village Agricultural Enterprise “Milesti”

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-16 MAP OF STATE PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN (INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.3.8. Ecological condition and sensitive areas The Nisporeni district has a rich forest fund and natural areas protected by the state (Seliste, Milesti). The beech, hornbeam, ash, elm and especially the oak are the main formers of the forests in Nisporeni, and in the forest strips there are present: the horn, hawthorn (May bush), rosehip, lilac and other shrubs. The fauna is numerically impoverished, although it is diverse: fox, wild cat, forest marten, rabbit, squirrel, blackbird, forest pigeon, jay, finch, eagle. The Hincesti district, being one of the most forested districts in the country, has about 34 thousand ha of forests, of which about 18% are preserved in various forms of protected natural areas. On the territory of the district there are 2 springs with mineral water. Medieval hearths have been preserved in most rural localities. On the territory of the rural communities from Hincesti there are erected 39 buildings of Orthodox Christian worship. In the district there are several points with attractive potential for tourism, but for various reasons it is not fully exploited. According to the legislation in force (Regulation on areas of sanitary protection of water intakes, approved by the Government Decision No. 949 of 25/11/2013), the sanitary protection areas are delimited by the local public administration authorities based on urban planning documentation and opinions of specialized bodies of central and local public administration. In the case of water intakes for drinking there are established protection areas on the bodies of water used if the drinking water intake is intended for human consumption, and provides on average at least 10 m3/day or serves at least 50 persons. Thus, the sanitary protection areas are created within three perimeters:  perimeter I – sanitary protection area with severe regime, includes the territory of the water intake;  perimeter II – sanitary protection area with restriction regime;  perimeter III – sanitary protection area with observation regime, includes the adjacent territories, where water protection measures against pollution are provided. Both the Directive 91/271/EEC of May 21, 1991 on urban waste water treatment and the “Methodology for the identification of sensitive areas”, approved by the order of the Minister of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, identify the following categories as sensitive areas: 1) natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater, which prove to be eutrophic or which in the near future may become eutrophic if no protective measures are taken. 2) surface freshwater intended for the drinking water capture and which may contain a nitrate concentration higher than that provided for in the legislation in force (Annex No. 2 to the “Regulation on the requirements for the collection, treatment and discharge of the waste water into the sewage system and/ or into water bodies for urban and rural localities”, it provides that the maximum permissible concentration for nitrates is 25 mg/dm3). The sensitive areas are bodies of surface water where the quality is deteriorated or potentially 3 3 threatened due to exceeding the CMA at the parameters 푃tot = 2.0 푚g/푑m and 푁tot = 11.0 mg/dm . The determination of sensitive areas is done based on the following criteria:  Surface water quality/ condition;  Level of eutrophication of surface waters;  Impact of urban waters on water quality. A section of a river, or bodies of water in a river basin become sensitive if there is an increased impact of urban wastewater on the quality/ condition of surface water or, more precisely, if the

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

concentration of nitrates, respectively the effects of eutrophication in surface waters due to the urban wastewater discharge increase significantly. At the moment, it is optimal to declare the Nirnova river sub-basin as the entire Danube – Prut – Black Sea basin as a nutrient-sensitive area. This variant results, in essence, from the provisions of Article 5, paragraph 8, of the European Directive 91/271/EEC on urban waste water treatment and assumes that the requirements for the intensified disposal of nitrogen and phosphorus will apply to all agglomerations greater than 10,000 LE. The advantage of this solution is the introduction of a higher standard of wastewater treatment in all large wastewater treatment plants, thus ensuring a higher protection of water in the study area. This does not preclude the fact that in some localities where the wastewater from a locality is discharged into a small watercourse it will be necessary, in order to achieve the purposes of the Framework Directive, to choose even stricter emission limits than those corresponding to the Table 2 of the Annex I to the Directive 91/271/EEC. The designation, as a sensitive area, of the entire Danube – Prut – Black Sea basin is in accordance with the same solution adopted on the Romanian side, which prevents possible disputes regarding the pollution of this transboundary watercourse. The solution will be most easily acceptable to the European Commission, as it is the highest level of urban wastewater management considered by the Directive. The disadvantage lies, first of all, above all in the highest investment and operating costs for wastewater treatment. Given the need to eliminate the total nitrogen, it is necessary to introduce advanced treatment (3rd and 4th stage) at existing stations, which in fact involves the total modernization thereof. In some cases, when the dilution ratio in the watercourse is high (direct discharge into the Prut River) there must be or appear no major impact on the improvement of the water quality downstream of the discharge after intensification of the treatment.

2.4. Infrastructure

2.4.1. Land fund The territory of the Nirnova basin includes 18 municipalities (townships) and 31 localities. The total area of the basin is 505.9 km2, including 51.9 km2 within the built-up areas (intravilan). In the Nirnova basin, the share of lands used for agricultural activities is 65.6%. The arable lands constitute about 41.2% of the total area of agricultural lands, the vineyards represent 14.9%, and the orchards – 5.7%.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-17 DESTINATION OF THE SURFACES IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN, HA

1% 1%

11%

terenuri cu destinație agricolă Fondul silvic Forest fund; 10496,5; localități 21% fondul apelor agricultural lands; 33147,9; 66% Industrii, destinații speciale

2.4.2. Transports Air Transport. The Chisinau International Airport is approximately 56 km from the Nirnova basin that allows the transport of passengers and goods; Rail transport. The territory of the Republic of Moldova is crossed by the multimodal corridor IX: Helsinki – Saint Petersburg – Moscow – Kiev – Chisinau – Bucharest – Dimitrovgrad – Alexandroupolis and Cuciurgan sector (Ukraine) – Novosavitscaia – Tighina – Chisinau – Ungheni – Cristesti (Romania). The total length of the railway network managed by the CFM (Moldova Railway) is 1,232 km. The Cuciurgan – Cristesti corridor is about 12 km away from the Balanesti locality. Road transport. The Nisporeni district has a network of roads of 238,27 km, of which: national roads – 97.77 km, a 17 km segment of the international route Chisinau – Leuseni; local roads – 140.5 km. According to the socio-economic indicators, which characterize the living conditions of the district population (situation on 01/01/2011), the total length of roads and streets in the district localities is 941 km. The road network of Hincesti district is represented by 352.2 km of public roads, of which 138.7 km are of national importance, and 213.5 km of local importance. The length of the car roads is 1,664.5 km. The North-East part of the Nirnova basin is crossed by the express road M1 – Chisinau – Leuseni – the border with Romania on a length of 27.0 km (from Miresi locality to Leuseni). The republican roads that cross the localities of the Nirnova basin are:  R 25 – Bucovat – Nisporeni, on a distance of approximately 12.0 km (Sendreni-Nisporeni section);

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

 R 10 – connection between the expressway M1 and the republican road R25, on a distance of approximately 8.0 km (the section that crosses the suburbs (extravilan) of the Varzaresti township);  R 33 – Hincesti – Lapusna – expressway M1, on a distance of approximately 6.7 km (section of Onesti Extravilan – expressway M1). Regional roads: G89 – R1 – Parlita – Nisporeni – G91, on a distance of 17.1 km (section of Balanesti – Vinatori extravilan – Valea Narnovei – Paruceni – Nisporeni extravilan); G92 – G91 – Marinici – Siscani – M1, on a distance of 7.6 km, along its entire length; G91 – Ungheni – Barboieni – Nemteni – M1, on a distance of 12 km (section of Ivanovca, Obileni, Nemteni); Among local roads there are listed: L392 – Balanesti; L400 – Varzaresti; L401 – Varzaresti; L402 – Seliste, Vinatori, Ciutesti; L403 – Nisporeni, Marinici; L404 – Drojdieni; L405 – Vinatori; L510 – Ivanovca, Cateleni, Calimanesti, Helesteni; L529 – Bujor; L531 – Nemteni; L532 – Obileni; L533 – Cotul Morii; L534 – Cotul Morii; L536 – Leuseni.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-18 INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE ROAD NETWORK IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.4.3. Natural gas The development of the sector is largely dependent on the National Gasification Program of the Republic of Moldova and National Program “Moldovan Village”. Out of the total of 18 townships, only 6 are connected to the gas network (Nisporeni town and Siscani, Marinici, Varzaresti, Calimanesti and Nemteni townhips), which represents 33%. The number of households benefiting from access to the gas distribution network is even lower. The rest of the localities use liquefied gas, the access to which is quite free. The provision of the service is performed by the M.E. “Rotalin Gaz Traiding” S.R.L., branch No. 1 of Hincesti, for the localities from Hincesti, and “Ungheni-Gaz” S.R.L., branch “Nisporeni-Gaz”, for the localities from Nisporeni. There are no central heating plants at the basin level. The public and educational institutions are supplied with thermal energy from own boilers.

2.4.4. Electricity The Hincesti district, as well as the Nisporeni district, is supplied with electricity from the Centru Distribution Electrical Networks, owned by the I.C.S. “Premier Energy Distribution” S.A., and it has currently no problems which would lead to the interruption of the power supply to the public and private institutions, economic agencies and domestic households.

2.4.5. Solid waste management In the Nirnova river basin the sanitation service is poorly developed. Only 8 town halls provide the inhabitants with organized transport for the disposal of household waste. The town of Nisporeni has a properly equipped special vehicle. In the other localities the transport is carried out by tractors. The sanitation of the Nisporeni town is managed by the Municipal Enterprise “Gospodaria Comunala”, while in the rest of the localities the sanitation falls under the responsibility of the town halls. At the moment, the administration of the town of Nisporeni together with the Municipal Enterprise “Gospodaria Comunala” carries out several activities for the development of the sanitation service in order to cover the entire town plus a part of the Varzaresti township.

2.5. Socio-economic evaluation (assessment)

2.5.1. Socio-economic profile of Nisporeni district

Economic and geographical position Geographically, the district is positioned in the central part neighboring to the North with the Ungheni and Calarasi districts; to the South – with Hincesti district; to the East – with Straseni district; to the West – with Ungheni district and Iasi county of Romania. The Nisporeni district is a component part of the “Siret – Prut – Dniester” Euroregion. The area of Nisporeni district is about 2.4% of the total area of the republic8.

8 Sustainable development strategy of Nisporeni district (2013-2020), Nisporeni 2013. http://www.adrcentru.md/pageview.php?l=ro&id=2067&idc=543

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Demographic situation The data from the last 5 years indicate a continuous trend of decrease in the number of inhabitants in the Nisporeni district. From 2015 to the end of 2019, the stable population decreased by approximately 1100 inhabitants. This trend is not a regional one but is observed at the country level (Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.).

FIGURE 2-19 STABLE POPULATION IN THE PERIOD OF 2015-2019 (NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS[ NOTE: THE TOTAL NUMBER PER REPUBLIC IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY.])

The causes of the decrease in the number of inhabitants are due to the negative increase and internal and/ or external migration9. In Nisporeni district, the natural growth for the period of 2015- 2018 is negative and fluctuates from year to year. The demographic aging is also playing an important role, accelerating and having a negative impact on the demographic structure10. All these causes endanger the sustainable development of the district.

TABLE 2-14 NATURAL INCREASE (NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS)

2015 2016 2017 2018

Total per country -0.3 -0.3 -0.8 -1.3

Nisporeni -1.1 -0.1 -0.5 -2.4

The data in the table above show the negative trend of natural growth by country and district. The distribution of the population by sex and living environment is presented in the figure below. According to the official data, men (about 49%) are fewer than women (about 51%). At the same time, more than 75% of the entire population of the district lives in rural area. During the years of 2015-2019 there is a tendency of decrease in the rural population and increase in the urban one.

9 https://statistica.gov.md/newsview.php?l=ro&idc=168&id=5676

10 Republic of Moldova, National Report. Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat Iii). https://mei.gov.md/sites/default/files/raport_habitat_iii_eng_0.pdf

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-20 POPULATION STRUCTURE BY SEX AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT (NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS)

Economic activity In the description of the dynamics and current situation regarding the economic activity of the Nisporeni district there were analyzed the following indicators:  Number of enterprises

 Average number of staff

 Revenues from sales, millions of MDL

 Number of enterprises or companies that received a profit

 Long-term financial investments, millions of MDL

 Current financial investments, millions of MDL

 Total assets (total balance sheet), millions of MDL

 Staff remuneration reflected in the financial statements, millions of MDL

The economic activities targeted in the current analysis are:  Agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing

 Manufacturing industry

 Water distribution; sanitation, waste management, decontamination activities

 Wholesale and retail trade; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

 Transport and storage

 Accommodation and public catering activities

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

 Information and communications

 Financial and insurance activities

 Real estate transactions

 Professional, scientific and technical activities

 Health and social assistance

The dynamics of the indicators regarding the number of enterprises, average number of staff, sales revenues and number of enterprises that received profit in the period of 2015-2018 are reflected in the table below.

FIGURE 2-21 DYNAMICS OF INDICATORS ON THE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES, AVERAGE NUMBER OF STAFF, SALES REVENUES AND NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES THAT RECEIVED A PROFIT IN THE PERIOD OF 2015-2018 (NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS)

In the period of 2015-2018 there is observed a positive dynamic in the following areas: agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing; manufacturing industry; water distribution, sanitation, waste management, decontamination activities and wholesale and retail trade; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. At the same time, the number of enterprises in the field of accommodation, information and communication, financial and insurance, as well as real estate transactions decreased in 2018 compared to 2017. Only three fields of economic activity showed a positive dynamic in terms of the average number of staff:  Agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing – 6%;  Water distribution; sanitation, waste management, decontamination activities – 5%;  Wholesale and retail trade; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles – 6%. The other activities reduced the number of staff or did not register any increase in 2018. The largest increase in sales revenues was recorded in the wholesale and retail trade activity; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, 30% in 2018 compared to 2017. The agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing generated revenues of more than 26%, and the professional, scientific and technical activities – 24%. The activities related to water distribution,

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

sanitation, waste management, and decontamination activities accumulated a 20% higher income in 2018. Significant reductions of 57% were recorded in the financial and insurance activities. According to official data, 50% of the number of enterprises that received a profit conducted their activity in the field of information and communications and health and social assistance. The number of enterprises that received a profit in the field of agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing was 21%. In 2018, the enterprises in the field of manufacturing industry, accommodation and public catering and real estate transactions registered no profit. The following set of indicators is shown in the table below. In 2018, the largest increase of 170% in current financial investments were made in the field of transport and storage. In the manufacturing industry there were invested 155% more in 2018 compared to 2017. In the field of retail trade, during the years of 2015-2018 the investments varied substantially, and in 2018 it was invested more by 30% compared to 2017. In other fields, the current investments either declined gradually or were not been made.

FIGURE 2-22 DYNAMICS OF INDICATORS ON CURRENT FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS, LONG-TERM FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS, ASSETS AND STAFF REMUNERATION IN THE PERIOD OF 2015-2018 (NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS)

Few of the economic activities attracted long-term financial investments in the period of 2015- 2018. Most of it was invested in the field of agriculture, silviculture (forestry) and fishing and professional, scientific and technical activities, both fields with a 100% increase. There were no long-term investments in water distribution field. Although no current or long-term investments were made in the field of water distribution, the value of total assets increased by 6%. The assets in agriculture, health and social assistance increased by 15% and 10% respectively in 2018 compared to 2017. An important indicator is the staff remuneration. According to published data, increases in staff remuneration were observed in virtually all areas of economic activity. The largest increase was observed in the field of wholesale and retail trade, 39% in 2018 compared to 2017. In the field of agriculture, the remuneration in 2018 was 19% higher than in 2017. In the field of water distribution, the remuneration was 7% lower in 2018 compared to 2017. In order to assess the current situation, recent data are needed that could highlight the factors that influence the remuneration of work.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

2.5.2. Socio-economic profile of the localities in the Nirnova river basin Demographic situation According to the 2014 census, 43,858 inhabitants live in the Nirnova river basin, of which 23% live in the urban area (Nisporeni town) and 77% in the rural area. Thus, the number of the population is decreasing by 15% compared to the 2004 data 11. The map of the population distribution in the study area is represented in Table 2-15.

TABLE 2-15 DYNAMICS OF THE FLUCTUATION OF THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE NIRNOVA RIVER BASIN

Locality Number of inhabitants Dynamics Dynamics (%) (%) census census 2020 2014/2004 2020/2014 2004 2014 1 Balanesti/ Gaureni 2,932 2,170 2,329 -26% 7% 2 Vinatori 1,127 919 1,011 -18% 10% 3 Ciutesti/ Valea Narnovei 1,850 1,530 1,962 -17% 28% 4 Seliste/ Paruceni 3,388 2,837 2,960 -16% 4% 5 Siscani/ Drojdieni/ Odaia 2,901 2,217 2,901 -24% 31% 6 Marinici/ Helesteni 2,599 2,215 2,599 -15% 17% 7 Calimanesti 1,021 819 819 -20% 0% 8 Nisporeni 12,105 10,063 11,400 -17% 13% 9 Varzaresti 6,344 5,187 6,019 -18% 16% 10 Miresti/ Chetroseni 1,274 1,240 1,250 -3% 1% 11 Cateleni 1,362 1,270 1,265 -7% 0% 12 Bujor 3,615 3,552 3,600 -2% 1% 13 Nemteni 1,877 1,692 1,695 -10% 0% 14 Obileni 1,439 1,443 1,511 0% 5% 15 Ivanovca/ Costesti/ Frasin 1,056 999 1,050 -5% 5% 16 Onesti 1,541 1,429 1,609 -7% 13% 17 Cotul Morii/ Sarateni 2,299 2,241 1,808 -3% -19% 18 Leuseni/ Feteasca 2,166 2,046 2,006 -6% -2% According to official data, all localities in the Nirnova river basin suffered from the decrease of the population number (Table 2-10). This trend is in line with the trend at country level. In some localities, the internal and external immigration combined with the negative natural increase and population aging decreased the number of inhabitants by up to 26% in the Balanesti township/ Gaureni village, 24% in Siscani/ Drojdieni/ Odaia and 20% in Calimanesti during 2004-2014. In the other localities, the rate of decrease of the population was lower. On the contrary, a positive dynamic is observed in the data set for 2020. According to these data (presented by the mayors), the number of inhabitants increases or remains stable, with some exceptions, in the period of 2014-2020. Such a trend does not fit into the regional and national context and there are suspicions that the data presented do not reflect the current situation. The report “Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin: presentation of progress”

11 Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin: presentation of progress. Solidarité Eau Europe, January 2018

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

(prepared by Solidarité Eau Europe (EEA), January 2018) gives some explanations regarding this fact.  The emigrated population continues to be registered in the official registers as inhabitants of these localities, even if they are left long time ago.  The aid and subsidies are distributed according to the number of inhabitants. Unfortunately, situations when data contradict each other or are manipulated to obtain benefits are very common in Moldova. This can affect the decision-making process in many areas, especially in the field of water supply and sanitation where a factor in identifying investments is the number of inhabitants or potential beneficiaries and the volume of water used. Economic activity, revenues and public services Mostly, the main economic activity in the Nirnova river basin is based on the following domains:  Agriculture represented by small individual agricultural owners, including viticulture and processing of agricultural products (wine, dried fruits, vegetables, dairy and animal products)  Trade (agricultural products, textiles)  Industry (production of alcoholic beverages, meat processing, footwear manufacturing, clothing manufacturing, fruit drying) In some localities there exist petroleum trading stations, festivities halls and a mill. The table below shows detailed data for each locality.

TABLE 2-16 MAIN ACTIVITIES IN THE NIRNOVA RIVER BASIN (DATA PRESENTED BY THE TOWN HALLS)

# Locality Total economic Main domain (field) Large economic agents agents

1 Balanesti/ Gaureni 6 Trade

2 Vinatori

3 Ciutesti/ Valea Narnovei 5 Agriculture, trade

4 Seliste/ Paruceni 12 Trade, restaurant, gas/ petroleum station 5 Siscani/ Drojdieni/ Odaia 19 Vinification, agriculture, trade

6 Marinici/ Helesteni 11 Trade Vitvelux

7 Calimanesti 5 Trade

8 Nisporeni Textiles, food, agriculture, trade

9 Varzaresti 37

10 Miresti/ Chetroseni 11 Agriculture

11 Cateleni 3 Trade

12 Bujor 7 Agriculture, trade

13 Nemteni 6 Trade, festivities hall

14 Obileni 4 Industry, trade Shoe factory “UROPAM” (390 employees)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

15 Ivanovca/ Costesti/ Frasin 6 Food, mill, gas/ petroleum station

16 Onesti Agriculture

17 Cotul Morii/ Sarateni 8 Food, agriculture

18 Leuseni/ Feteasca Traditionally, the most and largest enterprises are located in urban areas and neighboring localities due to the developed infrastructure. Correspondingly, most of the enterprises are located in the town of Nisporeni (the wine enterprises “Nis-Struguras” and “Maurt”, “Prundis” S.R.L. – fruit drying, “Pascua” S.R.L. – meat processing, “Codreanca” S.A. – clothing). As an exception, in the Obileni locality there is located the shoe factory “UROPAM” which currently has 390 employees. The existing public services in each locality are listed in the table below.

TABLE 2-17 EXISTING PUBLIC SERVICES (DATA PRESENTED BY TOWN HALLS) Public services

# Locality

gas

water

roads

public

supply

spaces

heating

housing

drinking internet/

services

transport

sewerage

municipal

telephone sanitation

enterprises

parks/ green 1 Balanesti/ Gaureni

2 Vinatori

Ciutesti/ Valea 3 Narnovei

4 Seliste/ Paruceni

Siscani/ Drojdieni/ 5 Odaia

6 Marinici/ Helesteni

7 Calimanesti

8 Nisporeni

9 Varzaresti

1 0 Miresti/ Chetroseni

1 1 Cateleni

1 2 Bujor

1 3 Nemteni

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

1 4 Obileni

1 Ivanovca/ Costesti/ 5 Frasin

1 6 Onesti

1 7 Cotul Morii/ Sarateni

1 8 Leuseni/ Feteasca

Legend: Not existing Existing As it can be seen from the table above, only a small number of localities have municipal enterprises. Also, not all localities have functional water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The per capita income reported following the LPA survey is reflected in the table below.

TABLE 2-18 AVERAGE INCOME PER CAPITA

# Locality Average income per capita, MDL

1 Balanesti/ Gaureni n/a

2 Vinatori 470

3 Ciutesti/ Valea Narnovei n/a

4 Seliste/ Paruceni 3000-4000

5 Siscani/ Drojdieni/ Odaia 2000

6 Marinici/ Helesteni 1600

7 Calimanesti 2250

8 Nisporeni 3200

9 Varzaresti 2750

10 Miresti/ Chetroseni 1850

11 Cateleni n/a

12 Bujor 1500

13 Nemteni n/a

14 Obileni 3000

15 Ivanovca/ Costesti/ Frasin n/a

16 Onesti 1100

17 Cotul Morii/ Sarateni 2000

18 Leuseni/ Feteasca 1050

According to the data in the table above, the average per capita income correlates with the economic activities in Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. In the localities where there are 72

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

more enterprises and the economic activities are more diverse, there is attested a higher per capita income compared to the localities where the trade with agricultural products predominates. If compared to the average incomes at national level, the incomes of the population within the Nirnova river basin are quite modest, below the monthly average per country. At the same time, it should be noted that the data in Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. are not complete and it is required the economic activity be identified (it will be difficult to collect such information). This will allow the comparison of data with the information provided by the National Bureau of Statistics. As can be observed from the table above, the wage level in agriculture is the lowest. These data correlate with the data provided by the town halls (Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.) regarding the per capita income in each locality.

Impact on health As mentioned also in the report “Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin: presentation of progress” (prepared by Solidarité Eau Europe, January 2018) a number of diseases are caused by the consumption of water that does not meet the water quality standards. These diseases are: hepatitis A, salmonella and acute diarrhea. The mayors and the representatives of the local medical centers confirmed cases of diseases caused by water consumption. The villages most affected by these diseases are those that face great difficulties in drinking water supply. The high mineralization of the water is due to the presence of some compounds in significant quantities, such as: chlorides, sulfates, hydrocarbons, Ca, Na, Mg etc. Thus, the increased amount of chlorides in water, especially sodium chloride, suppresses gastric secretion, reduces diuresis, increases blood pressure. Large amounts of sulfates and magnesium cause disorders of hydro-saline metabolism, irritate the lining of the small and large intestine, etc. Large quantities of dry water-soluble residue were detected in the water from most of the studied wells (Balanesti, Siscani, Marinici, Nemteni, Onesti and Leuseni). Also, several wells were found residue (Drojdieni, Ivanovca, Leuseni). Excess fluoride content in drinking water causes endemic fluorosis. Excess amounts of fluoride were detected in the wells in Balanesti, Nemteni, Onesti and Strimbeni. The water in these wells is not used for drinking purposes. The low concentration of fluoride in drinking water leads to the destruction of tooth enamel. In the catchments from Balanesti, Vânatori and Ciutesti localities, the fluoride concentration is 0.2 mg/l. Nitrates negatively influence your health. High concentrations in drinking water were attested in all shallow wells (concentrations up to 249 mg/l in Ivanovca, 5 times higher than the established norm) but also in the catchment arranged for water supply of Valea Nirnovei (74.3 mg/l). Increased amounts of sulfates in drinking water were detected in the catchment in Miresti (260mg/l) and in several mine wells in Drojdieni (502 mg/l), Ivanovca (1173 mg/l), Leuseni (983 mg/l)).

Required data The existing data from various sources (studies, reports, NBS etc.) were used in this study. Notwithstanding that the team of experts sent questionnaires and collected data in the field, some important data related to the current socio-economic situation are missing. Below there is a list of data that needs to be additionally collected in order to have a clear picture of the state of affairs and to allow a comparative analysis with the published data.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

- Number and type of enterprises (number)

- Primary economic activities (list)

- Number of employees per economic activity (number)

- Average monthly salary per activities (MDL)

- Number of socially vulnerable families (number)

- Composition of socially vulnerable families by gender, age (number by gender and age)

- Average monthly income of socially vulnerable families (MDL)

2.5.3. Analysis of perception and social demand on water supply and sewerage systems As mentioned in the report “Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin: presentation of progress” (January 2018) and discussions with project beneficiaries, it was found that there is a will at both national and local level to implement water resources management policies in line with the European approaches (drinking water that meets the minimum quality standards, wastewater treatment, integrated management on river basins). At the same time, a number of challenges have been identified that could stop or slow down the implementation of the initiatives at the locality and river basin level. These challenges are: - Poorly developed drinking water infrastructures, which, in most cases, do not ensure the production of water in accordance with the drinking rules (potability standards); - Sewage infrastructures (almost) non-existent; - The lack of structures for implementation of territorial projects makes that local administrations not cooperating with each other and not coordinating their actions; - The need to regroup the technical, administrative, financial and project management skills to develop projects, obtain funding and ensure the sustainability thereof; - Existence of various studies and projects not implemented due to lack of financial means, but also due to lack of implementation structures and project managers.

In reality, the lack of financial resources and local capacity to implement water supply and sanitation projects as well as stimulating the consumers through tariff policy, in order to ensure minimum water consumption to maintain services at a sustainable level are the challenges that come to the fore12. Given that the mood, both will and realism depend largely on the socio-economic condition of localities, it is not appropriate to conduct additional detailed surveys to collect data that would complete the list of challenges described above.

2.5.4. Financial aspects of water insurance services and water prices Current rates

12 Regional Sectoral Water Supply and Sewerage Program for the Centru Development Region

(http://adrcentru.md/pageview.php?l=ro&id=2372&idc=542)

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Information on tariffs for water supply and sewerage services was collected and analyzed and the average for the region was calculated based on the relative populations in the areas served. This analysis will lead to recommendations on tariff setting and harmonization, taking into account the indicated parameters. This information on current tariffs is summarized in the following table:

TABLE 2-19 CURRENT RATES FOR WSS SERVICES13

No. TAU Water supply Sanitation conection Price conectio Price, to system n to MDL/m3 system 1 Balanesti 2670 15 MDL (0-7m3) -- 40 MDL (7-10m3) 80 MDL (>10m3) 6 MDL/monthly/householding 2 Vinatori - - - 700 / 3 m3 truck 3 Ciutesti 1900 6 MDL/m3 - 4 Seliste 0 0 - 5 Siscani 4000 - - Drojdieni(Siscani) 4200 10 MDL/m3 - 6 Marinici 0 0 - 7 Calimanesti 0 0 - 800 /3 m3 truck 8 Nisporeni 5000 17,98 MDL/m3 0 18,02 9 Varzaresti 5000 17,98 MDL/m3 0 18,02 10 Miresti 3000 10 MDL/m3 - 10 MDL monthly/householding 11 Cateleni 0 0 - 12 Bujor - - 13 Nemteni 3000 15 MDL/m3 3000 0 14 Obileni - - 15 Ivanovca - - 16 Onesti 1800 15 MDL/m3 - 17 Cotul Morii 0 25014/3m3 - 18 Leuseni 0 50MDL/monthly/householdi - 200 /3.5 m3

ng truck 300 /5 m3 truck Source: LPA/Operators

As can be clearly seen, the highest connection and consumption tariff is registered by the regional operator ME "Apa-Canal Nisporeni". The tariff for the town. Nisporeni and Varzaresti commune

13 The data were provided by LPA representatives in the questionnaires completed in April-May, 2020

14 Aproximativ 50 % din locuitori apelează la servicii de a le aduce apa cu camionul din satele vecine.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

is the only tariff in the localities of the Nirnova basin approved by the National Agency for Energy Regulation under art. 7 para. (2) lit. J), art. 35 para. (6) of Law no. 303 of 13.12.2013 on the public water supply and sewerage service, and based on point 50 letter a) of the Methodology for determining, approving and applying tariffs for the public water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment service. The decision of the ANRE Board of Directors regarding the approval of tariffs is from June, 2020. The localities of Gaureni (Balanesti), Siscani, Marinici and Cotul Morii have not yet approved a tariff because the systems are not yet put into operation, although some of them have been built since 2013 (Șicani and Cotul Morii). In Calimanesti the water is distributed through the taps and the water used in Cateleni is not metered and is not billed. Payment for water and sanitation services differs considerably from one locality to another. Table 2 14 analyzes all localities and the price of water and sewerage services currently paid. According to the data presented in the Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable., in several localities (Gaureni, Seliste, Valea Narnovei, Seliste, Siscani, Drojdieni, Cotul Morii and Leuseni) water and sewerage systems are currently being implemented and the prices for connection, tariff plans, and plans for the establishment of organizations/ associations that will manage the systems created are not established. Thus, in the absence of a local tariff policy, the localities do not plan to create a municipal enterprise for the management of the water or sanitation system.

Financial disponibility of population The figures below show the summary of the information regarding the survey carried out in the localities of the Nirnova river basin. The methodology of household questionnaires is described in chapter 1-3 - The adequacy of the data. Moreover, these data reflect the position of individuals and cannot be considered as representative for the whole locality. In order to have a more exhaustive data set, it is necessary to hold meetings/ sessions with the wide participation of representatives from different social backgrounds, interest groups, socially vulnerable groups, people of different ages, gender etc. This is possible at the stage of determining the feasibility of the proposed activity. The raw data used to create the analytical summary presented in the following figures are included in the Annexe 4. Of all the localities of the Nirnova river basin, 81% of the households that participated in the survey mentioned that they agree to connect to a drinking water supply system if it is to be built in the locality. Some households in a single locality do not want to connect, and in about 19% of localities there is already a water supply system and the households are already connected to the system or want to connect (Figure below).

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-23 EXPRESSION OF DESIRE TO CONNECT TO A DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, % (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100

Bujor

Odaia

Frasin

Onești

Mirești

Seliște

Obileni

Șișcani

Ciutești

Marinici

Vînători

Leușeni

Găureni

Costești

Cățeleni

Nemțeni

Sărăteni

Drojdieni Păruceni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Nisporeni

Vărzărești

CotulMorii

Chetroșeni

Călimănești ValeaNîrnovei da conectarea există nu

FIGURE 2-24 AVAILABILITY (WILLINGNESS) OF PAYMENT WHEN CONNECTING TO A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100 80 60 40 20

Bujor

Frasin

Seliște Onești

Șișcani

Obileni

Ciutești

Leușeni

Găureni

Vînători Costești

Marinici

Cățeleni

Sărăteni

Nemțeni

Păruceni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Nisporeni

Vărzărești

Chetroșeni

Cotul Morii Cotul

Călimănești Valea Nîrnovei Valea

nu sunt deacord < 1000 MDL 1000-3000 MDL > 3000 MDL conectarea există

An important indicator is the availability (willingness) of payment for connection to a water supply system. The Figure 2-25 shows that approximately 35% of households are available to pay less than 1000 MDL, and another 35% – between 1,000 – 3,000 MDL to connect to the water supply system if it is built. About 1% of households do not want to pay anything, and about 10% are willing to pay more than 3,000 MDL for connection. Of all the households that participated in the survey, 19% are already connected to the system.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-25 AVAILABILITY (WILLINGNESS) TO PAY FOR DRINKING WATER SERVICES, % (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100

Bujor

Odaia

Frasin

Onești

Seliște

Șișcani Mirești

Obileni

Ciutești

Leușeni

Găureni

Costești

Sărăteni

Cățeleni Vînători

Nemțeni

Marinici

Păruceni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Drojdieni

Nisporeni

Vărzărești

Chetroșeni

CotulMorii

Călimănești ValeaNîrnovei 0-10 MDL/m3 10-20 MDL/m3 20-40 MDL/m3 nu pot/nu sunt deacord

According to the data in the figure above, overall for the Nirnova river basin, 34% of households are available to pay for 1 m3 of water delivered up to 10 MDL/m3, 50% would be willing to pay between 10-20 MDL/m3, and 13% of households consider that they can pay from 20 to 40 MDL/m3. At the same time, 3% of households did not respond or did not want to express their opinion. The following figure shows the data on the desire to connect to a sewerage system in case one is built in the locality. Following the survey, more than 96% of households mentioned that they are available to connect to a sewerage system if it is built. Households that are already connected to a sewer system are about 3%. The households that did not respond were approximately 1%.

FIGURE 2-26 EXPRESSING THE DESIRE TO CONNECT TO A SEWERAGE SYSTEM IF IT IS TO BE BUILT, % (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100 80 60 40 20

Bujor

Odaia

Frasin

Onești

Mirești

Seliște

Obileni

Șișcani

Ciutești

Marinici

Vînători

Leușeni

Găureni

Costești

Cățeleni

Nemțeni

Sărăteni

Păruceni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Drojdieni Nisporeni

Vărzărești

CotulMorii

Chetroșeni

Călimănești ValeaNîrnovei da conectarea există nu

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

FIGURE 2-27 AVAILABILITY (WILLINGNESS) OF PAYMENT FOR CONNECTION TO A SEWERAGE SYSTEM, % (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100

Bujor

Odaia

Frasin

Onești

Mirești

Seliște

Obileni

Șișcani

Ciutești

Marinici

Vînători

Leușeni

Găureni

Costești

Cățeleni

Nemțeni

Sărăteni

Drojdieni Păruceni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Nisporeni

Vărzărești

CotulMorii

Chetroșeni

Călimănești ValeaNîrnovei nu sunt deacord < 1000 MDL 1000-3000 MDL > 3000 MDL conectarea există

According to the data obtained, approximately 46% of households are willing to pay a fee of less than 1000 MDL for connection to a sewerage system. Approximately 31% of households could pay between 1,000 – 3,000 MDL, and 15% – over 3,000 lei for connection. Households that are already connected to the sewerage system are about 4%, and the number of households that did not want to specify any fee is very small, 3%.

FIGURE 2-28 WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SEWERAGE SERVICES (SURVEY CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE QUESTIONING OF HOUSEHOLDS)

100

Bujor

Odaia

Frasin

Onești

Mirești

Seliște

Obileni

Șișcani

Ciutești

Marinici

Vînători

Leușeni

Găureni

Costești

Cățeleni

Nemțeni

Sărăteni

Păruceni Drojdieni

Ivanovca

Bălănești

Heleșteni

Nisporeni

Vărzărești

CotulMorii

Chetroșeni

Călimănești ValeaNîrnovei nu pot/nu sunt deacord 0-10 MDL/m3 10-20 MDL/m3 20-40 MDL/m3

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

According to the data obtained, as a whole in the Nirnova river basin, the households are willing to pay up to 10 MDL/m3 for wastewater, and half of all households that participated in the survey mentioned that they are available to pay from 10 to 20 MDL/m3. Approximately 13% of households consider that 20-40 MDL/m3 are also needed to have quality sewerage services. The percentage of households that did not respond is small, about 1%.

2.6. Institutional and legal framework

2.6.1. Development strategies The National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030” is a draft law of strategic vision, which indicates the direction of development of the country and society for the next decade, based on the principle of human life cycle, rights and quality of life thereof and includes four pillars of the sustainable development, with ten corresponding long-term objectives, structured as follows: 1. Sustainable and inclusive economy, Increasing the people’s access to physical infrastructure, public utilities and living conditions; 2. Robust human and social capital; 3. Honest and efficient institutions; 4. Healthy environment: ensuring the fundamental right to a healthy and safe environment. For better sectoral management, in 2014 there were adopted the “Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy for 2014-2028” and the “Environmental Strategy 2014-2023”, including action plans. The Water supply and sanitation strategy adopted by the Government Decision 199/2014 aims to improve the institutional capacities in the water supply and sewerage sector, including the regionalization of services. The document sets medium-term (2018) and long-term (2028) targets at national level. The general objective of the Strategy is to ensure the gradual access to safe water and adequate sanitation for all localities and population of the Republic of Moldova, thus contributing to the improvement of health, dignity and quality of life and to the economic development of the country. Government Decision no. 442 of 01.07.2020 approves the amendment of GD no. 199/2014 on the approval of the Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2014-2028). Thus, in the name and throughout the text of Annex no. 1, the text “(2014-2028)” was replaced by the text “(2014-2030)”. The Water Supply and Sanitation Action Plan for 2020-2030 was also approved. The Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy is the result of the adoption of a new action plan supported by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) on Resolution 1 - part of the EUWI + project. EUWI + is a continuation of the European Union Water Initiative (EUWI), aims to implement the provisions of the Millennium Declaration signed in Johannesburg, in particular the promotion of EU policy in the Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECAC) region. in the field of water management, in accordance with the provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive. The implementation of EUWI + in the region was based on the implementation of national water policy dialogues. The overall objective of the project is to improve the management of water resources, especially transboundary rivers, in the Eastern Partnership countries. The key element of the sector's development policy mentioned in the Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2014-2028) is the regionalization of water supply and sewerage services, which are currently fragmented and dispersed. Regionalization aims to move from a large number of service providers to a limited number of operators, able to provide sustainable services at acceptable rates, which will ensure the recovery of investment costs and the further development of water supply and sewerage systems. 80

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The environmental strategy envisages a comprehensive reform of the environmental sector and outlines the specific objectives for the implementation of the water resources management on river basins. Other sectoral actions and plans may be listed:  The action plan for the implementation of the CPAA strategy 2014-2028 will be reviewed and updated with the support of the OECD within the EUWI + project;  a roadmap for the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Directive (DAUR) that needs to be developed with the support of UNECE within the EUWI + project;  River basin management plans (Prut, Danube, Black Sea and Dniester), developed in accordance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD), were approved in 2017 and are being implemented. In order to establish the general framework, concrete measures and actions of economic and social development that will be undertaken in the districts, the Nisporeni and Hincesti District Councils together with the Centru RDA and Consultants in the field of planning and programming of the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) there were developed the “Strategies for sustainable development of the district for the period of 2013-2020”.

2.6.2. Administrative organization According to the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, the territory is organized, from administrative point of view, into villages, town, districts and the Gagauzia Autonomous Territorial Unit. Under the law, some towns may be declared municipalities. Central Public Administration According to article 24 of Law No. 64 of 31/05/1990, the Central Public Administration is composed of ministries and other central administrative authorities such as: the National Bureau of Statistics, Agency for Land Relations and Cadastre, National Agency for Energy Regulation, etc. For the water supply and sanitation sector the prerogatives are assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment. The local public administration is organized in two levels:  level II (district), represented by the district councils (deliberative authorities) and the president of the district (executive authority);  level I (local), represented by the local councils (deliberative authorities) and town halls (executive authorities). The Law No. 436 of 28/12/2006 on Local Public Administration regulates the way of organization and functioning of the public administration authorities in the administrative-territorial units. In ensuring the management of the water supply and sanitation service, the local public authorities have the following prerogatives granted by the Law No. 436/2002:  local council: - organizes the public communal (local) household services and determines the financial support in case of budget expenditures; - decides, in accordance with the law, the establishment of municipal enterprises and companies or the participation in the statutory capital of companies; - approves, in accordance with the law, specific rules and tariffs for subordinate public institutions and public services of local interest; 81

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

 mayor: - proposes to the local council the organization scheme and the conditions for the provision of public communal (local) household services, takes measures for the proper functioning of the respective communal (local) household services; - decides on the organization, within the limits of its competence, of public services of local interest and approves the tariffs for paid services provided thereby. The first level local public administration authorities have the following competencies established based on the Law No. 303 of 13/12/2013 on the public water supply and sewerage service:  develops and implements own development and operation plans, on short, medium and long term, of the public water supply and sewerage service in accordance with the general urban plans, with the socio-economic development programs of the administrative- territorial unit, as well as in accordance with international commitments in the field of environmental protection;  establishes, organizes, coordinates, monitors and controls the operation of the public water supply and sewerage service, in accordance with the law;  approves the tariffs and rates for the public service of drinking water supply and sewerage and for the auxiliary services provided by the operators to the consumers, calculated in accordance with the methodologies developed and approved by the NAER;  manages the public water supply and sewerage system as part of the technical-urban infrastructure of the respective administrative-territorial units;  approves the regulation on the public water supply and sewerage service;  decides on the association of the administrative-territorial units in order to establish and organize the public water supply and sewerage service and to encourage investments in public water supply and sewerage systems;  delegates the management of the public water supply and sewerage service and of the corresponding public goods according to the legislation in force;  participates with financial means and/ or with goods in the constitution of the patrimony of the operators for the accomplishment of works and for the provision of the public service of water supply and sewerage;  contracts or guarantees, in accordance with the law, loans for financing investment programs for the development of the public water supply and sewerage system of localities, for carrying out new works or extensions, for capacity development, including rehabilitation, modernization and re-equipment of existing systems;  ensures the water supply, as well as the sewerage service in exceptional situations;  allocates compensations for some categories of household consumers considered vulnerable, in the manner and under the conditions established by law;  decides on the delegation to the NAER of the competence to approve the tariffs for the public water supply and sewerage service.

2.6.3. Institutions at national level The Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment (MARDE) performs the functions established by the Regulation in the field of I. Agriculture; 82

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

II. Food production; III. Food safety; IV. Regional and rural development; V. Spatial planning; VI. Environmental protection and climate change; VII. Natural Resources. One of the key directions for the water supply and sanitation sector is the Integrated Water Resources Management Policy Directorate. The administrative authorities subordinated to MARDE related to the field of water supply and sewerage are: “Apele Moldovei” Agency is the administrative authority responsible for implementing the state policy in the field of water resources management, hydro-improvement, water supply and sewerage; The Agency exercises the following basic objectives: - implements the state policy in the field of water management and hydro- improvement, water supply and sewerage, participates in the development of legislative and normative acts and policy documents in the field of protection of localities and agricultural lands against floods and sub-floods, as well as of water supply and sewerage systems; - develops and plans the measures for the protection of aquatic resources, simultaneously with the management thereof, including the management of the water supply and sewerage systems of the localities of the Republic of Moldova; - develops the management plans according to the hydrographic basin principle; - ensures the implementation of the basin principle of water management, meeting the needs of the population and economic agents in water supply and sewerage services, by coordinating the activity of enterprises and organizations in the field; - provides advisory, informational, technical and legal assistance to enterprises in the field of operation of buildings and hydro-improvement, water supply and sewerage networks; - develops and promotes, in the established way, annual programs of activities in the field of drinking water supply and sewerage, hydro-improvement, financed from the state budget or from other sources; - ensures the implementation of measures arising from interstate collaboration in the field of water resources and attracting investments in the construction of water supply and sewerage, water management and hydro-improvement objects; - undertakes the necessary measures related to the implementation of the provisions of the Concept of national policy in the field of water resources, Concept of the National Geographic Information System, Framework Directive and other acts of the European Union in the field of waters; as well as of the National strategy in the field of drinking water supply and sewerage. Environmental Agency (EA) is responsible for implementing state policy in the areas of activity entrusted to it and performs functions in areas of activity such as prevention of environmental pollution, protection and regulation of water resources etc.; Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) as non-commercial public institutions with financial autonomy established to ensure the operationality of the process of implementation and execution of the Regional Development Strategy. The Nisporeni and Hincesti districts are part of the Centru Regional Development Agency. The Agency 83

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

operates in collaboration with ministries, other central administrative authorities and local public administration authorities, development partners, civil society, economic agents, regardless of type of ownership and form of organization, from the Republic of Moldova and abroad. RDAs operate on the basis of the means of the National Fund for Regional Development, donations and grants (from international donor organizations or other private and public entities) and other sources that do not contravene the legislation. The Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources (AGMR) implements policies in the field of geological research, rational use and protection of the subsoil. In accordance with the basic tasks, the AGMR: - performs the state regulation in the field of study and use of subsoils; - performs regional geological-geophysical works and geological survey; - explores the deposits of construction materials and non-metallic mineral raw materials; - performs the research and exploration of drinking and mineral groundwater; - conducts geoecological research; - takes over the monitoring of groundwater and the monitoring of dangerous geological processes; - ensures the state control over the protection of groundwater from pollution and drying; - draws up the state balance of the reserves of useful mineral substances; - ensures the order of receipt, storage and centralized use of materials related to the study of subsoils; - performs under contract conditions the exploration of deposits of useful solid mineral substances and mineral waters, design and drilling of artesian wells. State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS) promotes the state policy in the field of hydrometeorology, monitoring the quality of the environment and performs state supervision and control over hydrometeorological observations on the territory of the Republic of Moldova by individuals and legal entities. In accordance with the provisions of the Law No. 1536-XIII of February 25, 1998 regarding the hydrometeorological activity and the Government Decision No. 401 of 03/04/2003, the main tasks of the State Hydrometeorological Service are: - monitoring the state and evolution of hydrometeorological conditions and of the quality of the environment in order to protect the population and branches of the national economy against dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena and the high level of environmental pollution; - development of meteorological, agrometeorological, climatic, hydrological forecasts, as well as of the level of environmental pollution; - drawing up warnings on the onset of dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena, as well as on the high level of environmental pollution; - providing the population, central and local public administration bodies, economic agents and national defense with hydrometeorological information and about the quality of the environment; - carrying out the state control regarding the use of hydrometeorological information in the activity of the central and local public administration bodies and of the economic agents, regardless of the type of property and the legal form of organization; - performing state supervision and control regarding the observance of the standards for performing and primary processing of hydrometeorological observations by the departmental observation stations and plants, which operate on the basis of the authorization issued by

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

the State Hydrometeorological Service. The supervision and control activity is performed according to the Plan approved by the Ministry of Environment; - the establishment and management of the National Hydrometeorological Data Fund, necessary for the hydrometeorological substantiation of the design, execution and operation of various socio-economic objectives and for the development of long-term development strategies of the national economy; - participation in the exchange of information within the global hydrometeorological observation system and fulfillment of obligations arising from international conventions and agreements in the field of hydrometeorology and monitoring of the quality of the environment which the Republic of Moldova is a party to.

The Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (IEP) has the mission of implementing the state policy in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, exercising state control and supervision, preventing and counteracting violations in areas of competence to ensure a high level of supervision and protection of the environmental, public interests, ecological safety of the state and other values protected by legislation. The Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure (MEI) has the mission to analyze the situation and problems in the managed fields of activity, to develop efficient public policies in the fields of economy, information and communication technology, construction, transport, quality infrastructure and market surveillance and security and energy efficiency.

The Agency for Technical Supervision subordinated to the MEI is the successor of rights and obligations of the Main State Inspectorate for Technical Supervision of Dangerous Industrial Objects, State Inspectorate for Construction, State Inspectorate for Geodesic, Technical Supervision and Regime.

The National Agency for Energy Regulation (NAER) regulates the public water supply and sewerage service. The main attributions of NAER in the field of public water service are:  issues licenses to the operators that provide the public water supply and sewerage service at the level of region, district, municipality and city;  extends, modifies, temporarily suspends or withdraws the licenses issued in the cases and under the conditions provided by law;  designates, in agreement with the local public administration authority, the licensee who will carry out the licensed activity instead of the licensee whose license has been suspended, revoked or expired;  monitors and controls, in the manner and within the limits established by law, the observance by the licensees of the conditions established for the development of the licensed activities;  develops and approves the Methodology for determining, approving and applying the tariffs for the public water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment service and the Methodology for determining, approving and applying the tariffs for the auxiliary services provided by the operators;  develops and approves the Regulation on the public water supply and sewerage service;  develops and approves the Regulation on the quality indicators of the public water supply and sewerage service. 85

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection (MHLSP) is the central specialized body of the public administration that ensures the implementation of the government policy in the fields of activity: health, labor, social protection, demography. The National Agency for Public Health (NAPH), subordinated to the MHLSP, is an administrative authority subordinated to the MHLSP, with territorial subdivisions and performs functions in the following areas:  state surveillance, promotion and protection of public health;  state control in health;  monitoring and evaluation of the health condition of the population;  accreditation of the activity of medical-sanitary and pharmaceutical institutions;  occupational safety.

2.6.4. Institutions at district level The Nisporeni and Hincesti Environmental Protection Inspections (with the status of directorate) are territorial subdivisions of the Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and have the following main objectives:  providing consultative-methodological assistance to local public administration bodies in developing action plans for environmental protection and use of natural resources;  providing consultative-methodological assistance to local public administration bodies in organizing and conducting the sanitation ecological bi-monthly of localities in the republic;  performing the control at the technical testing stations in order to comply with the emission norms in the atmospheric air;  monitoring and inspection of fixed pollution sources in order to comply with the admissible emission norms;  participating in the selection and allocation of lands for activities other than agriculture ones and coordinating the change of destination;  inventory of waste storage ramps regarding the condition thereof, way of management and assurance of operating rules;  examining the project documentation of the objects for constructions and assessing the impact on the environment with the issuance of the opinions of the state ecological expertise;  examination and granting of inventories, regulations for the emission of pollutants into the atmospheric air from fixed sources (ELA), regulations for the discharge of pollutants into surface waters (DLA) with the issuance of authorizations (permits);  assessment of the condition of aquatic objects and those intended to protect the environment (wastewater treatment plants);  inventory of aquatic objects and water sources in order to manage them according to the ecological requirements;  controlling the ecological condition of natural receptors for wastewater discharges formed at wine enterprises;  taking into account and monitoring the condition of wells and springs located on national and local routes;  providing technical-analytical assistance for activities to reduce the consequences of floods;  informing the general public and attracting the civil society (NGOs, initiative groups etc.) to the national actions in the field of environmental protection. 86

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The Ungheni Public Health Center (PHC) and Hincesti PHC (with the status of directorate) are subordinated to the National Agency for Public Health. The Ungheni PHC also serves the Nisporeni district. The district PHCs are focused on developing health promotion and surveillance of non-transmissible diseases, monitoring of health indicators, surveillance and control of risk factors, ensuring the epidemiological surveillance of transmissible diseases and of alert of health emergency, sanitary surveillance of objectives, assessment of health in relation to the environment, research-development and innovation activity in the field etc.

2.6.5. National legislation in the water supply and sewerage sector Currently, the legislation of the Republic of Moldova contains a series of normative acts that regulate the water supply and sewerage service. First of all, it is important to mention that art. 37 of the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova guarantees the right to a healthy environment. Therefore, the state is obliged to take the necessary measures to eliminate the dangers to life and health; for the WSS field, this translates into the development and maintenance of a functional, regulated and supervised system. The table below lists the legislative and normative acts at national level in the field of water supply and sewerage. The Law No. 272/1999 on drinking water introduces the basic notions in the field by defining terms such as drinking water, reliability of the drinking water supply system, drinking water consumption norms, sanitary-hygienic norms, drinking water supply sources, sanitary protection areas etc. Duties of public authorities are established, both for the Government, as a promoter of a clear policy regulating the field, and for the central and local authorities that must ensure the following measures: The Law No. 182 of 19/12/2019 on the quality of drinking water, published in the Official Gazette on 03/01/2020, transposes the Council Directive 98/83/EC of November 03, 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L 330 of December 05, 1998, and partially transposes the Council Directive 2013/51/Euratom of October 22, 2013 laying down requirements for the protection of the population health as regards the radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption, published in the Official Journal of the European Union L 296 of November 07, 2013. The law establishes the legal framework on drinking water quality, as well as measures by the authorities responsible for ensuring the compliance of drinking water quality. The purpose of this law is to ensure the sustainable compliance of drinking water quality by creating a flexible and transparent legal framework, as well as by promoting an adequate risk management. The law aims to protect the human health against the harmful effects of drinking water contamination by ensuring the safety and purity thereof. This law will enter into force 12 months from the date of publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Moldova and the Law No. 272/1999 on drinking water, with subsequent amendments, will be repealed.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The law provides for the following important points regarding the supervision and monitoring of drinking water quality:  The monitoring of drinking water quality is ensured by the producer, operator and public authorities as follows: - the drinking water producers and operators ensure the operational monitoring, compliance with quality parameters and financing of audit and control monitoring of drinking water quality; - the National Agency for Public Health, including through its territorial subdivisions, ensures the audit monitoring of the quality of drinking water at any stage of water production (extraction, treatment, storage, distribution) and of the quality of water sources for bottling, as well as of the quality of bottled drinking water before placing it on the market, in order to verify the compliance of the water to be distributed to the consumer with the quality requirements and to prevent risks to public health; - the National Agency for Food Safety ensures the supervision of the quality of the drinking water used by food enterprises and the market surveillance of the bottled drinking water.  The Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection will take all measures to ensure the laboratory capacity and the qualification of the staff of the National Agency for Public Health to perform the audit monitoring of the drinking water quality, in order to prevent risks to public health.  The drinking water producers or operators, by public or individual system, by bottling in bottles or other containers for the food industry, will ensure the operational monitoring, control monitoring of drinking water, according to a program that will include the control of the efficiency of treatment technology, especially disinfection, and quality control of drinking water produced and supplied.  The provided monitoring procedures are established in accordance with the Sanitary Regulation on surveillance and monitoring of drinking water quality, and the monitoring program is approved by the National Agency for Public Health.  The laboratories that perform drinking water quality tests, regardless of the type of ownership and the form of legal organization, will comply with the specifications regarding the method of analysis of the parameters established according to the Sanitary Regulation on surveillance and monitoring of drinking water quality. In this sense, the Annex 1 of this Law presents the quality parameters of drinking water. The list of parameters and drinking water quality requirements are represented in the table below.

TABLE 2-20 VALUE PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY INTENDED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS ESTABLISHED BY THE EU DIRECTIVE AND LAW NO. 182 OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Parameter Value parameter

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Unit of Directive 98/83/CE Law No. 182 of measure 19/12/2019 Physico-chemical parameters Acrylamide µg/l 0.10 0.1 Antimony µg/l 5.0 5.0 Arsenic µg/l 10 10 Benzene µg/l 1.0 1.0 Benzo(a)pyrene µg/l 0.010 0.010 Boron mg/l 1.0 1.0 Bromates µg/l 10 10 Cadmium µg/l 5.0 3.0 Chromium µg/l 50 50 Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 Cyanide µg/l 50 50 1,2-dichloroethane µg/l 3.0 3.0 Epichlorohydrin µg/l 0.10 0.1 Fluoride mg/l 1.5 1.5 Plumbum (led) µg/l 10 10 Mercury µg/l 1.0 1.0 Microcystins LR µg/l - 1.0 Nickel µg/l 20 20 Azotate/Nitrates µg/l 50 50 Azotite/Nitrites mg/l 0.5 0.5 Pesticides µg/l 0.1 0.1 Pesticides – Total µg/l 0.5 0.5 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons µg/l 0.1 0.1 Selenium µg/l 10 10 Tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene µg/l 10 10 Trihalomethanes – total µg/l 100 100 Vinyl chloride µg/l 0.5 0.5 Aluminum µg/l 200 200 Ammonium mg/l 0.50 0.50 Chloride mg/l 250 250 Free residual chlorine mg/l - 0.5 Hydrogen ion concentration units pH ≥ 6,5 and ≤ 9,5 ≥ 6.5; ≤ 9.5 Conductivity µS cm-1 at 20 ℃ 2,500 2,500 Total hardness, minimum German degrees - 5 Iron µg/l 200 200 Zinc mg/l - 3 Manganese µg/l 50 50

Oxidability mg/l O2 5.0 Sulphides and hydrogen sulphide µg/l - 100 Sulfate (sulphate) mg/l 250 250

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Sodium mg/l 200 200 Turbidity - Acceptable to consumers ≤ 5 unit. and without abnormal ≤ 1 unit (surface changes ≤ 1 unit (surface water) water) Color - Acceptable to the consumers and without any abnormal changes Taste - Acceptable to the consumers and without abnormal changes Smell - Acceptable to the consumers and without abnormal changes Microbiological parameters Escherichia coli (E. coli) number/100ml 0 0 Enterococci number/100ml 0 0 The Water Law No. 272/2011 aims to create a legal framework for the management, protection and efficient use of surface water and groundwater based on participatory assessment, planning and decision-making and the establishment of water use rights and the promotion of water investments. This law uses the following notions: - Environmental authorization (permit) for the special use of water – document issued by the institution subordinated to the central body of public administration in the field of environment, which holder has the right to the special use of water under certain conditions. - The competent institution shall keep a register of environmental authorizations (permits) for the special use of water containing data on authorization (permit) holders, type of authorizations (permits), date of issue, expiry date, place of conducting the authorized activity, as well as other information on the issue, modification, extension, suspension, termination or withdrawal of authorizations (permits). - The state water cadastre is a state information system that contains the record of the data regarding the hydrographic network, water resources, water samples and restitutions, hydrotechnical patrimony. - The state cadastre of waters is held by the central body of public administration in the field of environment, through the administrative authority of water management. The cadastre shall contain data on the hydrographic network, including the identification, delimitation, classification and condition of water bodies, hydrotechnical constructions and installations, protection zones and strips, protected areas located in these zones, as well as data on water samples and restitutions. The information from the State Cadastre of Waters and of the Register of Environmental Authorizations (Permits) for the special water use is public. The law establishes the regime of water property in the field of water as such:  The water is part of the public domain of the state;

 The land under the pond water may be part of both the public and private domain;

 The land of the water fund is an indivisible good.

The Law on the public water supply and sewerage service No. 303/2013 brings a new vision regarding the supply/ provision of the service, offering the option to the

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin responsible public authorities to choose between a direct management and a delegated management. In direct management, the local public administration authorities directly assume all tasks and responsibilities for the organization, leading (conduct), management, administration, exploitation, operation, operation and financing of the public water supply and sewerage service. In case of direct management, this is done through specialized structures (section, direction) organized within the local public administration authorities. The delegated management is the management method by which the local public administration authorities transfer, based on a management delegation contract, to one or more operators all the attributions and responsibilities regarding the provision of the public water supply and sewerage service, as well as the administration and exploitation (operation) of the systems and technical-urban infrastructure related thereto. The delegated management is performed through operators, which can be: a) commercial companies, municipal and state enterprises providing the public water supply and sewerage service, established by the local public administration authorities or by the specialized central body, as the case may be, with share capital of the administrative-territorial or state units, or water consumers’ associations; b) commercial companies for the provision of the public water supply and sewerage service with private or mixed share capital. The granting of the delegated management right to the operator is carried out in conditions of transparency, through a tender organized in accordance with the legislation in force. However, in the case of public water supply and sewerage service operators mentioned above in subpar. a), with majority public share capital, the management of the service may be delegated directly thereto by contract. On September 1, 2020, the Minister of Economy and Infrastructure tested the normative document CP G.03.08: 2020 “Water supply and sewerage installations and networks. Design and construction of outdoor drinking water supply systems for small localities, with a consumption below 200 m3 / day for localities of up to 3000 inhabitants ”and was published in the Official Gazette on 11 September 2020. This Code of Practice replaces the Regulation on the principles of basis in the design and construction of external water supply systems of small localities with a consumption below 200 m3 / day, as well as the provisions of SNP 2.04.02-84 „Водоснабжение. Наружные сети исооружения ”, which refers to localities and objects, which consume drinking water below 200 m3 / day, with a population of up to 3000 inhabitants. The code sets out requirements for determining calculation flows, sources, schemes and water supply systems, their networks and constructions. According to the CP, the quality of drinking water in drinking water supply systems must correspond to the provisions of the Water Law no. 272 of December 23, 2011, with subsequent amendments, and for the objects that meet the requirements of this CP regarding the volume of water of 200m3 / day, the use for drinking purposes water with parameters regarding the content of certain elements is allowed according to the indicators presented in the table below. , according to GD no. 1466 of December 30, 2016

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin for the approval of the Sanitary Regulation on small drinking water supply systems, with subsequent amendments. Parameter Unit Maximum allowed concentrations Ammonium mg/l 0,5* Boron mg/l 1,0 Chlorides mg/l 350 Manganese mg/l 0,5 Iron mg/l 1,0 Fluorine mg/l 1,5* Hydrogen sulfide μg/l 100* Sulfate mg/l 500 Turbidity mg/l 2,0 * MAC taken from GD no. 934 of 15 August 2007 on the establishment of the Automated Information System "State Register of Natural, Drinking Mineral Waters and Bottled Non- Alcoholic Beverages", as subsequently amended For the water supply and sanitation service, the National Agency for Energy Regulation adopted the Decision No. 741 of 2014 on the methodology for determining, approving and applying tariffs (rates) for water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment services, following the entry into force of the Law 303/2013. It is important to note that the operators providing the public water supply and sewerage service at village/ township level, equipped with centralized water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment systems, are subject to the regulatory, licensing, approval of tariffs under the same conditions as the operators providing the public water supply and sewerage service at the level of region, district, municipality and city. The Government Decision No. 950 of November 25, 2013 for the approval of the Regulation on the requirements of collection, treatment and discharge of wastewater in the sewerage system and/ or in water bodies for urban and rural localities defines the limit values for loading with pollutants of industrial and urban wastewater discharged into bodies of water, see table below.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-21 DISCHARGE LIMIT VALUES FOR WASTE WATER DISCHARGED INTO WATER BODIES

Parameter Value parameter Unit of measure Physical indicators Temperature 30 Celsius degrees Chemical indicators Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) 6.5-8.5 Units pH Materials in suspension (MS) 35.0 mg/dm3

3 Biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) 25.0 mgO2/dm

3 Chemical oxygen demand, method with potassium 125.0 mgO2/dm dichromate (CCOCr) Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+) 5) 2.0 mg/dm3 Total nitrogen Kjeldahl (NTK)5) 10.0 mg/dm3 Azotates (NO3-)* 25.0 mg/dm3 Azotites (NO2-)* 10 mg/dm3 Sulphides and hydrogen sulphide (S2-) 0.5 mg/dm3

2- 3 Sulfites (SO3 ) 1.0 mg/dm

2- 3 Sulfates (SO4 ) 400 mg/dm

3 Phenols trainable with water vapors (C6H5OH) 0.3 mg/dm Substances extractable with organic solvents (fats) 10.0 mg/dm3 Petroleum products 0.5 mg/dm3 Total phosphorus (P total)* 2.0 mg/dm3 Biodegradable active anion synthetic detergents 0.5 mg/dm3 Total cyanides (CN) 0.4 mg/dm3

3 Free residual chlorine (Cl2) 0.2 mg/dm Chlorides (Cl-) 300.0 mg/dm3 Fluorides (F-) 1.5 mg/dm3 Fixed residue 1500.0 mg/dm3 Arsen(ic) (As+) 0,1 mg/dm3 Aluminum (Al3+) 5,0 mg/dm3 Calcium (Ca2+) 300,0 mg/dm3 Plumbum (led) (Pb2+) 0,12 mg/dm3 Cadmium (Cd2+) 0,1 mg/dm3 * Values to be observed for discharges in sensitive areas subject to eutrophication.

TABLE 2-22 REFERENCE VALUES FOR DISCHARGES FROM URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Parameter Concentration Minimum percentage reduction from effluent loading, (%)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 at 20 25 mg/l O2 70-90 ℃), without nitrification

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 125 mg/l O2 75

Materials in suspension 35 mg/l 90

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

The Annex 8 of GD No. 950 of November 25, 2013 delimits the agglomerations in accordance with several requirements.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-23 DELIMITATION OF AGGLOMERATIONS

Agglomeration size Requirements regarding

wastewater collection system wastewater treatment (sewerage)

˃10.000 EL Providing a collection system Application of an advanced treatment

From 2,000 to 10,000 EL Providing a collection system Application of a secondary treatment or equivalent one

˂2.000 EL Without a specific requirement No specific requirements, but subject for an “adequate treatment” in the case of agglomerations with an existing collection system In this sense, at legislative level, the field of water supply and sewerage is regulated by a series of legislative acts developed, adopted and modified according to the new conditions and provisions, but which still need to be improved, see the table below.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

TABLE 2-24 MAIN NATIONAL REGULATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT, WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

Normative Name Last Description Partially transposes the document amendment provisions of the Directive Laws

Law No. 272 of on waters 15/11/2018 - creating a regulatory framework for the monitoring, assessment, management, - 91/271/EEC of 23/12/2011 protection and efficient use of surface and ground water based on public 21/05/1991 participation in assessment, planning and decision-making; - CEE/91/676 of - establishing the water use rights and promoting investments in the field of December 12, 1991 waters; - 2000/60/EC of - establishment of mechanisms for the protection of the water conditions, 23/11/2000; prevention of any further degradation of the waters, protection and restoration - 2006/7/EC of of the aquatic environment, the gradual and systematic convergence of the 05/02/2006; protection and management thereof with the European requirements; - 2007/60/EC of - preventing further damage, conserving and improving the condition of aquatic 23/10/2007; ecosystems and, in terms of their water needs, of the terrestrial ecosystems - 2008/105/EC of and wetlands that are directly dependent on aquatic ecosystems; 16/12/2008. - ensuring a sufficient supply of good quality surface water and groundwater, which is necessary for a sustainable, balanced and equitable use of water; - establishing a legal basis for international cooperation in the field of joint management and protection of water resources.

Law No. 182 of on drinking water establishes the legal framework regarding the drinking water quality, as well as - 98/83/EC of November 19/12/2019 quality the measures by the authorities responsible for ensuring the compliance of 03, 1998; drinking water quality. - partly the Directive

The purpose of this law is to ensure the sustainable compliance of drinking water 2013/51/Euratom of quality by creating a flexible and transparent legal framework, as well as by October 22, 2013. promoting an adequate risk management.

Law No. 272 of on drinking water 20/07/2015 regulates the relations in the field of drinking water supply and establishes rules - 10/02/1999 regarding the provision of drinking water to natural and legal persons, safe operation of drinking water supply systems and its quality, liability for violations in this field.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

Law No. 303 of on public water 22/02/2018 creates the legal framework for the establishment, organization, management, - 13/12/2013 supply and regulation and monitoring of the operation of the public service of drinking water supply, technology, sewerage and domestic and industrial wastewater treatment sewerage service (hereinafter referred to as public water supply and sewerage service) in conditions of accessibility, availability, reliability, continuity, competitiveness, transparency, respecting the norms of quality, security and environmental protection. The law assigns an important role to the National Agency for Energy Regulation (NAER) in issuing licenses for operators and approving tariffs for WSS services. However, the law, in its current wording, creates a grey area, as it does not cover local WSS operators, focusing only on regional operators. The law thus ignores the consumer associations or small private businesses that provide WSS services in villages. Law No. 436 of on local public 17/12/2099 determines and establishes the way of organization and operation of the public 28/12/2006 administration administration authorities in the administrative-territorial units. on public communal 30/07/2015 establishes the unitary legal framework regarding the establishment and Law No. 1402 of household services organization of public communal household services in the administrative- territorial units, including the monitoring and control of the operation thereof. 24/10/2002

on state - regulates the organization of the state surveillance of public health, establishing Law No. 10 of surveillance of general public health requirements, rights and obligations of natural and legal persons and way of organization of the state surveillance system of public health. 03/02/2009 public health

Law No. 1515 of on environmental - the basic legal framework for the development of special normative acts and 16/06/1993 protection instructions in special issues in the field of environmental protection.

regarding the 27/07/2018 regulates the hydrometeorological activity on the territory of the Republic of Law No. 1536 of hydrometeorologi Moldova and aims to provide with hydrometeorological information the needs of 25/02/1998 the population, economy and national defense, as well as of the public cal activity authorities.

on natural resources 21/09/2017 regulates the relations in the field of use, protection and reproduction of the Law No. 1102 of natural resources in order to ensure the ecological security and sustainable 06/02/1997 development of the country.

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

on river and lake - regulates the way of creation of water protection areas and riparian water Law No. 440 of water protection areas protection strips of rivers and water basins, the regime of use and protection 27/04/1995 and strips activity thereof. All legal entities and individuals, including foreign ones, are covered by it.

on the fund of natural 19/07/2018 establishes the legal bases for the creation and operation of the fund of natural Law No. 1538 areas protected by the areas protected by the state, principles, mechanism and method of conservation of 25/02/1998 state thereof, as well as the attributions of central and local public authorities, non- governmental organizations and citizens in this field.

Government Decisions

GD No. 931 of for the approval of - sets out both the groundwater quality requirements and groundwater condition 2000/60/EC of 20/11/2013 the Regulation on rules, objectives of the management thereof, as well as the rules on the use and 23/10/2000; protection of the groundwater against the effects of any type of pollution. 2006/118/EC of groundwater 12/12/2006. quality requirements

GD No. 199 on the approval of 21/08/2018 in order to develop the water supply and sanitation sector, create the framework of 20/03/2014 the Water Supply necessary for the gradually ensuring by 2028 of the access to safe water and adequate sanitation for all localities and population of the Republic of Moldova, and Sanitation thus contributing to improving the health, dignity and quality of life and to Strategy (2014 – economic development of the country. 2028)

GD No. 442 for the in the name of the decision, in the name and throughout the text of Annex no. 1, of 01/07/2020 modification of the the text “(2014-2028)” is replaced by the text “(2014-2030)”; The Action Plan for 2020-2024 on the implementation of the Water Supply and Government Sanitation Strategy is approved (2014-2030) Decision no. 199/2014

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

on the approval of the Water Supply Strategy and sanitation (2014-2028) GD No. 1063 on the approval of 18/12/2017 in order to establish and achieve the national target indicators to the Protocol on of 16/09/2016 the National Water and Health, to implement appropriate measures for the prevention of water-borne diseases, to ensure a more efficient and sustainable management Program for the of water resources. implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health in the Republic of Moldova for the years of 2016- 2025 GD No. 934 of on the 12/08/2009 regulates the drinking water quality and sets the requirements for the drinking - 777/80/EC of July 15, August 15, 2007 establishment of water quality monitoring and reporting programs; 1980; targets the groundwater deposits, recognized as natural mineral waters, and - 1.276/80/EC of the automated regulates the procedure for the recognition and approval of the natural mineral December 22, 1980; information waters, establishes the quality requirements thereof, with the aim of protecting - 7/85/EC of December system “State the human health against the effects of any type of mineral water contamination. 19, 1984; Register of The rules shall apply to all mineral waters bottled for marketing as food product - 70/96/EC of October 28, Natural, Drinking for human consumption. 1996; - 40/2003/EEC of May 16, Mineral Waters 2003. and Bottled Non- Alcoholic Beverages” GD No. 775 on the boundaries - The boundaries of the river basin districts and the boundaries of the river sub- - of 04/10/2013 of the river basins basins and the special map in which they are determined shall be established. and sub-basins districts and the special maps in which they are determined

Master Plan on water supply and sanitation for the Nirnova river basin

GD No. 301 on the approval of 21/11/2018 In order to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Activity Program of of April 24, 2014 the Environmental the Government of the Republic of Moldova “European Integration: Freedom, Democracy, Welfare” 2013-2014 and to create the strategic framework in the field Strategy for the of environmental protection. years of 2014- 2023 and of the Action Plan for the implementation thereof GD No. 656 of on the approval of 13/11/2017 developed on the basis of the Law on drinking water, Law on consumer May 27, 2002 the Framework protection, Law on condominium in the housing fund, Law on energy, Law on the privatization of housing fund, GD No. 463 of May 16, 1997 and No. 634 of July Regulation on the 05, 2000; use of the determines the relationships between the providers of water supply and communal (local) sewerage services and the users of such services. water supply and sewerage systems GD No. 950 of for the approval of 19/02/2020 It has as purposes: 91/271/EEC of May 21, 25/11/2013 the Regulation on - establishing requirements for the operation of the wastewater collection 1991 systems and for the operation of treatment plants; the requirements - establishing requirements for the wastewater treatment in the rural localities for the collection, regarding the collection, storage, treatment and discharge of the domestic treatment and wastewater in rural localities, including the requirements for the operation of discharge of the local collection systems, alternative treatment plants and processes, waste water into technologies and appropriate processes; - protecting the quality of water resources; the sewerage - establishing the methodology for calculating the additional payments for the system and/ or discharge of wastewater into the public sewerage system exceeding the MPC into water bodies of the established pollutants. for urban and rural localities GD no. 802 for the approval of 21.11.2018 aims to regulate the conditions of discharge, introduction of specific substances from 09.10.2013 the Regulation on in a body of surface water, in a body of groundwater or in the lands of the water fund. the conditions for the discharge of

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wastewater into water bodies

GD No. 802 for the approval of 21/11/2018 aims to regulate the conditions of discharge, introduction of specific substances 2010/75 / EU of 24.11. of 09/10/2013 the Regulation on into a body of surface water, into a body of groundwater or into the lands of the 2010; water fund. 2009/90 / CE of the conditions for 31.07.2009; the discharge of 91/271 / EC of 21 May wastewater into 1991; water bodies 2000/60 / EC of 23.10.2000; 2006/11 / CE of 15.02. 2006 GD No. 949 of for the approval of 21/11/2018 establishes norms for the delimitation, creation and operation of the sanitary 25/11/2013 the Regulation on protection zones of the water intakes from surface and ground waters. sanitary protection areas of water intakes HG Nr. 890 for the approval of 21.11.2018 The regulation establishes the environmental quality requirements for surface Annex V and Annex X to from 12-11-2013 the Regulation on waters and the way of classifying surface waters into quality classes Directive 2000/60 / EC of 23.10.2000; environmental Annex I to Directive quality 2008/105 / EC of requirements for 16.12.2008 surface waters

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At the moment, a process of development of the national normative basis has started in the Republic of Moldova. At the same time, it is mentioned that normative documents issued in the Soviet Union period are still valid in the country, despite the fact that they are outdated. This largely refers to documents and standards in the water supply sector. Given that the lifetime of a standard is 10 years, it is understood that the sustainable development of water and wastewater infrastructure on the basis of the documents published in 1984-1985 is not possible. The following table presents the data on the norms of design and construction of the infrastructure in the field of water supply and sewerage in the Republic of Moldova.

TABLE 2-25 LIST OF THE MAIN NATIONAL NORMATIVE ACTS REGARDING THE ENVIRONMENT, WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

Normative document Name Last amendment NCM A.07.02-2012 Procedure of drafting, development, approval, and 09/09/2013 and amendment content – framework of the project documentation for thereto construction. Main requirements and provisions. NCM A.07.03-2002 Regulation on the monitoring of objectives under 01/01/2003 construction by the project author.

NCM A.07.06:2016 Composition and content of the “Environmental 07/03/2017 protection” section in the project documentation.

NCM L.01.07-2005 Regulation on the substantiation of investment 24/03/2005 projects in construction.

NCM D.01.01-97 Hydrology, hydrogeology, works of arrangement of the 1997 river basins of the torrents and of land improvements. Terminology. SNIP 2.04.02-84 Water supply. External networks and facilities. Water 1984 supply. Installations and networks.

NCM G.03.02:2015 External sewerage networks and installations. 25/04/2016

NCM G.03.01:2017 Low capacity communal wastewater treatment plants. 19/12/2017

NCM L.01.01- 2012 Rules for determining the value of construction 04/03/2013 objectives. CP G.03.03-2011 Design and installation of underground water supply 26/10/2011 pipes from fiberglass plastic pipes.

CP G.03.08:2020 „Water supply and sewerage installations and 01.09.2020 networks. Design and construction of external drinking water supply systems for small localities, with a consumption below 200 m3/day for localities of up to 3000 inhabitants "

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2.6.8. European legislation in the field of water supply and sewerage With the ratification of the Association Agreement with the European Union, the Republic of Moldova has made and taken a number of commitments to align the legislation and standards in the water supply and sewerage sector with the Community Directives. The alignment with the European Union legislation is an obligation assumed by the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), signed between the Republic of Moldova, the European Communities and the Member States. The CPA stipulates the obligation to harmonize the legislation by the Republic of Moldova. According to art. 50 of the CPA, the Republic of Moldova has assumed the responsibility of gradually ensuring the compatibility of its legislation with that of the European Union.

TABLE 2-26 MAIN EU REGULATIONS PROVIDED FOR IN THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT ON ENVIRONMENT, WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

Name Brief description Directive 98/83/EC, as amended The Annex I sets out the quality value parameters by the Regulation (EC) No. applicable to the water intended for human consumption 1882/2003 on the quality of water for the Member States. intended for human consumption Directive 2000/60/EC Establishes a framework for the protection of inland establishing a framework of surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and community policy in the field of groundwater, aiming: water  preventing further damages, conserving and improving the condition of aquatic ecosystems and, in terms of the water needs thereof, of terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands that directly depend on aquatic ecosystems;  promoting the sustainable use of water based on long- term protection of available water resources;  ensuring greater protection and improvement of the aquatic environment, in particular through special measures to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances and by stopping or gradually eliminating the discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances;  ensuring the gradual reduction of groundwater pollution and preventing the further pollution thereof; and  contributing to mitigating the effects of floods and periods of drought. Directive 91/271/EEC, as amended by This Directive shall apply to the collection, treatment and the Directive 98/15/EC and Regulation disposal of urban waste water, as well as to the treatment (EC) No. 1882/2003 on urban wastewater treatment; and disposal of waste water from certain industrial sectors. it defines treatment requirements The purpose of this Directive is to protect the environment depending on the size of the against damage caused by the aforesaid waste water agglomeration and body of water discharges. discharged. Directive 2003/4/EC of the The objectives of this Directive are: European Parliament and of the  guaranteeing the right of access to environmental Council of January 28, 2003 on information held by or for public authorities and

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public access to the establishing the basic conditions and practical environmental information, and arrangements for exercising it, and repeal of the Council Directive  ensuring, as a general rule, the making available to the 90/313/EEC public and the progressive dissemination of environmental information in order to achieve the widest availability and systematic dissemination of environmental information to the public. To this end, the use of, in particular, computerized telecommunications and/ or electronic technology, where available, is promoted. Directive 2003/35/EC of the The objective of this Directive is to contribute to the European Parliament and of the implementation of the obligations arising from the Aarhus Council of May 26, 2003 on public Convention, in particular by: participation in the development  establishing public participation following the of certain environmental plans development of certain plans and programs on the and programs, and amending the environment; Council Directives 85/337/EEC  improving public participation and laying down and 96/61/EC regarding the provisions on access to justice by the Council Directives participation of the public and 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC. access to justice Directive 2008/50/EC of the On the ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe European Parliament and Council of May 21, 2008 Directive 91/676/EEC, as On the protection of waters against pollution caused by amended by the Regulation (EC) nitrates from agricultural sources No. 1882/2003 Directive 2008/98/EC of the On waste European Parliament and Council of November 19, 2008 on waste and repeal of certain Directives

The Directive 98/83/EC of November 03, 1998 lays down quality parameters of the water intended for human consumption in order to protect the human health against the harmful effects of contamination of water intended for human consumption by ensuring the sanitation and purity thereof. The list of parameters and drinking water quality requirements are represented in the table 2-12. The Directive 91/271/EEC of May 21, 1991 on urban waste water treatment defines the following requirements depending on the size of the agglomeration and on the condition of the water body received.

TABLE 2-27 REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE SIZE OF THE AGGLOMERATION AND THE CONDITION OF THE WATER BODY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DIRECTIVE 91/271/EEC OF MAY 21, 1991 ON URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Parameter Concentration Minimum reduction percentage

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Biochemical oxygen 25 mg/l O2 70-90 demand (BOD5 at 20 ℃) 40 according to the article 4, without nitrification paragraph (2)

Chemical Oxygen Demand 125 mg/l O2 75 (COD)

Total of solid materials in 35 mg/l 90 suspension 35 according to the article 4, paragraph (2) 90 according to the article 4, (over 10,000 EL) paragraph (2) (over 10,000 EL) 60 according to the article 4, paragraph (2) 70 according to the article 4, (from 2,000 to 10,000 EL) paragraph (2) (from 2,000 to 10,000 EL)

2.6.7. International Treaties and Conventions The Republic of Moldova is a signatory part to conventions relevant for the environment and water resources management:  Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991), ratified by the Decision of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova No. 1546-XII of 23/06/1993;  Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992), ratified by the Republic of Moldova by the Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII of June 23, 1993;  Convention on cooperation for the protection and sustainable use of the Danube River (Sofia, 1994), ratified by Parliament Decision No. 323-XIV of 17/03/99;  Ramsar Convention ratified in the Republic of Moldova by the Parliament Decision No. 504-XIV of July 14, 1999 and became a member of this convention in 2000, when the first Ramsar Zone in our country, “Lakes of the Lower Prut”, was recognized (June 20, 2000). It should be mentioned that the ponds of this reservation are the most valuable areas for the migration of waterfowl. The Beleu, Rotunda and Manta lakes serve as a stop during the spring and autumn migration of a large number of aquatic and semi-aquatic bird species. Among the birds that appear regularly in the area and those that nest, which are of community interest are: the little cormorant, the red duck, the little egret, the red heron. The most important colony of great cormorant, spoonbill and night heron, respectively small and large egrets, in the Republic of Moldova, nests in the middle of the Beleu Lake.

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3. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION REGARDING THE WATER SUPPLY 3.1. Summary

This chapter assesses the current situation regarding the water supply of the population of the localities in the Nirnova Basin area. The local and regional data on water supply were collected based on the current situation, analyzed, and the results of this analysis show the performance indicators and deficiencies that include the following information: preliminary plans, studies, calculation reports and a presentation of the existing situation, considered as useful information for the project.

 Water resources detail the surface, groundwater and underground sources available in the Nirnova basin, pollution and impact on the water sources. The resources depend on the climatic and geological phenomena, from which man must benefit. The sources with pollution risks were analyzed. The methodology was to research the available data in the region to assess the problems and potential risks, so that proposals could be made for rehabilitation works or new works;  The current water consumption presents the financial and quantitative records made by the operators, from which numerical data for water consumption were obtained, presented in tabular form, for each area/ operator. The methodology used consisted in filling in some questionnaires, by field visits to water operators and existing facilities;  Existing infrastructure and current performance is a presentation of the existing water supply, treatment, storage and distribution systems. For each system, assessments were made regarding the condition and performance thereof. The methodology used consisted of discussions with water operators, town/ village halls involved in management and field visits to inspect the systems;  Conclusions. This sub-chapter emphasizes one of the main objectives of the Master Plan, namely the improvement of the technical, managerial and financial condition of the drinking water supply sector in the Nirnova basin. The reference is made to the current condition of the water supply and sewerage infrastructure and to the proposals that have been made for a future improvement of the situation.

Addition to this chapter is the Annex 1 to this Master Plan. The Annex contains detailed information specific to the localities, such as:

- general information about the locality; - existing water resources; - infrastructure of water supply and sewerage systems; - situation regarding the water supply and sanitation of the main social objects; - service providers, existing WSS infrastructure development projects; - suggestions for improving the WSS services.

Annex 2 represents the results of the value parameters of the waters from: - the wells of the localities of the Nirnova basin; - catchments in the localities of the Nirnova basin; - shallow wells in the localities of the Nirnova basin; - Prut Nisporeni aqueduct.

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Value parameters of water quality intended for human consumption (hereinafter "Drinking Water") in accordance with the requirements established by the EU Directive are transposed into Law no. 182 of the Republic of Moldova which enters into force on 03.01.2021 (see Table 2-15 in chapter 2.6.5. - National Legislation). In accordance with Law no. 182 of the Republic of Moldova, drinking water must be sanogenic and clean, meeting the minimum requirements provided in Annex 3 of the Law mentioned above. "Drinking water with low pollution" is considered water that exceeds some values of the parameters indicated in Annex 3 of Law 182 of 2020 but is not endangered the health of consumers. Thus, water is allowed for human consumption with the consent of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment. The term "Technical water" means water that exceeds the values of microbiological and / or physico-chemical parameters, can be used for household purposes but is not intended for human consumption.

3.2. Water resources

3.2.1. Water sources in the study area

The Nirnova basin has both surface water resources and underground resources. Overall, however, the share of surface resources is determinant (Prut River). From the point of view of the water resources usable for drinking water supply, they may be considered moderate, taking into account the inadequate quality of some surface waters, as well as the unequal distribution in the territory of the existing resources.

3.2.2. Surface waters

The main water courses in the Nirnova Basin region are the Prut River (the second largest in the Republic of Moldova) and the Nirnova River.

The largest reservoirs, built to ensure various economic needs (fish farming, irrigation, recreation, flood control) are found in Balanesti, Seliste, Nisporeni, Bujor, Siscani, Onesti and Nemteni. The amount of water varies considerably and cannot be used as a source of raw water for water systems planned in localities.

3.2.2.1 PRUT RIVER

Prut river is a border river, which has its beginning on Hoverla mountain slopes, 15 km southwest of s. Vorohta on Forested Carpathian Mountains Cernogorice (Ukraine). The Prut River is the last important left tributary of the Danube River. The river is used to supply drinking water to many localities, including Nisporeni and Varzaresi, to supply communal industrial enterprises, to irrigate land, to produce electricity, for fish farming and for navigation.

Water quantity

Measurements of the river runoff in the Prut basin, within the limits of the Republic of Moldova,

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were made only on three sections in various periods of time of continuous observations. The most complete data of observations (60 years) are on the Ungheni hydrometric station. On the sections Leova, Costesti, and Șirauti the observations do not exceed 28-30 years. In connection with this, the assessment of the water resources of the Prut was made by structuring the flow information at the same multiannual period, in relation to the data from the Chernivtsi hydrological station during 1945 - 1955, using the linear regression QUng. = 1,294 QCern., with the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.94. The results of the assessments are represented in the figure below15.

FIGURE 3-1 HYDROGRAPH OF THE AVERAGE ANNUAL DISCHARGE OF THE PRUT RIVER, UNGHENI (1945-2016)

Source: Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin management plan in the Republic of Moldova for the next cycle (2021-2027), December 2019

TABLE 3-1 RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF THE PRUT RIVER, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AND THEIR STATISTICAL PARAMETERS

Source: Danube - Prut and Black Sea watershed management plan in the Republic of Moldova

15 Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin Management Plan in the Republic of Moldova for the next cycle (2021-2027), First technical report on the description of the characteristics of the Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin, December-2019.

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for the next cycle (2021-2027), December 2019

FIGURE 3-2 LIQUID RUNOFF REGIME ON THE PRUT

Source: Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin management plan in the Republic of Moldova for the next cycle (2021-2027), December 2019

The rational use of water resources requires the determination of the ecological flow that has distinct values, unique for each month, regardless of the year. The table below shows the ecological flow values for the Sirauti, Costesti and Ungheni sections of the Prut. Based on the volume of water captured from the Prut riverbed, the approximate values of the easement flows were also assessed.

TABLE 3-2 SERVITUDE DISCHARGE OF THE PRUT RIVER

Source: Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin management plan in the Republic of Moldova for the next cycle (2021-2027), December 2019

The Prut River can be considered as a safe source of supply with raw water of several localities. At the moment, in the studied area, only the localities of Nisporeni and Varzaresti are fed from the Prut, capturing the water from the village Grozesti.

Water quality

The Surface Water Quality Monitoring Center (CMCAS) within the State Hydrometeorological

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Service has as main concern the monitoring of the water quality of the transboundary rivers Dniester and Prut.

According to the National Agency for Public Health, for r. Prut there is a decrease of the samples assigned to class I (very good) from 30% in 2018, to 9% in 2019 and an increase of the samples assigned to class IV (polluted) from 9% in 2018, to 39% in 2019. At the bacteriological parameters the share of samples assigned to quality class IV (polluted) for r. Prut the share of samples assigned to quality class IV (polluted) increased from 8% - 2018 to 12% - 2019.

Conclusions

With although the water quality of the Prut River continues to decline, it can be attributed as a potential source of water supply for localities. The amount of water is sufficient and the risks of lowering the water level are minimal due to the Costesti Stânca dam located in the north of the Republic of Moldova.

3.2.2.2 NIRNOVA RIVER

Nirnova River starts from an old pond 1 km west of Vinatori village and flows into the Prut river 278 km from its mouth, 2.5 km southwest of Leuseni village. The main tributaries are: an unnamed river - it flows from the left bank 33 km from the mouth; r. Budai - left tributary, flows 20 km from the mouth, length of 15 km; an unnamed river flows from the left bank, 8 km from the mouth, the length - 18 km. Nirnova receives another 37 tributaries with a length of less than 10 km and a total length of 88 km. The length of the main river cource is 49 km.

Water quantity

Information on the water resources of the Nirnova River is insufficient due to the lack of monitoring data. The estimated values of average annual discharge of the river being at 1.66 m3/s and the average flow volume being 52.35 million m3/year.16 During the droughts, the streams are dry, while in some areas, water is used unauthorized in small quantities to irrigate crops on private land used in some places to the banks of the river.

Water quality

Quality of the Nârnova river water, in the area of Ivanovca village, following the results of laboratory analyzes in 2014 was assessed as class II according to biological parameters, class V (highly polluted) according to chemical parameters, class III (moderately polluted) according to hydromorphological parameters and class V (highly polluted) - according to ecological status.17 Other recent researches on water quality along the Nirnova River is not available.

The poor water quality of the Nirnova River is characterized by a high degree of pollution, pollution generated primarily by untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater discharged into effluents (wastewater, household waste, other water resulting from various washes of equipment,

16 Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin management plan in the Republic of Moldova for the next cycle (2021-2027), First technical report on the description of the characteristics of the Danube - Prut and Black Sea river basin, December-2019.

17 Management plan of the Prut River basin, cycle I, 2017 - 2022

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machinery, etc.).

3.2.3. Groundwaters

Grownwaters network in the Nirnova basin area includes about 7,600 springs and wells (public and private) and over 12 functional artesian wells.

FIGURE 3-3 NUMBER OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER SOURCES, UNITS

Underground sources (freatic) Total - 7634

1179 50 6290 88 public wells public private wells fountains springs

801 149 with drincable water dryed wells

Source: Questionnaires completed by LPAs

The main groundwater source is considered to be provided by the Baden - Sarmatian aquifer (of great importance). Groundwater is mainly used for domestic use, and there are wells that supply private economic operators. Conflict between domestic and private consumers does not affect current resources, but for the future uptake required, a detailed hydrogeological study must be carried out to confirm the availability of resources and potential conflicts for their exploitation.

The amount of groundwater

The Badenian-Sarmatian aquifer is one of the richest aquifers in the Prut river basin within the borders of the Republic of Moldova and the most important for the centralized supply of drinking water. Within the Prut river basin, groundwater resources amount is estimated as 137.38 million m3/ year, of which 50.61 million m3/ year are used for various purposes: as domestic and drinking water - 39.84 million m3/ year (78.32%), as technical water - 10.16 million m3/ year (20.09%), and for therapeutic and recreational purposes - 0.71 million m3/ year (1.58% )18.

The total reported capacity of the water from the artesian wells used in the study area is 846.4 thousand m3/ year but due to the poor water quality, the average volume of groundwater captured

18 Management plan of the Prut river basin cycle I, 2017 - 2022

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is only 43.8 thousand m3/ year which which represents only 5.2%.19

As the water captured from most of the wells used in the basin is of poor quality and public water systems are obsolete, only 50.6% of the total water captured is sold to consumers. The rest of the water used is not metered and billed. Households remain major consumers of water in the region. More than 90% of the total underground water sold is used by the residential sector, while industrial consumption is about 1% and institutional consumption is about 9%. It should be noted that the data presented refer only to consumption in public water supply systems, while some economic agents feed from private deep drilling. Currently, a structured record of industrial consumption is not available.

FIGURE 3-4 GROUNDWATER VOLUME CAPTURED IN THE STUDY AREA

Total capacity of wells in use 846435 m3/year

Annual average captured volumes 43818 m3/year, 5,2%

Billed volume Unbilled volume 22156 m3/year, 21662 m3/year, 50,6% 49,4%

Source: Calculated based on data provided by LPAs

Groundwater quality

The results of monitoring the quality of drinking water from decentralized sources (mine wells) during 2016 - 2018 shows high levels of non-compliance with both chemical and microbiological parameters. This situation is characteristic for groundwaters and is determined, first of all, by the lack of centralized sewerage systems, unsanitary conditions, the location of latrines, toilets and landfills in the immediate vicinity of wells. The non-compliance of the water samples with the chemical parameters becomes more and more alarming and constituted: 76.3% - in 2016, 78% - in 2017 and 80% - in 2018. The water quality becomes more and more precarious according to the microbiological parameters, which per year becomes increasingly polluted due to excessive involvement of the human factor (non-compliance constituted in a.2016 - 55%, in 2017-57% and 50% - in 2018.20

The high concentrations of these elements and compounds are of natural origin and water can be treated by various methods. However, this option has not been successfully explored so far in Moldova and there are a number of water treatment plants that have been built but have not operated normally. There is a need for technical training and the implementation of activities to increase institutional capacity as well as the study of other options for technical treatment of water for human consumption. The figure below shows the map of groundwater resources explored and

19 Based on the data presented by LPAs

20 ANSP Report, 2019

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approved, as well as the water quality in the study area:

Gherman/Radu

Unpolluted freatic groundwater can exist in the upper aquifer if it is upstream of urban centers and agricultural areas such as Ciutesti, Balanesti, Vinatori. This also applies to springs in forest- covered river basins.

The table from Annex 2 shows detailed value parameters of the water captured from the underground sources in the study area. At the MAC established by Law no. 182 of 19.12.2019, are excepted the values of the parameters of drinking water from water producers who supply less than 10 m3 on average per day or who serve less than 50 people, unless the water is produced as part of a commercial or public activity. The National Agency for Public Health, including through its territorial subdivisions CSP Ungheni and CSP Hincesti, informed LPAs and the target population about these exemptions and about the measures that can be taken to protect health from adverse effects resulting from any kind of water contamination. drinking.

Regarding the water quality related to the deep groundwater sources existing in the study area, the water taken from 12 wells in Balanesti, Seliste, Siscani, Drojdieni, Nemteni, Obileni, Onesti and Leuseni is non-compliant in terms of quality, exceedances for several indicators being registered. Exceedances were recorded for: ammonium in 7 wells (concentration up to 34.9 mg/l in Balanesti, 23 mg/l in Seliste), sodium in 4 wells (concentration up to 983 mg/l in Balanesti), hydrocarbonates in 4 wells (concentration up to 2333 mg/l in Nemteni), fluorine in 4 wells (concentration up to 9.4 mg/l in Balanesti), hydrogen sulfide in the Balanesti well (concentration up to 3.1 mg/l), sulphates in probe from Siscani (concentration up to 1616 mg/l), total iron in 5 wells (concentration up to 0.68 mg/l in Nemteni), chlorides in 3 wells (concentration up to 922 mg/l in Nemteni), dry residue soluble in 7 wells (concentration up to 3740 mg/l in Balanesti), oxidability in 5 wells (concentration up to 46.7 mgO/l in Nemteni). There are no available data on the water consumed or to be consumed in the near future from 4 wells (Seliste 1985, Siscani Afumati, Siscani no. 09/20 and Cotul Morii).

As a general conclusion, this water intake can be used for water supply in case of bringing the water quality up to the norms of "Drinking Water" through defluorization and disinfection.

3.3. Pollution and impact on water sources

The main sources of water pollution in the study area are:

● rainwater runoff from landfills, fuel stations, various warehouses, agricultural fields, livestock, undeveloped areas of various enterprises in function or stationary;

● disorganized discharges of wastewater from the domestic sector, being discharged into non-impermeable ponds and natural watercourses;

● insufficiently treated or untreated wastewater discharges from the domestic and industrial sector; The locality of Nemteni has built a sewerage system since 2011, the water being collected but it does not have a treatment plant installed;

● pesticides used intensively and without control in agriculture;

In the localities of the basin there are very few authorized landfills, otherwise they are unauthorized and there is no record of all existing landfills. The sanitation and waste collection service exists only in the town of Nisporeni. Due to the lack of a recyclable waste collection center, 113

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the waste is collected together, is not separated and there is no waste recycling. There is a lack of special equipment and techniques for the collection of household waste and insufficiency of the technical basis of existing public sanitation services.

The ecological situation is unsatisfactory at landfills for solid waste. Some waste is deposited outside the permitted perimeters, another is dumped in ravines, river meadows, on agricultural and forested land.

The specific pollutants for the types of wastewater discharged in the study area are:

- domestic wastewater 21 - suspended matter, organic matter, extractible substances, detergents, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorides, sulfates, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci;

- municipal wastewater 22 - suspended matter, organic matter, extractible substances, detergents, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorides, sulphates, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci and industry-specific indicators that discharge wastewater into the sewer system (metals, phenols, petroleum products, sulfides, etc.);

- wastewater from animal husbandry - suspended matter, filterable residue at 105 0C, organic substances, extractibles, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, fecal coliform bacteria, total coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, salmonella;

- wastewater from the food industry (Nisporeni, Varzaresi, Siscani) - suspended matter, filterable residue at 105 0C, organic substances, extractibles, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, detergents, faecal coliform bacteria, total coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, salmonella;

- wastewater from manufacturing industry (Nisporeni, Obileni) - organic substances, sulfides, free chlorine, nitrogen, phosphorus, detergents, extractibles, petroleum products, chromium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc;

The amount of wastewater collected and treated in 2019 by the treatment plant in Nisporeni is 113.4 thousand m3, more by 9% compared to 2018. The treated wastewater is discharged into the river Nirnova.

At the moment, the documents that establish the admissible limit values are:

● Quality indicators of the industrial wastewater discharged in the sewerage networks of the localities are contained in Annex no. 1, GD 950 of 25.11.2013;

● The limit values for loading with pollutants of industrial and urban wastewater discharged into water bodies are contained in Annex no. 2, GD 950 of 25.11.2013;

● The environmental quality requirements for surface waters are contained in Annex no. 1, GD 890 of 12.11.2013;

● The sanitary norms regarding the drinking water quality are contained in Annex no. 2, GD 934 of 15.08.2007;

21 The meaning of the notion is described in the GLOSSARY of this MPAAS

22 IDEM

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Following the results of laboratory analyzes performed by the Environment Agency in July 2019, it is attested that at the exit from the treatment plant, the treated wastewater exceeds the permissible limit values for pollutant loading of wastewater discharged into water bodies for the following parameters: SM (2.51-fold), Ptotal (1.63-fold), (see Table 4-4). Thus, the average efficiency of the biological treatment plant for the physico-chemical parameters analyzed is 66.8%, considered to be satisfactory.

Map with the main sources of pollution detected: landfills, treatment plants, large accumulations of wastewater (Nemteni), industries, pesticide landfills

Gherman / Radu

The fact that there is no monitoring of the main sources of pollution, the main components of water pollution and concrete measures to reduce the risk of pollution is reflected in the results of the laboratory analysis of groundwater with values exceeding the accepted upper limits for drinking water ( see Annex 2).

3.4. Existing water infrastructure and current performance

3.4.1. Existing water infrastructure

The population of the Nirnova river basin is approximately 43,869 inhabitants (10,063 in urban areas and 33,806 in rural areas). The households reported in 2020 are 18,627, of which 6,230 in the city of Nisporeni and 2,020 in the commune of Varzaresti. Across the territory, up to 34% of the population is connected to a public drinking water system and over 66% use water from wells and springs. In the rural area, except for the village of Varzaresti which is connected to the Prut- Nisporeni aqueduct, only 8.5% are connected to a drinking water network and the rest of the households use water from shallow wells.

The construction of the Prut - Nisporeni aqueduct solved the problem of drinking water supply for Nisporeni and Varzaresti. The system has been operating since 2016, currently having 59% of households connected to the network. This aqueduct currently operates at half its capacity. The coverage area of the network is about 75% for the city of Nisporeni and 60% for the village of Varzaresti.

Map with coverage areas (Gherman / Radu)

Out of 31 localities of the study area, 12 localities do not have a centralized water supply system. These are: Vinatori village, Paruceni village from Seliste commune, Odaia village from Siscani commune, Helesteni village from Marinici commune, Obileni village, Chetroseni village from Miresti commune, Bujor village, Ivanovca villages, Costesti, Frasin from Ivanovca commune, Sarateni village from Cotul Morii commune and Feteasca village from Leuseni commune. The localities of Seliste, Siscani, Drojdieni, Nemteni, Cotul Morii and Leuseni have a water supply system that does not correspond to the quality requirements of drinking water. The worst situation regarding the drinking water supply is registered in the villages of Cotul Morii, Ivanovca, Marinici/Helesteni, Paruceni, Nemteni and Chetroseni due to the fact that the population currently 115

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has a major lack of drinking water.

The water supply sources of the localities in the study area, their number and water quality according to the results of the laboratory analyzes obtained are shown in the table below.

TABLE 3-3 WATER SUPPLY SOURCES OF THE LOCALITIES IN THE STUDY AREA Artesia Individua Public Aqueduc Public n Capture l drinking t # Locality fountain sondes from fountain fountain s (probes springs Prut / s s ) Grozesti

Nisporeni District

1 Balanesti 80 176 1 yes - 5 Gaureni - yes -

2 Vinatori 45 105 4 - yes -

3 Ciutesti 19 337 - yes - 4 Valea Nirnovei - yes -

4 Seliste 12 800 1 - - 11 Paruceni - - -

5 Siscani 118 403 3 - - Drojdieni - 1 - -

Odaia - -

6 Marinici 120 60 1 - - 9 Helesteni - - -

7 Calimanesti 12 53 1 - yes -

8 Nisporeni 16 3000 4 - - yes

9 Varzaresti - - yes 30 500 6 Sendreni - - -

TOTAL 372 5258 39 6 -

Hincesti District

10 Miresti 17 21 - yes - 1 Chetroseni - - -

11 Cateleni 26 70 - - yes -

12 Bujor 250 300 1 - yes -

13 Nemteni 100 50 2 1 - -

14 Obileni 32 127 1 1 - -

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15 Ivanovca 10 134 - - - Costesti - - - -

Frasin - - -

16 Onesti 48 20 1 yes - 1 Strimbeni 1 yes -

17 Cotul Morii 26 100 1 - - - Sarteni - - -

18 Leuseni 39 34 2 - - - Feteasca - - -

TOTAL 548 856 6 7

Legend:

Drinking water source Water source of unknown quality

Low pollution drinking water source Technical water source

On average, up to 37% of the total population in the study area is connected to a public water supply system. Of which, 71% of the connected population is supplied from the Prut River (Grozesti – Nisporeni – Varzaresti aqueduct), 20% – with water from groundwater sources (freatic) and only 9% of the connected population is served by supply systems from underground sources (artesian wells). It should be mentioned that the underground water that serves as a source for water systems does not comply with the “Drinking Water” norms. Also, although the water in the springs is considered to be drinkable or poorly polluted, in recent years there has been a significant decrease in its quantity. Thus, the consumers connected to a water supply network with capture from springs are not provided 100% with drinking water. For example, the existing system in Cateleni locality has as consumers almost 38% of the total households, but due to the insufficient water, only 5% manage to supply with.

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FIGURE 3-5 WATER SOURCES USED IN THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE STUDY AREA

9% connection from underground sources (deep wells)

20% connection from groundwater sources (springs)

71% connection from surface source (Prut river)

The figures below shows, for each locality in the Nirnova Basin, the water supply sources of each public system, the quality of the water delivered to consumers and the connection rates to these systems. As can be seen, the population of 16 localities is fed only from the existing mine wells or in some cases they have individually built water systems with catchment from springs (as in the village of Vinatori). Details regarding the existing water resources used and unused in each locality in the Nirnova Basin, including their location, can be found in Annex 1 of this Master Plan.

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FIGURE 3-6 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY OF LOCALITIES AND CONNECTION RATES TO THE SYSTEMS

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FIGURE 3-7 CORRESPONDENCE OF WATER QUALITY IN PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND CONNECTION RATES TO THESE SYSTEMS

The Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.3-7 describes the sources of water supply of the localities in the study area and the table below presents a summary of the current situation regarding the water supply systems in the localities in the Nirnova basin area. Detailed information for each locality is presented in the Annex 1.

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TABLE 3-4 INFRASTRUCTURE OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE STUDY AREA Problem Connecte Year of of lack of Length Length of Pumpin Water d Connectio constructio water Treatmen Storage of TAU Area served adductio g source househol n rate n of the during t plants capacity, m3 network n, km stations ds system the s, km summer

Balanesti North springs 181 19.8% 2009/2016 yes 1.7 - 1x9;1x40 yes 4.0

Balanesti new - Balanesti 0.6 1x25 - 3.4 village sonde 32 3.5% 2014 no

Gaureni springs 105 49% 2019-present no - - 1x50 - 4.3

Ciutesti springs 402 57.4% 2009 yes 0.9 - 1x50; 1x25 - 8.5 Ciutesti Valea Nirnovei springs - - 2017-present - 0.9 - 1x25 yes 2.7

Seliste Seliste sonde - - 2014-present - - yes 2x50 - 13.0

Siscani sondes - - 2013-present - 1.2 - 4x50 - 20.0 Siscani Drojdieni sonde 106 11.5% 2018-present - - yes 1x50 - 11.5

Marinici Marinici sonde - - 2018-present yes - - 1x25 - 3.0

Calimanes - 7 1x20 - - ti Calimanesti springs - - 2003 yes

yes 1x1,600; Nisporeni 16.8 yes 116 Nisporeni,Varzaresti Prut 4,866 59.0% 2015 no 1x280

Miresti Miresti springs 230 65.7% 2008 yes 1.3 - 1x16; 1x50 yes 20.7

Cateleni Cateleni springs 20 5.1% 2002/2007 yes 0.8 - 1x40; 1x60 - 4.2

Nemteni Nemteni sonde 170 29.1% 2011-2013 yes - - 1x24; 1x20 - 9.0

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Obileni Social objects sonde - - 2011 no - - 1x15 - n/a

Onesti springs 250 35.5% 2007 yes 2 - 2x500; yes 12.0 Onesti Strimbeni springs 150 21.3% 2009 yes - - 1x10 - 5.3

Cotul Morii Cotul Morii sonde - - 2013 no - - 1x50 - 3.5

Leuseni new village sonde 326 52.2% 1998 no 0.8 - 1x50 - 12.2 Leuseni Leuseni old village sonde - - 2000 no - - 1x15 - 0.1 Legend:

Drinking water source Water source of unknown quality

Low pollution drinking water source Technical water source

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The total number of artesian sondes (probes) reported by the LPAs is 34, of which 8 sondes (probes) are privately owned (Seliste – 1, Siscani – 3, Marinici – 1, Bujor – 1 and Cotul Morii – 1). Out of the total number of sondes (probes) – 12 are currently used (Balanesti – 1, Seliste – 1, Marinici – 2, Nemteni – 1, Obileni – 2, Cotul Morii – 1 and Leuseni – 2). Only in the Marinici sonde (probe) that supplies 27% of the village population, the water may be used as drinking water that corresponds to the quality parameters established in the Annex 1 of the GD No. 934 of August 15, 2007. The sonde (probe) in the Obileni village, even if the water quality corresponds to the physico-chemical parameters, following several laboratory analyzes and tests by the Hincesti PHC, in 2019, coliform bacteria were detected and it was forbidden to use it for drinking purposes. The 5 sondes (probes) from Nisporeni were preserved after putting into operation (commissioning) the supply system from the Prut-Grozesti-Nisporei-Varzaresti aqueduct.

TABLE 3-5 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SONDES (PROBES) OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FROM THE LOCALITIES IN THE STUDY AREA

No. Locality Depth Capacit Average Year of Year of In function Water y, annual constru reconstru (operation) quality m3/day volume ction ction/ used moderniza tion 1 Balanesti 254 100 3,650 1987 2014 yes technical

2 Seliste 360 216 1985 - yes technical

3 Seliste 390 240 - 2018 - no technical

4 Siscani 120 60 - 2018 - no technical

5 Siscani 50 60 - 2018 - no technical

6 Siscani 50 60 - 2018 - no technical

7 Drojdieni 105 120 20,805 2013 - yes technical

8 Marinici 220 48 17,520 2015 - yes drinkable

9 Nemteni n/a 60 1,351 2010 - yes technical

10 Obileni n/a 15 400 1996 2011 yes technical

11 Onesti 90 200 n/a 1960 - partially technical

12 Onesti 130 300 n/a 1967 - partially technical

13 Cotul Morii 150 450 1,277 2013 - yes technical

14 Leuseni 96 50 18,250 2000 2020 yes technical

15 Leuseni 50 340 1,370 1988 - yes technical

3.4.2. Water capture

Surface water

Surface waters that can be used as a source of raw water can be:

● Natural running water (streams, rivers);

● Artificial running water (irrigation or diversion channels); 123

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● Natural standing waters (lakes);

● Artificial standing waters (reservoirs, ponds).

In the case of the Nirnova Basin region, only the Prut River is used to supply water to the population. The capture of water from the Prut River for the “Grozesti - Nisporeni” aqueduct is made north of the village of Grozesti. In the capture process, two fish guards, ice-breaking pylons and level sensors are used. Capture is done using a vacuum system. The total capacity of the capture station built in 2016 is 64 l/s. At the moment it works at a capacity of 30 l/s.

Water capture point in Prut (Grozesti) Raw water pumping station (Grozesti)

The volume of water extracted (captured) from the Prut River in 2019, in order to supply drinking water to the town of Nisporeni, Varzaresti village and Grozesti village, was of 322.7 thousand m3 in 2018 and 334.4 thousand m3 in 2019 (increasing by 3.5% compared to 2018), see the figure below.

FIGURE 3-8 SURFACE WATER VOLUME CAPTURED FROM PRUT RIVER (GROZESTI), 2019

The volume of water captured 334,4 th m3

Volume of Water losses in Technological drinking water the public consumption supplied system 8,0 th. m3 288,9 th. m3 37,5 th. m3

Apartaments Households Other consumers 47,9 mii m3 197,4 th. m3 43,6 th. m3

Source: Activity report of "Apa Canal Nisporeni" for 2019

Ground water

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The types of sources used to supply water to localities from the Nirnova Basin are:

● Public or individual mine wells (wells);

● Fountains;

● Water catchments from springs;

● Artesian wells.

Mine or artesian drinking water wells are made in the aquifer that can be located at different depths.

FIGURE 3-9 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF AQUIFERS

The mine fountain, also called a well, is a construction consisting of a cylindrical pit with cobbled walls, or with the installation of reinforced concrete rings, dug into the ground to a level of ground water and which serves the current water supply especially in rural areas.

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Example of mine fountain (Varzaresti, Nisporeni)

Most of the mine wells related to the number of inhabitants are registered in the town of Nisporeni and Seliste commune (4 inhabitants at a well), not far away are the localities of Siscani and Ciutesti (5 inhabitants at a well). At the opposite end, with the fewest registered wells are the localities: Miresti (30 inhabitants at a well), Leuseni (25 inhabitants at a well) and Onesti (18 inhabitants at a well).

FIGURE 3-10 NUMBER OF EXISTING FREATIC GROUNDWATER SOURCES USED IN THE STUDY AREA

ATU Mine wells Fountains Captures

total public with public individual total public in public drinking drained use water *

1 Balanesti 94 94 14 176 5 5 10

2 Vinatori 47 45 1 105 4 4 45

3 Ciutesti 29 29 10 337 7 4 12

4 Seliste 12:12 0 800 11 11

5 Siscani 120 120 2 403 0 0

6 Marinici 133 125 8 60 11 9

7 Calimanesti 14 12 2 53 1 1 5

8 Nisporeni 16 16 6 3000 4 4

9 Varzaresti 36 30 6 500 6 6

10 Miresti 20 5 3 21 3 1 1

11 Cateleni 36 5 10 70 0 0

12 Bujor 250 50 0 300 1 1 27

13 Nemteni 150 100 30 50 2 2

14 Obileni 47 47 15 127 1 1

15 Ivanovca 36 36 26 134 1 0

16 Onesti 68 10 10 20 1 1 7

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17 Cotul Morii 26 26 0 100 0 0

18 Leuseni 45 39 6 34 0 0

Total 1179 801 149 6290 58 50 107 * The quality of the water from the public wells was appreciated by the employees of the LPAs without any concrete studies and researches

The fountains are simple constructions arranged, having as source a water spring. The number of taps in the localities in the study area are in the table above. The total number of fountains and the number of public fountains used in each locality are shown in the table above.

FIGURE 3-11 EXAMPLE OF A FOUNTAIN FROM BALANESTI VILLAGE, NISPORENI DISTRICT

Water captures. The springs are groundwater that comes to the surface in places where the geomorphological situation is favorable and can be found in areas poor in water, can have good quality water and large quantities, can gravitationally feed different consumers but may require long adductions.

FIGURE 3-12 EXAMPLE OF CAPTURE BY DRAINS

Drains are tubes of plain monolithic or prefabricated concrete, of monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete, or of plastics, provided at the top with circular holes having a diameter of 1

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Although groundwater is not a quantitatively safe water resource for centralized public drinking water supply systems, several localities, with the help of external or self-financing sources, have built water catchments that have ensured for many years some of the inhabitants and social objects with quality water.

Thus, 9 localities out of 7 communes are currently supplied with water collected from springs. The number of catchments for each locality is shown in Table 3 -1. Water is collected through a drainage system, stored in tanks and then distributed to residents:

● 5 water catchments were built within the project "ApaSan" with funding from the Swiss Cooperation Office;

● A water catchment (Balanesti) was built by the Moldovan Social Investment Fund (MSIF);

● The inhabitants of Vinatori mobilized and built several water catchments from the springs. Since the 1990s, they have built several small grouped water supply systems on their own. In total there are about 45 springs in Vinatori. The most important water supply sources for households are the springs in the “Fundul izvoarelor” area, in the north of the locality and the “La Șurca” area located in the south-eastern part of the village;

● The newest water systems with capture from springs are from the localities of Gaureni and Valea Nirnovei which are planned to be put into operation this year. The catchment in the Nirnova Valley was built with funding from NEF.

The artesian well is a vertical cylindrical mining gallery, drilled in the earth's crust in order to capture groundwaters. The first operation in the execution of a water well is the drilling of the well hole, after which the geophysical analysis (radioactive logging) is made, which determines the presence of aquifers. Then, drill pipes and water filters are introduced according to the piping sketch, after which quarz gravel is inserted in the annular space formed by the wall of the borehole and pipes, after which a cement plug is poured over the last layer of water to insulate the layers. of infested surface water.

The equipment and machinery provided offer the possibility of drilling wells to a depth of 500 m, with a diameter of up to 500 mm. Wells tubing can be done with metal pipe or PVC tube.

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FIGURE 3-13 SCHEMATIC EXAMPLE OF ARTESIAN WELL AND RELATED FACILITIES

Rural localities capture water from artesian wells using submersible pumps adapted to the capacity and pumping height required for each well.

The following table briefly describes for each locality in the study area the characteristics of groundwater sources used or to be used in the near future.

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TABLE 3-6 CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING GROUNDWATER SOURCES IN THESTUDY

ATU Water source Served area Depth Capacity, Year of Technical Water Critical problems and shortcomings m3/day constructio condition quality n Balanesti 4 springs Balanesti Northern 3,5 15 2009 satisfactory drinking The amount of water in the springs is not enough area to supply the entire area served; 3 springs Balanesti 3,5 10 2016 satisfactory drinking well

Balanesti New village 254 100 1987 satisfactory techniqu Water quality does not correspond according to the e parameters: ammonia, fluorine, hydrogen sulfide; 1 spring Gaureni new village n / a 10 2019 new drinking - Gaureni 2 springs Gaureni n / a 6 2019 new drinking

Vinatori 20 private springs bottom n / a n / a 1970 satisfactory drinking * Connections are individual; Vânatori Spring There is no operator for management; The quantity and quality of water are not 6 private springs La Șurca n / a n / a 90 satisfactory drinking * monitored. Vinatori Ciutesti 5 springs Ciutesti Ciutesti 3 46 2009 satisfactory drinking The amount of water in the springs is not enough to expand the water system for the whole village 5 springs Ciutesti Ciutesti 3 36 2009 satisfactory drinking *

2 springs Ciutesti Valea 6,5 45 2019 satisfactory drinking * Catchment is cleaned recently. The system is to be Nirnovei The put into operation this year

3 Ciutesti springs - n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking * Springs are not used and have not done any The technical research on the quantity and quality of water. 2 Ciutesti springs n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking *

2 Ciutesti springs n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking *

1 Ciutesti spring n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking *

1 Ciutesti springs n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking *

Seliste Seliste well - 360 216 1985 good techniqu Is to be put into operation by the end of 2020; e Water quality does not correspond to the parameters: sulfates, sodium, ammonium, fluorine, Seliste well 390 240 2013 new techniqu iron e

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Siscani Siscani well - n / a n / a 2018 new technical System in construction from 2018. 80% of the works are completed; Siscani well n / a n / a 2018 new techniqu Water quality does not correspond to the e parameters: sodium / potassium, sulfates, mineralization. Siscani well n / a n / a 2018 new technical

Drojdieni well Drojdieni 105 120 2013 new technical System in construction since 2013. Only 80% of the works are completed; Water quality does not correspond to the parameters: sodium / potassium Marinici Marinici well social 220 48 2015 good drinking System built since 2013 but not put into operation; objects Low water flow does not meet local requirements. Marinici well project n / a 66.25 n / a project drinking Lack of financing for construction.

Calimanesti 3 springs Calimanesti 4 2003 satisfactory drinking Several springs have dried up; Calimanesti The lack of a charging system shows inefficient water consumption. There is a lack of water. 2 springs 4 15 2019 satisfactory drinking Calimanesti Miresti Springs Miresti Miresti 1,5 72 2008 satisfactory drinking Insufficiency of water for expansion.

Cateleni 7 springs Cateleni Cateleni 2 1960 satisfactory drinking There is a small and decreasing flow. Some springs are dried up. 20 springs Cateleni 2 2007 satisfactory drinking

Nemteni Nemteni well Nemteni 60 2010 unsatisfactory technical pump is often changed due to heavily populated water Obileni Obileni well social n / a 15 1996 good drinking 70% suffer from lack of water. The water meets the objects quality requirements of “Drinking Water” according to the physico-chemical parameters but coliform bacteria have been detected and it is forbidden for consumption. Obileni spring - n / a n / a n / a n / a drinking * A strong spring that could supply 50% of the population of village but research in this regard has not been done so far Onesti 4 springs Onesti Onesti NE 13,5 20 2007 satisfactory drinking Insufficiency of water to ensure connected water households Onesti well - 90 200 1960 satisfactory technicall Water quality does not correspond according to the y parameters: ammonia, fluorine.

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3 springs Strimbeni Strimbeni 3,5 2009 satisfactory drinking The captured water has a low flow and does not provide the inhabitants with the necessary amount of water. Strimbeni well - 130 300 1967 satisfactory techniqu The water quality does not correspond according e to the parameters: ammonia, fluorine. Cotul Morii Cotul Morii well social 150 450 2013 satisfactory techniqu Feeds only social objects; objects e Water quality does not correspond to the parameters: sodium, sodium, fluorine. Leuseni Leuseni well new village 96 50 2000 average technical Water quality does not correspond according to the parameters: ammonia, chlorides, soluble dry residue. Leuseni well social 50 340 1988 unsatisfactory techniqu Feeds only social objects; objects e Water quality does not correspond according to the parameters: ammonia, chlorides, soluble dry residue * Water quality is communicated by municipalities without being confirmed by presenting laboratory tests to determine water quality.

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3.4.3. Water treatment

At the moment the water treatment is done only for the raw water from the Prut river for the Prut- Nisporeni aqueduct that supplies drinking water to the town of Nisporeni, Grozesti village and part of Varzaresti village. All construction works were performed for 60 l/s capacity, but the electro- mechanical part, such as pumps, slats, filters are equipped only for the first phase at 30 l/s.

Drojdieni locality is implementing a construction project of the water system that provides for the treatment of water from the artesian well. Relevant information about the treatment plant does not exist.

The water supply project of Seliste village provides for the installation of treatment plants near the artesian wells. At the moment, only the treatment plant from the newly drilled well is being built. Detailed technical information about the treatment plant does not exist.

The technological scheme of water treatment at the treatment plants is in two stages: decantation and filtration. In the water treatment process chemical reagents are used to ensure the coagulation process, flocculation in mixers; decantation and clarification in horizontal decanters and filtration in fast filters loaded with sand and activated carbon. Water disinfection takes place in two stages: before the mixers (primary disinfection) and after the filters (secondary disinfection). Subsequently, the filtered water hits the drinking water tanks, where the necessary contact time with the disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite) is ensured.

Raw water treatment plant (Grozesti)

Some households use water filters with activated carbon individually in three or four steps, but more often it is practiced to filter the water in a cup-type water filter.

3.4.4. Water adduction

In the localities of the Nirnova basin most of the wells are located in the same protection area with the afferent water tower, and the adductions between them have small lengths and diameters, which means that they have a low degree of vulnerability. The cases in which there are adductions with significant lengths are summarized in the following table

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TABLE 3-7 ADDUCTIONS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN LOCALITIES

# Commune Length of Material Under Year of Technical adduction, pressure construction condition km

1 Balanesti 2,3 HDPE23 yes (4, 5m3/ 2009/2014 satisfactory h) Gaureni 1.5 HDPE no 2019 new

2 Vinatori - - - - -

3 Ciutesti 0.9 steel no 2009 satisfactory

Valea Nirnovei 0.9 PE PN10 yes (1.4 m3/ 2017 new DN75-90mm h) 4 Seliste - - yes 2018 new

Paruceni - - - - -

5 Siscani 0.5 HDPE yes 2018 new

Drojdieni 1.2 HDPE yes 2013 satisfactory

Odaia - - - - -

6 Marinici n / a n / a yes 2018 new

7 Calimanesti 7.0 HDPE no 2003 satisfactory

8 Nisporeni 16.8 HDPE yes (64l / s) 2015 good

9 Varzaresti - - - - -

Sendreni - - - - -

10 Miresti 1.3 - yes 2008 satisfactory

11 Cateleni n / a n / a no 2002 satisfactory

12 Bujor - - - -

13 Nemteni n / a n / a yes 2011 damaged

14 Obileni - - - -

15 Ivanovca - - - - -

Costesti - - - - -

Frasin - - - - -

16 Onesti 2 n / a d a 2007 satisfactory

Strimbeni n / a n / a yes 2009 satisfactory

17 Cotul Morii n / a steel yes 2013 satisfactory

Sarateni - - - - -

18 Leuseni 0.8 steel yes (3.5m3/ h) 1998 satisfactory

23 HDPE - high density polyethylene

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Feteasca - - - - -

3.4.5. Water storage

In general, for most rural localities, the captured water is stored in 'Rojnovski' type metal water towers.

Example of a “Rojnovski” type water tower The towers are constantly rehabilitated with high costs and cannot be used for the next 30 years as a safe storage solution due to their corrosion over time.

Other types of water storage units are tanks that can be located underground, above ground or semi-buried in materials such as reinforced concrete or metal.

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Semi-buried water tank, Varzaresti village Above ground tank, Cotul Morii village (“Lunca Prutului” project)

From the available data, in the studied localities, there are about 36 storage units (approx. 15 tanks and approx. 21 water towers) , of which 29 are in satisfactory condition, 9 are built after 2018 and are in good condition, and 5 tanks are worn/damaged.The following table briefly describes the existing storage units for each locality. In Onesti there are two tanks. One of them is currently being rehabilitated for use in the water supply project “Lunca Prutului.” The reservoirs in Gaureni, Valea Nirnovei, Seliste and Siscani are not currently used because the systems have not yet been put into operation.

Table 3-8 Characteristics of the storages existing study area

# Settlement Tank type Capacity, Year of *Equipment m3 constructio status n

1 Balanesti underground concrete tank 1x9 200 9 satisfactory

water tower 1x40 2009 satisfactory

water tower 1x25 2014 satisfactory

Gaureni tank concrete underground 1x50 2019 new

metal tank underground 1x15 n / a satisfactory

two Vinatori - - - -

3 Ciutesti metal tank semi-buried 1x50 2009 satisfactory

metal tank semi-buried 1x25 2009 satisfactory

Valea Nirnovei water tower 1x25 2019 new

4 Seliste water tower 1x50 2018 new

water tower 1x50 2018 new

Paruceni - - - -

5 Siscani water tower 1x50 2020 new

water tower 1x50 2020 new

water tower 1x50 2019 new

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water tower 1x50 2019 new

Drojdieni water tower 1x50 2013 satisfactory

Odaia

6 Marinici water tower 1x25 2015 satisfactory

7 Calimanesti subterranean 1x20 2003 satisfactory

8 Nisporeni west reservoir concrete semi-buried 1x1600 2015 satisfactory

9 Varzaresti west reservoir concrete semi-buried 1x280 2015 satisfactory

10 Miresti metal tank semi-buried 1x16 2008 satisfactory

semi-buried metal tank 1x50 2008 satisfactory

11 Cateleni rez.concrete subt Eran 1x40 1960 damaged

underground rez.beton 1x60 1975 damaged

12 Bujor - - - -

13 Nemteni water tower 1x25 2012 damaged

water tower 1x20 2008 satisfactory

14 Obileni water tower 1x15 2011 satisfactory

15 Ivanovca - - - -

Costesti - - - -

Frasin - - - -

16 Onesti tank concrete underground 2x500 1980 damaged

water tower 1x25 1980 satisfactory

Strimbeni tank concrete underground 1x10 2009 satisfactory

water tower 1x15 1980 satisfactory

17 Cotul Morii water tower 1x50 2013 satisfactory

Sarateni - - - -

18 Leuseni tower water 1x50 2014 satisfactory

above ground metal tank 1x15 2014 satisfactory

Feteasca - - - - Source: Based on data provided by the City Hall / Operator and field visits

* The technical condition was assessed by the operator and/or the town hall workers jointly with the technical experts based on available information on the age of the tanks, their material and maintenance.

3.4.6. Water distribution

There are localities that have built distribution networks that ensure almost complete connection of the households (however, the population is not connected 100% due to poor water quality 137

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(Leuseni village), insufficient amount of water (Onesti village, Miresti village) or the systems are not yet put into operation (Siscani village, Seliste village and Drojdieni village.

From the data obtained from the Town Halls / Operators, the total length of the distribution network is approximately 240 km, of which 91.6 km are only in Nisporeni and Varzaresti, only 9 km of existing networks in Nemteni village are damaged and need to be replaced. Most water supply networks are made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and have diameters between 20-110 mm except for the Nisporeni / Varzaresti system where they reach up to 315 mm

Some of the existing distribution networks were executed informally or many years ago, both in the public domain or private. Their exact identification of the route and diameters cannot be made. The synthesis of the existing situation of the water supply networks in the studied region is presented in the following table.

TABLE 3-9 WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IN NIRNOVA BASIN LOCALITIES

# Commune Length of Material Diameters Year of Technical networks, construction condition* km

1 Balanesti 7.4 PE 63mm 2009/2014 satisfactory

Gaureni 4.3 PE n / a24 2019-present yet not exploited

2 Vânatori - - - - -

3 Ciutesti 9.4 PE / metal 75-25mm 2009 satisfactory

Valea Nirnovei 2.7 PE 80 PN6 63-75mm 2017-present not yet exploited

4 Seliste 13.0 PE 100 PN10 110 -50mm 2018-present since they are not used Paruceni - - - - -

5 Siscani 20 PE 100 PN10 110-50mm 2018-present since they are not used Drojdieni 11.5 PN10 PE 100 n / a 2013 satisfactory

Odaia - - - - -

6 Marinici 3.0 PE 100 PN10 n / a 2018 are not yet exploited 7 Calimanesti - - - - -

8 Nisporeni / 91.6 PE 315-25mm 2015 good Varzaresti 9 Sendreni - - - - -

10 Miresti 20.7 PE 100 PN10 , 75-63mm 2008 satisfactory PN8, PN6 11 Cateleni 5.0 PE 110-50mm 2002 satisfactory

12 Bujor - - - -

13 Nemteni 9.0 PE / metal n / a 2011 damaged

24 Information not available

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14 Obileni - - - -

15 Ivanovca - - - - -

Costesti - - - - -

Frasin - - - - -

16 Onesti 12,0 PE 110-50mm 2007 satisfactory

Strimbeni 5,3 PE n / a 2009 satisfactory

17 Cotul Morii 3,5 PE n / a 2013 satisfactory

Sarateni - - - - -

18 Leuseni 12,2 PE n / a 1998 satisfactory

Feteasca - - - - - Source: Based on data provided by the City Hall / Operator

* The technical condition was assessed by the operator and / or the town hall jointly with technical experts based on available information on the age of the networks, the material of the networks, water losses.

More detailed information on the areas covered by water distribution networks for each locality is presented in Annex 1 of this MPAAS.

3.4.7. Population served

The table below shows the number of households connected to water supply systems for each locality in the study area. Although the highest connection rate is in Miresti locality (65.7%), the amount of water captured from springs is insufficient to provide water to consumers. During the summer the water flow decreases and there is a great lack of water. Other localities that have high rates of connection to a drinking water supply system are the Nisporeni town (62.4%), Ciutesti village (57.4%) and Varzaresti township (48.5%). At the opposite pole there are several localities that do not have a drinking water supply system and are supplied only from shallow wells (Seliste, Marinici, Siscani, Bujor, Obileni, Ivanovca, Cotul Morii and Leuseni).

About 35% of total households in Vinatori have shown solidarity and since the 90’s until now have built, with their own forces, several small grouped water supply systems. Relevant information about these individual or grouped systems does not exist.

TABLE 3-10 DEGREE OF PROVISION WITH PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SERVICES IN THE LOCALITIES OF THE STUDY AREA

# TAU Total number of Number of households Connection rate households, connected to the public water 2020 supply system total drinking

Nisporeni District

1 Balanesti 914 318 34.8% 31.3%

2 Vinatori 390 - - -

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3 Ciutesti 700 402 57.4% 57.4%

4 Seliste 1,191 - - -

5 Siscani 922 106 11.5% -

6 Marinici 719 - - -

7 Calimanesti 243 - - -

8/9 Nisporeni/ 8,250 4,866 59.0% 59.0% Varzaresti

Hincesti District

10 Miresti 350 230 65.7% 65.7%

11 Cateleni 396 20 5.1% 5.1%

12 Bujor 1,130 - - -

13 Nemteni 585 170 29.1% -

14 Obileni 571 - - -

15 Ivanovca 325 - - -

16 Onesti 705 400 56.7% 56.7%

17 Cotul Morii 612 - - -

18 Leuseni 624 326 52.2% -

Total 18,627 6,332 36.7% 31.5%

The following figure represents the degrees of connection of the population to public water supply systems for each township/ town.

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FIGURE 3-14 MAP ON THE DEGREE OF CONNECTION OF THE POPULATION TO PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SERVICES

Analyzing the questionnaires filled in by the population, in the Nisporeni district 27.1% of the interviewed households indicated that they are connected to a centralized water system while the localities from Hincesti reported a rate of 17.9%. The rate of households that have built individual systems with connection from their own wells or springs is 54.2% for the localities of the Nisporeni district and 51.3% for the localities of the Hincesti district. Instead, 44.3% of households in the Nisporeni district and 24.5% of households in the Hincesti district indicated that they do not have a connection to a water source and use water from wells without an automated system. At the basin level 23.4% of households are connected to a centralized system, 48.7% have an individual water system and 32.6% are not connected to the water infrastructure in any way. 141

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3.4.8. Quality of water supply services

In general considerations, the water supply systems serving the localities in the study area are in a satisfactory condition. In the worst condition it is the system in the Nemteni village built in 2013. Due to the heavily polluted water, both the water tower and the pipes are heavily corroded. The oldest system is in the Leuseni village built in 1998. In the localities of Gaureni, Valea Nirnovei, Siscani, Drojdieni and Marinici the water systems are under construction, the works being completed in proportion of 80-90%. Some of them are to be put into operation by the end of 2020.

Technical condition of water infrastructure

In the table below there were assessed the technical condition of the existing water infrastructure in the study area. The degree of performance was established together with the LPA/ Operator through a thorough analysis of the technical condition of the hydraulic installations, constructions, mechanical equipment, electrical equipment and capacity to provide consumers with water at an adequate level.

TABLE 3-11 TECHNICAL CONDITION OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Pumpin Performanc Treatmen Distributio # Locality Source g Tanks e, degrees t plant n networks stations 1-5

1 Balanesti - 4

Gaureni - - unexploited

2 Vinatori n/a - n/a - n/a n/a

3 Ciutesti - - 2

Valea Nirnovei - unexploited

4 Seliste - unexploited

Paruceni ------

5 Siscani unexploited

Drojdieni 4

Odaia ------

6 Marinici - unexploited

Helesteni ------

7 Calimanesti - - 3

8 Nisporeni 5

9 Varzaresti 5

Sendreni ------

10 Miresti - 4

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Pumpin Performanc Treatmen Distributio # Locality Source g Tanks e, degrees t plant n networks stations 1-5

Chetroseni ------

11 Cateleni - 3

12 Bujor ------

13 Nemteni - 1

14 Obileni - 3

15 Ivanovca ------

Costesti ------

Frasin ------

16 Onesti - 2

Strimbeni - 2

17 Cotul Morii - 4

Sarateni ------

18 Leuseni - 4

Feteasca ------

Legend:

satisfactory

requires rehabilitation

newly built

n/a information not available

Although in several localities that have as water supply source catchments from springs, there is attested low and insufficient water flow to provide the consumers with drinking water, only the Balanesti locality has a water supply schedule of maximum 8 hours in day. Also for this purpose, differentiated tariffs have been established for the water consumed: up to 7 m3/month the tariff is 15 MDL, for consumption between 7 and 10 m3/month – 40 MDL, and more than 10 m3/month – 80 MDL.

The inhabitants of Balanesti (new village), Drojdieni, Nemteni, Cotul Morii and Leuseni localities do not have alternative sources of drinking water supply and are forced to use the technical water from the existing systems.

Seven localities have established tariffs for water consumption but only the tariffs for Nisporeni and Varzaresti that have a common operator are approved by the NAER. Also, only the joint operator “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” is part of the Association “Moldova Apa-Canal” which provides assistance in production, technical and scientific, commercial activity etc., as well as defending their interests in central and local public administration bodies, other bodies.

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Most underground captures are provided with water meters, but the data are not constantly read and centralized by local operators/ Town/ Village Halls. An accurate assessment of maintenance costs and practices at each operator level does not exist.

The town/ village halls that manage the water systems (Cateleni, Obileni, Cotul Morii and Leuseni) but also some local operators do not have qualified persons who could solve the technical problems of the system. In emergency situations (changing of pumps, taps, meters, repairing of pipes) the mayor uses specialized companies or individual contractors.

Critical problems of water supply systems

The following critical problems and shortcomings in the management of drinking water supply systems have been identified:

 water supply systems built without a technical design and a proper hydraulic calculation – Seliste, Vinatori, Onesti, Strimbeni;  exceedances of the maximum allowable concentrations for certain parameters: ammonium in 7 sondes (probes), sodium in 4 sondes (probes), hydrocarbons in 4 sondes (probes), fluorine in 4 sondes (probes), hydrogen sulphide in one sonde (probe), sulphates in one sonde (probe), total iron in 5 sondes (probes), chlorides in 3 sondes (probes), soluble dry residue in 7 sondes (probes), oxidisability in 5 sondes (probes) (there are presented only the sondes (probes) from the localities where the data were available). The value parameters of the water in sondes (probes) are given in the Annex 2;  lack of raw water treatment for localities that are supplied with water from sondes (probes) that have technical water;  lack of records at source;  distribution networks with a high degree of wear and large water losses (the distribution networks are made of steel and polyethylene; the localities most affected by the quality of the water networks are Marinici, Miresti, Nemteni, Onesti and Leuseni. Even if most networks were built after 2000, the oldest distribution networks are found in the villages of Leuseni (1998/2000), Cateleni (2002), Onesti (2007/2009) and Miresti (2008);  the tariff does not cover the operating and maintenance costs (Balanesti, Calimanesti, Miresti, Nemteni and Leuseni);  lack of equipment necessary for the maintenance of a water supply system;  insufficient and unqualified staff;  illegal connections and water theft;  non-payment of bills (invoices) by the population and economic agents;  lack of planning in the operation and maintenance process.

TABLE 3-12 CRITICAL PROBLEMS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE LOCALITIES OF THE STUDY AREA

Problems and shortcomings recorded

Miresti

Obileni

Ciutesti

Marinici Leuseni

Nemteni

Balanesti

Nisporeni

Calimanesti Quality of machinery and equipment

Quality of water networks

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Quality of underground waters

Quantity of underground waters

Quality of surface waters

Excessive use of water resources

Illegal connections

Insufficient staff

Unqualified staff

Water leaks

Water theft

Improper management

Tariffs that do not cover the cost

Non-payment of bills (invoices) by the population

Non-payment of bills (invoices) by economic agents

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3.5. Conclusions

Most localities do not have quality drinking water supply services. The largest investments were made in the Nisporeni town and in the larger and more developed localities. In many localities the water infrastructure is at the last stage of construction and is to be put into operation in the near future.

Although at the level of the entire basin the percentage of people from rural localities (except of Varzaresti village) who benefit from the connection to water supply services may seem acceptable, it must be taken into account that the water sources of the systems are catchments from springs that do not satisfy the population with the required amount of drinking water and artesian sondes (probes) that satisfy consumers in terms of quantity, but in terms of quality – the water is technical.

The Prut River is a potential source of water for the localities in the Nirnova basin. A successful example in this regard is the completion, in 2016, of the project „Rehabilitation of the water supply system in Nisporeni district: Nisporeni town, Varzaresti and Grozesti”. This aqueduct supplies drinking water to 59% of the population of the Nisporeni town and Varzaresti village, which constitutes, at the level of the Nirnova basin, over 26% of the total population of the Nirnova river basin.

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4. ANALYSIS OF THE WASTEWATER SITUATION 4.1. Summary

This chapter evaluates the current situation regarding the sewerage and wastewater treatment of the population of the localities in the Nirnova Basin region. The local and regional data on sewerage systems were collected based on the current situation, were analyzed and the results of this analysis show performance indicators and deficiencies that include the following information: preliminary plans, studies, calculation reports and a presentation of the existing situation, considered as useful information for the project.

 Existing infrastructure and current performance is a presentation of the existing sewerage, pumping, storage and treatment systems. For each system, assessments were made regarding the condition and performance thereof. The methodology used consisted of discussions with water operators, town/ village halls involved in management and field visits to inspect the systems;  Individual sanitation presents the tendencies of using sanitary installations at the level of household and social objects;  Conclusions. One of the main objectives of the Master Plan is emphasized, namely the improvement of the technical, managerial and financial condition of the sanitation sector in the Nirnova basin.

Adition to this chapter can be found in the Annex 1 and Annex 2 to this Master Plan.

The Annex 1 contains detailed information specific to each locality, as well as:

The Annex 2 represents the results of the value parameters of the waters from:

- sondes (probes) of the localities of the Nirnova basin; - catchments in the localities of the Nirnova basin; - shallow wells in the localities of the Nirnova basin; - Prut-Nisporeni aqueduct.

4.2. Existing wastewater infrastructure and current performance

4.2.1. Sewerage networks

The Nirnova basin area does not have sewerage systems in most localities. Of the existing ones, only one is functional, serving the town of Nisporeni and part of the village of Varzaresti. In the village of Nemteni, the wastewater is collected gravitationally in an existing pit and infiltrates directly into the natural environment, being periodically discharged to the WWTP. The rest of the localities in the study area have only the system for individual collection and transportation of wastewater, their treatment being performed at the Nisporeni Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Hincesti WWTP or at the Leuseni Customs WWTP. 147

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From the available data, the functional sewerage networks in the studied area amount to approximately 40 km. The networks in Nemteni village are built in 2011 and are in satisfactory condition.

In Drojdieni village, Siscani township, the sewerage networks together with the water system were built during the period of 2015-2020, in 6 stages. The system is expected to be put into operation by the end of 2020.

The town of Nisporeni currently has 32.8 km of sewerage networks made of Asbestos, ceramic, cast iron and PVC pipes, of which only 10.0 are made of PVC, rehabilitated in 2018 with the support of the National Fund for Regional Development (NFRD).

The summary of the existing situation and the problems identified in the localities served by a sewerage system are presented in the table below.

TABLE 4-1 INFRASTRUCTURE OF EXISTING SEWERAGE NETWORKS

Locality Sewerage networks Year of Technical Critical problems construc condition under gravitational, km tion pressure, km

Drojdieni 0.8 11.5 2015- satisfactory Financial resources for village, 2020 putting the system into Siscani operation township Nisporeni 1.2 Asbestos D150-200 1988/ unsatisfactor Only 10 km were town/ PE DN90- mm – 3.5 km; 2018 y rehabilitated Varzaresti 300 Ceramics D150-300 village mm – 12.8 km; Cast iron D110-250 mm – 4.1 km; PVC D110-300 – 12.46 km Nemteni - 5.0 of PVC pipes 2011 unsatisfactor The wastewater does not village y drain into the WWTP because of the lack thereof

4.2.2. Pumping stations

Pumping stations exist in Nisporeni (3 pieces) and Drojdieni. The characteristics of the pumping stations and their functional condition are given in the table below.

TABLE 4-2 INFRASTRUCTURE OF WASTEWATER PUMPING STATIONS

Locality Pumping Characteristics Year of Technical Critical problems station construction condition

Drojdieni PS 1 n/a 2020 new Financial resources for village, Siscani putting the system into township operation Nisporeni PS 1 operates at 50 n/a unsatisfactor town/ m3/day, N5kW y Varzaresti village PS hospital operates at 50 n/a not operating m3/day, N5kW

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Main PS 2025 m3/day 1988/2014 satisfactory (operates at 500 m3/day), N30kW

4.2.3. Wastewater treatment plants

In the present, in the city of Nisporeni, there exists a separate, incomplete sewerage system: the domestic and industrial water flows to the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), while the rainwater is collected in open canals near roads that are connected to the drainage ditches. The WWTP was built in 1988 and rehabilitated in 2014 with the assistance of the Czech Republic Development Cooperation. The Nisporeni WWTP has a capacity of 1,500 m³/day and is able to treat wastewater from Nisporeni and most part of the Varzaresti town. Currently, the WWTP operates at a capacity of 350 m3/day. At the moment the WWTP is in a satisfactory condition and has an efficient degree of purification.

Following the results of laboratory analyzes conducted by the Environment Agency in July 2019, it is attested that, upon the exit off the treatment plant, the treated wastewater exceeds the permissible limit values for charging with pollutants of wastewater discharged into water bodies for the following parameters: MS (by 2.51 times), Ptotal (by 1.63 times). Thus, the average efficiency of the biological treatment plant for the analyzed physico-chemical parameters is 66.8%, considered to be satisfactory.

TABLE 4-3 PERCENTAGE OF REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS OF THE NISPORENI TREATMENT PLANT

Indicators Unity Permissible Nisporeni Wastewater Treatment Plant Limit Values input output reduction percentage

Hydrogen ions, pH units pH 6.5-8.5 8.65 8.58 0.8%

Chemical oxygen demand mgO2/dm3 125 298.9 58.7 80.4% (consumption), CCO-Cr Biochemical oxygen consumption, mgO2/dm3 25 112.6 6.9 93.9% CBO5 Materials in suspension, MS mg/dm3 35 717.6 85.6 88.1%

Chlorides, Cl- mg/dm3 300 108.65 87.48 19.5%

+ 3 Ammoniacal nitrogen, NH 4 mg/dm 2 10.33 0.69 93.3%

- 3 Nitrites, NO 2 mg/dm 1 0.049 0.038 22.4%

- 3 Nitrates, NO 3 mg/dm 25 6.5 0.15 97.7%

3 Total phosphorus, Ptotal mg/dm 2 4.2 3.27 22.1%

2- 3 Sulphates, SO 4 mg/dm 400 27.4 9.55 65.1%

Synthetic detergents mg/dm3 0.5 0.418 0.059 85.9%

Average effectiveness of WWTP 66.8% Note: Results on 02/07/2019

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The treatment plant in Drojdieni has been built but it is not yet operational because only in 2020 the putting into operation thereof is planned.

The wastewater collected from the cesspools from Onesti locality is transported to the Leuseni customs WWTP.

The localities of Marinici and Leuseni have built treatment plants for low capacity wastewater from social objects, in particular kindergartens and schools.

The kindergarten, Family Physicians Center and Emergency Unit in Marinici have indoor sanitary points (units) and a wastewater treatment plant of type TOPAS-75 PE with a water treatment capacity of about 10 m3/day. All social objects are connected to the treatment plant of Leuseni locality. Technical details on the existing small plants in the localities and the degree of wastewater treatment are not available.

Six rural localities have a technical project for the construction of a sewerage system and treatment plant. Both the Nisporeni town and Varzaresti township have technical projects for extending the sewerage networks.

4.2.4. Sludge treatment and discharge

The sludge resulting from the wastewater treatment at the Nisporeni WWTP is discharged for dehydration to the sludge platforms near the station. Relevant technical information on quantities/ areas is not available.

The sludge from latrines, septic tanks and septic gases is usually locally discharged without treatment and inspection. In some cases it is transported to the treatment plant in the Nisporeni town or to the Leuseni WWTP. The organized collection, transport and treatment of sludge do not exist. The transport of septic sludge is provided by the private sector on request. Data on the quantities of sludge actually transported are neither recorded nor available.

4.3. Population served

The Nisporeni treatment plant currently serves 1,800 households in Nisporeni and Varzaresti, which represents 21.8% of the total population of the two municipalities and 9.7% of the total households of the localities of the Nirnova basin. Most households are from Nisporeni town. The exact number of households in Varzaresti connected to the sewerage system could not be specified because the boundaries of the localities are not clearly delimited.

4.4. Quality of sewerage services

The sewerage networks in Nisporeni are in unsatisfactory condition. More than 50% of them need to be changed. Due to the renovation works at the Nisporeni WWTP that took place in 2014, today the treatment plant operates normally without major interruptions and exceptional situations. The biggest critical problems and shortcomings reported in the management of the sewerage system in Nisporeni and Varzaresti are:

 unsatisfactory condition of machinery and equipment;  obsolete sewerage networks; 150

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 illegal connections;  insufficient staff;  non-payment of bills (invoices) by the population and by the economic agents.

The management of the sewerage system in Nemteni village is done by the I.M. “Hlopesti- Service”, which also manages the water supply system. Since the completion of the construction of the sewerage networks, no investments have been made in the system. As the system is not yet put into operation due to the lack of the treatment plant, the situation regarding the ownership thereof is not clear. The biggest critical problems and shortcomings reported in the management of the sewerage system in Nemteni are:

 unsatisfactory condition of machinery and equipment;  obsolete sewerage networks;  non-existence of the pumping station and treatment plant;  non-payment of bills (invoices) by the population and by the economic agents.

The construction of the sewerage system from Drojdieni village, Siscani township, started at the same time as the construction of the water supply system. The construction took place in 6 stages, starting in 2012. It is expected that by the end of 2020 the last construction works within the project will be completed, including the network under pressure and the wastewater pumping station.

The table below assessed the technical condition of the wastewater infrastructure existing in the study area. The degree of performance was established together with the LPA/ Operator through a thorough analysis of the technical condition of installations, constructions, mechanical equipment, electrical equipment and capacity to provide the consumers with water at an adequate level.

TABLE 4-4 TECHNICAL CONDITION OF WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE

Sewerage Pumping Treatmen Performance, # Locality networks stations t plants degrees 1-5

1 Balanesti - - - -

Gaureni - - - -

2 Vinatori - - - -

3 Ciutesti - - - -

Valea Nirnovei - - - -

4 Seliste - - - -

Paruceni - - - -

5 Siscani - - - -

Drojdieni n/a

Odaia - - - -

6 Marinici - - - -

Helesteni - - - -

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7 Calimanesti - - - -

8 Nisporeni 2

9 Varzaresti - - -

Sendreni - - - -

10 Miresti - - - -

Chetroseni - - - -

11 Cateleni - - - -

12 Bujor - - - -

13 Nemteni - - 1

14 Obileni - - - -

15 Ivanovca - - - -

Costesti - - - -

Frasin - - - -

16 Onesti - - - -

Strimbeni - - - -

17 Cotul Morii - - - -

Sarateni - - - -

18 Leuseni - - - -

Feteasca - - - -

Legend:

satisfactory

requires rehabilitation

newly built

n/a information not available

4.5. Impact of wastewater on health

The existence and massive use of latrines poses a very high risk of groundwater pollution. In some localities, wastewater is discharged individually without treatment directly into the Nirnova River or its tributaries. Most often wastewater is collected in ditches or infiltration pits that allow their infiltration into the soil and lead to groundwater pollution.

Several studies conducted at national and international level have demonstrated the interdependence between drinking water mineralization indices and mobility through diseases of the digestive, osteoarticular, urogenital system.

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According to the information presented by the National Agency for Public Health, see annex 4, in Hincesti district the average prevalence of digestive diseases was 920.5 cases per 10,000 population, the constant value being 2.1 times higher compared to Nisporeni district (435.5 cases per 10,000 population) and 1.1 times higher compared to the national average (854.7 cases per 10,000 population).

The average prevalence due to diseases of the osteoarticular and urogenital system was also higher in Hincesti district (respectively, 333.9 and 334.4 cases per 10,000 population) compared to Nisporeni district (corresponding to 214.5 and 156.1 cases per 10,000 population), but slightly lower than the national average (390.1 and 488.6 cases per 10,000 population, respectively).

Nitrate pollution primarily affects children, in whom methemoglobinemia develops. Thus, it was found that the average prevalence of blood diseases in children in Nisporeni district was 279.4 cases per 10,000 children, and in Hincesti 234.3 cases per 10,000 children. The constant values are lower than the national average (367.7 cases per 10,000 children).

The following table presents the data on the incidence of some infectious diseases with water transmission to the population in the localities located in the Nirnova basin. The data obtained indicate that outbreaks of hepatitis A were registered mainly in the evaluated localities from Hincesti district, the most affected being Onesti village where 42.1 cases per 10,000 population were registered. Also, cases of hapatitis A were registered with a lower incidence in the villages of Cateleni, Cotul Morii, Nemteni and Bujor in the same district.

TABLE 4-5 INCIDENCE DUE TO SOME WATER-BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES, CASES PER 10,000 POPULATION

r-ul Nisporeni Hepatita virala A Dezinteria Enterocolita 1. or. Nisporeni - 1,2 11,1 2. s. Balanesti - - 8,2 3. s. Vinatori - - 6,1 4. s. Ciutesti - - 4,3 5. s. Seliste - 5,7 3,7 6. s. Varzaresti - - 52,5 7. s. Marinici - - 5,8 8. s. Siscani - - 12,7 9. s. Calimanesti - 10,3 - r-nul Hincesti 1. s. Miresti - - - 2. s. Cateleni 2,5 2,5 - 3. s. Bujor 0,93 0,93 . 4. s. Nemteni 1,9 - - 5. s. Obileni - 2,2 - 6. s. Ivanovca - - . 7. s. Onesti 42,1 - - 8. s. Cotul Morii 2.0 - -

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9. s. Leuseni - - - Source: National Agency for Public Health, September 2020

TABLE 4-6 PREVALENCE BY SOME GROUPS OF DISEASES, WHICH CAN BE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY CONDITIONED OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY r-ul Nisporeni Boli ale sistemului Boli ale sistemului Boli ale sistemului Anemia la digestiv osteoarticular urogenital copii 1. or. Nisporeni 422,7 51,9 122,2 104,3 2. s. Balanesti 164,4 24,8 49,7 11,5 3. s. Vinatori 624,2 136,3 57,7 27,3 4. s. Ciutesti 824,7 129,8 84,4 36,8 5. s. Seliste 764,7 150,7 40,4 25,7 6. s. Varzaresti 897,5 85,6 140,1 223,0 7. s. Marinici 1008,2 167,2 254,2 45,8 8. s. Siscani 610,3 330,1 260,7 38,6 9. s. Calimanesti 98,9 14,8 29,7 14,8 r-nul Hincesti 1. s. Miresti 626,7 320,2 323,2 56,9 2. s. Cateleni 551,7 130,7 233,2 47,6 3. s. Bujor 390,2 86,2 28,7 12,03 4. s. Nemteni 799,7 311,4 290,2 73,03 5. s. Obileni 623,8 - - - 6. s. Ivanovca 288,3 329,0 312,3 56,4 7. s. Onesti 591,4 181,6 159,4 33,2 8. s. Cotul Morii 1154,5 471,1 253,3 67,8 9. s. Leuseni 642,4 185,8 132,2 29,9 Source: National Agency for Public Health, September 2020 In conclusion, in the localities located in the Nirnova basin area, diseases directly or indirectly conditioned by drinking water quality predominate.

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5. ORGANIZATIONAL DIAGNOSIS

Both in Nisporeni district and in Hincesti district there is no single operator that has the capacity to provide the service in the district area. Instead, there are several entities that provide at the level of territorial administrative units (TAU) the WSS (water supply and sewerage) service. An important exception is the operation of the service in the Nisporeni town and Varzaresti by the S.A. “Apa Canal – Nisporeni”. The S.A. “Apa Canal – Nisporeni” manages the WSS systems in Nisporeni town, Varzaresti township, Grozesti village and Milesti village.

The operator is a self-financing commercial entity established on April 9, 2015. The shareholders of S.A. "Apa Canal Nisporeni" are: Nisporeni City Council, Varzaresti Communal Council, Grozesti Village Council and Nisporeni District Council. The operator needs the activity license issued by NAER with series AC no. 000609 from 21.07.2016 being valid until 31.07.2041. The main types of activity are:

 Water capture, treatment and distribution;  Wastewater collection and treatment;  Construction works of projects used for fluids;  Hydro construction;  Other special construction works.

From a financial point of view, S.A. "Apa Canal Nisporeni", for 2018 registered losses of 394.3 thousand MDL. The average written number of employees is 51 people. During the activity, the company carried out its activity in a normal rhythm, without exceptional situations that could lead to the disruption of the activity. The delivery of water to consumers has been uninterrupted for a long time.

In the district, there operate two more Municipal Enterprises, three associations and own sections of the town halls. Although a non-commercial structure has been established at national level, namely the Association “Moldova Apa-Canal” in order to provide assistance to the enterprises providing water supply and sewerage services in the Republic of Moldova in the production, technical and scientific, commercial activity etc., as well as the defense of their interests in the central and local public administration bodies, at the level of the region only the I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” is a member of this Association, since 2020. The provision of the service in the Nirnova basin region for each TAU is presented in the following table:

TABLE 5-1 PROVISION OF WSS SERVICES FOR EACH TAU (LPA/ OPERATORS)

No. Territorial Structures that provide the service Administrative of water supply of sewerage Unit 1 Balanesti Public Association “Balanesti” - 2 Vinatori - - 3 Water Consumers Association “Sfantu- - Ciutesti Mocanu” 4 Seliste - - 5 Siscani - -

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6 Marinici Section within the township hall - 7 Calimanesti Section within the village hall - 8 Nisporeni I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” 9 Varzaresti I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” 10 Miresti Public Association “Uluce” - 11 Cateleni Section within the village hall - 12 Bujor - - 13 Nemteni I.M. “Hlopesti-Service” I.M. “Hlopesti-Service” 14 Obileni Section within the village hall - 15 Ivanovca - - 16 Onesti I.M. “Onesti Suport” - 17 Cotul Morii Section within the village hall - 18 Leuseni Section within the township hall Section within the township hall Source: LPA/Operator

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FIGURE 5-1 DISTRIBUTION OF WSS STRUCTURES, 2020

Source: LPA

It should be noted that, in accordance with the provisions of the Law 1402/2002 on public communal household services, the public communal household systems, including related lands, being for use, of interest or public utility, shall belong, by their nature or according to the law, to the public domain of administrative-territorial units. In fact, there are necessary goods that are used for water supply that have a private regime, for example the springs/ wells necessary for the service, that do not belong in all cases to the town/ village hall (e.g. Seliste, Vinatori, Siscani, Obileni etc.).

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Another vulnerable aspect is the fact that the local operators operating in the studied area do not hold licenses, since according to the Law 451/2001 on licensing regulation of entrepreneurial activity, the activity of providing water supply and sewerage services was not subject to the licensing regulation. Following the adoption of the Law 303/2013, the field of activity of NAER was extended, which also has attributions regarding the granting of the operating license for water- canal companies based on a documentation which is to establish the way to improve the financial and technical targets, business plans, balance sheets etc. For various reasons, the existing local operators have not obtained operating licenses. The I.M. “Apa-Canal Nisporeni” has a WSS activity license since 2016. Municipal Enterprises The Municipal Enterprises (ME) are established by the local public administrations and have share capital of administrative-territorial units. According to the Law 303/2013, they may ensure the supply/ provision of the water supply and sewerage service based on a delegation contract. The heads of the ME are appointed by the mayor, who leads and controls the activity carried out. The ME include in the object of activity the collection of tariffs from the population. Apa Canal Nisporeni is the only regional operator that exists in the district and manages the WSS services in Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Grozesti and Milesti. The operator is a joint stock company which shareholders are the 4 localities served and the Nisporeni District Council. The localities delegated the management of the WSS services through a public service delegation contract. The company was created in 2016 with the support of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) following the construction of the Prut aqueduct. The company now has 53 employees distributed as follows:

FIGURE 5-2 SIMPLIFIED ORGANIZATION CHART OF I.M. “APA-CANAL NISPORENI”

Director (1 employee)

Customer service Legal service (2 employees) (1 employee)

Technical Commercial Others departament department (14 employees) (27 employees) (10 employees)

In the Hincesti district there is only one regional operator, “Amen-Ver”, which manages the public WSS networks from Hincesti, Loganesti, Bozieni, Firladeni and Mereseni (localities that are not part of the Nirnova river basin). The Hincesti Town Hall is the sole shareholder of this company. The localities delegated the management of the WSS services based on a public service

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delegation contract. The general manager manages the company and is responsible for coordinating all activities25. Water Consumers Association “Sfantu-Mocanu” of Ciutesti village A type of delegated management is provided by the Water Consumers Association (WCA) “Sfantu-Mocanu”, as a model recently implemented in the Republic of Moldova. The WCA is a non-profit public association established in 2009. A concession contract is concluded between the LPA and WCA. The authority retains the ownership of the infrastructure and the WCA provides the maintenance necessary to provide the service for 24 hours. The contract was concluded directly, taking into account the fact that WCA is a public association established for the sole purpose of providing water supply service within the village of Ciutesti, without any intention of profit. However, the WCA seeks to recover the costs of operating and maintaining the infrastructure. The fees are charged from the consumers, who are also members of the association. The infrastructure is well maintained and the WCA ensures the testing of water quality by the Ungheni Public Health Center, having concluded a contract in this regard. In terms of operation, technical capabilities and problems encountered there is no difference between Municipal Enterprises and Associations.

- In terms of organization chart there are 3-4 employees: an administrator, an accountant and 1-2 technicians.

- The technical skills are limited. In the case of Ciutesti, Onesti and Miresti, the networks were built by the ApaSan project in the Republic of Moldova. The technicians were trained after completing the work on the networks.

- The systems built in recent years have the advantage of being made of new materials (high density polyethylene HDPE), have a simple level of automation and do not require a high level expertise, but the durability is uncertain because the local operators are not able to deal with various technical, institutional and financial problems.

- Some structures (in Miresti and Balanesti) in addition to the monthly consumption fee, they also established a fixed monthly fee. This is the most convenient way to manage the growing number of inactive connections (uninhabited houses due to emigration). - The use of water for irrigation is also a peculiarity of the rural area. This presents a high risk for the operation of the systems (especially for systems which the consumers are not metered to): water insufficiency, low pressure, water theft etc. Some associations (Balanesti) successfully apply higher tariffs for water that exceeds the consumption quota established for each family.

Town/Village Hall

25 “Technical and institutional diagnosis of the Nirnova river basin: presentation of progress” (prepared by Solidarité Eau Europe, January 2018)

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The management is provided by specialized departments/ sections of town/village halls that operate under the authority of the mayor. In such case, no delegation contracts are required. However, there are no significant funds allocated to improve the service. In some cases, however, the infrastructure has been improved/ created following the implementation of projects financed by the National Ecological Fund, Social Investment Fund, Swiss Agency, National Reserve Fund etc. Some town/village halls deal with the management of services because so far they have not completed the construction works of systems such as Marinici, Cotul Morii, Obileni, the works being stopped for various reasons. The town/village hall departments are responsible for both operating the infrastructure and monitoring the consumption and collecting tariffs. The current institutions operating in the WSS sector are fragmented, have insufficiently qualified policies and staff, and are often unable to manage the current problems of the sector. In cases of emergency (change of pumps, valves) the mayors turn to specialized companies. In Cotul Morii, Obileni and Marinici, the schools and kindergartens are the only consumers. In Cotul Morii, there was not created an operator to serve the network due to the lack of households connected to the network, a decision motivated by the poor quality of the water coming from the artesian well. In 2014, during the construction of the school and water network, a reverse osmosis treatment plant was installed. Due to the expensive maintenance and lack of qualified personnel, this installation operated only for 6 months. Currently, the water coming from the well is used by the consumer only for household purposes. In Obileni, the water that comes from an artesian well of small depths is of good quality but its flow is low. Following the studies elaborated on the determination of other possible water sources (artesian wells) they came to the conclusion that the water from the groundwater of greater depths, which would satisfy the flow needs of the village, do not correspond to the drinking norms. In this context, the network was not extended, and respectively no operator was created. In Cateleni and Calimanesti a part of the households are connected to the existing networks. At the same time, the water consumed is not metered and there is no charging system. During the summer, some inhabitants use water to water the gardens and to fill their water tanks, which leads to insufficient water for others. Under such conditions, the inhabitants showed an increased interest in installing water meters in every household. Moreover, in Cateleni the mayor plans to expand the current network, installing, in parallel, water meters for each household, and to create an enterprise to manage the service. Operators in the process of being set up Operator of the Prut aqueduct for 11 localities from Hincesti district With the development of the Prut aqueduct project for 11 localities in Hincesti district, it is expected to create a structure that will manage the WSS services in this region. The current project only provides for the construction of infrastructures. It does not provide for funding actions for the creation of a structure responsible for the WSS services. In terms of distance, these localities are located at an equal distance from the 2 regional operators: Amen-Ver Hincesti and Apa Canal Nisporeni (approximately 40 km). Even if a new regional enterprise is created, its economic viability remains uncertain. The territory includes several villages where the consumption rate is, however, low. There is no economic activity as it is the case of the Nisporeni and Hincesti town. The water production will be (according to the project) of 30 l/s, calculated according to the SNIP regulations. In terms of infrastructure, the network is complex and covers 11 villages, and the length of the network is much longer than in Nisporeni.

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Conclusions In the Nirnova river basin, different structures have been set up for the provision of CPAA services. They could serve as the ‘core” for the future. However, none of these organizations are organiosed in a way to provide a quality service in the true sense of the term. The competences in the implementation of infrastructure projects are most of the time very limited. Only the Regional Development Agencies have gained experience thanks to the constant support of GIZ. The regional operators are beneficiaries of the infrastructures built for them, but the project management is provided by the financier (or a design office employed for this purpose). All in all there is a strong need of profesionalisation and the size of structure is a critical issue in order to attract the conpetencies required.

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6. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PROJECTS

Description of the "Lunca Prutului" aqueduct

The project “Drinking water supply complex of the villages from Hâncesti district, Stage I - the localities from the Prut river meadow (Lunca Prutului)” provides the supply with drinking water of 12 localities from 9 territorial administrative units from Hincesti district: Nemteni, Obileni, Cateleni, Cotul Morii (the new village), Sarateni, Leuseni, Onesti, Strimbeni, Costesti, Miresti and Bujor. The project has been running since 2013 due to funding from the National Ecological Fund. The value of the first stage of the project was 73,712,140.43 MDL. The aqueduct is currently under construction. It is planned to include Miresti in the first stage of project development. For the subsequent stages of expansion and connection of other localities (the capacity of the built water supply system allows), the additional investments are estimated at about 120-160 million lei.

The Prut River serves as a source of water supply - the water intake for the irrigation system located in the southern part of Cotul Morii village (old village).

According to the technical documentation of the project elaborated in 2012, the pumping, treatment and delivery of drinking water to consumers, in a volume of 2,470 m3/day, is expected to be performed by the construction of the tartar station, pumping stations, water tanks arranged on 8 platforms and bus networks.

The drinking water supply scheme is as follows: after the treatment plant, the water stored in 2 water storage tanks with a capacity of 100 m3 each, through the pumping station, will be pumped into the storage tanks on platform "B". From the tanks of platform “B”, through the pumping station SP-2, the water will be subsequently pumped in the tanks of platforms “L” and “C”.

From the tanks of platform "L", through the SP-4 interlock, water will be pumped into the tanks of the platform "M", and from the tanks of platform, "C'', through SP-3 water will be pumped into the tanks of platform, "E", "D". From the tanks of the platform, "D", via SP-5, water will be pumped into the tanks of platform "K". From the tanks of the mentioned platforms the drinking water will be delivered to the consumers of the afferent localities according to the provisions of the projects elaborated later.

The construction of the following objects is foreseen:

 Platform “A” – 0.5 km south of the Cotul Morii village  Raw water capture station from Prut River;  Water treatment plant;  2 mud platforms, 23x30 m;  Tanks 2 x 100 m3;  Pumping station SP-1. The platform "A" is located 0.5 km south of the village Cotul Morii. On this land, in a production building with dimensions of 21x30 m, is located the existing pumping station (SP-1) and will be located later the treatment station. In the territory will be located 2 metal water storage tanks of type Stock KIT with a capacity of 100 m3 each, the existing service room with dimensions 10x6.5 m, pumping station and 2 mud platforms with dimensions 23x30 m .

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Water treatment at the treatment plant involves the preliminary chlorination of water, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration and disinfection. The water of the Prut River, after a preliminary processing with sodium hypochlorite, is directed to 3 SAF - 4500 type filters. After a preliminary filtration the water is dosed with coagulant and then processed consecutively in 3 vertical clarification filters type l CF-2600T-VL with gravel and sand. After the clarification filters, the water is processed into 3 vertical sorption filters with activated carbon type CF-2000T-VL. After secondary filtration, the water is disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and pumped into 2 storage tanks with a capacity of 100 m3 each located on the territory of the station. The water from these tanks, by means of a pumping station, will be pumped into the water storage tanks in platform "B", and part of it will be used for washing the filters. The sediment accumulated in the process of coagulation and washing of the filters will be pumped in 2 mud platforms on a concrete foundation with drainage system for dehydration. The water accumulated by the drainage system will be discharged into the Nirnova river through an existing drainage channel. The project provides for the operation within the station a departmental laboratory equipped with equipment and staff trained to control water quality in chemical and microbiological parameters.  Platform “B” – in the western part of the Cotul Morii village  Tanks 2 x 1000 m3;  Pumping station SP-2. Platform "B" is located in the western part of the village Cotul Morii. On this land are located the existing building of SP-2 with dimensions 6x24 m and 2 water storage tanks with a capacity of 1000 m3 each.  Platform “C” – in the eastern part of the Obileni village  Tanks 2 x 500 m3;  Pumping station SP-3. The "C" platform is located in the eastern part of Obileni village. On this land are located the existing building of SP-3 with dimensions 6x18m and 2 water storage tanks with a capacity of 500 m3 each.  Platform “D” – in the northern part of the Onesti village  Tanks 2 x 500 m3;  Pumping station SP-5. The "D" platform is located in the northern part of Onesti village. On this land are located the existing building of SP-5 with dimensions 6x12m and 2 water storage tanks with a capacity of 500 m3 each.  Platform “K” – in the sourthern part of the Bujor village  Tanks 2 x 250 m3;  Pumping station SP-6. The "K" platform is located in the southern part of Bujor village. On this land, the construction of a building with dimensions of 6x6 m is foreseen, in which the equipment of the SP-6 pumping station will be installed and 2 metal water storage tanks of Stock KIT type with a capacity of 250 m3 each will be installed.  Platform “E” – in the northern part of the new neighborhood of Sarateni village  Tanks 2 x 350 m3;  Pumping station SP-7. The "E" platform is located in the northern part of the newly built neighborhoods of Sarateni village. On this land, the construction of a building with the dimensions of 6x6 m is foreseen, in which the equipment of the SP-7 pumping station will be installed and 2 metal water storage tanks of Stock KIT type with a capacity of 350 m3 each will be installed.  Platform “L” – in the eastern part of the Nemteni village  Tanks 2 x 500 m3; 163

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 Pumping station SP-4. The "L" platform is located in the eastern part of Nemteni village. On this land are located the existing building of SP-4 with dimensions 6x6 m and 2 water storage tanks with a capacity of 500 m3 each.  Platform “M” – in the western part of the Cateleni village  Tanks 2 x 150 m3. The "M" platform is located in the western part of Cateleni village. On this land is provided the installation of 2 Stock KIT metal water storage tanks with a capacity of 150 m3 each. For the secondary disinfection of the water delivered to the consumers, it is foreseen the exploitation of a bactericidal installation of UDV - 50/7-Al type installed in an underground chamber with dimensions 4.0x3.0x2.4 m.

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FIGURE 6-1 SCHEME OF THE “LUNCA PRUTULUI” AQUEDUCT

The route of the aqueduct, mounted of polyethylene pipes with diameters between 75 and 225 mm, has a length of 29.37 km. The distribution networks in the localities will be used, the existing ones are also expected to be extended to cover 100% of the population of the localities.

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TABLE 6-1 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE “LUNCA PRUTULUI” AQUEDUCT

Platform Area, ha Location Coordonates Altitude, m Infrastructure Capacity Power, Year of kW construction Lat. Long.

Patform A 5,07 Cotul Morii 4687311 2813049 27 SP-1 Q-116,3m3/h, H-108m 11,0

ST 2470 m3/day n/a

Water reservoir 2x100 m3 -

platforme namol 30x23 m -

Patform B 1,33 Cotul Morii 4687315 281302 27 SP-2 Q-103 m3/h, H-108m 45,0

Water reservoir 2x1000 m3 -

Patform C 0,57 Obileni 4687062 2817643 109 SP-3 Q-69,5 m3/h, H-32m 9,0

Water reservoir 2x500 m3 -

Patform D 0,9 Onesti 4686264 2824786 67 SP-5 Q-21,0 m3/h, H-76m 9,0

Water reservoir 2x500 m3 -

Patform K 0,55 Bujor 4690369 2826507 95 SP-6 Q-56 m3/h, H-60m 5,5

Water reservoir 2x250 m3 -

Patform E 0,57 Sarateni 4685059 2817834 93 SP-7 Q-86,5 m3/h, H-38m 5,5

Water reservoir 2x350 m3

Patform L 0,53 Nemteni 4690418 2813338 89 SP-4 Q-10,0 m3/h, H-125m 7,5

Water reservoir 2x500 m3 -

Patform M 0,5 Cateleni 4691905 2817467 125 Water reservoir 2x150 m3 -

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n/a Miresti 4696762 2825561 159 Water reservoir 1x16 m3 -

n/a Chetroseni 469609 282693 124 Water reservoir 1x50 m3 -

n/a Leuseni 4682747 2817999 82 Water reservoir 2x50 m3 -

The aqueduct route will be mounted in polyethylene pipes with diameters between 75 and 225 mm and will see a length of 37.4 km.

Source: ”Apele Moldovei” Agency

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Description of the interconnection aqueduct r. Prut - Macaresti village

The water source for this project is the Prut river/Chirita lake (Romania). The capacity of the Chirita treatment plant is 4,200 m3/ h. Considering the agreement concluded between Romania and the Republic of Moldova in which it was agreed to build a centralized water supply system of the localities from the Republic of Moldova from the Gorban source and additionally from the Prisacani - Moreni source with the crossing of the Prut river in the area of Macaresti village.

In this sense, 4 technical execution projects are executed:

1 Execution project Nr. 26/2014 “Water supply of Grozesti locality from Gorban source with crossing to Macaresti - Republic of Moldova”. From Macaresti locality, Iasi county to Macaresti locality from the Republic of Moldova, the water pipeline will cross the Prut river.

2 Execution project No. 749/24.08.2015 ”Interconnection aqueduct r. Prut Macaresti village for the supply of drinking water to 13 localities from Ungheni and Nisporeni districts”;

3 Execution project No. 50894/14 of 11.03.15 “Master aqueduct from the connection point from Macaresti village to the localities: Isaicani, Bacseni, Valea Trestieni, Odobesti, Chilisoaia, Bolduresti, Bratuleni, Cirnesti, Luminita, Seliseni, Nisporeni district”.

4 Execution project No. 51/03.09.18 ”Main aqueduct from the connection point from. Bolduresti to the village Balanesti, Nisporeni district ”.

The total discharge for all 13 localities is 38.14 l/s

Execution project Nr. 749/24.08.2015 “Design of the interconnection aqueduct r. Prut Macaresti village for the supply of drinking water to 13 localities from Ungheni and Nisporeni districts ”from the connection point in manhole 1 in the village. Macaresti, Ungheni district goes to the pumping station no. 1 where the water will cover the route of 2,748 km in the projected Reservoir “platform S” on the village territory of Macaresti village with V = 50m3, which with a flow of 18.38 l/s are distributed for the villages: Macaresti, Frasinesti, Costuleni, from manhole 8 will continue in the execution project: Nr. 50894/14 of 11.03.15- AE “Design of the main aqueduct from the connection point in the village Macaresti to the localities: Isaicani, Bacseni, Valea Trestieni, Odobesti, Chilisoaia, Bolduresti, Bratuleni, Cirnesti, Luminita, Seliseni, Nisporeni district ”.

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FIGURE 6-2 SCHEME OF THE INTERCONNECTION AQUEDUCT R.PRUT - VILLAGE. MACARESTI

The water supply enterprise “Apa Vital Iasi” SA currently has water reserves to cover with drinking water needs of four districts of the Republic of Moldova: Ungheni, Nisporeni, Falesti and Glodeni.

In the table below are carried information about the existing national technical projects of towns WSS study area

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TABLE 6-2 LIST OF EXISTING WSS TECHNICAL PROJECTS IN THE STUDY AREA AND THEIR DEGREE OF IMPLEMENTATION Estimate Implementation # City Year Infrastructure amount, Implementation stage problems MDL

● 1000 inhabitants ● PVC sewerage networks D160-200mm, L Lack of financial 1 Balanesti 2013 = 4.2km; n / a 0% resources ● treatment plant, Qzi.medium = 150 m3/ day

Gaureni - - - - -

2 Vinatori - - - - -

Ciutesti - - - - -

● Capture from the spring 47m3/ day, 395 people; Lack of financial ● Pumping station Q-1.4m3 / h, Hp-107m, 70% of the works are executed with resources; 3 Valea N-1.1kWt; 2011 2.3 million funding from FEN, CR Nisporeni There are debts to the Nirnovei 3 ● Bactericidal installation, 2 x 3.7 m / h; and own contribution; Entrepreneur of 530 ● Water tower 1x25m3, 1x50m3, H-12m; thousand MDL ● HDPE water networks D75-63, 2.86 km

● Renovation of the artesian well since Since 2014, it has been built in 5 1985; stages with funding from FEN: Lack of financial 4 Seliste 2014 15.71 million ● new artesian well; ● 11km of water networks; resources ● 2 x water treatment plants; ● water probe;

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● 2 x water towers; ● 2 water towers ● Water networks, 17km. ● 1 treatment plant at a new well; The amount necessary for the completion of the project: 5,476,400.00 MDL

Paruceni - - - - -

Since 2018, 80% of the works have been built with funding from FEN. It ● 3 artesian wells; is necessary to execute: ● 2 water treatment plants at school and ● Arranging the platforms; kindergarten; Lack of financial 2017 23.0 million ● Probe equipment; ● 4 water towers; resources ● Connecting 40% of the population. ● 28.9 km of water networks; Siscani The amount needed to complete ● Water treatment plant; the project: about 500 thousand MDL 5 ● Wastewater treatment plant 264.5 m3/ day;

● 8 wastewater pumping stations; Lack of financial 2017 44.5 million 0% ● Gravitational sewerage networks, 25.6km; resources ● Pressure sewerage networks, 9.0km;

Since 2012, 80% of the works have 3 ● Artesian well, 5m / h; been built in 6 stages with Lack of financial Drojdieni 2010 ● Water tower, 50m3; 8.4 million financing from FEN. It is necessary to execute: resources ● Water treatment plant; ● Water treatment plant;

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● Water supply ● Wastewater pumping station; ● networks - 11.5 km Sewer networks - 11.5 ● 800 m - pressurized wastewater km; network. ● Wastewater pumping station; The amount needed to complete the project: about 200 thousand ● Wastewater treatment plant, TOPAS 300, MDL 50m3/ day.

Odaia - - - - -

● Artesian probe, 2.5 m3/ h; Lack of financial With the financing of the FEN, resources. There are 2016 ● Water tower, 25m3; 4.15 million. thewas built but not put into debts to the Contractor operation Marinici ● 3km water networks. 228 thousand MDL 6 Lack of financial 2019 ● Construction of the artesian well 0.792 mil. 0% resources

Helesteni - - - - -

Calimane - - 7 - sti - -

● Expansion of the treatment plant capacity from 32l / s at 64l / s;

Nisporeni/ ● Construction of the Nisporeni East Lack of financial 2014 600mtank3; ~ 35.3 million 0% 8/ Varzaresti resources 9 / ● Pressure networks, 5km; Sendreni ● Distribution networks. 2014 Lack of financial 0% ● Expansion of sewerage networks n / a resources

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Miresti - - - -

10 Chetrose - Water supply project from the “Lunca - - ni Prutului” aqueduct in progress -

Cateleni ● networks, 2.3km; Lack of financial 11 2020 6.68 million 0% Adduction ● Water distribution networks, 13.5km; resources

● Water distribution networks, 25km;

● Sewerage networks, 17km; Lack of financial 12 Bujor 2013 ~ 30.0 million 0% ● Wastewater pumping station; resources ● Wastewater treatment plant.

● Water pumping station 26.4m3 / h, Hp- 50m, N-4kWt; ● Bactericidal lamp, 30m3 / h, N-1.8kWt; ● Water networks, 24.4km, D160-40mm; Lack of financial 13 Nemteni 2014 17.25 million 0% ● Individual connections - 610 pieces; resources ● Pressure sewer networks, 5.3km, PE D90mm; ● Gravitational sewerage networks, 0.5km, PVC D160-200mm.

● Water networks, 17.1 km, PE D125-50mm;

● Water pumping station; Lack of financial 14 Obileni 2020 15.88 million 0% ● Water tower 50m3; resources ● Sewerage networks;

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● Wastewater pumping station; ● Wastewater treatment plant 2x45m3/ day (600PE)

Ivanovca ● Water networks, 14km; Lack of financial 2020 ~ 14.5 million 0% 15 Costesti ● 2 water towers; resources

Frasin - - - - -

Lack of financial Onesti 2020 0% 16 ● Water networks, 0.7km. 0.139 million resources Strimbeni - - - - -

Cotul The following were built in 2013 Morii with funding from the Reserve ● Drilling of an artesian well; Fund:

3 Lack of financial 17 2010 ● Water tower 50m ; n / a ● 3.5 km of water networks; resources 3 Sarateni ● Water networks, 17.4km, PE D90-25mm; ● Water cannon 50m ; ● Sewerage networks, 12.8km, PVC ● Water treatment plant at school D160mm; and kindergarten;

Leuseni Ongoin ● Water tower; The project is not 18 n / a 0% Feteasca g ● Water distribution networks, 24km. completed

Legend:

Drinking water supply project

Sewerage and treatment plant project

Water supply and sewerage project

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7. PROJECTIONS 7.1. Summary In this chapter have been firstly analyzed the relevant macro and socio-economic indicators and then the latest trends at national and district level – current forecasts of the future development of the population, population income and economic activity of the region between 2020 and 2033. The demographic forecasts are achieved at three levels: national, regional (Nirnova basin) and by locality, in three distinct scenarios – optimistic, medium (most likely) and pessimistic. These forecasts will serve as a basis for further determinations in the case of long-term investments in water and sanitation field in the region, the potential of contribution capacity of residents, industrial and institutional consumers. Secondly, have been introduced the development of the future water demand, the wastewater flow and the estimated loads for different localities in the Nirnova basin region. The projection of water demand in the project area is determined by the correlation of the forecast of the population (the largest water consumer) and other consumers with specific water consumptions. The current water consumption at the level of localities and at the level of households has been described in the Chapter 3.4. The resulted values will form the basis for the dimensioning of water and sewerage facilities. Three 3 periods are assessed: until 2021, 2027 and 2033. 7.2. Demographic projections As mentioned in Chapter 3.4, the official statistics show a decline in the population of the Republic of Moldova, including the Nisporeni and Hincesti districts. The demographic forecast (2014-2035) foreshadows a bleak demographic picture for the Republic of Moldova – in the coming decades the demographic decline will continue at a rapid pace, the annual population decline will fluctuate within the limits of 1.1-2%. The number of births will be very small and will not be able to recover the decline of the population, this phenomenon being determined both by low fertility and by the decrease in the number of female population of childbearing age (15-49 years). By 2035, the country’s population could decrease by 2,085.8 thousand (by 28.4%)26. For the future, the emigration is forecast to be less important, but the total population will continue to decline due to the negative natural increase. All population forecasts recently published in Moldova, including optimistic development scenarios, predict the continuation of the demographic decline tendency, see figure below.

26 Analysis of the population situation in the Republic of Moldova, INCE, UNFPA, Chisinau, 2016, https://moldova.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PSA_RO.pdf

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FIGURE 7-1 ESTIMATION AND FORECASTING OF THE NUMBER OF POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA, 2004-2035

Source: Analysis of the situation of the population in the Republic of Moldova, Center for Demographic Research, 2016 A darker picture of population growth rates in the Republic of Moldova is calculated by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs which made Probabilistic population projections based on the perspectives (outlook) of the world population 2019, see table below.

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TABLE 7-1 GROWTH RATES OF THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (2020-2040), %27 Values in % 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035 2035-2040

pessimistic -2.26 -3.20 -4.10 -4.80 scenario

medium scenario -2.01 -2.89 -3.72 -4.37

optimistic -1.48 -2.22 -2.93 -3.47 scenario

Source: United Nations, 2019, https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Probabilistic/Population/ In the project area, a continuous decrease of the population is pursued, the demographic tendencies being not exactly positive. The number of the current population in Nisporeni and Hincesti districts has decreased by 7.2%, the reference year 2019 compared to 2009. There is a higher decrease in Nisporeni district, 10.0%. A population forecast for the project region up to 2033 has been prepared considering the base year 2020, based on official data obtained from the LPAs for 2020. The population forecast has been analyzed in order to take into account the population figures published by the NBS28. Different growth rates applied annually from 2020 to 2033 have been used. The table below shows the growth rate used for the area of rural localities in Hincesti and Nisporeni districts and the city of Nisporeni for the period of 2020-2033 and the population forecasts at the level of the study area, including by environment – urban and rural. It has been prepared in the three scenarios – medium, optimistic and pessimistic, in the hypotheses presented previously and taking into account the population forecasted at the level of the Republic of Moldova in the three scenarios. It is considered that with the migration trends of the rural population and the growing economic development, it is assumed an insignificant population growth for some localities such as Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Siscani, Seliste and Obileni.

27 The population of Transnistria is also included.

28 http://statbank.statistica.md/PxWeb/pxweb/ro/20%20Populatia%20si%20procesele%20demografice/20%20Populatia%20si%20procesele%20demografice__POP__POP010/POP 010800reg.px/?rxid=b2ff27d7-0b96-43c9-934b-42e1a2a9a774

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TABLE 7-2 ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES FOR URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN THE STUDY AREA FOR THREE SCENARIOS

Values in 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 Scenarios 2020-2033 % per year optimistic medium pessimistic

Rural -0.41 -0.65 -1.35 -0.30 -0.75 -1.50

Urban -0.83 -1.02 -0.22 0.20 0.10 -0.20 Source: Prepared by the Consultant According to the forecasts made, the population at regional and environment level, in the three scenarios, in reference years during the analysis horizon is presented in the following table:

TABLE 7-3 FORECASTS FOR 2021, 2027 AND 2033 FOR THREE SCENARIOS

Total forecast population 2021 2027 2033

Total

Optimistic scenario 47,286 47,143 47,011

Medium scenario 47,093 46,188 45,331

Pessimistic scenario 46,810 43,881 41,227

Rural

Optimistic scenario 35,863 35,582 35,311

Medium scenario 35,681 34,708 33,782

Pessimistic scenario 35,467 32,874 30,546

Urban

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Optimistic scenario 11,423 11,561 11,700

Medium scenario 11,411 11,480 11,549

Pessimistic scenario 11,343 11,007 10,681 Source: Prepared by the Consultant

Based on the above average annual growth rates, the population forecast for the period of 2020-2033 in the study area is represented in the table below.

TABLE 7-4 FORECAST POPULATION IN THE STUDY AREA, 2021-2033

Locality 2020 oficial 2021 2027 2033

average average average

optimistic optimistic optimistic

pesimistic pesimistic pesimistic

Balanesti 1783 1756 1770 1778 1604 1691 1746 1465 1617 1715

Gaureni 546 538 542 544 491 518 535 449 495 525

Vinatori 1011 996 1003 1008 910 959 990 831 917 972

Ciutesti 1568 1544 1556 1563 1411 1488 1535 1288 1422 1508

Valea Nirnovei 394 388 391 393 354 374 386 324 357 379

Seliste 2524 2486 2527 2529 2271 2542 2560 2074 2557 2590

Paruceni 436 429 433 435 392 414 427 358 395 419

Siscani 1946 1936 1948 1950 1879 1960 1973 1823 1971 1997

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Drojdieni 370 364 367 369 333 351 362 304 336 356

Odaia 152 150 151 152 137 144 149 125 138 146

Marinici 2294 2260 2277 2287 2064 2176 2246 1885 2080 2206

Helesteni 305 300 303 304 274 289 299 251 277 293

Calimanesti 819 807 813 817 737 777 802 673 743 788

Nisporeni 11400 11343 11411 11423 11007 11480 11561 10681 11549 11700

Varzaresti 5001 4976 5006 5011 4829 5036 5071 4686 5066 5133

Sendreni 1018 1013 1019 1020 983 1025 1032 954 1031 1045

Miresti 928 914 921 925 835 880 909 762 841 892

Chetroseni 298 294 296 297 268 283 292 245 270 287

Cateleni 1265 1246 1256 1261 1138 1200 1239 1039 1147 1217

Bujor 3600 3546 3573 3589 3239 3415 3525 2958 3264 3462

Nemteni 1695 1670 1682 1690 1525 1608 1660 1393 1537 1630

Obileni 1511 1503 1513 1514 1459 1522 1532 1416 1531 1551

Ivanovca 683 673 678 681 614 648 669 561 619 657

Costesti 310 305 308 309 279 294 304 255 281 298

Frasin 31 31 31 31 28 29 30 25 28 30

Onesti 1112 1095 1104 1109 1000 1055 1089 914 1008 1069

Strimbeni 497 490 493 496 447 471 487 408 451 478

Cotul Morii 1184 1166 1175 1180 1065 1123 1159 973 1074 1139

Sarateni 624 615 619 622 561 592 611 513 566 600

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Leuseni 1943 1914 1928 1937 1748 1843 1903 1596 1762 1869

Feteasca 63 62 63 63 57 60 62 52 57 61

Total 47311 46810 47155 47286 43937 46248 47143 41279 45388 47011

Total rural 35467 35744 35863 32930 34768 35582 30598 33839 35311 Source: Prepared by the Consultant At the basin level, the forecasts show a decline in the total population of approximately 1,917 inhabitants in the next 13 years (2020-2033). But analyzing the data of the 2014 census and the population forecast in 2033, there is an increase of 1,462 inhabitants.

FIGURE 7-2 BN POPULATION FORECAST IN THE MEDIUM SCENARIO FOR THE PERIOD OF 2004-2033

Prognoza populatiei pentru bazinul Nîrnova Source: Prepared by the Consultant based on the 60000 Prognoza populației, rural 50896 2004, 2014 censuses and forecasts based on the 47311 46810 47010 5000045000 year of 2020 38791 40000 35911 3531045390 40000 3293043940 35000 43869 33840 35470 41280 mediu Population density 30000 33806 pesimist Following the table and the figure below it is attested 25000 30600 mediu optimist that the average population density in the study area 20000 pesimist (93.5 inhabitants/km2) is not much comparable with optimist 1000015000 the average density of the Republic of Modova study 10000 (90,5 inhabitants/km2). The highest density is attested 2 50000 in the town of Nisporeni (123.9 inhabitants/km ) 2004 2014 2020 2021 2027 2033 followed by the localities of Marinici, Ciutesti, 0 2004 2014 2020 2021 2027 2033 Varzaresti and Obileni (with more than 100 inhabitants/km2). At the opposite end, the lowest density is found in the localities of Miresti and Cotul Morii (up to 60 inhabitants/km2). While the calculations of the population density for the built-up areas of the localities show that the most populated remains to be the Nisporeni town followed by Onesti and the least populated is Balanesti and Cotul Morii. 181

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Taking into account the forecasts for different scenarios for 2033 for the average scenario, there is a slight increase in population density for the town of Nisporeni, Varzaresti commune and Obileni village.

TABLE 7-5 POPULATION DENSITY IN THE STUDY AREA

# ATU Population Area Population density 2020 2020 2033 2033 2033 pesimistic sc. average sc. optimistic sc.

inhabitants km2 inh./km2 inh./km2 inh./km2 inh./km2

1 Balanesti 2329 26,7 87,2 71,6 79,0 83,8

2 Vinatori 1011 14,0 72,4 59,5 65,7 69,6

3 Ciutesti 1962 16,4 119,6 98,3 108,5 115,1

4 Seliste 2960 38,3 77,4 63,6 77,2 78,7

5 Siscani 2468 31,2 79,1 72,1 78,3 80,0

6 Marinici 2599 22,1 117,5 96,5 106,6 113,0

7 Calimanesti 819 8,7 93,8 77,1 85,1 90,3

8 Nisporeni 11400 92,0 123,9 116,1 125,5 127,1

9 Varzaresti 6019 56,7 106,2 99,5 107,6 109,0

10 Miresti 1226 21,2 57,7 47,4 52,4 55,5

11 Cateleni 1265 13,7 92,6 76,1 84,0 89,1

12 Bujor 3600 37,4 96,2 79,0 87,2 92,5

13 Nemteni 1695 21,5 79,0 64,9 71,7 76,0

14 Obileni 1511 14,7 102,5 96,1 103,9 105,2

15 Ivanovca 1024 13,8 74,0 60,8 67,2 71,2

16 Onesti 1609 18,6 86,6 71,1 78,5 83,2

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17 Cotul Morii 1808 30,4 59,4 48,8 53,8 57,1

18 Leuseni 2006 28,4 70,7 58,0 64,1 67,9

Total 47311 505,89

Average density for study area 93,5 81,6 89,7 92,9

Average density in RM 90,5 inh./km2 Source: Calculations prepared by the Consultant based on the data provided by the LPA, 2020

FIGURE 7-3 POPULATION DENSITY IN THE STUDY AREA Source: Prepared by the Consultant based on the 2 Population density, inhabitants/km data provided by the LPA, 2020 3 000 2 811 2 500 1 873 2 000 1 500 1 0491 0351 031 940 873 834 1 000 776 769 734 683 681 649 642 551 543 466 500 124 87 120 103 93 96 58 71 72 94 79 106 79 77 117 74 59 87 00

Densitatea medie a populației, loc./km2 Densitatea în intravilan, locuitori/km2

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Densitatea medie a populației, an. 2033, loc./km2 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 00

scenariu optimist scenariu mediu scenariu pesimist

Source: Prepared by the Consultant based on population forecast calculations for three population growth scenarios

7.3. Water demand projection In Chapter 3.4 – Current water consumption – there are presented real data at the republic and regional levels as regards the consumption trends. Based on the water consumption norms established in the Practical Code of the Republic of Moldova G.03.08:2020 “Installations and networks for water supply and sewerage. Design and construction of external drinking water supply systems, with a flow rate below 200 m3/day, for localities of up to 3,000 inhabitants” but also on the data on the current situation regarding the water consumption at country and regional level (see Chapter 3.4) the projections regarding the water demand have been made, considering the specific design criteria as well as the necessary presumptions presented in the following chapters. Thus, the average annual water consumption calculated according to the possibilities of connection to a centralized drinking water system is:

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2020 (conection rate 33,5%) 650 th. m3/y

2021 (conection rate 43%) 740 th. m3/y

2027 (conection rate 71%) 1.240 th. m3/y

2033 (conection rate 100%) pesimistic - 1.600 th. m3/y average - 1.750 th. m3/y optimistic - 1.800 th. m3/y

In order to determine the total water consumption, the actual data on water consumption oriented towards the rational (sustainable) use of water resources are taken as a basis, for at least the previous period of two years, considering the dynamics thereof, depending on the variation of the population number, land use planning, development of production objects and organizations in the field of services. For the water supply systems for localities, the total water consumption will consist of:  Household requirement which includes the water consumption for:  household needs (drinking, food preparation, hygiene etc.);  public needs, except for water flows for objects that serve the population for other localities than the one targeted;  irrigation/ watering (spraying) at household level.  Non-household requirement which includes the water consumption for:  needs of the local industry that provides the population with products;

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 production needs of the industrial and agricultural enterprises;  wet cleaning of the rooms of the industrial and agricultural enterprises;  washing the access roads and lands, spraying the green spaces in the populated areas and on the territory of the industrial enterprises.  Water losses/ Technological consumption

7.3.1. Domestic/ household requirements The forecast for residential/ domestic water demand for 13 years is based on the following assumptions:  The population in each locality is taken from the forecasts presented in the previous section of the medium scenario (most likely);  The specific water consumptions include water flows for household needs, for public needs, such as budgetary institutions (schools, kindergartens, health centers etc.), except for water flows for objects that serve the population not only of the respective locality, which is adapted in accordance with the technological data;  The water requirement is ultimately related to the consumer’s standard of living. Considering the factual situation as the main indicator of the standard of living it may be said that the standard of living in urban areas is higher than in rural areas (townships);  The specific water requirement used for this project is estimated based on water consumptions reported/ calculated for 2019 and based on the elasticity of water consumption at tariffs and revenues but also taking into account the design requirements of the Republic of Moldova (CP G.03.08:2020). Thus,  for rural localities with a population of less than 3,000 inhabitants: 60 l/man/day for the population with buildings equipped with aqueduct and internal sewerage and 30 l/man/day for the population that uses water from individual drinking fountains;  for the localities of Nisporeni, Varzaresti and Bujor which have a population of more than 3,000 inhabitants: 110 l/man/day for the population with buildings equipped with aqueduct and internal sewerage and 50 l/man/day for the population that uses water from individual drinking fountains.  The exact number of households with buildings equipped with aqueduct and internal sewerage is not known exactly, so it was deduced from several aspects: access to drinking or technical water, average income per locality, average level of sanitation per locality;  It is to be considered that the specific consumption of domestic water will increase with the raising of the standard of living but it will decrease after the introduction of metering and the tariffs will cover the costs;  The coefficient of daily non-uniformity of water consumption that takes into account the way of life of the population, of the change of water consumption during the seasons of the year, is accepted according to the CP G.03.08:2020 and is equal to 1.2;

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 In the absence of data on lands by type of arrangements (green plantations, access roads etc.), the specific water norm for the irrigation season is adopted by 50 l/man/day depending on the capacity of the water supply source, degree of arrangement of the localities, possibility to use other sources and other traditional and local conditions for such purposes, in coordination with the local public administration bodies. At the same time, the number of consumers splashing (watering) during the day is adopted by 1/3 of the total number of inhabitants, in the hours that do not coincide with the maximum water distribution capacity. The concrete value of the norm of specific drinking water consumption for household needs will be taken at the beginning of the design stage based on the decisions of the local public administration bodies, taking into account the traditional living conditions of the population, possibility of using by the population of the existing water sources, suitable for splashing (watering), watering cattle (livestock) and poultry etc. 7.3.2. Non-domestic requirement Given that, at present, for most localities with centralized water system, the demand for water for domestic purposes is by far the most important category in the total water demand, varying with a share between 82% and 99% of the total water demand for the year of 2019. The share of the water demand for non-household purposes currently varies between 1% (Onesti, Miresti) and 15% (Nisporeni town jointly with Varzaresti and Grozesti communes). Some localities do not have economic agents that are connected to the public water supply system being supplied from their own sources. The industry in the study area is represented by wineries, flour and oil mills, bakeries, shoe factory etc. The wineries that are heavy consumers of water have their own water supply sources (sondes (probes) and do not use water from public systems. The water flows for the needs of the commercial, individual enterprises, of farms, warehouses and other objects may be taken into account when calculating the rural water distribution network, provided that there is an agreement, duly drawn up with the system owner, on participation in share in the design and construction of the drinking water supply and fire extinguishing system in the locality29. The water flows for local needs, which provide the population with products, and the unforeseen water flows are taken in addition to 5% for rural areas and 10% for urban areas (Nisporeni/ Varzaresti) of the total drinking water consumption for the household needs of the locality.

29 In accordance with CP G.03.08:2020

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7.3.3. Water losses/ Technological consumption The losses in the water networks are a waste, but they are inevitable. The loss control reflects a professional approach to the management of the entire system and needs to be reduced to an economically profitable minimum. The losses may occur in tanks, in transport pipelines, but especially in distribution systems. In order to reduce the water losses in systems and especially of non-metered water, but also to optimize consumption, interventions are needed both in terms of water transport and distribution and in terms of measurement and control of water provided to the consumers. Thus, first of all, it is necessary to replace the distribution pipes because it is observed that the largest share of water losses has the real losses which are in turn influenced by the losses in the distribution systems. As mentioned above, these works aim to reduce the amount of water produced (by reducing losses), but also to create the possibility of extensions for the current systems by ensuring the operating conditions at the required working pressures. The technological consumption involves the amount of water consumed/ used to carry out the technical processes, technological processes in the provision of the public service of water supply and sewerage, works necessary to be performed in the regulatory year in accordance with the relevant technical regulations. The technological water consumption in the public water supply and sewerage system includes: a. technological consumption of water in the water capture processes; b. technological consumption of water in the water treatment processes (if any); c. technological consumption of water in the water transport and distribution; d. water consumption for the household needs of the operator; e. technological consumption of water in the public sewerage system. The calculation of the technological consumption and water losses for operators is made on the basis of the Regulation on the establishment and approval, for the purpose of determining tariffs, of the technological consumption and water losses in the public water supply systems approved by the Decision of the Board of Directors of the NAER No. 180/2016 of June 10, 2016. Improvement of Operators’ practices The operator of a system must execute the four main components of the Real Loss Management, namely:  Active control of losses;  Speed and quality of repairs;  Pressure management;

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 Network management. An efficient management of the water supply systems requires the economic calculation of water losses, determination of the register of losses and scheduling of pipe repairs, replacements, resulting from the sites analysis and analyses. As regards the “Active Control of Losses”, the success of the implementation of this very important aspect implies: - Purchase of equipment for the detection of losses; - Training of the Operator’s staff in using the equipment for the detection of losses; - Preparation and approval of an Action Plan including “Immediate Measures” (if necessary), “Central Strategy Term” and “Long Term Strategy”. The Networks and Quality Management is an important result which will allow the Operator a modern and effective management of the water supply system. For this, the installation of equipment and the implementation of a GIS system for water and wastewater is required. It includes: - Purchase of hardware and software; - Creation of GIS teams in ROC; - Training of ROC staff; - Implementation of SCADA63 systems, automation and control, for water and sewerage systems. In the future, after the implementation of the measures planned in the investment program of this MPWSS, in order to achieve an allowable value of 25-30% of NRW, it is necessary to continue to improve the following aspects: - Continuation of the strategy for the rehabilitation of adductions and distribution networks (included in the Long-Term Investment Plan within the Master Plan); - Creation of district measurement areas and introduction of flow meters for all inhabitants included in the project; - Measurement of water losses and introduction of separation valves on the distribution network; - Permanent monitoring and control of all technical elements (flows, pressures, raw water treatment); - Integral metering of all types of users; - Restoration of water connection pipes which present advanced wear; - Providing the intervention teams with equipment, materials and sufficient personnel in order to reduce the time for repairing the damages; - Increasing the professional level and working capacity of the intervention team staff; - Detection of fraudulent (clandestine) consumers; - Systematic monitoring of water networks – location of losses, timely water losses and implicitly of system failures; - Creating and training a responsible team; - Replacement of measuring and control devices. 189

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7.3.4. Ensuring the fire safety requirements The fire safety requirement shall also be taken into account when dimensioning the water storage tanks and water networks. The water flow for extinguishing the fires outside for localities smaller than 3,000 inhabitants is adopted from the calculation of simultaneous extinguishing of a fire with a calculation flow of 5 liters per second (l/sec). The calculation time for extinguishing fires in localities with a population of up to 3,000 inhabitants must be adopted at 2 hours. The maximum period for restoring the water reserves for fires and cases of damage, for localities with a population of up to 3,000 inhabitants, shall not exceed 72 hours. At the same time, during the recovery period, it is allowed to reduce the supply of drinking water for household needs in a proportion of up to 50% of the calculated value. For the localities with a population of up to 500 inhabitants, with buildings built up to 2 levels, the provision of extinguishing fires from specially created water accumulations is allowed, supplementing the stocks in the pipeline with water for spraying or drinking water, or from existing water objects, suitable for such purposes. In such case, access paths for the special fire-fighting equipment must be provided for such water accumulations, and the specially created water accumulations must be equipped with water collection devices for fire-fighting equipment. Ten localities are part of the category of localities up to 500 inhabitants: Valea Nirnovei (Ciutesti), Paruceni (Seliste), Drojdieni, Odaia (Siscani), Helesteni (Marinici), Chetroseni (Onesti), Costesti, Frasin (Ivanovca), Strimbeni (Onesti) and Feteasca (Leuseni).

7.3.5. Water forecast summary The summary of the water demand forecast is presented as the total water consumption for household purposes, for non-household purposes and water losses. The average specific water consumption of residential consumers in the study area is forecast in 2033 at approximately 69 l/man/ day for rural areas and 113 l/man/day for urban areas (Nisporeni town and Varzaresti commune). The forecast is based on current consumption and takes into account the fact that the drinking water will be provided for all inhabitants. The following table summarizes the water forecast for 2020 and the perspectives (outlook) for 2021, 2027 and 2033. The detailed calculations of the water consumption forecasts for each locality may be found in the Annex 5 of this MPWSS.

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TABLE 7-6 WATER FORECAST SUMMARY

Indicator Unit 2020 2021 2027 2033 Pesimistic scenario Average scenario Optimistic scenario Total population of the basin pers. 47310 47160 46250 41280 45390 47010 Connected population pers. 15860 20180 32790 41280 45390 47010 Connection rate % 33,5% 42,8% 70,9% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Specific residential water l/pers./day 90,0 80,0 80,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 500,0 600,0 990,0 1300,0 1430,0 1470,0 household consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 40,0 50,0 140,0 100,0 110,0 110,0 non-domestic consumption Average total volume of th. m3/year 540,0 650,0 1130,0 1400,0 1540,0 1580,0 water consumed Unexpected average th. m3/year 110,0 90,0 110,0 200,0 220,0 220,0 volume/losses Total volume of water th. 650,0 740,0 1240,0 1610,0 1750,0 1800,0 m3/year Prut-Nisporeni Aqueduct Population pers. 17420 17440 17540 16320 17650 17880 Connected population pers. 10330 10630 14910 16320 17650 17880 Connection rate % 60,0% 0,0% 0,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Specific residential water l/pers./day 100,0 100,0 100,0 110,0 110,0 110,0 consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 370,0 390,0 570,0 670,0 730,0 740,0 household consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 40,0 40,0 110,0 70,0 70,0 70,0 non-domestic consumption Average total volume of th. m3/year 410,0 430,0 680,0 740,0 800,0 810,0 water consumed

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Unexpected average th. m3/year 80,0 60,0 70,0 70,0 80,0 80,0 volume/losses Total volume of water th. 490,0 500,0 750,0 810,0 880,0 890,0 m3/year Aqueduct Prut-Lunca Prutului (rural-Hincesti) Total population of the basin pers. 15740 15640 15020 13110 14440 15240 Connected population pers. 3860 3910 3910 13110 14440 15240 Connection rate % 24,5% 25,0% 66,8% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Specific residential water l/pers./day 60,0 60,0 60,0 70,0 70,0 70,0 consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 90,0 90,0 240,0 330,0 360,0 380,0 household consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 0,0 0,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 non-domestic consumption Average total volume of th. m3/year 90,0 90,0 250,0 350,0 380,0 400,0 water consumed Unexpected average th. m3/year 10,0 10,0 30,0 70,0 70,0 80,0 volume/losses Total volume of water th. 100,0 100,0 280,0 420,0 460,0 480,0 m3/year Rural Nisporeni Total population of the basin pers. 14150 14080 13680 11850 13300 13890 Connected population pers. 1670 5650 7840 11850 13300 11850 Connection rate % 11,8% 40,1% 57,3% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Specific residential water l/pers./day 60,0 60,0 60,0 70,0 70,0 70,0 consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 40,0 120,0 180,0 300,0 340,0 350,0 household consumption Average volume of water - th. m3/year 0,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 20,0 20,0 non-domestic consumption

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Average total volume of th. m3/year 40,0 130,0 200,0 310,0 350,0 370,0 water consumed Unexpected average th. m3/year 20,0 20,0 20,0 60,0 70,0 70,0 volume/losses Total volume of water th. 60,0 140,0 220,0 380,0 420,0 440,0 m3/year

7.3.6. Conclusions The forecast of water demand in the Nirnova basin region indicates that the most important category of consumers will remain the category of residential consumers during the analyzed period, the consumers will be connected to water infrastructure in phases according to the allocation of localities in the investment phases presented in the Chapter Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. The water consumers with buildings connected to water and sewerage systems are expected to increase over the period. The demand for water for non-household purposes is determined by the demand of the economic agents which is estimated to have a low share given that the large water-consuming economic agents have their own water sources. The share of water demand for non-household purposes represents on average 5-10% of the total water demand at the end of the analyzed period. The water losses are estimated to gradually decrease for the existing water systems with the implementation of the proposed measures. For the newly implemented infrastructure it is estimated that the water losses represent 10%. Thus, for 2033 the total volume of water is distributed: 82% for household consumption, 6% for industrial consumption and 12% water losses and technological consumption. The dimensioning of water collection facilities, adductions, water treatment plants is based on the average hourly consumption of the day(s) of maximum consumption because in most localities the consumption will rise to this maximum value at certain periods of the year. For the water supply systems of localities, the calculations on the joint operation of adductions, water supply networks, pumping stations and regulating (adjustment) tanks are usually carried out for the following water supply regimes:  on the day of maximum water consumption – maximum hourly consumption, as well as the maximum hourly flow of water plus the flow for extinguishing fires;  on the day of average water consumption – average hourly consumption. However, based on the data available at a more detailed design stage, the figures will be updated. 193

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7.4. Projections on wastewater flows and pollutant loads 7.4.1. Wastewater flow projection The wastewater is generally collected from areas that usually have a water supply. Consequently, the wastewater loads and flows are closely related to the water consumption. The wastewater generation rate is considered to be 100% for the household consumers. The average annual specific flows of domestic wastewater are adopted equal to the flows of the respective water requirements, from the previous chapter, being excluded the water flows for watering/spraying considering to be of approximately 10%. Note that the rainwater management is done separately and independently of wastewater management. Therefore, the entire infrastructure is exclusively for wastewater, with the exception of technically infiltration of surface water and groundwater. The infiltration (water entering the sewer system through joints, fissures and cracks) is estimated at 25% of the water flow in dry weather.

7.4.2. Summary of wastewater forecast The table below shows the tendencies of wastewater flow (m3/day) generated in the Nirnova Basin.

TABLE 7-7 WATER FORECAST SUMMARY

Waste water volume Unit 2020 2021 2027 2033

pesimistic average optimistic

Total, including th. m3/year 580,0 670,0 1120,0 1440,0 1580,0 1620,0

Nisporeni/Varzaresti/ th. m3/year 440,0 450,0 670,0 730,0 790,0 800,0 Sendreni rural Hincesti th. m3/year 90,0 90,0 250,0 380,0 410,0 430,0

rural Nisporeni th. m3/year 50,0 130,0 200,0 340,0 380,0 390,0

The following table shows the calculations of the amount of wastewater generated for each locality in part and the calculated Equivalent inhabitants. The Industrial equivalent inhabitants were calculated at 5% of the population.

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TABLE 7-8 QUANTITIES OF WASTEWATER GENERATED BY LOCALITIES, 2033

Locality Pesimistic scenario, Average scenario, Optimistic scanario, 2033 2033 2033 Generated EL Generated EL Generated EL wastewater total wastewater total wastewater total m³/d m³/h m³/d m³/h m³/d m³/h

Agglomeration

A1 Balanesti 110,0 11,0 1.530 130,0 13,0 1.700 130,0 13,0 1.800

Gaureni 40,0 4,0 470 50,0 5,0 530 50,0 5,0 560

Vinatori 60,0 6,0 870 70,0 7,0 970 70,0 7,0 1.020

Ciutesti 100,0 10,0 1.350 110,0 11,0 1.490 120,0 12,0 1.590

Seliste 150,0 15,0 2.170 40,0 4,0 2.690 40,0 4,0 2.720

Valea 30,0 3,0 340 40,0 4,0 380 40,0 4,0 400 Nirnovei Paruceni 40,0 4,0 380 190,0 19,0 420 190,0 19,0 440

A2 Nisporeni 2.000, 200, 17.140 140,0 14,0 18.530 150,0 15,0 18.760 0 0 Varzaresti 30,0 3,0 40,0 4,0

Sendreni 20,0 2,0 20,0 2,0

A3 Siscani 140,0 14,0 1.910 150,0 15,0 2.070 160,0 16,0 2.100

Drojdieni 30,0 3,0 320 30,0 3,0 360 30,0 3,0 380

Odaia 20,0 2,0 130 60,0 6,0 150 60,0 6,0 160

A4 Marinici 140,0 14,0 1.970 2.160, 216, 2.180 2.200, 220, 2.320 0 0 0 0 Helesteni 30,0 3,0 260 0,0 0,0 290 0,0 0,0 300 195

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Calimanesti 50,0 5,0 700 0,0 0,0 780 0,0 0,0 830

Cateleni 80,0 8,0 1.090 60,0 6,0 1.210 70,0 7,0 1.280

Nemteni 110,0 11,0 1.460 30,0 3,0 1.620 30,0 3,0 1.710

Ivanovca 50,0 5,0 590 90,0 9,0 650 90,0 9,0 690

Costesti 30,0 3,0 260 240,0 24,0 290 250,0 25,0 320

Frasin 10,0 1,0 30 120,0 12,0 30 130,0 13,0 30

Obileni 110,0 11,0 1.490 120,0 12,0 1.610 120,0 12,0 1.630

Sarateni 50,0 5,0 540 50,0 5,0 600 50,0 5,0 630 (Cotul Morii) Cotul Morii 70,0 7,0 1.020 30,0 3,0 1.120 30,0 3,0 1.200

Leuseni 120,0 12,0 1.680 10,0 1,0 1.850 10,0 1,0 1.960

Feteasca 10,0 1,0 50 80,0 8,0 60 80,0 8,0 60

A5 Miresti 60,0 6,0 800 40,0 4,0 880 40,0 4,0 930

Chetroseni 30,0 3,0 250 80,0 8,0 280 90,0 9,0 300

A6 Bujor 220,0 22,0 3.110 50,0 5,0 3.420 50,0 5,0 3.630

A7 Onesti 70,0 7,0 960 140,0 14,0 1.060 140,0 14,0 1.120

Strimbeni 40,0 4,0 430 10,0 1,0 470 10,0 1,0 500

TOTAL 4.000 - 43.300 4.370 - 47.690 4.490 - 49.370

7.4.3. Projections of polluting loads of wastewater

The value adopted for calculating the number of Equivalent Inhabitants was assimilated to 60 g of CBO5/day/inhabitant. The loads of suspended matters (MS-65 g/day/inhabitant), nitrogen (N-8 g/day/inhabitant) and phosphates (P-3.3 g/day/inhabitant) were considered as set out in the Annex 6 of the GD

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950/2013. As for non-household wastewater it will be taken in the case of each in part at the time of design in accordance with the national regulations. The diagram below represents the increase in the amount of pollutants generated by the population with the implementation of the centralized water supply projects.

FIGURE 7-4 FORECAST OF THE QUANTITY OF POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY THE POPULATION, T/YEAR

1200 1080 990 1000

780 800 720 2020 600 2027 380 400 350 2033

200 100 130 60 50 20 40 0 MS CBO5 Azot Fosfor

7.5. Conclusions The data used in the development planning did not always ensure a sufficient detail of the analyzed phenomena, including due to the disaggregation limited by gender, age, region, ethnicity, disability etc. The official number of population is overestimated due to the lack of up-to-date data on emigration, which affects the reliability of other static health, social, economic or educational indicators. The lack of official population forecasts makes it difficult to project targets in the absence of data on the population dynamics in the coming decades. The population forecast at national level for 13 years indicates a decline in all three scenarios – optimistic, medium (most likely) and pessimistic based on negative increases in the natural growth and on the migration process. On a long term, the share of the urban population is estimated to increase to the detriment of the rural population. 197

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Following the grouping of the water supply areas – centralized water supply system versus decentralized water supply system – 20 agglomerations have been obtained:  One with a population of more than 10 thousand inhabitants (Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Sendreni);  Three with a population between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants;  And another 16 agglomerations with a population of less than 2,000 inhabitants. The Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova, of the one part, and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, and their Member States, of the other part, was signed on 27 June 2014 in Brussels, Belgium. The agreement was ratified by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova on July 2, 2014, and by the European Parliament on November 13, 2014. According to the Agreement, Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 on urban waste water treatment as amended by Directive 98/15/EC and by Regulation (EC) no. 1882/2003 the following provisions of Directive 91/271/EEC shall apply: - adoption of national legislation and designation of the competent authority (-ies);  Calendar: these provisions of the said Directive shall be implemented within 3 years of the entry into force of this Agreement. - evaluation of the situation of urban wastewater collection and treatment;  Calendar: these provisions of the said Directive shall be implemented within 5 years of the entry into force of this Agreement. - identification of sensitive areas and agglomerations (Article 5 and Annex II);  Calendar: these provisions of the said Directive shall be implemented within 6 years of the entry into force of this Agreement. - development of the technical and investment program for the implementation of urban waste water treatment requirements (Article 17).  Calendar: these provisions of the said Directive shall be implemented within 8 years of the entry into force of this Agreement.

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8. MAIN SIZING PARAMETERS 8.1. Main parameters – water supply In order to select and analyze different options, it should be mentioned that a water supply system is composed mainly of the following objects:  Water source and raw water treatment plant;  Pumping station;  Adduction;  Storage tank;  Chlorination station;  Distribution network. All these influence the investment and the costs of operation and investment, as well as the quality and safety of the water supply service. One of the most important problems of the MPWSS in the water and sanitation infrastructure sector is finding the most rational groupings for water supply and wastewater disposal. As it will be shown later in this chapter, the grouping of areas defined in such a way as to create centralized solutions may be an economic solution based on a multitude of criteria (mainly based on the security of water supply and operating costs). It is obvious that for large localities the specific operating costs are lower due to the high efficiency. This may be explained by the fact that any treatment plant, even with a smaller capacity, involves operational efforts such as technical management, administrative staff etc. On the other hand, the creation of large centralized systems is largely limited by the topographic structure of the analyzed areas. The reduction in costs due to the operation of a larger system is correlated with the costs related to investments, operation and maintenance required to create large systems, such as treatment plants, pumping stations and adductions in case of water supply. The water supply system served by the surface source generally has the following composition:  Water capture;  Raw water pumping station;  Treatment plant (pre-oxidation, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, rapid filtration, post-oxidation and adsorption in case of micro-pollutants, chlorine disinfection, treated water pumping station); 199

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 Adduction pipe;  Storage tank and/ or pumping station;  Distribution network.

The water supply system served by the underground source generally has the following composition:  Capture front;  Treatment plant (chlorine disinfection, treated water pumping station);  Adduction pipe;  Storage tank and/ or pumping station;  Distribution network.

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8.1.1. Water capture Three different types of water sources may be considered viable for providing drinking water in the localities of the Nirnova basin: surface water, shallow groundwater (catchments from springs) and deep groundwater (artesian sondes (wells). A summary comparative presentation of the two types of sources is presented in the following table:

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TABLE 8-1 COMPARATIVE PRESENTATION OF WATER SOURCES

No. Parameter Surface source Underground source (Prut river) springs sondes (forages) 1 Accessibility on the territory of the Medium Medium High basin 2 Variability of the water quality High High Low 3 Flow variability Medium High Low 4 Vulnerability to accidental pollutions Very high Very high Low 5 Raw water quality Low-medium Medium-high Low 6 Treatment type for obtaining Chemical treatment Disinfection Chemical drinking water treatment 7 Difficulty in operation and Medium-high Low Medium-low maintenance 8 Operating and maintenance costs Medium-high Low Medium

For the scenarios analysis, it has been considered the water supply system served by a surface source versus the water supply system served by an underground source (sondes (probes), springs). The Scenario AA0 provides for the preservation of the existing sondes (probes)/ catchments and arrangement or construction of new catchments and sondes (probes). For Nisporeni town and Varzaresti commune this scenario is not feasible and is not taken into account considering that the system with water capture from the sondes (probes) proved to be economically and technically inefficient due to the water quality that far exceeds the physico- chemical parameters. In order to cover the water needs of a water supply system, there must exist an adequate source of water in terms of quantity and quality. A special feature in the project region is that the entire available groundwater is stored in only one source of groundwater, Baden-Sarmatian. The existing sondes (probes) have a depth of between 100 m and 400 m. Due to the high content for several compounds such as fluorine, hydrogen sulfide, iron, ammonia, sulfates, the water oxidability of most sondes (probes) requires a proper treatment before being distributed in the system which involves large investments both for their construction and for operation.

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In the study area, especially in the northern part of the Nirnova basin, there are several water springs with high capacity and good quality. Many of the localities have implemented projects in order to supply the localities with the water from the springs. The arrangement and operation of the water catchments from springs involves a lower investment cost and O&M than the capture of waters from sondes (probes) but there is no water safety, the groundwater sources in shallow layers are the most exposed to seasonal variations. 8.1.2. Water treatment For the supply of drinking water there will be used as much as possible water sources which natural structure corresponds to the requirements imposed for drinking water. However, they are not available everywhere, respectively in sufficient quantity. In all cases where the water source does not always certainly have the necessary quality, the treatment is necessary. In such case, too, it is valid that the sources used for water are as protected as possible from contamination and that the legal provisions and technical rules for the protection of the raw water are observed. Treatment of reduced water. The so-called reduced waters may occur in all types of groundwater, very often in deep tertiary waters, rarely in the spring water. The main feature of the reduced waters is the lack of oxygen or low oxygen content (approx. < 1 mg/l) and low reduction potential due to the lack of oxidizing components. In addition, other typical features may appear, as listed below:  High iron content  High manganese content  High nitrogen content  High nitrite content  High oxidation capacity  Lack or low nitrate content

 Incidence of H2S and CH4. All these characteristics do not have to be present in order to be able to speak of a reduced water. The treatment of such raw water must be carried out according to the actual chemical composition and requires a credible analysis of the water. The preliminary semi-technical tests make sense for the problematic waters. The following are practically always necessary:  Increase of the oxygen content by open aeration when required simultaneously and a reduction in acidity and/ or elimination of hydrogen sulfide

(H2S), resp. methane (CH4), respectively closed aeration under pressure (oxidizer) or addition of pure oxygen if in the raw water there exists already the necessary pH value. Especially the methane should be removed as much as possible already in a preliminary aeration, because otherwise the consumption of oxygen to oxidize methane and the growth of the methane bacteria may cause problems in subsequent installations, going as far as the appearance of germs in the drinking water. 203

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 Filtration over fast filters, depending on the type and concentration of the substances to be removed over single-layer sand filters, multi-layer filters or 2-stage filtration. If it is necessary to reduce the nitrogen content, the treatment requirements sometimes increase a lot. It should be borne in mind in particular that the oxidation of iron, manganese, nitrogen – and of other components of water – forms acids and therefore a further reduction of acidity is often necessary in order not to exceed the maximum permissible calcite dissolving capacity in the drinking water.

The intensive agriculture results in exceeding the limit value of the ammonia indicator parameter (NH4) in the existing groundwater. From the available information obtained, such values exceed in the localities of: Balanesti, Seliste, Nemteni, Onesti and Leuseni. The penetration of harmful substances may only take place from the adjacent soil layers. Thus, the element that stands out through the smell – hydrogen sulfide (H2S) – is probably caused by the lack of oxygen. The lack of oxygen in turn is typical for very deep groundwater, because there is no exchange of oxygen. Elimination of ammonia. At very high pH values it is possible to chemically oxidize the ammonia by ozone. However, this process does not apply to the drinking water treatment due to the very high costs. The removal of ammonia takes place in this case exclusively by biological elimination (nitrification). The nitrification is performed by the bacteria reducing the nitrogen (nitrogen-reducing bacteria) and belonging to the chemo-litho- autotrophic microorganisms, which cover their energy needs by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds. Two partial chemical reactions take place: - Nitrification stage (by the Nitrosomonas bacterium) - Nitrification stage (by the Nitrobacter bacterium). Iron removal. Although the GD No. 934 of August 15, 2007 “Sanitary norms regarding the quality of drinking water” admits up to 0.3 mg/l iron (Fe) and the CP G.03.08:2020 “Installations and networks for water supply and sewerage. Design and construction of external drinking water supply systems for small localities with a consumption below 200 m3/day for localities of up to 3,000 inhabitants” allow up to 1.0 mg/l iron (Fe), it should be eliminated at concentrations of more than 0.01 mg/l as otherwise deposits may occur in the components of the drinking water supply installation or possibly restrictions on water use. If the iron is removed, concentrations ≤ 0.02 mg/l should be considered. The oxygen supply is achieved by exchanging gases at an open aeration or by a pressurized aeration. As mentioned above it would be useful to apply the dry filtration. It applies to high concentrations of ammonia, which occur under such conditions. Fluoride removal. The GD No. 934/2007 sets a limit value for fluorine of 1.5 mg/l. In general, the fluoride treatment is very expensive and involves, in addition to advanced technology, a well-trained staff. In the project area, a total of 3 localities with exceeded fluorine parameters have been identified. These are: Balanesti (exceeding 6.3 times more), Nemteni (exceeding 5.8 times more) and Onesti (exceeding 5.5 times more). Filter stations with suitable materials may be installed in order to remove the fluoride from the water. The main component of the filter material is the synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp), along with small quantities of other substances. In the reversible chemical reaction, the hydroxide is replaced by fluorine. The

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filter material may be regenerated by the reverse washing process with a caustic soda solution and is followed by neutralization with an O2/water mixture. Individual water treatment The localities that have water supply systems from sondes (probes) with the water quality with high content of physico-chemical indicators are: Seliste, Siscani, Drojdieni, Balanesti (southwest area), Leuseni, Cotul Morii. If the financial possibilities do not allow the construction of a treatment plant for the whole locality, the individual consumers may use a drinking water system/ purifier which will produce qualitative water for household needs such as drinking and cooking. The system is installed in the kitchen, under the sink and is connected to the pipe with cold water. That system shall be selected in accordance with the elements or items to be treated and the percentage to be exceeded. Usually, such systems are composed of 5-7 filtration stages:  Mechanical filtration;  Active coal filtration;  Mechanical filtration;  Filtration through reverse osmosis membrane;  Filtration through activated coal post-filter;  Water mineralization;  Water ionization.

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8.1.3. Water storage An essential component of drinking water supply installations are the drinking water tanks. The drinking water tanks are among the few visible constructions of the public drinking water supply and are often arranged in places exposed to the landscape. The role of water tanks:  Equalizing the differences between the influential water and effluent water (fluctuation) and thus covering the consumption peaks;  Maintaining the required supply pressure in the pipeline network;  Inlet for pumping stations and pressure lifting systems;  Reserve for overcoming the operating shutdowns and fire water reserve. The volumes of the new proposed tanks are determined taking into account the preservation in them of the water regulation volumes in order to ensure the hourly non-uniformity of the water consumption in the localities, of the fire water volumes and of the emergency volumes, necessary for the localities. The lands of the sites for the proposed water reservoirs are selected taking into account the topography of the land, public property domain and taking into account the ensuring of the minimum and maximum pressure in the intra-urban network, respectively 10 and 60 m. At the time of detailed design the lands will be selected and approved according to the procedures of the Republic of Moldova. The existing and proposed water storage infrastructure for each locality is shown in the

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8.1.4. Water distribution The main components of the water distribution system are the pipes. They differ according to their purpose as follows:  The adduction pipes connect to each other water catchment installations, treatment installations, water tanks and/ or supply areas without direct connection to the consumer;  The main pipes (trunks/ arteries) have the main function of water distribution/ transport in the large supply areas and usually have no direct connection to the consumer;  The pipes distribute the water in the supply area, from them the consumer connections branch;  The connections are connected to the distribution pipe and end at the main consumer isolation device (usually in the water meter chamber). The distribution pipes have been determined based on the length of the streets of each locality. The streets have been drawn in CAD and then the actual lengths of the water networks have been determined. Hydraulic calculation. The existing networks made in recent years through the national financing funds were introduced based on the information provided by the mayors/ operators. The diameters presented were determined based on the amount of water for extinguishing fires, respectively the main flow and using tabular values. The cost estimates are based on a typical distribution of water pipe sizes based on the maximum diameter calculated based on the maximum hourly flow and assumptions summarized above. The Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. summarizes the typical distributions of the water pipe dimensions for the villages with comparable models.

TABLE 8-2 SUPPOSED DISTRIBUTION OF PIPE DIMENSIONS ACCORDING TO THE MAXIMUM DN

Maximum DN 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 90 5% 5% 10% 80% - - - - 110 5% 5% 10% 20% 60% - - - 125 5% 5% 5% 15% 25% 45% - - 140 5% 5% 5% 10% 20% 20% 35% - 160 5% 5% 5% 10% 20% 10% 15% 30%

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The location of the water networks was made on the principle of avoiding private lands as much as possible. The actual lengths of the connections may not be taken into account. The lengths of the calculated distribution networks are shown in the Table 9-1.

8.2. Applied technologies – sanitation In the following, the technologies that may be considered when raising the level of sanitation in any potential Option are summarized and briefly described below. 8.2.1. Household technologies DTSCE (without water jet)30 The dry toilets with separate collection of excretions (DTSCE) collect the urine and feces separately, without using the water jet for washing. The DTSCE is constructed so that the urine is collected and drained from the frontal area of the toilet, while the feces fall through a wide hole placed in the back area. Depending on the collection and storage/ treatment technology that follows, dry products, such as lime (whitewash), ash or earth, should be added through the same hole after each defecation. Advantages and disadvantages + The DTSCE does not need a constant source of water. + If the toilet is used and maintained correctly, there are no real problems with flies or odors. + The DTSCE may be built and repaired with locally available materials. + The capital investment and operating costs are low. + The DTSCE is suitable for all types of users (persons who prefer to sit or squat, persons who usually wipe or wash after urinating or defecating). - The prefabricated models are not available anywhere. - In order for the DTSCE to be used correctly, training and user acceptance are needed. - The system is prone to misuse and clogging with feces.

30https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abteilungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/CLUES/Compendium_Romanian/compendium.pdf

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- The pile of excrement is visible. - In order for the urine to be collected optimally, it is usually necessary to install a separate urinal.

FIGURE 8-1 EXAMPLE OF A DRY TOILET

Dry toilet model. Source: apasan.skat.ch Septic tank A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, PVC, fiberglass or plastic, in which the domestic wastewater receives a basic treatment before it drains into the nature. The treatment processes in the septic tank are sedimentation/ flotation of solids and reduction of organic pollution by anaerobic processes. The effectiveness of the treatment is generally low and is usually applied only as a primary treatment, followed by a secondary treatment stage.

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The term “septic” refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank that mineralizes the waste. The accumulated faecal sludge should be disposed of regularly and treated before reusing the disposal. The fecal sludge from septic tanks or from other similar installations will be treated in the wastewater treatment plants.

FIGURE 8-2 EXAMPLE OF A SEPTIC TANK

Source: infiltratorwater.comHazna Advantages and disadvantages: + The technology is simple and robust. + The septic tank does not need electricity to operate. + The operating costs are low. + The duration of use is long. + A small area of land is required (can be built underground).

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- It provides only a low reduction of pathogens, solids and organic materials. - The mud (sludge) must be regularly removed from it. - The effluent and sludge must be additionally treated and/ or disposed of properly. The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is also part of the septic tank category, which is a septic tank improved with a series of baffles under which the wastewater is forced to flow. The ABR may be used both at household and neighborhood level. The increased contact time with active biomass (sludge) leads to an improved treatment. The upflow chambers improve the removal and fermentation of the organic matter. The CBO may be reduced up to 90%, a value well above the degree of removal from a conventional septic tank. Cesspool Unlike a septic tank, the cesspool is a sealed (waterproof) tank that collects the domestic wastewater from a building. As it has no leakage, there is no risk of groundwater contamination, but the tank must be emptied much more frequently than a septic tank. Wastewater treatment plant The wastewater treatment beyond the primary treatment level (e.g. septic tanks) is also possible at the household level. There is a number of Different Technological Options and they are in principle comparable to the technologies for human settlements. The technical systems are usually pre-fabricated, e.g. rotary biological contactor (RBC), as shown in the figure below.

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FIGURE 8-3 EXAMPLE OF AN RBC HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

The natural treatment systems may be easily built locally and, although they require more space, may be advantageous due to their stability in operation and low operating cost. The figure below shows a CW (Constructed Wetland) treatment plant for a single household.

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FIGURE 8-4 EXAMPLE OF A CW (CONSTRUCTED WETLAND) TREATMENT PLANT

8.2.2. Wastewater transport Following the decision on the water sanitation system, the following Technical Options for the transport of wastewater through pipelines from households to the treatment plant may be considered. Combined sewage system A combined sewage system is a type of sewage system that collects wastewater runoff and rainwater runoff into a single pipe system. Although cost- effective (no separate rainwater runoff management system required), the combined transport system may cause serious water pollution problems due to combined discharges, caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather conditions. The biological treatment plants usually may not manage the flow more than twice during dry weather, and in the event of heavy rainfall, the mixture of sewage and rainwater exceeding this flow must be released directly into the environment without further treatment. In general, this type of sewage system design is no longer used for the new systems. Separate sewerage system

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A separate sewerage system is a special system for the transport of wastewater from houses and commercial buildings through pipelines to the treatment plants. This is the type of sewerage commonly used for the new wastewater management systems and this is usually the preferred option for the reasons: the lowest cost over a lifetime and no surplus, therefore no risk of pollution. Simplified sewerage system The term ‘simplified sewerage’ describes a separate sewerage system, with less stringent design criteria for location, diameter, distance between holes and slope.  Location: the simplified system is preferably installed on private lands, avoiding public roads to reduce the costs (breaking and rehabilitation of road surfaces). In such case, this is not a real advantage for two reasons: on the one hand, the maintenance of public infrastructure is simpler if it is not installed on private property and generally preferred in Moldova, and on the other hand, for the time being most of the roads are not paved in any way and therefore the cost of restoring the road to its previous condition is minimal;  Diameter: the minimum diameter of the sewerage networks is defined by the dimension of the equipment available for monitoring and maintenance. In addition, the reduction of design requirements – the sanitation sewers are generally designed for a degree of filling of 50% – on the one hand, the risks of reducing the operating time of the infrastructure, especially given the high uncertainty of the flow-related design assumptions etc., and on the other hand, the cost advantage is minimal, for example: at 5/1000 the slope, a DN200 pipeline, will carry approx. 10 l/s (50% filling), increasing the permissible filling rate to 75% that may reduce the diameter to DN150. While the cost of the pipeline will be reduced by 25%, the total cost reduction (including excavation, bedding, filling etc.) is less than 7% (depending on the depth of the ditch, underground conditions etc.), which is a relatively small economy in relation to the potentially high risk of exceeding the sewerage capacity before reaching the end of its design duration.  Distance between sewerage wells: this is in a city/ town usually pre-determined by the changes in the directions of the main sewer that in any case requires manholes. The theoretical advantage of allowing longer distances is therefore not valid in this case.  Slope: the laying pipe at slopes less than 1% requires ideal conditions for layering and lining to avoid zero slope or counter-slope sections due to the settling (flattening) of the pipe between the holes. In practice, 0.5% slopes are still possible if appropriate methods are used (sewerage laser, proper compaction etc.). However, there is no difference between the sanitation canals and simplified canals in this respect – the limiting factor in both cases is the possible quality of the work (and possibly the unfavorable underground conditions).

Sewerage system under pressure and vacuum Both types of sewerage have economic advantages in special cases (for example, stony area, high water body etc., flat areas) and for the transport of wastewater over a longer distance.

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Open channels This technology is not considered due to its obvious hygiene problems (open water flow with high risk of direct contact, odor etc.). Road transport The transportation of wastewater/ sludge is also possible via tanks, but it is usually limited to exceptional cases for cost reasons. Septic sludge transfer stations In order to minimize the costs of road transport of wastewater or sludge, septic sludge transfer stations may be provided which allow a controlled transfer of water/ sludge from tanks to a sewage system. The septic sludge transfer stations may include the registration or recording of the source and quantities of sludge, fine automatic screens to prevent the deposition of the material transported on canals and pumps, aerated storage and controlled dosing at low loading times in the sewage system. To avoid the odor problems, biofilters may be provided to purify the exhaust air.

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FIGURE 8-5 EXAMPLE OF A FINE-SCREEN SEPTIC SLUDGE TRANSFER STATION

8.2.3. Technologies – wastewater treatment Primary treatment The pre-treatment of wastewater (primary treatment) may be needed/ required depending on the type of the next stage of the treatment system (secondary treatment) and on the type of sludge treatment. a. Roughing – The medium/coarse sieve is used for any type of treatment system to retain large solid particles. To simplify the O&M operations, sites with cleaned bars or thin screens are usually used;

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b. Sedimentation – Some secondary treatment systems, e.g. the constructed wetlands in the groundwater flows and drainage filters require the removal of the suspended solids to prevent clogging. The wastewater treatment plants with sludge anaerobic fermentation prefer the removal of the primary sludge to increase the biogas yield. Depending on the requirements, the design parameters may vary; c. Flotation – The flotation is used instead of sedimentation for the wastewater that transport much of the solids that are too light to be separated by gravity. This is not normally the case for the domestic water, but only for certain industrial effluents; d. Anaerobic reactors – The highly concentrated wastewater may be pre-treated under anaerobic conditions, using different types of anaerobic reactors, e.g. Reactors with anaerobic purification through the system with anaerobic layer of activated sludge in ascending flow (UASB reactor – Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket), recirculating anaerobic reactors (ABR reactor – Anaerobic baffled reactors) or anaerobic filters. An ABR is a septic tank improved due to the series of obstacles under which the water is discharged. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) results in an improved treatment. They are only designed to eliminate CCOs, but not to remove nutrients. ABRs are designed for a hydraulic retention time of 40-60 hours to reduce the CCO concentrations to approx. 100-150 mg/l. UASB reactors use the same principle as ABR systems, however in a more efficient way. The liquid-solid separation is more efficient, requiring taller reactors that usually may no longer be built on the surface, which requires pumping. However, the cost of investments is lower because they may be designed for a hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. The advantage is that the high CCO and CBO elimination rates may be obtained at a relatively low cost. However, the anaerobic pretreatment may be chosen only if it does not adversely affect a secondary treatment stage (usually also biologically). Such a possibility will be followed by a secondary treatment step which should remove nitrogen by nitrification/ denitrification. The denitrification requires carbon (CCO) which may already be removed in the anaerobic pre-treatment stage. Therefore, the anaerobic pre-treatment may be used for high concentration household effluents, and this may happen if no reduction is required for certain industrial effluents, rich in CCO and relatively poor in nitrogen. Secondary treatment The possible technologies considered for secondary biological wastewater treatment are grouped into close natural systems and technical systems. While the principles of treatment are the same, usually close to the natural systems, they require more space, less energy and less excessive sludge production and vice versa for technical systems. a. Almost natural – Biological ponds – The lagoons have been the system of choice in many countries for many years, typically comprising a succession of anaerobic, optional and aerobic ponds. The lagoons are designed to eliminate CCO/CBO, N and P to a certain extent. The main advantages of the lagoons are the low maintenance requirements, at least until the lagoons are filled with mud and need to be emptied. The disadvantages are the need for large plots of land (usually 6-8 m²/PE, for higher requirements up to 30 m²/PE), as well as the low efficiency of the treatment;

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b. Almost natural – Constructed Wetlands – The constructed wetlands usually use a filter body (soil, sand) and macrophyte to treat wastewater. There are a number of different models, differentiated by the existence of a free surface of water in the surface flow and in the underground flow and by the direction of flow in the vertical and horizontal flow systems. The most efficient systems use underground intermittent flow conditions, as they will overcome the problem of lack of dissolved oxygen for nitrification, frequently observed in all the other types described above. The disadvantages are again the land area requirements, which for moderate climatic zones and underground vertical flow conditions are approximately 3.0-4.0 m2/PE and for larger installations as well as the problem of equal wastewater distribution over the entire surface of the treatment station. This uniform distribution usually requires pumps related to operation and maintenance; c. Technique – biofilter (trickling filter). The biofilters use sensitive microorganisms for the biological wastewater treatment and are followed by a secondary decanter to remove the excess of biological sludge. In the 1950s and 1960s, biofilters were installed worldwide to treat the domestic wastewater, mainly due to the fact that they are able to achieve high levels of CCO and CBO disposal, as well as nitrification (if properly designed) with relatively low energy. Energy is required only for pumping wastewater and distributing it to the top of the drain filter. The energy demand is usually in the range of 0.5 kWh/PE. The same is true for rotary biological contactors (RBCs) which are usually used only for smaller treatment plants. The main disadvantages of biofilters are the risk of clogging, especially for high organic loads (if they are filled with sludge), possible problems of biofilm loss or insufficient growth (for plastic fillers) and the fact that the denitrification is not possible in an installation at this stage. The denitrification requires a sunken or coated anoxic biofilter as a first step of treatment and recycling of the flow with 70-100% of the biofilter effluent. For this reason, if complete nitrogen removal is required, activated sludge plants are preferred; d. Technical – Activated sludge – The activated sludge treatment plants use floating microorganisms to treat wastewater. There is a number of different types of activated sludge stations in addition to the conventional ones, e.g. sequential biological reactors (SBR), with membrane bioreactor (MBR). However, they all use the same principle of wastewater treatment. The activated sludge treatment plants are the most flexible treatment systems (especially SBRs) which may be designed for the CCO/CBO removal, nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphate removal (the activated sludge is the only technology capable of performing Bio-P) depending on requirements. Their main disadvantages are the energy consumption (1.5-5 kWh/PE) and the necessary operating and maintenance capacities. In terms of investment costs, all treatment plants are characterized by a relatively similar cost for comparable performance. Treatment systems close to the natural ones require large areas of land, expensive seals to avoid the infiltration of the untreated wastewater and huge amounts of materials (sand, gravel) in the case of constructed wetlands, while the technical systems require reinforced concrete structures and electrical and mechanical equipment. In terms of O&M costs for comparable performance, the lagoons are cheaper, followed by the constructed wetlands (up to a certain size, as mentioned above) followed by biofilters and activated sludge systems.

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However, this goes hand in hand with the possible treatment efficiency, the lowest being for lagoons and the highest for the activated sludge systems. Not surprisingly, achieving higher purification efficiencies costs more money. Tertiary treatment Phosphorus removal. While phosphorus removal is possible through the biological luxury absorption in activated sludge plants, the precipitation is generally the method of choice for all other wastewater treatment technologies. The precipitation uses a soluble metal (aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate) which forms a precipitate with orthophosphate. The precipitate will then be removed by sedimentation. This process already defines the point of application for different treatment systems – always before sedimentation, which is:  before a stage of mechanical treatment of lagoons, of constructed wetlands, of drain filters (pre-precipitation),  in the process for the activated sludge systems (simultaneous precipitation) and  after the stage of biological treatment with biofilters (post-precipitation).

8.2.4. Technologies – sludge treatment The treatment of sludge is generally aimed at: 1. Stabilization (reduction, inhibition or elimination of the putrefaction potential of sludge due to the presence of organic matter); 2. Dehydration (reduction of the volume to be transported to the disposal or reuse site). Stabilization The stabilization of sludge is necessary to improve their dehydration properties and to reduce the potential of sludge for other biological or chemical reactions and to allow the reuse or disposal of sludge at a later stage. There are two Main Options which are aerobic and anaerobic sludge stabilization. i. Anaerobic – lagoons (biological ponds), some types of sedimentation tanks (Imhoff tank), septic tanks, UASB, ABR, separate biogas reactor. ii. Aerobic – activated sludge, sludge drying reed beds (platforms) (within limits). Dehydration The dehydration of sludge may be achieved without additional energy (sludge drying platforms, sludge reed drying beds) or with additional energy (filter presses, solar drying, forced drying). As a first stage, the application of a sludge thickener (with or without mixing) to reduce the water content from 99% to 95% may be sensitive to reducing the volume to be treated at a later stage (by up to 80%). The purpose of sludge dehydration is to reduce the

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volume and weight of sludge before transport to a disposal or reuse site, thus reducing the transport costs. The dehydration from 99% water content to 75% water content reduces the volume by 96%. All dehydration technologies, especially solar drying and forced drying, do not significantly remove water from the system, the highly polluted flow of the filtrate must be returned to the treatment plant.

Sludge management The treatment and use of sludge from the wastewater pre-treatment/ treatment plants are established in accordance with the technical documentation applied in the technological/ production processes and in accordance with the provisions of normative acts. Among the most important Laws of the Parliament and Government Decisions on the sludge from the wastewater treatment plants are:  Law No. 1540/1998 on the payment for environmental pollution applies protection measures by creating a system of economic activity in which it becomes inappropriate to cause any damage to the environment.  Law No. 209/2016 on waste regulates the disposal and use of sludge from treatment plants in the soil treatment process. In accordance with the provisions of Article 17 of the Law “Incineration and co-incineration of waste from any source is prohibited, except for the waste resulting from medical activity”.  Law No. 1402/2002 on public communal services regulates the activities of the communal services that manage the sludge disposal installations.  Law No. 436/2006 on local public administration regulates the responsibilities of LPAs for investments in the water supply and wastewater treatment sector, including sludge disposal.  Law on water No. 272/2011 provides for the provision of water supply, wastewater discharge and water treatment services for population, trade and industry. It regulates the legal framework of the environmental permit for the special use of water.  Law No. 303/2013 on the public water supply and sewerage service in order to create the legal framework for the establishment, organization, management, regulation and monitoring of the operation of the public service of drinking, technological water supply, of sewerage and of domestic and industrial wastewater treatment.  Law No. 86 of 29/05/2014 on environmental impact assessment establishes the procedures and modalities applied in the process of environmental impact assessment of public and private projects or planned types of activities that may have a significant impact on the environment in the Republic of Moldova, including sludge treatment.  Chapter 5 of the GD No. 950/2013 for the approval of the Regulation on the requirements for the collection, treatment and discharge of wastewater in the sewerage system and/ or in water emissaries (outlets) for urban and rural localities establishes the directions of use of sludge, but does not regulate this process.

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 GD No. 802 of 09/10/2013 for the approval of the Regulation on the conditions of wastewater discharge into water bodies establishes the conditions for the collection, reuse and/ or separate disposal of waste from production processes and from wastewater treatment operations and of wastewater.  GD No. 1157 of 13/10/2008 on the approval of the Technical Regulation “Soil protection measures in agricultural practices” stipulates that the sludge may be used in agriculture in accordance with the Technical Regulation “Soil protection measures in conditions of use of sludge in agriculture, especially the one from treatment plants”. Sludge storage after treatment The introduction of the Directive 1999/31/EC (on landfills) provides that:  (16) whereas measures must be taken to reduce the generation of methane gas by landfills, inter alia, in order to reduce global warming, by reducing the disposal of biodegradable waste at the landfill and by the obligation to control the gases generated by landfills;  (17) whereas the measures taken to reduce the disposal of biodegradable waste must also seek to encourage the separate collection of biodegradable waste, its sorting in general, recovery and recycling thereof. Although sludge from the WWTP is excluded from the scope of this Directive (directed to other Directives), it clearly indicates the need to change the current practice of biodegradable discharge of waste. Moreover, this is the order of return of biodegradables, as appropriate, into the natural cycle. Composting In general, it must be acknowledged that the composting or co-composting of sewage sludge is not an option for disposal as such, but it is a pre- treatment process that significantly reduces its volume. The sludge composting also produces a potentially environmentally friendly end product, which has the potential to be marketed e.g. for horticulture and gardening. Given the fact that the prices for mineral fertilizers on the world market have risen considerably, composting of sludge is now becoming more important. It is possible to compost the sludge together with the organic portion of the municipal solid waste or to compost the sludge separately to obtain a uniform quality of the compost. However, due to its characteristics (sludge), the natural agricultural fertilizer is a product that serves as a long-term fertilizer to improve the soil structure, rather as a typical mineral fertilizer that directly feeds the cultivated crop. Agricultural reuse of sludge from the wastewater treatment plants The Section 11 of GD No. 1157/2008 contains the following main provisions for the protection of the soil in conditions of use of sludge in agriculture, especially those from sewage treatment plants:  The sludge may be used in agriculture as fertilizers after the issuance of approvals by the State Sanitary-Epidemiological Service based on toxic-hygienic and sanitary-chemical expertise of the preparatory forms of sewage sludge. 221

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 The values for the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils on which the sludge is applied, the concentrations of heavy metals in the sludge and the maximum annual quantities of heavy metals that may be introduced into the soil for agricultural purposes are presented in the annexes No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 of GD No. 1157.  The sludge must comply with the hygienic norms and is used in such a way that the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil does not lead to an exceeding of the limit values mentioned in the annex No. 1 of GD No. 1157.  The sludge must be treated before it may be used in agriculture.  When using sludge, the users must take into account the nutritional needs of plants and not to allow the possibility of altering the quality of soils and surface water and groundwater. Incineration In the European context, there is a clear tendency of incineration of sewage sludge. As the concentration of pollutants (organic and inorganic) in sludge may be high, the agricultural reuse has become increasingly difficult. The identification of new, more dangerous substances in sludge, such as organic substances (HAP, PCB, PFT, NP), medical residues or pesticides with partial carcinogenic effects, has increased the potential risks. At the same time, in accordance with the provisions of Article 17 of the Law No. 209 of 29/07/2016 on waste, the “Incineration and co-incineration of waste from any source is prohibited, except for waste from medical activity”. It results that the use of sludge for the production of concrete, asphalt and brick is excluded on the grounds that incineration is used in these processes. Recovery of degraded lands The soils that have been degraded by mining, quarrying, waste disposal and other such activities may benefit from large applications of organic matters present in the sewage sludge. However, the potential for the land recovery and/ or rehabilitation measures depends very much on local conditions. In disturbed areas, such as mining areas, open storage areas and contaminated industrial sites, where there is no soil substrate to support the vegetation, large amounts of nitrogen and organic materials may be needed to restore the basic coverage of the plants. When post-treatment sludge is used in these areas to provide the appropriate substrate, it is often necessary to apply quantities exceeding the agronomic rate. In such cases, the sludge after treatment is generally applied once, and then the site is sown for later cultivation. Due to the highly soluble nature of nitrates, which are the main nutrient component of sewage sludge and of standard fertilizer products, the sewage sludge applied in this way has the potential for nitrogen contamination of groundwater if not properly managed.

8.2.5. Proposed technologies The following table summarizes all the technologies presented above, with the main advantages and disadvantages.

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TABLE 8-3 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED TECHNOLOGIES

Advantages Disadvantages Recommended Household Dry toilets - no sewerage - it is not easy to accept yes

Septic tank - simply to build and to maintain - high risk of groundwater Yes when a real - a minimum level of purification contamination treatment technique - - level of purification low is added to the - a secondary treatment after the septic tank septic tank is needed - for isolated houses - when the cost of a connection to the collective network is too high Septic tank + - sufficient level of purification - high investment and O&M costs - for isolated secondary when properly built, - houses treatement (for maintained and operated - when the cost of a example drainage connection to the fields…) collective network is too high - soluttion far better than septic tank or Cesspool Cesspool - low risks of groundwater - high investment and O&M costs in exceptional cases contamination when the - very high risks of groundwater - for isolated Cesspool is properly built, contamination when the Cesspool houses maintained and operated (a is not properly built, maintained - when the cost of a result that is often difficult to and operated (which is often the connection to the achieve) case) collective network is too high - When there is no sufficient place for a septic tank + secondary treatment

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WWTP - high level of purification - high investment and O&M costs Yes for - agglomerated houses Transport Combined - no separate rainwater - high investment costs yes sewerage infrastructure is required - occasional spills in the emissary of - the untreated water flow Separate - low risk of pollution - high investment costs yes sewerage - relatively low cost Simplified - low cost - not always accepted by standards/ no sewerage - regulations Sewerage under - lower investment cost - very high O&M costs Sewerage under pressure and - cost advantage in special - a well trained staff is needed to pressure for vacuum cases (groundwater, operate it transmission lines settlement lands) - A specialized staff is needed to properly built it Open channel - lower investment costs - higher O&M costs no - very high health risk Road transport - low investment cost - maximum O&M cost In exceptional cases Wastewater treatment Roughing - removal of solids - yes - protection of the treatment process Sedimentation - simple process - yes - reducing the load of organic pollution Flotation - high efficiency - complex process yes - - high O&M costs Anaerobic - low cost for CCO removal - low efficiency no reactors Biological ponds - low cost for CCO removal - low efficiency no - high land requirements Constructed - low cost for CCO removal, - not suitable for denitrification and no Wetlands NH4 oxidation P removal

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Biofilter - low cost for CCO removal, - not suitable for denitrification and no NH4 oxidation P removal Activated sludge - maximum efficiency and - high O&M costs Yes for urban treatment flexibility agglomeration this - possibility of maximum technique is not removal of nutrients necessarily suitable for small rural villages where there are not enough teams of specialised technicians to operate this complex solution. Sludge treatment Sludge - simple process - high investment costs yes stabilization – - - high O&M costs aerobic process Sludge - possibility to obtain biogas - high investment costs For long-term stabilization – - - complex process anaerobic - not suitable < 50,000 EI process Sludge treatment - low costs - low efficiency especially in the no – drying layers - simple process cold/ wet season - - high requirements for land - sometimes strong odour nuisance Mechanical - high efficiency - complex process yes isolation of sludge - high O&M costs Of all the technologies described and analyzed above, the following technologies are proposed in the development of the Options:  Latrines, septic tanks, drainage fields: these technologies, although not in compliance with the legal requirements in force, must be accepted as existing in the field and will have to be further considered due to the fact that they will continue to play a major role in the sanitation of the Nirnova basin and in the future.  Cesspools: In cases where there are no sewerage connections, a technology compatible with the law is the storage of wastewater in a watertight (sealed) tank, without overload, which must be emptied regularly. While, for cost reasons, this Option should be limited as much as possible, the

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investment and capacity needed to cover most of any village with a sewerage system will require significant implementation time, thus making the cesspools become a necessity in many cases and in the future.  Septic sludge treatment: Even with “full” coverage of channels, a number of households will not be able to be connected to a sewerage system (e.g. long distance, topographic level etc.). Due to a supposed process of long-term implementation of general planning, the number of households that have to rely on such services will be significantly higher at the beginning. For them, no matter what technology is applied at household level, it is necessary to transport and treat the sludge. Sensitively, the treatment will be carried out at large enough treatment plants, the road transport of sludge to the nearest sludge transfer station.  Separate sewerage systems: Although it is clear that the lack of a proper rainwater management will become a problem, and it is already a problem in some cases, it has been decided that the general planning will not deal with the rainwater and therefore the separate sewerage system is the solution selected for the transportation of wastewater.  Assuming that (even if implemented in stages) it will be necessary to remove significant amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, any form of activated sludge treatment will be the technology of choice. Various Options of step-by-step implementation may be considered. For example, design without pre-treatment and simultaneous stabilization of aerobic sludge from the beginning; then it may be further improved with a pre-treatment stage and assimilation of the sludge at the lowest total cost.  For domestic water treatment plants below 50,000 EI, the stabilization of aerobic sludge is usually applied, which simply requires an adequate design of the biological treatment stage. The main design parameter is SRT (Sludge Retention Time), which consequently leads to achievements which, by necessity, are also suitable for nitrogen oxidation. The dehydration of sludge in simple drying beds (platforms) is not effective especially in winter and the mechanical dehydration is preferable.  In terms of sludge management, the stabilized and dehydrated sludge is preferably used in agriculture. On the one hand, this is in line with the current practices and, on the other hand, the nature of the river basin supports the assumption that the level of contamination will be sufficiently low.

8.3. Main parameters – wastewater The water generation for 2033 is assumed to be 90% of water consumption. This results in a design flow of 100 l/man/day. The peak speed is defined as one tenth of the average daily flow. Using these figures, the total wastewater generation for 2033 may be calculated at supposed sewerage connection rate of 90% and is presented in the Table 7-8. 8.3.1. Storage The wastewater storage in cesspools is calculated on the basis of a daily production per capita of 60 liters and a storage period of 90 days. 226

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8.3.2. Transport The preliminary design of sewerage networks is based on the following framework conditions: 1. minimum slope of 5 ‰, 2. maximum hourly flow of 1/10 of the daily flow, 3. minimum diameter of 150 mm for gravitational pipes, 4. PVC, PE or PP pipe material 5. minimum pipe coverage of 100 cm, 6. maximum channel depth of 4,000 cm, 7. maximum filling rate of 50% at design flow, 8. 25% reserve for infiltration water. The cost estimates are based on a typical distribution of the sewerage dimensions based on the maximum diameter calculated based on the maximum hourly flow and assumptions summarized above. The Table 8-4 summarizes the typical distributions of the sewerage dimensions for villages with comparable models.

TABLE 8-4 PRESUMED DISTRIBUTION OF CHANNEL DIMENSIONS DEPENDING ON THE MAXIMUM DN OF THE PIPE max D 150 200 250 300 150 100% 0% 0% 0% 200 90% 10% 0% 0% 250 90% 5% 5% 0% 300 85% 5% 5% 5% For the general plan, there was prepared the scheme of the sewerage networks based on the available topographic maps. The location of sewerage networks is necessary for a certain option and was done on the principle of avoiding as much private lands as possible, which consequently leads to routes that cannot be covered by gravitational sewerage channels, but require pressure lines. The figure below, however, shows that, depending on the distance, pressure pipes may be even less expensive compared to the gravitational drain pipes due to the low cost of the investment.

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FIGURE 8-6 COMPARISON BETWEEN NET PRESENT VALUE FOR GRAVITATIONAL SEWERAGE AND PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE INCLUDING PUMPING STATION (5,000 PE, 1%, 25 YEARS)

8.3.3. Wastewater treatment and sludge treatment Achieving the defined requirements for carbon and nutrient removal requires mechanical-biological wastewater treatment, including intensive nutrient removal. In accordance with Section 8.2, wastewater treatment by any type of activated sludge process is considered, including nitrification and denitrification as well as increased phosphorus removal by luxury absorption (luxury uptake) and/ or precipitation. It is absolutely essential that the sludge from septic tanks, sewage toilets and waste are properly treated in sufficiently sized biological treatment plants. The sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants may be treated in different ways. For example, the anaerobic sludge stabilization is preferably combined with biological treatment plants with mechanical pre-treatment and short SRT (sludge retention time) in order to increase the biogas yield, while the aerobic stabilization requires high SRT plants. This, of course, also has an impact on the investment and operating cost of a treatment plant. For this general plan, however, no difference is made between the treatment facilities because, e.g., the anaerobic fermentation of sludge is not sensitive 228

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for installations smaller than 50,000 PE, which is a dimension that will only be achieved for a long term. However, in particular a step-by-step implementation of a treatment plant, in accordance with the general plan, must take these aspects into account.

8.4. Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV of a time series of cash flows, both input and output, is defined as the sum of the present values (PV) of the individual cash flows of the same entity. The NPV is a central tool in the analysis of discounted cash flow and is a standard method for using the value of money time to evaluate long- term projects. Each cash inflow/ outflow is reduced to the present value (PV). Then they are summed up. Therefore, the NPV is the sum of all terms,

where t……… cash flow time, i……… discount rate (the rate of return that could be obtained for an investment on financial markets with similar risk); opportunity cost of capital Rt……… net cash flow, i.e. cash flow – cash outflow, at tmo- t. Given the pairs (periods, cash flows) (t, Rt) where N is the total number of periods, the net present value is given by:

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9. SCENARIO ANALYSIS

The compliance targets are determined by the water and sewage sector and are defined in: - Law No. 182 of 19/12/2019 and EU Directive 98/83/EC on water quality for human consumption; - GD No. 950 of 25/11/2013 and EU Directive 91/271/EEC on the collection and treatment of urban waste water. The diversity of strategic and technological solutions leads to the need to analyze options in the pre-feasibility study. The objective of the options analysis is to find solutions that may achieve the targets set in the most cost-effective way. This chapter will include two components: water supply and wastewater (including collection, treatment and disposal). For both components, technical development scenarios were identified and compared. When establishing them, the use of water sources, the treatment processes (both for drinking water and for wastewater), the location of the stations, the location of the networks etc. were taken into account. The analysis of the scenarios was prepared in accordance with the reference terms of this Master Plan but also taking into account the Guide for the preparation of the Master Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation in the Republic of Moldova. The ways of analyzing the scenarios will be different for the water supply sector and for the wastewater collection and disposal sector. The agglomerations were delimited based on the Methodology regarding the delimitation of the agglomerations from GD No. 950 of 25/11/2013. The same issues mentioned in the methodology were taken into account for both water supply and sewerage proposals. When delimiting the agglomerations, the following parameters were taken into account:  population concentration;  concentration of economic activities;  geographical and topographical positioning;  existing networks and technical assessment of the performance thereof; The clusters, having as central element the priority agglomerations defined in the MPWSS, were revised within this documentation according to an analysis of options which included all the updated data received by the Consultant from Operators, Nisporeni and Hincesti District Council and Town Halls. After an initial filtering of potential scenarios, the scenarios selected for a thorough analysis were compared based on detailed financial and economic assessments, using investment costs, operating costs and net present value (NPV).

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9.1. Water supply scenarios For the water supply sector, when delimiting the agglomerations, there were taken into consideration the same aspects mentioned in the Methodology regarding the delimitation of the agglomerations from GD No. 950 of 25/11/2013. Thus 20 agglomerations have been obtained, see Figure 9-1.  One with a population of more than 10 thousand inhabitants (Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Sendreni);  Five with a population between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants (Seliste and Ciutesti, Marinici and Helesteni, Obileni and Sarateni, Cotul Morii and Leuseni);  And the rest of the agglomerations with a population of less than 2,000 inhabitants.

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FIGURE 9-1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN

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Based on the current situation of water supply services and planned projects, the Nirnova basin may be divided into 4 distinct units (from north to south) called Clusters.

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FIGURE 9-2 CLUSTERS IDENTIFIED IN THE NIRNOVA BASIN AREA

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Cluster 1: Balanesti and Gaureni: it is assumed that the water is supplied from an extension of the “Macaresti” project. This initial project covered only 3 settlements in Nisporeni district and 14 in Ungheni district, but it was extended to supply also the two upper settlements in Nirnova basin. The initial project (without Balanesti and Gaureni) plans to provide a maximum of 3,363.0 m³/day, 38.92 l/s respectively (2025 forecast). As no infrastructure has yet been implemented, it would be possible to modify the technical execution projects in order to cover also the settlements of Vinatori, Ciutesti, Valea Nirnovei, Seliste and Paruceni at a relatively low additional cost. The necessary additional quantity of water in this case amounts to 664.0 m3/day (plus 20%), respectively 15.4 l/s (plus 40%). It should be noted that the assumptions for the daily and maximum flow may be different between the execution project and this masterplan study. The Cluster 2 covers the Nisporeni town, Varzaresti village and Sendreni village and the water is supplied from the Prut river (Grozesti). The capacity of the intake network, treatment and transport seems to be more than sufficient for these settlements, it would be possible to connect additional settlements. Currently, the production capacity is 32 l/s, with a possible expansion up to 64 l/s, which, compared to the calculated demand for 2033 of 43.4 l/s, leaves a flow of > 15 l/s for further extension of the supply area. The Cluster 3 covers the rural localities of Siscani, Drojdieni, Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti, where the water is currently supplied from artesian wells and water catchments with limited connections and partial water safety issues. Apart from upgrading these decentralized solutions for all these settlements, other alternatives would be the connection to Cluster 2, which would require a relatively long connection pipeline. The capacity available in group 2 after the expansion of the intake and treatment plant would be sufficient to cover the forecast demand. Another alternative would be the connection to Cluster 4, which from a technical point of view (the proximity and closure of the ring would be possible) would be more preferable. It is not clear whether the capacity of the “Lunca Prutului” project, which has largely been already built, is sufficient to expand to these settlements. However, from the limited data available, at least the average daily demand of 1,250 m³/day plus 583 m³/day (Cluster 4 + Cluster 3) could easily be covered by the alleged average daily capacity of the system of 2,470 m³. The Cluster 4 in the southern part of the Nirnova basin is expected to be fed by the “Lunca Prutului” project, which provides for the capture of water from the Prut river (Cotul Morii, old village). The cluster includes all rural localities in Hincesti district: Cateleni, Bujor, Nemteni, Obileni, Ivanovca, Costesti, Frasin, Onesti, Strimbeni, Cotul Morii, Sarateni, Leuseni, Feteasca, Miresti, Chetroseni. The project is currently ongoing, but most of the capture, treatment and transport infrastructure has been implemented. As mentioned above, it appears that the available capacity is slightly sufficient to cover the demand for additional settlements in the immediate vicinity. The following hypotheses (assumptions) apply to all scenarios: - The existing and planned centralized projects are not questioned, but are used in the development of the scenario as they are implemented/ planned, except for the “Macaresti” Project, which can be modified relatively easily to ensure additional connections, provided the source is sufficient.

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- For decentralized scenarios, it is assumed that where the development of new water sources is required, it is possible to do so with a sufficient quantity available. In terms of quality, the water treatment is presumed as disinfection for springs and removal of fluoride (etc.) for artesian sondes (probes). - To compare the cost of the scenario investment, it is considered only the cost for those parts of the system which are different for different scenarios. In this respect, for example, the investment in the distribution networks is not taken into account, as it will be the same for each scenario. - In addition, the estimated costs for investments in local water infrastructure in each locality (reservoirs, distribution networks, etc.) are calculated, see table 6 in Annex 7; - The cost of capacity expansion, which is required in the same way for all scenarios, is not taken into account for the same reasons. - The calculation of investment costs was performed based on the number of population forecasted for the average scenario, see Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. The calculation flows in the case of the population forecast for the pessimistic scenario decrease on average by 8.4% and the forecasted water flow, taking into account the optimistic scenario, will increase on average by 3.0%; - The minor cost items, such as short pipes from a possible future source to an existing network, are considered to be included in other costs (for example, in this example, in the cost of developing the source) because of the lack of information about real locations. The Table 9-1 describes the existing water infrastructure that needs to be built for each locality in the Nirnova basin. These volumes are required for any of the scenarios proposed below.

TABLE 9-1 LOCAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EACH LOCALITY

Cluster Agglomeration Locality Storage volume, m3 Distribution networks, m

total calculated existing new total calculated existing new

1 A1 Balanesti 100 75 25 22.400 7.400 15.000

Nisporeni A2 Gaureni 50 50 - 8.000 4.300 3.700

A3 Vinatori 50 - 50 10.000 - 10.000

A4 Ciutesti 75 75 - 9.400 9.400 -

Seliste 100 100 - 13.000 13.000 -

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A5 Valea Nirnovei 25 25 - 2.700 2.700 -

Paruceni 25 - 25 4.000 - 4.000

3 A7 Siscani 100 200 0 20.000 20.000 -

A8 Drojdieni 50 50 0 11.500 11.500 -

A9 Odaia 15 0 15 1.800 - 1.800

A10 Marinici 125 25 100 22.500 3.000 19.500

Helesteni - - - 4.000 - 4.000

A11 Calimanesti 75 - 75 13.000 - 13.000

2 A6 Nisporeni 1.600 1.600 - 150.000 91.600 58.400

Varzaresti 530 280 250

Sendreni

4 A12 Miresti 75 50 25 25.700 20.700 5.000

Chetroseni 50 50

A13 Cateleni 75 300* - 16.700 5.000 11.700

A14 Bujor 200 500* - 25.000 - 25.000

Hincesti A15 Nemteni 75 1.000* - 24.400 - 24.400

A16 Obileni 75 1.000* - 17.100 - 17.100

Sarateni 50 - - incluse in Cotul Morii

A17 Ivanovca 50 - - 14.000 - 14.000

Costesti 50 - -

Frasin 25 - -

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A18 Onesti 100 1.000* - 18.000 17.300 700

Strimbeni -

A19 Cotul Morii 75 700* - 14.000 3.500 10.500

Leuseni 100 100* - 15.000 10.000 5.000

A20 Feteasca -

TOTAL 3.920 7.180 565 462.200 219.400 242.800

*The volumes of the tanks (reservoirs) were built to supply water to all the localities from the first stage of the project “Complex of drinking water supply of the villages of Hincesti district, Stage I – localities from the Prut river meadow (Lunca Prutului)” but with the perspective of connecting other localities in the future.

9.1.1. Water supply scenario – Decentralized (Scenario AA0) The Scenario AA0 is the most decentralized scenario considering the centralized project options already implemented and planned, see Table 9-2 and

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Figure 9-3. It is based on the assumption that the localities are individually supplied, considering that they each have their own local water supply and water treatment system. Exceptions are the centralized project options already implemented or planned. In this scenario, the clusters 2 and 4 will be provided by the Prut/Grozesti and Prut/Cotul Morii highways and water treatment plants for each Cluster. Two settlements from Cluster 1 will be provided from the Romania/ Macaresti highway and the remaining 11 settlements from Clusters 1 and 3 will have decentralized solutions. These solutions will be based on existing sources and treatment plants where necessary, respectively new sources if other sources do not exist (or at least are unknown) or cannot provide the required quantity.

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TABLE 9-2 CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY SCENARIO – AA0

Area Source Area served Population, 2033 Debit mediu de apa, m3/zi

scenariu scenariu scenariu scenariu scenariu scenariu pesimist mediu optimist pesimist mediu optimist I sondes (forages)/existing and new Balanesti commune 1.910 2.110 2.240 165,6 181,4 191,5 catchments II sondes (forages) – new/ existing Vinatori village 830 920 970 72,8 79,6 84,0 catchments III existing sondes (forages)/ Ciutesti/ Seliste 3.360 3.980 4.100 280,6 329,5 339,0 existing springs IV springs – new/existing V. Nirnovei/ Paruceni 680 750 800 67,9 73,5 77,1 V existing sondes (forages) Siscani 1.820 1.970 2.000 151,6 163,3 165,4 VI existing sonde (forages) Drojdieni 300 340 360 31,0 33,5 35,1 VII new sonde (forages) Odaia 120 140 150 16,8 17,8 18,5 VIII sondes (forages) – new Marinici/ Helesteni/ Calimanesti 2.810 3.100 3.290 243,5 266,6 281,5 IX Prut/ Grozesti Varzaresti/ Nisporeni 16.320 17.650 17.880 2224,3 2404,2 2.435,5 X Prut/ Cotul Morii localities of Hincesti district 13.110 14.440 15.240 1143,8 1249,1 1.312,7

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FIGURE 9-3 WATER SUPPLY – SCENARIO AA0 (DECENTRALIZED)

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This scenario results in a total of 10 different and separate water supply areas (see

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Figure 9-3). Three of them are connected to existing or planned centralized options (Romania/ Macaresti, Prut/ Grozesti, Prut/ Cotul Morii), while the rest are provided by own groundwater sources. As mentioned above, for groundwater sources which, according to this scenario, will have to be built recently, it is assumed that it is possible to ensure a sufficient quantity for the proposed supply area. From a qualitative point of view, it is assumed that the groundwater treatment will also be necessary. Before making the calculations and finalizing the scenario AA0, the water capacities and quality from the available sources for each agglomeration have been thoroughly analyzed, see Table 9-3. The Table 9-4 and

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Table 9-5 represent the water sources that may be used and the infrastructure proposed by water storage.

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TABLE 9-3 POTENTIAL EXISTING WATER SOURCES

Clu Agglom Locality Inhabitant Inhabitant Calculated Local Calculate Flow Sufficie Needs Existing Regional ster eration s 2020 s 2033 water flow, source d water necessary nt flow treatment treatment sources m3/day flow to be treated

1 A1 Balanesti 1,783 1,617 135.2 catchments/ 25 100 no yes no Prut Macaresti sonde (planned (probe) project) A2 Gaureni 546 495 46.2 catchments 16 unk.* no no n/a*

A3 Vinatori 1,011 917 79.6 catchments unk.* unk.* no no n/a* -

A4 Ciutesti 1,568 1,422 119.7 catchments 82 unk.* no no n/a* -

Seliste 2,524 2,557 209.8 sondes 0 456 yes yes yes - (probes) A5 Valea 394 357 38.3 catchments unk.* 45 yes yes no - Nirnovei

Nisporeni Paruceni 436 395 209.8 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a* -

3 A7 Siscani 1,946 1,971 163.3 sondes unk.* 180 yes yes yes - (probes)

A8 Drojdieni 370 336 33.5 sonde unk.* 120 yes yes yes - (probe) A9 Odaia 152 138 17.8 - unk.* unk.* unk.* unk.* n/a* -

A10 Marinici 2,294 2,080 172.0 sonde unk.* 48 no yes no - (probe) Helesteni 305 277 28.8 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a* -

A11 Calimanesti 819 743 65.8 catchments 15 unk.* no no n/a* -

2 A6 Nisporeni 11,400 11,549 2,404.2 sondes unk.* unk.* unk.* no n/a* Prut/ Grozesti (probes) (existing) Varzaresti 5,001 5,066 unk.* unk.* yes no n/a*

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Sendreni 1,018 1,031 unk.* unk.* yes no n/a*

4 A12 Miresti 928 841 73.7 catchments 72 unk.* no no n/a* Prut/ Cotul Morii (project Chetroseni 298 270 28.3 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a* under construction) A13 Cateleni 1,265 1,147 97.9 catchments unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

A14 Bujor 3,600 3,264 265.9 n/a unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

A15 Nemteni 1,695 1,537 128.9 sonde unk.* 60 no yes no (probe) A16 Obileni 1,511 1,531 128.4 sonde unk.* 15 no yes no (probe) Sarateni 624 566 51.8 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a* (Cotul Morii)

Hincesti A17 Ivanovca 683 619 56.0 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

Costesti 310 281 29.2 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

Frasin 31 28 9.1 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

A18 Onesti 1,112 1,008 86.9 catchments/ 20 200 yes yes no sonde (probe) Strimbeni 497 451 42.7 springs/ unk.* 300 yes yes no sonde (probe) A19 Cotul Morii 1,184 1,074 92.1 sonde unk.* 450 yes yes no (probe) Leuseni 1,943 1,762 146.7 sonde unk.* 390 yes yes no (probe) A20 Feteasca 63 57 11.4 - unk.* unk.* no no n/a*

TOTAL - 45,388 4.973 ------* unk. – unknown; n/a – not applicable

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TABLE 9-4 LIST OF LOCAL WATER RESOURCES RECOMMENDED FOR USE

Locality Calculated Altitudes Water Localization Coordinates Land Into Requires Flow, Water quality Recommended flow, source share operation investment m3/day m3/day

Balanesti 135.2 360-160 sonde within the built-up Lat. 47.19516 N 215 yes no 100.0 excesses of provided the (probe) areas SV Long. 28.06239 E ammonia, fluorine, water is treated hydrogen sulfide

springs within the built-up Lat. 47.210012 N 247 yes no 15.0 drinking yes areas Centru Long. 28.063066 E

springs within the built-up Lat. 47.210166 N 301 yes no 10.0 drinking yes areas E Long. 28.072960 E

springs forest – 1.3 km Lat. 47.22257N 400 no yes n/a drinking* yes – requires NE of the Long. 28.08466E technical study residential area of the source

Gaureni 46.2 310-190 springs 0.4 km E of the Lat. 47.19693 N 227 yes no 10.0 drinking yes residential area Long. 28.09575 E

springs 0.8 km NE of the Lat. 47.19972 N 270 yes no 6.0 drinking yes residential area Long. 28.09751 E

springs “Serbatori” area Lat. 47.21119 N 330 no no n/a drinking* yes – requires 1.0 km NE of the Long. 28.10228 E technical study residential area of the source

Vinatori 79.6 260-150 springs “Fundul Lat. 47.19802 N 273 yes no n/a drinking yes – requires Izvoarelor” area Long. 28.10737 E technical study to the N of the of the source residential area

springs “La Surca” area Lat. 47.18258 N 211 yes no n/a drinking yes – requires to the SE of the Long. 28.1078 E technical study residential area of the source

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Ciutesti 119.7 210-150 springs “Mocanu” area Lat. 47.18884 N 277 yes no 46.0 drinking yes 0.5 km N of Long. 28.12085 E residential area

springs “Sfintu” area 0.8 Lat. 47.18676 N 270 yes no 36.0 drinking yes km N of Long. 28.1225 E residential area

springs “Bardaci” area Lat. 47.18867 N 270 no yes n/a drinking* yes 0.8 km N of Long. 28.11842 E residential area

springs “La Hagui” area Lat. 47.18466 N 350 no yes n/a drinking* yes 0.7 km NE of the Long. 28.13116 E residential area

springs “Cabak” area 1.7 Lat. 47.19203 N 300 no yes n/a drinking* yes – requires km NE of Long. 28.1364 E technical study residential area of the source and pumping the water to the locality

springs “Marioara” area Lat. 47.19185 N 293 no yes n/a drinking* yes – requires 2.2 km NE of the Long. 28.14021 E technical study residential area of the source and pumping the water to the locality

Valea 35.2 170-150 springs 0.2 km NE of the Lat. 47.15623 N 107 no no 45.0 drinking – poorly yes – requires Nirnovei residential area Long. 28.10615 E polluted disinfection

springs 1.4 km NE of the Lat. 47.16389 N 193 no yes n/a drinking* yes – requires residential area Long. 28 11287 E technical study of the source

Seliste 38.3 270-110 sonde within the built-up Lat. 47.1662 N 154 no no 216.0 technical provided the (probe) areas N Long. 28.12291 E water is treated

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sonde within the built-up Lat. 47.17876 N 248 no no 240.0 excesses of: CBO, provided the (probe) areas V Long. 28.13406 E turbidity, water is treated petroleum products

Paruceni 209.8 180-100 ------

Siscani 163.3 140-95 sonde 0.1 km N of Lat. 46.99036 N 117 no no 60.0 technical provided the (probe) residential area Long. 28.20959 E water is treated

sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.97563 N 109 no no 60.0 excesses of: provided the (probe) areas Centru Long. 28.20899 E sodium water is treated potassium, sulphates, soluble dry residue

sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.97516 N 111 no no 60.0 excesses of: provided the (probe) areas Centru Long. 28.20879 E sodium water is treated potassium, sulphates, soluble dry residue

Drojdieni 33.5 100-75 sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.94217 N 90 no no 120.0 excesses of: provided the (probe) areas NV Long. 2821849 E sodium potassium water is treated

Odaia 17.8 160-130 ------

Marinici 172.0 200-55 sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.96272 N 175 yes (only no 48.0 drinking – poorly yes – requires (probe) areas, near the Long. 28.162402 social polluted disinfection gymnasium E institutions)

Helesteni 28.8 95-50 ------

Calimanesti 65.8 100-45 springs 0.5 km W of Lat. 46.94347 N 86 no no dry drinking no residential area Long. 28.17326 E

springs 1.0 km W of Lat. 46.94284 N 101 yes nu 15.0 drinking yes residential area Long. 28.17275 E

Nisporeni 2,404.2 300-90 sondes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a technical requires (probes) treatment

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Varzaresti sondes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a technical requires (probes) treatment

Sendreni sondes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a technical requires (probes) treatment

Miresti 73.7 250-150 springs within the built-up Lat. 46.96735 N 163 yes no 72.0 drinking – poorly yes areas – to the Long. 28.2551 E polluted south

Chetroseni 28.3 130-110 ------

Cateleni 97.9 75-40 springs 0.9 km NW of the Lat. 46.92625 N 116 yes no n/a drinking yes residential area Long. 28 16235 E

springs 1.1 km NW of the Lat. 46.92501 N 101 yes no n/a drinking yes residential area Long. 28.16540 E

Bujor 265.9 145-75 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Nemteni 128.9 90-25 sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.91784 N 95 yes yes 60.0 technical, no (probe) areas SV Long. 28.12654 E excesses of: ammonium, iron, chlorides, fluorine, dry residue, oxidisability

Obileni 128.4 100-25 sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.88179 N 42 yes (only yes 15.0 coliform bacteria yes, provided (probe) areas – 0.2 km Long. 28.15835 E social present the treatment from the school institutions)

Ivanovca 56.0 45-30 ------

Costesti 29.2 50-30 ------

Frasin 9.1 34-36 ------

Onesti 86.9 65-45 springs 0.8 km W of Lat. 46.85419 N 46 yes no 20.0 drinking yes residential area Long. 28.22894 E

sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.86257 N 70 yes yes 200.0 technical, provided the (probe) areas – to the N Long. 28.24783 E excesses of: water is treated ammonia, iron,

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fluorine, oxidisability

Strimbeni 42.7 80-55 springs forest – 0.3 km W Lat. 46.87293 N 118 yes no n/a drinking yes of residential Long. 28.27408 E area

sonde within the built-up Lat. 46 86797 N 67 yes yes 300.0 technical, provided the (probe) areas – to the NW Long. 28.26667 E excesses of: water is treated ammonia, iron, fluorine, oxidisability

Cotul Morii 92.1 85-45 sonde 0.6 km N of Lat. 46.85036 N 93 yes (only yes 450.0 technical, provided the (probe) residential area Long. 28.17824 E social excesses of: water is treated institutions) chlorides, sodium, fluorine

Sarteni 51.8 72-25 ------

Leuseni 146.7 80-30 sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.82963 N 46 yes no 50.0 technical, provided the (probe) areas new village Long. 28.18926 E excesses of: water is treated – to the NW ammonia, iron, chlorides, soluble dry residue, oxidisability

sonde within the built-up Lat. 46.82138 N 31 yes (only yes 340.0 technical, provided the (probe) areas old village Long. 28.19928 E social excesses of: water is treated – near the school institutions) ammonia, iron, chlorides, soluble dry residue, oxidisability

Feteasca 11.4 35-25 ------Source: Based on data provided by the Town Hall / Operator Note: * without confirmation of laboratory water results

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TABLE 9-5 WATER STORAGE PROPOSALS

Locality Altitude Tank type Coordinates

Into

Altitude

Existing

Requires Requires

Capacity, Capacity,

operation

investment

Balanesti 360-160 tower 40 Lat. 47.21295 N 343 yes yes no Long. 28.05641 E tower 25 Lat. 47.19993 N 270 yes yes no Long. 28.05985 E tower 25 Lat. 47.21336 N 360 no - yes Long. 28.07254 E Gaureni 310-190 underground 50 Lat. 47.19542 N 269 yes yes no metal Long. 28.08346 E Vinatori 260-150 above ground 50 Lat. 47.19642 N 260 no - yes metal Long. 28.10594E Ciutesti 210-150 semi-buried 50 Lat. 47.18241 N 224 yes yes no metal Long. 28.11532 E semi-buried 25 Lat. 47.18511 N 259 yes yes no metal Long. 28.12233 E Valea 170-150 tower 25 Lat. 47.15575 N 172 yes no no Nirnovei Long. 28.09714 E tower 25 Lat. 47.15575 N 172 no - yes Long. 28.09714 E Seliste 270-110 tower 50 Lat. 47.1662 N 154 yes no no Long. 28.12291 E tower 50 Lat. 47.17876 N 248 yes no no Long. 28.13406 E Paruceni 180-100 ------Siscani 140-95 tower 2x50 Lat. 46.9868 N 137 yes no no Long. 28.20377 E tower 2x50 Lat. 46.97567 N 132 yes no no Long. 28.2059 E Drojdieni 100-75 tower 50 Lat. 46.94217N 90 yes no no Long. 28.21849 E Odaia 160-130 tower 15 Lat. 47.0094 N 160 no - yes Long. 28.19645 E Marinici 200-55 tower 25 Lat. 46.96272 N 175 yes yes no Long. 28.16311 E tower 2x50 Lat. 46.96276N 196 no - yes Long. 28.15296E Helesteni 95-50 ------Calimanesti 100-45 above ground 75 Lat. 46.94771 N 130 no - yes metal Long. 28.16825 E Nisporeni 300-90 semi-buried 1600 Lat. 47.08733 N 166 yes yes no Varzaresti concrete Long. 281629 E Sendreni semi-buried 280 Lat. 47.10913 N 219 yes yes no concrete Long. 2815727 E semi-buried 600 Lat. 47.12883N 305 no - yes concrete Long. 28.1872E Miresti 250-150 semi-buried 50 Lat. 46.9759 N 257 yes yes no metal Long. 28.24495 E

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semi-buried 16 Lat. 46.96762 N 159 yes yes no metal Long. 28.25561 E Chetroseni 130-110 tower 50 Lat. 46.9609 N 124 no - yes Long. 28.2693 E Cateleni 75-40 above ground 2x15 Lat. 46.91905 N 125 unk. no no metal 0 Long. 2817467 E Bujor 145-75 above ground 2x25 Lat. 46.90369 N 95 unk. no no metal 0 Long. 28.26507 E Nemteni 90-25 above ground 2x50 Lat. 46.90418 N 89 yes no no metal 0 Long. 28.13338 E Obileni 100-25 above ground 2x50 Lat. 46.87062 N 109 yes no no metal 0 Long. 28.17643 E Ivanovca 45-30 tower 2x50 Lat: 46.87401- 67 no - yes Long: 28.19427 Costesti 50-30 ------Frasin 34-36 ------Onesti 65-45 above ground 2x50 Lat. 46.86264 N 67 yes no no metal 0 Long. 28.24786 E Strimbeni 80-55 ------Cotul Morii 85-45 above ground 2x35 Lat. 46.85059 N 93 yes no no metal 0 Long. 28.17834 E Sarteni 72-25 ------Leuseni 80-30 tower 2x50 Lat. 46.82747 N 82 yes yes no Long. 28.17999 E Feteasca 35-25 ------Based on the existing infrastructure and the one planned for the water supply of the localities of the Nirnova basin, the zoning was made according to the water sources used, the need for investments. The following table represents the detected areas. These areas have been represented in the map in Annex 6.

TABLE 9-6 ZONING OF LOCALITIES DEPENDING ON THE PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SOURCES Population, Existing/ planned Locality Area Area location 2020 water source

catchments/ sonde 1 North-East 300 (probe)

catchments/ sonde 2 new village 310 Balanesti (probe) catchments/ sonde 3 East 1,108 (probe)

4 North-East 65 individual

1 South 270 catchments Gaureni 2 North 276 catchments

catchments/ sonde Vinatori - - 1,011 (probe)

Ciutesti - - 1,568 catchments

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Population, Existing/ planned Locality Area Area location 2020 water source

Valea Nirnovei - - 394 catchments

1 center 2,324 sonde (probe) Seliste 2 East 200 individual

Paruceni - - 436 catchments

Siscani - - 1,946 sondes (probes)

Drojdieni - - 370 sondes (probes)

Odaia - - 152 sonde (probe)

1 South-West 300 sonde (probe) Marinici 2 North-Center 1,994 sonde (probe)

Helesteni - - 305 sonde (probe)

Calimanesti - - 819 sonde (probe)

Nisporeni South- 1 East, Varzaresti 10,329 Prut/ Grozesti North-East Nisporeni/Varzar Nisporeni South- esti/Sendreni East, Varzaresti 2 South-East 7,090 Prut/ Grozesti Sendreni

Miresti - - 928 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Chetroseni - - 298 Prut/ Cotul Morii

1 Center 480 Prut/ Cotul Morii Cateleni 2 North, South 785 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Bujor - - 3,600 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Nemteni - - 1,695 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Ivanovca - - 683 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Costesti - - 310 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Frasin - - 31 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Obileni - - 1,511 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Onesti 1,112 Prut/ Cotul Morii

1 North 397 Prut/ Cotul Morii Strimbeni 2 South 100 Prut/ Cotul Morii

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Population, Existing/ planned Locality Area Area location 2020 water source

Cotul Morii - - 1,184 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Sarateni - - 624 Prut/ Cotul Morii

1 new village 1,092 Prut/ Cotul Morii Leuseni 2 old village 851 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Feteasca - - 63 Prut/ Cotul Morii

Legend:

Existing

Planned

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Decentralized Option (Scenario AA0) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches 8,229,950.00 Euros. The annual amount of operating costs for the Scenario AA0 has been estimated at 431,925.00 Euros.

9.1.2. Water Supply Scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA1) The Scenario AA1 is based on the drinking water supply options existing in the present, as well as on the planned and partially implemented projects, respectively. Based on this, three areas may be separated by the water supply source (see Table 9-7 and

Zone Pumping station location Pumping station capacity, m3/h

Pesimistic Average Optimistic scenario scenario scenario I Balanesti 44,0 49,8 52,0 II Odaia 1,7 1,8 1,8 Cateleni 18,0 20,2 21,4 III Nisporeni 104 113,0 114,0

For the selection of the scenario in the case of zone I with supply from the Macaresti highway, there will be taken into consideration the existing technical projects No. 749/24.08.2015 “Interconnection aqueduct Prut river, Macaresti village, for the supply of drinking water to 13 localities from Ungheni and Nisporeni districts”, No. 50894/14 of 11/03/15 “Highway aqueduct from the connection point from Macaresti village to the localities: Isaicani, Bacseni, Valea Trestieni, Odobesti, Chilisoaia, Bolduresti, Bratuleni, Cirnesti, Luminita, Seliseni villages, Nisporeni district”, and No. 51/03.09.18 “Highway aqueduct from the connection point from Bolduresti village to the Balanesti village, Nisporeni district”. In order to expand the water supply in the localities of Vinatori, Ciutesti, Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni, modifications will be made to projects where necessary. Figure 9-4).

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The supply area I of the northern section of the river basin is supplied with water from the Prut/ Macaresti aqueduct and includes 7 settlements with a total population of 7,760 (forecast for 2033). It is assumed that the system of supply from the source to the supply areas, which is not yet built, may be redesigned to meet the additional demand from these settlements. There were taken into consideration relatively lower costs for the general system and additional costs for extending this system. The supply area II in the southern part of the river basin is supplied from the Prut/ Cotul Morii aqueduct and includes the 13 settlements included in the “Lunca Prutului” project, the two Miresti and Chetroseni settlements from an extension of this project and an additional extension proposed at 6 settlements such as Siscani, Drojdieni, Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti. In total, this supply area serves (forecast 2033) 19,980 persons. Between these two supply areas there is the supply area III, which is equivalent to the current and planned future coverage of the Prut/ Grozesti system serving Nisporeni, Varzaresti and Sendreni. As mentioned above, the current capacity is sufficient for current demand and possible future expansion which may easily meet the demand forecasts for 2033, leaving reserves for further extension. Thus, this scenario assumes:  At local level:  construction of 6 water tanks in Balanesti, Vinatori, Valea Nirnovei, Odaia, Marinici, Calimanesti, Varzaresti, Miresti and Chetroseni localities. The capacities and location of the tanks are shown in Table 9-5;  construction of 243 km of water distribution networks.  At regional level:  construction of adductions with a length of about 37.7 km with diameters between 160 and 90 mm;  construction of 4 water pumping stations in the localities: Balanesti (for zone I), Odaia, Nisporeni (for Nisporeni and Varzaresti) and Cateleni (for Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti localities);  extension of the existing treatment plant in Grozesti (for Zone II).

TABLE 9-7 FEATURES OF WATER SUPPLY SCENARIO – CENTRALIZED – AA1

Zo Source Served area Population, 2033 Average discharge, m3/day na Pesimis Averag Optimis Pesimis Averag Optimis tic e tic tic e tic I Romania- Balanesti, 6.790 7.760 8.110 590,0 660,0 690,0 Macaresti Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni II Prut-Cotul Siscani, 16.320 17.650 17.880 2.220,0 2.400,0 2.440,0 Morii Drojdieni and Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni, Calimanesti, Cateleni, Nemteni, Ivanovca, Costesti, Frasin, Obileni, 260

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Sarateni, Cotul Morii, Leuseni and Feteasca III Prut- Nisporeni, 18.170 19.980 21.020 1.590,0 1.730,0 1.810,0 Grozesti Varzaresti, Sendreni

Zone Pumping station location Pumping station capacity, m3/h

Pesimistic Average Optimistic scenario scenario scenario I Balanesti 44,0 49,8 52,0 II Odaia 1,7 1,8 1,8 Cateleni 18,0 20,2 21,4 III Nisporeni 104 113,0 114,0

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FIGURE 9-4 WATER SUPPLY – SCENARIO AA1 (CENTRALIZED)

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario AA1) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) it and reaches 7,263,091.00 Euros. The annual amount of operating costs for the Scenario AA1 has been estimated at 368,348.00 Euros.

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9.1.3. Water supply scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA2) The Scenario AA2 is similar to the Scenario AA1 in terms of the southern part of the river basin. Contrary to the scenario AA1, this option assumes that six settlements such as Siscani, Drojdieni, Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti are provided from the Prut/ Grozesti aqueduct, see

Area Source The area Population, 2033 Daily average discharge, m3/d served pesimisti average optimistic pesimistic average optimistic c I Romania- Balanesti, 6.790 7.760 8.110 590 660 690 Macaresti Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti, Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni II Prut- Nisporeni, 21.380 23.190 23.660 2.670 2.890 2.940 Grozesti Varzaresti, Sendreni, Siscani, Drojdieni, Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni and Calamanesti III Prut-Cotul Cateleni, 13.110 14.440 15.240 1.140 1.250 1.310 Morii Nemteni, Ivanovca, Costesti, Frasin, Obileni, Sarateni, Cotul Morii, Leuseni and Feteasca

Area Pumping station location Pumping station capacity, m3/h

pesimistic average scenario optimistic scenario scenario I Balanesti 44,0 49,8 52,0 II Nisporeni 104 113,0 114,0 Siscani 14,8 16,1 16,4 Marinici 18,0 20,2 21,4 III Odaia - - - For the selection of the scenario, there will be made a technical expertise of the possibility of extending the treatment plant in Grozesti to supply drinking water to the villages in the south of Nisporeni district (Marinici, Helesteni, Calimanesti, Siscani, Drojdieni and Odaia) which require an additional flow of 10 l/s (Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.).

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FIGURE 9-5 WATER SUPPLY – SCENARIO AA2 (CENTRALIZED)

. This is technically possible in the planned extension of this system, as previously explained. The rest of the southern part of the river basin is covered by the “Lunca Prutului” project, including the already planned extension to Miresti and Chetroseni. Similar to the scenario AA1, this scenario therefore comprises 3 supply areas with 7,760, 23,191 and 14,437 persons respectively, see the table below. Thus, this scenario assumes:  At local level:

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 construction of 6 water tanks in Balanesti, Vinatori, Valea Nirnovei, Odaia, Marinici, Calimanesti, Varzaresti, Miresti and Chetroseni localities. The capacities and location of the tanks are shown in Table 9-5;  construction of 243 km of water distribution networks.  At regional level:  construction of adductions with a length of about 43 km with diameters between 160 and 90 mm;  construction of 4 water pumping stations in the localities: Balanesti (for zone I), Siscani, Drojdieni and Odaia, Nisporeni (for Nisporeni and Varzaresti) and Marinici (for Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti localities);  extension of the existing treatment plant in Grozesti (for Zone II). 

TABLE 9-8 FEATURES OF WATER SUPPLY SCENARIO – CENTRALIZED – AA2

Area Pumping station location Pumping station capacity, m3/h

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Nisporeni district (Marinici, Helesteni, Calimanesti, Siscani, Drojdieni and Odaia) which require an additional flow of 10 l/s (Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.).

FIGURE 9-5 WATER SUPPLY – SCENARIO AA2 (CENTRALIZED)

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario AA2) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches 7,554,161.00 Euros.

The annual amount of operating costs for the Scenario AA1 has been estimated at 422,369.00 Euros.

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9.1.4. Water supply scenario – Centralized (Scenario AA3) The Scenario 3 includes only 2 supply areas, one in the north with 25,407 persons, which receives water from Prut/ Grozesti, and the second one in the south which supplies 19,981 persons from Prut/Cotul Morii.

TABLE 9-9 FEATURES OF WATER SUPPLY SCENARIO AA3 – CENTRALIZED

Are Source The area served Population, 2033 Daily average discharge, m3/d a pesimisti average optimistic pesimisti average optimistic c c I Prut- Nisporeni, 23.110 25.410 25.990 2.810 3.070 3.130 Grozesti Varzaresti, Sendreni, Balanesti, Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti, Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni II Prut-Cotul Siscani, Drojdieni, 18.170 19.980 21.020 1.590 1.730 1.810 Morii Odaia, Marinici, Helesteni, Calamanesti, Cateleni, Nemteni, Ivanovca, Costesti, Frasin, Obileni, Sarateni, Cotul Morii, Leuseni and Feteasca

Area Pumping station location Pumping station capacity, m3/h

pesimistic average scenario optimistic scenario scenario I Balanesti 12,7 14,0 14,8 Ciutesti 33,4 45,0 40,0 Valea Nirnovei 43,6 49,8 52,0 II Nisporeni 104 113,0 114,0 Odaia 1,7 1,8 1,8 Cateleni 18,0 20,2 21,4

This scenario assumes:  At local level:  construction of 6 water tanks in Balanesti, Vinatori, Valea Nirnovei, Odaia, Marinici, Calimanesti, Varzaresti, Miresti and Chetroseni localities. The capacities and location of the tanks are shown in Table 9-5;  construction of 243 km of water distribution networks.  At regional level:  construction of adductions with a length of about 45.6 km with diameters between 160 and 90 mm;

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 construction of 6 water pumping stations in the localities: Balanesti (for Balanesti and Gaureni), Ciutesti (for Ciutesti, Seliste, Balanesti, Gaureni and Vinatori), Nisporeni (for Nisporeni and Varzaresti), Odaia and Cateleni (for Marinici, Helesteni and Calimanesti localities);  extension of the existing treatment plant in Cotul Morii (for Zone II);  extension of the existing treatment plant in Grozesti for all localities in Zone I.

FIGURE 9-6 WATER SUPPLY – SCENARIO AA3

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Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario AA3) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches a total of 7,818,130.00 Euros. The annual amount of operating costs for the Scenario AA3 has been estimated at 383,053.00 Euros.

9.1.5. Assessment of water supply scenarios Technical assessment From a technical point of view, the construction of water systems centrally for groups of localities is more preferable due to the lack of water safety that currently exists. The use of surface water sources is more advantageous in terms of the variability of quality and quantity parameters, operation, investment, operation and maintenance costs. There exists a technical possibility to connect Cluster 3 to the Romania/ Macaresti highway system due to the fact that, from a topographical point of view, the water allows to be transported apparently gravitationally, but no detailed calculations were made for this scenario based on the small number of consumers and the length of pipes for water transport. However, this option is open in case new highways will be planned to connect other localities from the vicinity of the Nirnova basin. Economic assessment The Table 9-10 specifies the investment costs for each proposed scenario. As it may be clearly seen, the highest cost is for the scenario AA0, the decentralized solution, and the lowest cost is the scenario AA1 – centralized water supply for 3 distinct areas with the water sources Prut/ Macaresti, Prut/ Grozesti and Prut/ Cotul Morii. The investment cost for the Scenario 1 is the lowest, the next option being already almost 5% more expensive.

TABLE 9-10 INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR EACH SCENARIO Water Source Pumping Cost Scenari treatment Transportatio Repor investment investment (specific o investment n investments t s s s scenario)

1,700,000.0 117,000.00 2,184,000.00 +79,4% AA0 165,000.00 € 0 € € 202,000.00 € €

350,000.00 1,217,141.00 - AA1 - € € 75,000.00 € 754,000.00 € €

520,400.00 1,508,211.00 +23,9% AA2 - € € 85,000.00 € 860,000.00 € €

700,000.00 115,000.00 1,772,180.00 +45,6% AA3 - € € € 912,000.00 € €

Scenario Additional Additional highway pumping networks, km stations, units AA0 8.4 6

AA1 31.4 6

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AA2 35.8 7

AA3 38.0 6

FIGURE 9-7 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCENARIOS

2500000,000 € 2184000,000 €

2000000,000 € 1772180,000 € 1508211,000 € 1500000,000 € 1217141,000 €

1000000,000 €

500000,000 €

- € Scenariu 0 Scenariu 1 Scenariu 2 Scenariu 3

cost scenariu specific

The following table includes the investment costs required equally for all scenarios, including investments for storage and internal distribution networks that are the same for all scenarios.

TABLE 9-11 INVESTMENT COST FOR ALL SCENARIOS, INCLUDING STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION Investments Storage Distribution Scenario (Specific Total cost investments investments scenario)

AA0 2,184,000.00 € 399,300.00 € 5,646,650.00 € 8,229,950.00 €

AA1 1,217,141.00 € 399,300.00 € 5,646,650.00 € 7,263,091.00 €

AA2 1,508,211.00 € 399,300.00 € 5,646,650.00 € 7,554,161.00 €

AA3 1,772,180.00 € 399,300.00 € 5,646,650.00 € 7,818,130.00 €

The economic assessment is based on the comparison of the NPV of the relevant system parts of each Scenario. As mentioned, the parts that are similar for all Scenarios are not considered relevant for comparison. Regarding the calculation of the total NPV based on the annual O&M costs, the scenarios do not change their ranking with the maintenance of the AA1 scenario as the most advantageous. As it was expected, the most working, operating and maintenance costs are expected for the scenario AA0 and the lowest operating costs are estimated for the scenario AA1. The table below shows the O&M costs and the results of the calculations of the net present values.

TABLE 9-12 NET PRESENT VALUE FOR EACH SCENARIO

Annual O&M Reinvestment Scenario Reinvestment Total NPV Rank O&M NPV NPV

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10,659,023.00 29,230,268.00 48,119,241.00 AA0 431,926.00 € € 1,184,471.00 € € € 4

11,240,075.00 27,593,229.00 AA1 368,348.00 € 9,090,063.00 € 455,471.00 € € € 1

10,423,190.00 13,466,022.00 31,443,373.00 AA2 422,369.00 € € 545,671.00 € € € 2

16,052,267.00 33,323,364.00 AA3 383,054.00 € 9,452,967.00 € 650,471.00 € € € 3

Level of services In order to achieve the security objectives of the drinking water supply, it is possible to close the ring in Cluster 2 (both scenarios). This will significantly improve the security of supply. Connecting either in Scenario 1 the Cluster 1 and 2, or in Scenario 2 – the Cluster 1 with the main line in Macaresti will significantly improve the security of supply at a relatively low cost. Operational considerations From an operational point of view, the AA1 scenario is preferred for financial and technical reasons. However, we must not forget that several pumping stations will be used at regional level, which may be considered a rather insignificant task, assuming that the pumping stations in the network will have to be maintained in each area. 9.1.6. Proposed options Given the advantages and disadvantages of all scenarios, the Consultant proposes to implement the Scenario AA1 due to a significantly lower NPV. At the same time, the services in the basin region may be gradually increased, depending on the actual demand in the localities, which varies between them. The results of the sensitivity analysis for the Scenario AA1 indicate the price of 0.24 Euro per m³ of bulk water. By applying the centralized solution, a higher efficiency of the water supply system will be obtained in the Nirnova basin. This will lead mainly to a high standard of living in the rural area of Nisporeni and Hincesti districts.

9.2. Wastewater Scenarios Currently, only two wastewater treatment plants are in operation throughout the river basin, one for Nisporeni and a part of Varzaresti with a capacity of 1,500 m³/day (10,000 EI) and another for Drojdieni, Siscani commune. The following hypotheses (assumptions) apply to all scenarios: - The existing and planned projects are not questioned and used in the development of the scenario as they are implemented/ planned; - For the cost comparison, it is considered only the cost for those parts of the system which are different for different scenarios. In this respect, the investments in distribution networks are not taken into account, as they will be the same for each scenario; - The cost for capacity extension, which is required in the same way for all scenarios, is not taken into account for the same reasons;

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- Because the locality Feteasca (Leuseni), with 61 inhabitants in 2020, is in the immediate vicinity of the proposed WWTP location but at a topographic level below, it is proposed to collect the decentralized wastewater without being connected to the regional sanitation system. The wastewater collection infrastructure in each locality is presented in Table 9-13 which is in force for all scenarios. The locations of the pumping stations were proposed by analyzing the topography of the settlements in the places where the water is not possible to be transported by gravity. The capacities and details of the proposed pumping stations are given in

Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local Sewerage networks pumping manholes, under stations, unit. pressure pcs. total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

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Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181 Table 9-14.

TABLE 9-13 SEWERAGE INFRASTRUCTURE (AT LOCAL LEVEL)

Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local Sewerage networks pumping manholes, under stations, unit. pressure pcs. total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

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Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181

TABLE 9-14 LOCAL PUMPING STATIONS

Locality Capacity, Coordinates Altitudes Land m3/h ownership

Balanesti 1,3 Lat: 47.20622- Long: 28.06394 238 public

3,0 Lat: 47.20688- Long: 28.06974 235 public

5,5 Lat: 47.19769- Long: 28.0708 182 public

Gaureni - - - -

Vinatori - - - -

Ciutesti 4,4 Lat: 47.17277- Long: 28.12234 153 public

10,8 Lat: 47.16946- Long: 28.12401 143 private

Seliste - - - -

Valea Nirnovei - - - -

Paruceni - - - -

Siscani 2,4 Lat: 46.98758- Long: 28.2104 114 public

4,0 Lat: 46.98016- Long: 28.21091 107 public

1,3 Lat: 46.9746- Long: 28.20995 101 public

5,9 Lat: 46.96865- Long: 28.21162 97 public

6,5 Lat: 46.96559- Long: 28.21291 95 public

1,2 Lat: 46.9621- Long: 28.21628 92 public

0,6 Lat: 46.95582- Long: 28.21793 92 public

0,5 Lat: 46.95443- Long: 28.21817 90 public

Drojdieni 0,7 Lat: 46.93562- Long: 28.22421 74 public

Odaia - - - -

Marinici - - - -

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Helesteni - - - -

Calimanesti 0,6 Lat: 46.95233- Long: 28.19135 46 n/a

3,0 Lat: 46.94396- Long: 28.19658 44 n/a

Cateleni - - - -

Nisporeni/ 6,6 Lat: 47.05857- Long: 28.17425 77 public Varzaresti/ Sendreni

Bujor 23,9 Lat: 46.91219- Long: 28.27057 73 public

Onesti - - - -

Strimbeni - - - -

Nemteni 2,7 Lat: 46.92015- Long: 28.11591 75 public

1,3 Lat: 46.91344- Long: 28.11114 31 public

1,4 Lat: 46.89616- Long: 28.1401 28 public

3,0 Lat: 46.90065- Long: 28.12428 28 private

Obileni 2,4 Lat: 46.8783- Long: 28.15498 26 public

2,1 Lat: 46.8737- Long: 28.15911 27 public

Ivanovca/ 1,7 Lat: 46.8855- Long: 28.19108 36 public Costesti/ Frasin 5,8 Lat: 46.86707- Long: 28.20028 29 public

Cotul Morii 3,9 Lat: 46.83304- Long: 28.18706 55 n/a

Sarateni - - -

Leuseni 1,9 Lat: 46.81081- Long: 28.19308 21 public

4,5 Lat: 46.8185- Long: 28.19589 23 public

Feteasca - - - -

Miresti - - - -

Chetroseni - - - -

9.2.1. Approach strategy for defining the agglomerations The term “agglomeration” is defined and interpreted in three documents:  Directive No. 91/271/EEC, Article 2.4, regarding the Urban Wastewater Treatment;  Terms and Definitions from the Directive No. 91/271/EEC of January 16, 2007, Brussels, Chapter 1, on Urban Wastewater Treatment;  Annex 8 – Methodology regarding the delimitation of agglomerations of the GD No. 950 of 25/11/2013 for the approval of the Regulation on the requirements for collection, treatment and discharge of wastewater into the sewerage system and/ or into water bodies for urban and rural localities, with updates since 19/02/2020. “The agglomeration is an area where the population and/ or economic activities are sufficiently concentrated in terms of urban wastewater to be collected and directed to a domestic water 275

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(sewage) treatment plant or to a final discharge point”. This would theoretically require the comparison of decentralized options at different levels to identify the most cost-effective option. However, for the purpose of this MPWSS, an agglomeration was defined by a maximum permissible distance of 1,500 m between the sufficiently concentrated residential areas. The following table shows the number of inhabitants within the localities of the Nirnova basin. Thus, it is found that the vast majority of the population, 47.5%, lives in small localities with less than 2,000 inhabitants; approximately 28.4% of the population live in localities that have between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants.

TABLE 9-15 DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION WITHIN THE SETTLEMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA

Upper limit Lower limit Number of Population % of total localities 15,000 10,000 1 11,400 24.1% 10,000 5,000 1 5,001 10.6% 5,000 2,000 3 8,418 17.8% <2,000 26 22,492 47.5% Note: Based on the data provided by LPAs for 2020 When delimiting the agglomerations, the consultant shall take into account the aspects and requirements indicated in table 1 of Annex 8 of GD 950/2013:

TABLE 9-16 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEM

Agglomeration size Requirements regarding

wastewater collection system wastewater treatment (sewerage)

˃ 10,000 EI Providing a collection system Application of an advanced treatment (elimination Ntotal and Ptotal)

From 2,000 to 10,000 EI Providing a collection system Application of a secondary treatment or equivalent one (removal of biological loads and solid suspensions)

˂ 2,000 EI No specific requirement No specific requirements, but subject to “proper treatment” in case of agglomerations with an existing collection system Source: Annex 8 – Methodology regarding the delimitation of agglomerations from GD No. 950 of 25/11/2013 When delimiting the agglomerations, the following parameters are taken into account:  population concentration – population density on a certain area. These terms are not defined in either the Regulation or the Directive on the basis of a legislative provision, and may only be interpreted with the help of technical and economic arguments. Thus, there results a certain flexibility in the interpretation of the legislation, in particular, being able to discuss aspects on how an agglomeration may expand/ extend in a “low population density area”;  concentration of economic activities – defining the agglomeration in technical terms must be based on local conditions and may have different ways of approache. In the Republic of Moldova, the economic activities are distributed more on the peripheries (outskirts) of localities or in the center for service activities;  geographical and topographical positioning – The consultant has defined the agglomerations in connection with a future development of a common topographic area.

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This allows the extension of agglomerations in the case of settlements that would be “sufficiently concentrated” in the future. Thus, the future investments could be used effectively in terms of financial support (no pumping stations, less reinvestment costs, less energy consumption etc.);  existing collection networks and technical assessment of performance thereof – The validity of the infrastructures in case of domestic water treatment (a wastewater treatment plant or a collection network) is certainly not a criterion for defining the agglomeration. However, the definition of actual costs for technical measures should take into account the use of existing facilities (rehabilitation and/ or extension). A decision on new constructions for the necessary facilities must be studied on the basis of a rule of investigation and research of each case;  investment, operation and maintenance costs to fully cover the agglomeration with networks – one of the most important parameters for defining the agglomeration could be the financial one, due to the fact that the project measures must refer to the actual costs and the financial support must be one of the major targets of the project definition. Regarding the decisions related to the interpretation of an agglomeration, the financial support will be prepared through a gross/ summary economic analysis (comparison of investment, operation and maintenance costs). The boundaries of the agglomerations have been defined using recent maps and all available data, in order to certainly and clearly delimit the concentrated areas of the settlements. The final choice of centralized and/ or decentralized solutions is based on a case-by-case comparison. The density that qualifies as sufficiently concentrated is obviously difficult to define because it depends on the selected alternative. For simplification, each individual village is considered sufficiently concentrated and the early mentioned distance of 1,500 m was measured from the visible boundary of these concentrated areas. Based on the above definitions, 7 agglomerations may be differentiated in the Nirnova basin, see the figure below.

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FIGURE 9-8 DELIMITATION OF AGGLOMERATIONS

As can be seen in Table 9-17 the most populated defined agglomerations are in the Agglomerations A2 (Nisporeni town and 2 rural localities with over 17,000 inhabitants) and A4 (13 rural localities with over 1,000 inhabitants) and, at the opposite end, the least populated agglomerations are A5 (2 rural localities with just over 1,000 inhabitants) and A7 (2 rural localities with almost 1,500 inhabitants).

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TABLE 9-17 DELIMITATION OF CLUSTERS AND AGGLOMERATIONS

/day

Wat

Locality

generation,

Wastewater Wastewater

2033, m 2033,

consumption, consumption,

Agglomeration

Inhabitants 2020 Inhabitants 2033

Population, 2033 Population, 2020 Population,

A1 7.760 Balanesti 700 1.783 1.617 135 122

Gaureni 214 546 495 46 42

Vinatori 390 1.011 917 80 72

Ciutesti 560 1.568 1.422 120 108

Seliste 909 2.524 2.557 210 189

Valea Nirnovei 140 394 357 38 34

Paruceni 282 436 395 210 189

A2 17.647 Nisporeni 6230 11.400 11.549 2.404 2.164

Varzaresti 1669 5.001 5.066 0 0

Sendreni 351 1.018 1.031 0 0

A3 2.445 Siscani 728 1.946 1.971 163 147

Drojdieni 138 370 336 34 30

Odaia 56 152 138 18 16

A4 11.701 Marinici 633 2.294 2.080 172 155

Helesteni 86 305 277 29 26

Calimanesti 243 819 743 66 59

Cateleni 396 1.265 1.147 98 88

Nemteni 585 1.695 1.537 129 116

Ivanovca 215 683 619 56 50

Costesti 100 310 281 29 26

Frasin 10 31 28 9 8

Obileni 571 1.511 1.531 128 116

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 215 624 566 52 47

Cotul Morii 397 1.184 1.074 92 83

Leuseni 580 1.943 1.762 147 132

Feteasca 44 63 57 11 10

A5 1.112 Miresti 265 928 841 74 66

Chetroseni 85 298 270 28 26

A6 3.264 Bujor 1130 3.600 3.264 266 239

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A7 1.459 Onesti 358 1.112 1.008 87 78

Strimbeni 347 497 451 43 38

Regarding the forecasts for the most appropriate treatment process for wastewater in the case of defined agglomerations and based on the following provision: The consultant, in order to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the Wastewater Directive – regarding the provisions on proper wastewater treatment for defined agglomerations – will take into account the standards for the treatment levels presented briefly in the table below:

TABLE 9-18 REFERENCE VALUES FOR DISCHARGES FROM URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Parameter Concentration Minimum reduction percentage compared to effluent loading, (%)

Biochemical oxygen consumption (BOC5 25 mg/l O2 70-90 at 20ºC), without nitrification

Chemical oxygen consumption (COD) 125 mg/l O2 75

Suspended matters 35 mg/l 90 Source: Government Decision No. 950 of November 25, 2013 for the approval of the Regulation on the requirements for collection, treatment and discharge of wastewater in the sewerage system and/ or into water bodies for urban and rural localities

9.2.2. Scenario S0 – decentralized The scenario S0 assumes a maximum decentralized approach with individual wastewater treatment plants for each settlement (equivalent to the project implemented in Droidjeni and the project for Siscani village). This scenario is calculated only to show the impact of a more decentralized version on the cost of investment. This scenario provides:  construction of 353 km of gravitational sewerage networks;  construction of 15 km of pressurized sewerage networks;  construction of 26 local pumping stations with capacities between 0.6 m3/h and 23.9 m3/h. The capacities and location of the pumping stations are shown in Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local Sewerage networks pumping manholes, under stations, unit. pressure pcs. total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

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Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181  Table 9-14;  construction of 28 new treatment plants for each locality separately with capacities between 10.3 m3/day and 239.3 m3/day. The exception are the groups of localities of Nisporeni/ Varzaresti/ Sendreni and Ivanovca/ Costesti/ Frasin, for which it is proposed only one WWTP. The capacities and proposals for the location of the treatment plants are shown in Table 9-19;  extension of the capacity of the Nisporeni treatment plant from 500 m3/day to 2,200 m3/day;  and the use of the treatment plant in Drojdieni.

TABLE 9-19 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (SCENARIO S0)

Locality WWTP, WWTP, Equivalent Coordinates Altitude Land m3/d m3/h inhabitants (EI) ownership

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Balanesti 121,7 12,2 1.698 Lat: 47.18741- 133 public Long: 28.05322 Gaureni 41,6 4,2 520 Lat: 47.18939- 174 private Long: 28.0923 Vinatori 71,7 7,2 963 Lat: 47.17673- 132 private Long: 28.10041 Ciutesti 107,7 10,8 1.493 Lat: 47.1695- Long: 143 public 28.12382 Seliste 188,8 18,9 2.685 Lat: 47.14849- 110 n/a Long: 28.1323 Valea 31,7 3,2 375 Lat: 47.15492- 104 private Nirnovei Long: 28.10823 Paruceni 34,4 3,4 415 Lat: 47.14496- 97 n/a Long: 28.11225 Siscani 147 14,7 2.070 Lat: 46.94973- 88 public Long: 28.21874 Drojdieni 30,2 3 145 Lat: 46.93179- 77 public (existent) Long: 28.16587 Odaia 16,1 1,6 352 Lat: 47.00515- 127 n/a Long: 28.20483 Marinici 154,8 15,5 2.184 Lat: 46.97478- 50 n/a Long: 28.18368 Helesteni 26 2,6 290 Lat: 46.9551- Long: 46 n/a 28.19253 Calimanesti 59,2 5,9 780 Lat: 46.93083- 43 n/a Long: 28.19534 Nisporeni/ 2163,8 216,4 18.529 Lat:47.05432- Long: 77 public Varzaresti/ (existent 2816587 Sendreni 500) Miresti 66,3 6,6 884 Lat: 46.96632- 140 n/a Long: 28.26158 Chetroseni 25,5 2,6 284 Lat: 46.95627- 106 public Long: 28.27053 Cateleni 88,1 8,8 1.204 Lat: 46.91654- 42 public Long: 28.19062 Bujor 239,3 23,9 3.428 Lat: 46.89609- 64 public Long: 28.27442 Nemteni 116 11,6 1.614 Lat: 46.90454- 27 public Long: 28.10757 Obileni 115,5 11,6 1.607 Lat: 46.87422- 26 public Long: 28.15777 Ivanovca/ 84,9 8,4 975 Lat: 46.84955- 29 private Costesti/ Long: 28.20178 Frasin Onesti 78,2 7,8 1.059 Lat: 46.85281- 48 private Long: 28.24215 Strimbeni 38,4 3,8 473 Lat: 46.85084- 47 n/a Long: 28.24493 Cotul Morii 82,9 8,3 1.127 Lat: 46.83955- 26 n/a Long: 28.19301 Sarateni 46,6 4,7 594 Lat: 46.85424- 24 public Long: 28.16445 Leuseni 132 13,2 1.850 Lat: 46.81674- 21 public Long: 28.1916

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Feteasca 10,3 1 60 Lat: 46.79398- 25 n/a Long: 28.18397

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Decentralized Option (Scenario S0) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches 23,393,629.00 Euros. The annual amount of O&M costs for the Scenario S0 has been estimated at 598,000.00 Euros. The following scenarios are based on the assumption that the settlements closer than 1,500 m should be considered an agglomeration, but not necessarily with a joint treatment plant. 9.2.3. Scenario S1 – centralized This option involves 7 clusters based on the above-mentioned assumption of the neighborhood of settlements, see Figure 9-9 Sewerage – Scenario S1

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FIGURE 9-9 SEWERAGE – SCENARIO S1

Of the 7 clusters, only 2 have a population below 2,000 PE (2033 forecast). Although below this threshold it is not strictly necessary to collect and treat wastewater, practically this is the method of choice, as it can be seen from the recently implemented project in Drojdieni (PE 336, year of 2033). Therefore, the scenario 2 assumes, like all other scenarios, sewerage systems for all settlements with one wastewater treatment plant per group. Thus, this scenario assumes:  At local level:  construction of 353 km of gravitational sewerage networks;  construction of 15 km of pressurized sewerage networks;  construction of 26 local pumping stations with capacities between 0.6 m3/h and 23.9 m3/h. The capacities and location of the pumping stations are shown in Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local Sewerage networks pumping manholes, under stations, unit. pressure pcs.

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total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181  Table 9-14.  At regional level:

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 construction of sewerage collectors with a length of about 40.9 km with diameters between 150 and 300 mm;  construction of 7 wastewater pumping stations in the localities: Vinatori, Siscani, Odaia (Siscani), Ivanovca, Calimanesti, Nemteni and Sarateni (Cotul Morii);  construction of 7 wastewater treatment plants located outside the built-up areas of the localities: Seliste, Nisporeni, Drojdieni (Siscani), Leuseni, Miresti, Bujor and Onesti;  extension of the capacities of the existing treatment plants in Nisporeni and Drojdieni. The characteristics of the scenario S1 are given in the following table.

TABLE 9-20 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS – SANITATION SCENARIO S1 (CENTRALIZED)

Cluster Area served WWTP Collector WWPS EI m3/h L, km D, mm EI

1 Balanesti, Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti 8,148 75.5 15.4 150-300 Vinatori – 1,482 Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni 2 Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Sendreni 14,451 216.4 - - - 3 Siscani, Drojdieni and Odaia 2,567 19.3 2.5 150-200 Odaia – 145; Siscani – 2,215 4 Marinici, Helesteni, Calamanesti, 12,286 91.6 21.1 150-300 Nemteni – 1,614; Cateleni, Nemteni, Ivanovca, Sarateni – 3,815; Costesti, Frasin, Obileni, Sarateni, Caliman. – 4,459; Cotul Morii, Leuseni and Feteasca Ivanovca – 5,434

5 Miresti and Chetroseni 1,167 9.2 1.0 150 - 6 Bujor 3,428 23.9 0.6 200 - 7 Onesti and Strimbeni 1,532 12.0 0.2 150 -

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario S1) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches a total of 23,175,629.00 Euros. The annual amount of O&M costs for the Scenario S1 has been estimated at 577,000.00 Euros.

9.2.4. Scenario S2 – centralized This scenario and the following scenario are based on the fact that the arbitrary maximum distance selected to define the agglomerations does not necessarily coincide with the economic facts. For this reason, all the agglomerations defined above have been aggregated, for which the connection by a sewer line to a joint treatment plant is very likely, which has led to the establishment of only three clusters with one treatment plant per group.

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FIGURE 9-10 SEWERAGE – SCENARIO 2

This scenario provides:  At local level:  construction of 353 km of gravitational sewerage networks;  construction of 15 km of pressurized sewerage networks;  construction of 26 local pumping stations with capacities between 0.6 m3/h and 23.9 m3/h. The capacities and location of the pumping stations are shown in Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local networks pumping

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under stations, Sewerage pressure pcs. manholes, unit. total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181

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 Table 9-14.  At regional level:  construction of sewerage collectors with a length of 60 km with diameters between 150 and 300 mm;  construction of 8 wastewater pumping stations in the localities: Vinatori, Siscani, Odaia (Siscani), Drojdieni (Siscani), Ivanovca, Calimanesti, Nemteni and Sarateni (Cotul Morii);  construction of 2 wastewater treatment plants located outside the built-up areas of the localities: Seliste and Leuseni;  extension of the capacity of the existing treatment plant in Nisporeni. The characteristics of the scenario S1 are given in the following table.

TABLE 9-21 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS – SANITATION SCENARIO S2 (CENTRALIZED)

Cluster Area served WWTP Collector WWPS

EI m3/h L, km D, mm EI

1 Balanesti, Gaureni, Vinatori, 8,148 75.5 15.4 150-300 Vinatori – 1,482 Ciutesti, Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni 2 Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Sendreni 14,451 216.4 - - - 3 Siscani, Drojdieni, Odaia, Marinici, 20,980 155.7 44.4 150-300 Odaia – 145; Helesteni, Calamanesti, Cateleni, Siscani – 2,215 Nemteni, Ivanovca, Costesti, Drojd. – 2,567; Frasin, Obileni, Sarateni, Cotul Nemteni – 1,614; Morii, Leuseni, Feteasca, Miresti Sarateni – 3,815; and Chetroseni, Bujor, Onesti and Caliman. – 4,459; Strimbeni Ivanovca – 5,434

Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario S2) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches a total of 23,911,629.00 Euros. The annual amount of O&M costs for the Scenario S2 has been estimated at 554,000.00 Euros.

9.2.5. Scenario S3 – centralized This scenario is similar to the scenario 3, but considering that there already exists a recently built treatment plant in Droidjeni, which may be extended in the future to satisfy the two upstream settlements of Siscani and Odaia. It does not have to include the cost for the treatment plant already built in comparison to the costs, it is assumed that this scenario is more cost effective than the Scenario S2.

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FIGURE 9-11 SEWERAGE – SCENARIO S3

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Locality WW collection networks, m WW Local Sewerage networks pumping manholes, under stations, unit. pressure pcs. total existing new D max new

Balanesti 17.000 - 17.000 150 1.200 3 568

Gaureni 6.800 - 6.800 150 - - 228

Vinatori 7.600 - 7.600 150 - - 255

Ciutesti 9.500 - 9.500 150 100 2 318

Seliste 2.100 - 2.100 150 - - 71

Valea Nirnovei 21.300 - 21.300 150 - - 711

Paruceni 4.600 - 4.600 150 - - 155

Nisporeni 104.800 32900 71.900 200 1.000 1 2.398

Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 23.400 - 23.400 150 2.400 8 781

Drojdieni 11.500 11.500 - 150 100 1 1

Odaia 2.600 - 2.600 150 - 1 88

Marinici 21.000 - 21.000 150 - - 701

Helesteni 3.800 - 3.800 150 - - 128

Calimanesti 10.800 - 10.800 150 2800 2 361

Cateleni 12.400 - 12.400 150 0 - 415

Nemteni 20.900 5 20.895 150 2700 4 698

Ivanovca 11.800 - 11.800 150 1.700 2 395

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 12.900 - 12.900 150 500 2 431

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 6.200 - 6.200 150 - - 208

Cotul Morii 12.600 - 12.600 150 1.200 - 421

Leuseni 21.400 - 21.400 150 100 2 715

Feteasca 1.400 - 1.400 150 - - 48

Miresti 14.600 - 14.600 150 - - 488

Chetroseni 5.100 - 5.100 150 - - 171

Bujor 22.000 - 22.000 150 1.200 1 735

Onesti 3.900 - 3.900 150 - - 131

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Strimbeni 5.400 - 5.400 150 - - 181  Table 9-14.  At regional level:  construction of sewerage collectors with a length of 57.4 km with diameters between 150 and 300 mm;  construction of 7 wastewater pumping stations in the localities: Vinatori, Siscani, Odaia (Siscani), Ivanovca, Calimanesti, Nemteni and Sarateni (Cotul Morii);  construction of 2 wastewater treatment plants located outside the localities: Seliste and Leuseni;  expanding the capacities of the existing treatment plants in Nisporeni and Drojdieni. The characteristics of the scenario S1 are given in the following table.

TABLE 9-22 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS – SANITATION SCENARIO S3 (CENTRALIZED)

Cluster Area served WWTP Collector WWPS

EI m3/h L, km D, mm EI

1 Balanesti, Gaureni, Vinatori, Ciutesti 8148 75.5 13.0 150-300 Vinatori – 1482 Seliste, Valea Nirnovei and Paruceni 2 Nisporeni, Varzaresti, Sendreni 14451 216.4 - - - 3 Siscani, Drojdieni and Odaia 2567 19.3 3.3 150-200 Odaia – 145; Siscani – 2215 4 Marinici, Helesteni, Calamanesti, 18413 136.4 19.3 150-300 Nemteni – 1614; Cateleni, Nemteni, Ivanovca, Sarateni – 3815; Costesti, Frasin, Obileni, Sarateni, Caliman. – 4459; Cotul Morii, Leuseni, Feteasca, Ivanovca – 5434 Miresti and Chetroseni, Bujor, Onesti and Strimbeni Based on the unit costs, it has been assessed the total amount of investments for the Centralized Option (Scenario S2) for each locality in part (for the period projected until 2033) and it reaches a total of 23,635,629.00 Euros. The annual amount of O&M costs for the Scenario S2 has been estimated at 561,000.00 Euros.

9.2.6. Scenarios assessment – Waste water Economic assessment As mentioned above, only the cost components that are distinct for each scenario have been compared. The cost components that are the same for all scenarios, for example, the distribution networks, were not taken into account. This approach highlights more clearly the real differences between the different scenarios. As expected, the Scenario 1 is the most cost-effective scenario, but based on the assumption that the existing treatment plant in Drojdieni may be extended to the current location for the treatment of the wastewater from Siscani and Odaia. The Table 9-23 describes the regional infrastructure required for the implementation of each scenario and the

Table 9-24 shows the construction costs of the WW collectors, WWPSs and construction of WWTPs.

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TABLE 9-23 REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED FOR EACH SCENARIO

Scenario Collector L, M Additional Clusters Existing Additional Extended WWPS WWTP WWTP WWTP

S0 9,500.0 0 29 2 27 1

S1 40,874.0 7 7 2 5 2

S2 59,804.0 8 3 1 2 1

S3 57,414.0 7 4 2 2 2

TABLE 9-24 REGIONAL INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR EACH SCENARIO

Scenario Collector Pumping WWTP Cost (specific scenario)

S0 420,000.00 € - € 6,601,000.00 € 7,021,000.00 €

S1 1,202,000.00 € 156,000.00 € 5,445,000.00 € 6,803,000.00 €

S2 1,933,000.00 € 180,000.00 € 5,426,000.00 € 7,539,000.00 €

S3 1,918,000.00 € 156,000.00 € 5,189,000.00 € 7,263,000.00 €

As can be seen from the summary of costs and from the comparison below, the difference between the scenarios 1-3 is less than 3% (see Figure 9-12), a value that is very likely in the range of fluctuations of hypotheses (assumptions) and therefore other criteria may be more relevant for the decision.

FIGURE 9-12 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENTS

Comparative analysis of regional investment 7600000,000 € 7400000,000 € 7200000,000 € 7000000,000 € 6800000,000 € 6600000,000 € 6400000,000 € Scenario 0 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

The following table includes the investment costs required equally for all scenarios, including investments for internal collection networks, local pumping stations and networks under pressure.

TABLE 9-25 INVESTMENT COST FOR ALL SCENARIOS, INCLUDING LOCAL INVESTMENTS

Scenario Gravitational WW transport Cost of Investments Total Rank collection cost, cost under local (Specific Investments incl. manholes pressure pumping scenario) stations S0 15,697,000.00 272,000.00 € 403,629.00 7,021,000.00 € 23,393,629.00 2 € € €

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S1 15,697,000.00 272,000.00 € 403,629.00 6,803,000.00 € 23,175,629.00 1 € € € S2 15,697,000.00 272,000.00 € 403,629.00 7,539,000.00 € 23,911,629.00 4 € € € S3 15,697,000.00 272,000.00 € 403,629.00 7,263,000.00 € 23,635,629.00 3 € € € The economic assessment is based on the comparison of the NPV of the relevant system parts of each Scenario. As mentioned, the parts that are similar for all Scenarios are not considered relevant for comparison. Regarding the calculation of the total NPV based on the annual O&M costs, the scenarios change their ranking while maintaining the scenario S1 as the most advantageous. As expected, the most working, operating and maintenance costs are expected for the scenario S0, and the lowest operating costs are estimated for the scenario S1. The table below shows the O&M costs and the calculations of the discounted net values.

TABLE 9-26 NET PRESENT VALUE FOR EACH SCENARIO

Scenari Annual O&M Reinvestment NPV Total NPV Rank o O&M NPV reinvestment S0 598,000.00 € 13,166,000.00 € 2,101,388.70 € 1,856,000.00 38,415,629.00 € 4 € S1 577,000.00 € 12,697,000.00 € 1,801,388.70 € 1,591,000.00 37,463,629.00 € 1 € S2 554,000.00 € 12,205,000.00 € 1,802,888.70 € 1,592,000.00 37,708,629.00 € 3 € S3 561,000.00 € 12,355,000.00 € 1,724,588.70 € 1,523,000.00 37,513,629.00 € 2 €

Environment In terms of reducing the pollution efficiency for the environment, the Scenarios 0-3 are similar, assuming that the entire basin is considered a sensitive area and that the high treatment standards are therefore required for wastewater treatment plants of less than 10,000 IE. The only difference is the number and dimension of water treatment plants for the 4 scenarios. While a larger number of wastewater treatment plants is generally associated with a higher risk of failure, the resulting impact on the environment is also lower. Another aspect is that the discharge to a single place downstream may often be preferable due to a higher dilution rate. Because the water flow of the Nirnova River is quite low and the degree of dilution is just as low, the Scenario S2, collection of wastewater from all localities in Hincesti district and localities in the south of Nisporeni district, is assumed to be with a lower risk of pollution because the treated water will be discharged into the Prut River. Level of services In terms of operation and maintenance, the number of treatment plants is essential and therefore a smaller number of treatment plants is preferred. All the more so given the limited availability of qualified personnel for operation and maintenance. Operational considerations From an operational point of view, the scenario S1 is preferred because the operation of a larger treatment plant is less complex compared to the operation of 28 smaller treatment plants as in the scenario S0. However, we must not forget that several pumping stations will be used at

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regional level, which may be considered a rather insignificant task, assuming that the pumping stations in the network will have to be maintained in each area. 9.2.7. Proposed options Given the advantages and disadvantages of all the scenarios described above, the Consultant proposes the implementation of the Scenario S1 due to a significantly lower NPV. At the same time, the services in the basin region may be gradually increased, depending on the actual demand in individual villages, which varies between them. Also, even in the short term, the sewerage system and the wastewater treatment plant will have a sufficiently large capacity for a proper treatment of septic sludge from the households that are not connected to a sewerage.

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10. PROGRAM OF ACTIONS AND THEIR COSTS ON DRINKING WATER 10.1. Summary The measures to improve the accessibility of drinking water include the previous results in order to determine the best solutions for the locality in that period. The measures are organized in a program of actions per locality. They were grouped into 5 categories: rules, governance, awareness, improving knowledge and works on site. The measures are described on the basis of a catalog of measures adapted for Moldova, in order to detail the content, objectives, location, relationship with the indicators that complete the scoreboard, costs, plans in question, project owners, execution schedule etc. An economic and social analysis shall be carried out including a cost estimate in order to quantify the costs per action and to facilitate the funding search solutions; but also to provide an accessibility study, which will help to estimate the theoretical price for investment, operation and maintenance per capita. Each cost will be distributed in accordance with three periods: until 2021, 2022-2027, 2028-2033. . 2021 – Immediate actions needed to improve the degree of connection to drinking water and water quality; . 2022-2027 – These measures focus on providing the main features of the sustainable project(s), which they consider as medium-term priorities. The collective solutions shared between different localities are examined with special attention for this phase, with the potential identification of a group of actions structured in a priority way which will be precisely defined in the previous period; . 2028-2033 – In order to have full coherence and guide the financial planning related to the water price, a first program of measures for this period will be developed, which will be the basis of the scenario of water prices evolution, and an accessibility study using the threshold of a water lower than the modest incomes. 10.2. Short-term action program This section of the program contains the immediate actions needed to improve the degree of connection to drinking water and water quality. Based on the actual state of the existing infrastructure, urgent priority actions are identified, if any. The short-term program focuses on the following priorities: - Strengthening of knowledge about water source; - Improvement of the quality of water currently distributed; - Guarantee of water distribution; - Implementation of participatory governance; - Trainings for technical services; - Informing and mobilizing the population. It is considered that the localities that are currently in the process of building water systems (Gaureni, Valea Nirnovei, Seliste, Drojdieni, Siscani and Marinici) by the end of 2020 they will be put into operation. Strengthening knowledge about water source

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It is a priority to strengthen the knowledge about water resources and pollution sources. The identification of new water sources to supply villages must be accompanied by a hydrogeological study carried out by specialized companies. Following the results of the hydrogeological study for water sources, it will be known under what conditions a locality or a region of the locality may be provided with water from underground sources. First of all, the existing hydrogeotechnical soil logs (drillings) will be analyzed or new ones will be performed and, depending on the results of the analysis performed by hydrogeological study, new water supply soil logs (drillings) will be designed or restoration, conservation or exploitation measures will be proposed. Also, by the hydrogeological study, there will be assessed the condition of the aquifer layer, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic level, unevenness induced by the exploitation of the existing wells by evaluating the radius of influence of each well at the optimal regime operation. Improving water quality Several localities (Siscani, Balanesti, Cotul Morii, Leuseni) have built centralized or individual water supply systems with water that does not correspond to the sanitary norms “Drinking Water”. The construction of a water treatment plant for some cases is quite expensive. Also, the maintenance of treatment facilities is difficult both technically and financially. The small operators or the town/ village hall usually do not have specialized technical staff to deal with it. An example in this sense is the locality of Cotul Morii wherr, at the time of construction of the water system (2013), there was installed a water treatment plant by reverse osmosis in the gymnasium and kindergarten which currently does not operate and is stored in the basement of the institution. Due to the high costs of the equipment (filters) and the lack of qualified personnel, this installation operated only 6 months. The installation and operation of water treatment plants is made possible if the systems are serviced to a regional operator with higher capacities. The sources from Valea Nirnovei and Miresti localities (shallow groundwater catchments) have a low pollution and their use is allowed for drinking purposes provided that the bactericidal installations are used. It is a priority to have sanitary protection areas with severe regime of the perimeter I, especially for the water sources with catchment from springs that allows maintaining the water quality at the quality parameters “Drinking water”. It is usually arranged around groundwater catchments, within a radius of 30 m, with a fence and gate closing devices for the entry of special equipment. Guarantee of water distribution Many villages are supplied with individual water from public or private mine wells. In some villages the water is lacking in summer due to the drying of wells. Cotul Morii locality has an important need for drinking water. Due to seasonal fluctuations of water in wells, the inhabitants are forced to look for other water sources such as using services to bring water by truck from neighboring villages. For the locality of Obileni, it is recommended to solve the problems regarding the decrease of the sonde (probe) productivity (technical failure, clogging of the filter) and the poor water quality from bacteriological point of view with the help of technical experts. Research into the reasons for the decrease in the productivity of the artesian sonde (probe) (reduction of the groundwater table, technical failure, plugging of the crib (strainer)/ filter etc.). For the villages that currently do not have water meters installed (Cateleni, Onesti, Obileni) as a first step in recovering costs and limiting the abusive water consumption, it is proposed to install water meters for all consumers.

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In order to reduce the water losses from the analyzed systems and especially of non-metered water, but also to optimize the consumption, interventions are needed both in terms of water transmission and distribution and in terms of measurement and control of water distributed to the consumers. The rehabilitation of the networks planned in the investment program of this MPWSS will result primarily in the decrease of operating costs and the improvement of the operator’s endowment with maintenance equipment and loss management methods. The technical losses due to maintenance or operation and losses at pumping stations should be reduced in the maintenance provided by the operator. The losses caused by measurement errors require water meter calibration campaigns. For the groups of localities of Ciutesti/ Seliste and Valea Nirnovei/ Paruceni, joint organizational and financial measures are needed as regards the organizational changes by reuniting the municipalities. An efficient management of water supply systems requires the economic calculation of water losses, determination of the register of losses and scheduling of pipeline repairs, replacements, resulting from the site analysis and analyses. As regards the “Active Loss Control”, the success of the implementation of this very important aspect implies: - Purchase of equipment for losses detection; - Training of the Operator’s staff in using the equipment for losses detection; - Preparation and approval of an Action Plan including “Immediate Measures” (if necessary), “Central Strategy Term” and “Long Term Strategy”. Implementation of participatory governance This action aims to mobilize the means and skills in order to implement an ambitious and realistic drinking water policy. In this regard, on July 27, 2017, a cooperation agreement was signed between the 2 districts (Hincesti and Nisporeni), “Apele Moldovei”, ADR Centru (Centru Regional Development Agency), French Embassy in Moldova and French actors. This activity is organized following in parallel and rigorously the legislative changes regarding the territorial-administrative reform. In particular, we will work with experts from the ministry and those from the IFP31 project to carry out the preparatory actions for the creation of an Inter-Community Development Association (IDA).

Trainings for technical services Although various activities are organized to strengthen the skills/ capacities, they need to be repeated regularly. Based on the skills assessment, it is possible to organize very quickly the following actions, which are part of the already existing training programs:

- Funding the participation of the local staff from the river basin (cost coverage) in the training courses proposed by AMAC and the Institute for Continuing Education in Water Supply and Sewerage Field (IFCAAC);

31 Institutional capacity building project in the field of water (funded by ADA and SDC)

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- Development of additional training modules. Training modules are being prepared under EUWI+. The project will allow the capitalization and promotion thereof. Informing and mobilizing the population The activities must include:

- Notions of solidarity regarding the water resources at the level of the river basin;

- Activity/ functioning of associations (ADI and associative structures created by ApaSan);

- Importance of cost recovery;

- Accountability, transparency and anti-corruption. Based on the real state of the already existing infrastructures, urgent priority actions were identified for each locality. The following table contains the immediate actions needed to improve the degree of connection to drinking water and water quality.

299

TABLE 10-1 SHORT-TERM PRIORITY ACTION PROGRAM

# Locality Immediate actions Terms of Responsible Approximate Households connected to execution authority cost, EUR the public water system 2020 2021 1 Balanesti cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 213 213 catchments)* (30.4%) (30.4%) monitoring the quality of water from mine wells** No. 80 annually LPA 2,000.0

arrangement of the sanitary protection area of the water source No. 2 End of 2020 LPA/ Operator 2,500.0 “La Suprea” (planting trees, grass (lawn), runway, fencing) preparation of hydro-geological research in order to establish new Year of 2021 LPA 1,000.0 water supply sources with the establishment of quantities and quality of water from springs Gaureni cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA 280.0 - 105 catchments)* (19.2%) commissioning of the water system and final connection of consumers End of 2020 LPA n/a

arrangement of the sanitary protection area of the water sources No. 1 End of 2020 LPA 2,500.0 and 2 (planting trees, grass (lawn), runway, fencing) 2 Vinatori cleaning and fencing with protection zone of the most important water End of 2020 LPA 280.0 n/a n/a sources in the locality* monitoring the water quality from the wells and springs used**, No. 45 annually LPA 1,125.0

preparation of a general sketch of the existing water networks with the End of 2020 LPA - specification of the installed materials, diameters, age and condition thereof preparation of an execution project in order to supply drinking water to Year of 2021 LPA 7,500.0 the locality 3 Ciutesti cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 402 402 catchments)* (71.8%) (71.8%) determining the main causes of large water losses in the system and End of 2020 LPA/ Operator n/a remedying them in such a way that the water losses are minimal (metering of all consumers)

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preparation of hydro-geological research for the rest of the water Year of 2021 LPA 3,000.0 sources (establishing the quantities and quality of the water from the springs) monitoring the water quality from the wells and springs used**, No.19 Year of 2021 LPA 475.0

Valea connection of consumers, mounting of bacterial installations, system End of 2020 LPA n/a - 90 Nirnovei verification, system disinfection and commissioning (65%) leaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 intakes) * 4 Seliste commissioning of the water system and final connection of consumers End of 2020 LPA 27,3820.0 - ~600 (65.0%) monitoring of the water quality in mine wells**, No.12 annually LPA 300.0

initiation of the procedure for setting up a water system operator*** 2021 LPA 2,500.0

Paruceni technical examination of the possibility of connection to the system in End of 2020 LPA 3,000.00 - - Valea Nirnovei village, Ciutesti commune, and preparation of the execution project

5 Siscani/ final connection of consumers, completion of works for the End of 2020 LPA 25,500.0 - ~600 Drojdieni/ arrangement of platforms, installation of equipment and completion of (82.4%) Odaia other works in order to be able to put into operation the new system monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 118 annually LPA 2,950.0

initiation of the procedure for setting up an operator of the water 2021 LPA 2,500.0 systems in Siscani and Drojdieni*** completion of construction works and commissioning of the water End of 2020 LPA 10,500.00 106 system for Drojdieni village (76.8%) 6 Marinici completion of construction works and commissioning of the water End of 2020 LPA 12,000.00 - 180 system (28.4%) attracting investments for drilling a new sonde (probe) according to the - LPA 40,600.00 existing project Helesteni monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 120 annually LPA 3,000.0 - -

7 Calimanesti cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 - - catchments)*

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monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 12 annually LPA 300.0

8/9 Nisporeni/ initiating procedures to attract investment for the extension of the 2021 DC/ LPAs - 4,886 4,886 Varzaresti/ existing water supply system (59.2%) (59.2%) Sendreni monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 46 annually LPA 1,150.0

10 Miresti/ cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 230 230 Chetroseni catchments)* (86.8%) (86.8%) monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 17 annually LPA 425.0

continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei 11 Cateleni cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 150 150 catchments)* (37.9%) (37.9%) arrangement of the sanitary protection area of the water source No. 1 End of 2020 LPA/ Operator 2,500.0 “Radeni Cordon” (fencing, tree planting) continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 26 annually LPA 650.0

12 Bujor monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 250 annually LPA 6,250.0 - -

continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei 13 Nemteni continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - 170 170 “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei (29.1%) (29.1%) monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 100 annually LPA 2,500.0

14 Obileni continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project LPA/ Apele - - - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 32 annually LPA 800.0

assessment of the artesian sonde (probe) by technical experts to 500.0 determine the cause of low water production and the cause of penetration of coliform bacteria into the groundwater

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execution of research to establish the quantity and quality of water from LPA 1,000.0 the existing spring 15 Ivanovca continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project LPA/ Apele - - - Costesti “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei Frasin monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 10 annually LPA 250.0

16 Onesti cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA/ Operator 280.0 250 250 catchments)* (69.8%) (69.8%) continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei arrangement of the sanitary protection area of the water source (4 End of 2020 LPA/ Operator 2,500.0 catchments) (fencing, planting trees) Strimbeni monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 48 annually LPA 1,200.0 150 150 (43.2%) (43.2%) cleaning and maintenance of the main sources of drinking water (water 2 times a year LPA 280.0 catchments) arrangement of the sanitary protection area of the water source (3 End of 2020 LPA/ Operator 2,500.0 catchments) 17 Cotul Morii/ continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - - - Sarateni “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei restoration of the treatment mini-plant equipment for school and LPA n/a kindergarten monitoring the quality of water from mine wells**, No. 26 annually LPA 650.0

18 Leuseni completion of the technical project on indoor water networks 2021 LPA n/a 326 326 (56.2%) (56.2%) monitoring the water quality in mine wells**, No. 39 annually LPA 975.0

Feteasca continuing the involvement in order to implement the regional project - LPA/ Apele - - - “Lunca Prutului” Moldovei * Cleaning and maintenance of water sources involves the evacuation of sludge, maintenance of equipment, minor repairs, disinfection, without the need for major works such as changing pumps, changing electrical panels etc.

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** the average amount is stipulated, the final cost is in accordance with the number of parameters and the number of samples analyzed according to the GD 533 of 13/07/2011 regarding the approval of the List and tariffs of services against cost in the field of public health provided to individuals and legal entities.

*** It involves the creation of an S.A., payment of the employees’ salaries (minimum 4 units), staff training, procurement of equipment and materials.

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10.3. Long-term action program The long-term investments have been developed based on: (i) analysis and assessment of the existing situation; (ii) projections of future water demands; (iii) national and regional objectives and strategies; (iv) results of the options analysis. The 13-year investment program has been divided into three distinct phases, covering the implementation period from 2020 to 2033. For each phase of construction of the main pipeline, connected to the ACC water network, it is proposed to build the necessary infrastructure in order to connect the villages along the main pipeline and to supply them with water. In this way all localities in the NB will have access to drinking water at the end of the planning horizon. The construction of new water supply systems should be done in a sustainable way and significantly reduce the water losses, and the construction of new main pipes and pumping stations should lead to an increase in efficiency. For the development of water supply systems, the following main aspects were considered from the point of view of efficiency: 1. Use of available water sources in each locality/ area (selection of the best sources); 2. The surface water sources were preferred to the groundwater sources, both from qualitative and quantitative point of view; 3. Comparison of local sources (sondes (probes) with regional sources, from the point of view of efficiency (drinking water from functional systems, available from a quantitative point of view – for example the Prut/ Grozesti aqueduct); 4. Use of pipe materials and other materials with qualities similar to those already used on the market; 5. Use of relatively easy-to-maintain and sufficiently durable facilities. The long-term investment plan for water supply services has been developed in line with the national targets and targets for water supply services for all water supply areas. It is also indirectly influenced by the wastewater investment plan because an appropriate collection and treatment system should be built at the same time or earlier than the water supply system. 10.3.1. Staging criteria

Taking into account the costs for investments and O&M of the drinking water installations of the available financial resources, but also the capacities available for the implementation of the project, it is proposed to divide the investment plan into phases. The investments have been prioritized using several different criteria:  access to the required quantity of water;  access to high quality drinking water;  population growth;  interest in investments for drinking water infrastructure;  ability to contribute;  health risks. The stages have been defined on the hypothesis (assumption) that the investments should be distributed relatively evenly over the entire implementation period. Based on the list of criteria 305

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presented above, the following table of priorities has been prepared as a basis for the investment stage.

TABLE 10-2 PRIORITIES DEPENDING ON CRITERIA Interest in Capacity Populati Water Water Population investme of on risks # Locality quantity quality growth nts contributi on

1 Balanesti average average low high average high

Gaureni average low low low low average

2 Vinatori low low low low low average

3 Ciutesti low low low low average low

Valea low average low low low average Nirnovei

4 Seliste low high average low average high

Paruceni high high low average low high

5 Siscani low high high average high high

Drojdieni low high low average low high

Odaia average high low low low high

6 Marinici high low low high average average

Helesteni high average low high low average

Calimanes average low high average average high 7 ti

8 Nisporeni average high high high high average

9 Varzaresti average high high high high average

Sendreni average high average high low average

10 Miresti average low low high average low

Chetroseni high high low high low high

11 Cateleni average high low high average high

12 Bujor high high high high average high

13 Nemteni high high low high average high

14 Obileni high high average high average high

15 Ivanovca high high low high average high

Costesti high high low high low high

Frasin high high low high low high

16 Onesti high average average high average average

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Strimbeni high high average high low average

17 Cotul Morii high high average high average high

Sarateni high high low high low high

18 Leuseni high high average high average high

Feteasca low high low average low high

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10.3.2. Long-term investment measures The long-term investment plan for the water supply services has been developed in line with the national and district objectives. The following table summarizes all local investment measures in the water supply infrastructure provided in the MPWSS for the Nirnova Basin.

TABLE 10-3 LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS (AT LOCAL LEVEL)

# Locality Water distribution networks, m Water storage tanks, m3 1 Balanesti 15.000 25 Gaureni 3.700 - 2 Vinatori 10.000 50 3 Ciutesti - - Valea Nirnovei - - 4 Seliste - - Paruceni 4.000 25 5 Siscani - - Drojdieni - - Odaia 1.800 15 6 Marinici 19.500 100 Helesteni 4.000 0 7 Calimanesti 13.000 75 8 Nisporeni 58.400 - 600 9 Varzaresti - Sendreni 10 Miresti 5.000 25 Chetroseni 11 Cateleni 11.700 - 12 Bujor 25.000 - 13 Nemteni 24.400 - 14 Obileni 17.100 - 15 Ivanovca 14.000 - Costesti Frasin 16 Onesti 700 - Strimbeni 17 Cotul Morii 10.500 - Sarateni 18 Leuseni 5.000 - Feteasca When implementing the regional aqueducts, both the distribution networks and the existing local water tanks in satisfactory condition will be used. The following table represents the infrastructure for regional aqueducts.

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TABLE 10-4 LONG-TERM INVESTMENT (AT REGIONAL LEVEL)

Agglomeration Locality Area AA Treatment New pumping Water stations transport

A1 Balanesti I - 49,8m3/h 17,3km A2 Gaureni A3 Vinatori A4 Ciutesti Seliste A5 Valea Nirnovei Paruceni

Nisporeni A7 Siscani II - 1,8 m3/h 14,7 A8 Drojdieni

A9 Odaia A10 Marinici 20,2 m3/h Helesteni A11 Calimanesti A6 Nisporeni III extindere32- 100 m3/h 5,7 64l/s Varzaresti Sendreni A12 Miresti II - - - Chetroseni A13 Cateleni A14 Bujor A15 Nemteni A16 Obileni

Hincesti Sarateni A17 Ivanovca

Costesti Frasin A18 Onesti Strimbeni A19 Cotul Morii Leuseni A20 Feteasca

10.3.3. Investment costs The Table 10-5 summarizes the investment costs of the Scenario AA1 considered the most economically and technically optimal and the local investment costs for each locality.

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TABLE 10-5 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS

Ar Water Water Water Agglomera Adducti Water Total Locality ea treatme pumpi distributi tion ons storage Cost istrict AA nt ng on

Nisporeni Balanes 23.000 208.600, 27.500, 344.250, 603.350, A1 - € ti ,00 € 00 € 00 € 00 € 00 €

18.000,0 83.250,0 101.250, A2 Gaureni - € - € - € 0 € 0 € 00 €

25.860,0 31.900, 225.000, 282.760, A3 Vinatori - € - € 0 € 00 € 00 € 00 €

44.680,0 44.680,0 Ciutesti I - € - € - € - € 0 € 0 € A4 25.320,0 25.320,0 Seliste - € - € - € - € 0 € 0 €

Valea 24.360,0 24.360,0 - € - € - € - € Nirnovei 0 € 0 € A5 Parucen 27.500, 91.800,0 119.300, - € - € - € i 00 € 0 € 00 €

744.300, 1.201.02 Total Zone I - € 23.000 346.820, 86.900, 00 € 0,00 € ,00 € 00 € 00 €

107.800, 107.800, A7 Siscani - € - € - € - € 00 € 00 €

Drojdien 54.600,0 54.600,0 A8 - € - € - € - € i 0 € 0 €

25.200,0 32.220,0 93.820,0 A9 Odaia - € 10.000 26.400, 0 € 0 € 0 € ,00 € 00 € II

43.000,0 447.525, 552.325, Marinici - € 20.000 41.800, 0 € 00 € 00 € A10 ,00 € 00 € Heleste 90.000,0 90.000,0 - € - € - € - € ni 0 € 0 €

Caliman 63.000,0 31.900, 292.500, 387.400, A11 - € - € esti 0 € 00 € 00 € 00 €

30.000 293.600, 100.100 862.245, 1.285.94 Total Zone II (Cluster 3) - € ,00 € 00 € ,00 € 00 € 5,00 €

Nispore ni 350.000 22.000 114.000, 121.000 1.422.04 2.029.04 ,00 € ,00 € 00 € ,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 € Varzare A6 III sti

Sendren i

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Ar Water Water Water Agglomera Adducti Water Total Locality ea treatme pumpi distributi tion ons storage Cost istrict AA nt ng on

D 350.000 22.000 114.000, 121.000 1.422.04 2.029.04 Total Zone III ,00 € ,00 € 00 € ,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 €

Hincesti 27.500, 114.750, 142.250, Miresti - € - € - € 00 € 00 € 00 € A12 Chetros 31.900, 31.900,0 - € - € - € - € eni 00 € 0 €

263.250, A13 Cateleni - € - € - € - € 263.250, 00 € 00 €

603.750, 603.750, A14 Bujor - € - € - € - € 00 € 00 €

558.760, 558.760, A15 Nemteni - € - € - € - € 00 € 00 €

Obileni - € - € - € - € 392.445, 392.445, A16 Sarateni - € - € - € - € 00 € 00 € II Ivanovc 31.900, - € - € - € a 00 € 346.900, A17 315.000, Costesti - € - € - € - € 00 € 00 € Frasin - € - € - € - €

Onesti - € - € - € - € 14.910,0 14.910,0 A18 Strimbe - € - € - € - € 0 € 0 € ni

Cotul 240.450, 240.450, - € - € - € - € A19 Morii 00 € 00 €

Leuseni - € - € - € - € 114.750, Feteasc 114.750, A20 - € - € - € - € 00 € a 00 €

91.300, 2.709.36 Total Zone II (Cluster 4) - € - € - € 2.618.06 00 € 5,00 € 5,00 €

The costs for the design component of the water supply systems are estimated from 3% to 5% of the total amount of the investment cost per project. For contract values greater than EUR 2 million, the cost for the design phase may be reduced to 2% of the investment cost. 10.3.4. Operating, maintenance and administration costs The operational, administrative and maintenance costs proposed under this MPWSS were based on the Consultant’s estimates of similar work in the Republic of Moldova, but due to the limited experience available, alternative approaches have been also used. The energy for pumping is based on an average of 50 m per capita, at a water consumption of 135 l/man/day, 0.10 EUR/kWh,

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a pump motor with an efficiency of 50%. The energy for water treatment is based on 720 W/m³ of treated water. The maintenance costs are assumed to represent 0.5% of civilian investment and 3% of equipment investment per year. The investment in equipment is assumed to be 20% for tanks and 50% for treatment and pumping stations. Also, the interest rate used to calculate the cash value is estimated by the consultant at 1%. The reinvestment assumptions use a lifetime of mechanical equipment of 12.5 years to match the 25-year horizon and to avoid a residual value of any investment. The O&M cost for the existing infrastructure is not included due to the lack of data and obviously leads to incorrect overall NPV for those options. An exception is the existing infrastructure in villages (storage and distribution), however, without taking into account the fact that, due to the old age of the existing infrastructure, the O&M costs may be higher. The cost assumptions made in the previous chapter lead to the following estimates of costs for operation, operation and maintenance, see the following Table.

TABLE 10-6 ESTIMATED O&M COSTS

Agglomerat Locality Are Water Water Water Water Water Total ion a treatmen pumpin transpor storage distributio Cost AA t g t n O&M

A1 Balanesti I - 844,72 - 375,83 € € 6.258,00 11.280,00 € € A2 Gaureni - - 540,00 - 292,87 € 4.020,00 € € A3 Vinatori - - 775,80 - 292,87 € 5.040,00 € € A4 Ciutesti - - - 333,95 € 4.740,00 1.340,40 € € Seliste - - 759,60 - 375,83 € 8.280,00 € € A5 Valea Nirnovei - - 730,80 - 252,64 € 1.350,00 € € Paruceni - - - € - 252,64 € 2.010,00 € A7 Siscani II - - - 550,00 € 3.234,00 10.080,00 € € A8 Drojdieni - - - 292,87 € 5.790,00 1.638,00 € € A9 Odaia - 212,70 756,00 - 236,81 € 900,00 € € € A10 Marinici - 918,96 - 418,44 € € 1.290,00 11.340,00 € € Helesteni - - - € - 213,34 € 2.010,00 € A11 Calimanesti - - - 333,95 € 6.540,00 1.890,00 € € A6 Nisporeni III 1.909,07 €

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Varzaresti 1.156,12 € 47.098,8 3.543,9 3.420,00 47.098,8 213,34 € 111.840,0 Sendreni 7 € 3 € € 7 € 0 €

A12 Miresti II - - - € - 333,95 € 12.960,00 € Chetroseni - - - € - 292,87 € - €

A13 Cateleni - - - € - 731,76 € 8.430,00 € A14 Bujor - - - € - 1.101,50 € 15.900,00 € A15 Nemteni - - - € - 1.870,00 € 12.300,00 € A16 Obileni - - - € - 1.870,00 € 8.610,00 292,87 € € Sarateni - - - € - - €

A17 Ivanovca - - - € - 292,87 € 7.050,00 292,87 € € Costesti - - - € - 252,64 €

Frasin - - - € -

A18 Onesti - - - € - 1.870,00 € 9.060,00 213,34 € € Strimbeni - - - € -

A19 Cotul Morii - - - € - 1.452,10 € 7.050,00 € Leuseni - - - € - 375,83 € 7.560,00 € A20 Feteasca - - - € -

10.3.5. Staging program The main activities of implementing the program are:  Activity 1: Cooperation between district and local public authorities for the provision of water and sewerage services;  Activity 2: Local and regional planning and programming activities;  Activity 3: Infrastructure for water and sewerage services;  Activity 4: Development of institutional infrastructure and capacities;  Activity 5: Informing activities. Activity 1: Cooperation between local public authorities for the provision of water and sewerage services:  Signing preliminary agreements of inter-community cooperation regarding the provision of the water supply and sewerage service;  Approval of the decision regarding the registration of a regional operator;  Development and approval of the action plan regarding the institutionalization of the operator;  Approval and signing of the partnership agreement between LPAs for the purpose of cooperation in the WSS sector;

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 Signing the Contract for delegating the WSS service to the regional operator and LPAs. The purpose of the activities is to create conditions for the successful implementation of the project activities in such a way that all partners achieve the project objectives and achieve the expected results. This group of activities also involves monitoring the balance between the action plan and the de facto implementation of the activities, as well as monitoring the collaboration between the working group and partners. The objective is to establish a structure responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the project and organization of events to promote the results thereof. Activity 2: Local and regional planning and programming activities  Development and preparation of feasibility studies regarding the water supply/ sewerage and the opportunity to create a regional operator and the socio-economic impact of the investment;  Preparation of technical projects for water supply and sewerage. In the feasibility study phase, the analysis of the scenarios presented in the MPWSS will be resumed and will be detailed and completed in accordance with the economic, institutional and technical conditions of that time. The staging proposed in this document may be modified depending on the availability of funds (e.g.: the number of settlements for phase 1 may be extended depending on the availability of funds). The following figure represents the staging of investment proposed at this time based on the criteria mentioned in chapter 10.3.1. The technical projects of the investments will be executed before any construction works. This stage will be preceded by obtaining the following opinions and agreements issued by the law enforcement bodies, according to the legislation in force: - Urbanism certificate, with the framing of the location in the urban plan, endorsed and approved according to the law; - Opinions on the provision of electricity, gas, water, sewerage, telecommunications utilities etc.; - Opinions and agreements for environmental protection; - Opinions on fire safety; - Other specialist opinions, established in accordance with the general provisions. Activity 3: Water and sewerage infrastructure  Organization of public procurement – procurement of construction works for the aqueduct and sewerage system;  Obtaining the construction permit;  Signing contracts of technical supervision, author control;  Construction of water and/ or sewerage infrastructure;  Reception at the end of the works of projects;  Final reception of projects;  Transmission of the object to the LPAs;  Transfer of the investment to the regional operator. The purpose of these activities is to execute the construction works of the water and sewerage system according to the national legislation and in the established terms. The objective is the successful completion of construction works and the transmission of the object to the regional operator with qualified personnel. Once the regional operator is established, the localities that have already built water and/ or sewerage systems will send all the goods to the regional operator. 314

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The schedule of investment is made based on the priorities defined in Chapter 10.3.1. The figure below represents the priority clusters in water supply investments. As the highway of the “Lunca Prutului” project with water catchment from the Prut river, Cotul Morii village, is expected to be completed in the coming months, the respective localities are a priority to implement the constructions of the distribution networks inside the villages. For stage II, the water supply of the villages from the north of Nisporeni district (Cluster 1) has been proposed as a priority because most of them are currently supplied from springs, but there is the problem of water safety, especially in summer, taking into account the climate changes in recent decades. An equal priority are the localities south of Nisporeni district (Cluster 3) which currently have a major shortage of drinking water, the water from aquifers in the region containing chemical compounds well above the limit of parameters of the quality “Drinking water”. Considering that most public institutions such as schools, kindergartens, health centers etc. from Nisporeni district and Varzaresti commune (Cluster 2) are already connected to a raw water supply system treated from the Prut River and the connection of population is around 60%, the implementation of the project for the extension of the water treatment plant from Grozesti village, the construction of the Varzaresti Est water tank and the construction of the distribution networks was included in the second stage of implementation. However, the implementation of some extensions may be possible if funding sources are found.

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FIGURE 10-1 STAGING OF INVESTMENTS – WATER SUPPLY

The measures regarding the water supply require a total investment of 7,263,091.00 Euro. The value of the investment for Stage 1 is 2,709,365.00 Euro, for Stage 2 it is 3,687,985.00 Euro and for Stage 3 it is 2,029,040.00 Euro, see the following table.

TABLE 10-7 STAGING OF INVESTMENTS FOR WATER SUPPLY Water Water Water Water Total Stage Adductions treatment pumping storage distribution Investment

2,709,365.00 Stage I - € - € - € 91,300.00 € 2,618,065.00 € €

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Water Water Water Water Total Stage Adductions treatment pumping storage distribution Investment

(Cluster 4)

Stage II 1,201,020.00 - € 23,000.00 € 346,820.00 € 86,900.00 € 744,300.00 € (Cluster € 1)

Stage II 350,000.00 2,029,040.00 22,000.00 € 114,000.00 € 121,000.00 € 1,422,040.00 € (Cluster € € 3)

Stage III 1,285,945.00 - € 30,000.00 € 293,600.00 € 100,100.00 € 862,245.00 € (Cluster € 2)

Activity 4: Development of institutional infrastructure and capacities  Carrying out training courses for the staff of the created regional operator and other interested groups;  Preparation and approval of the business plan by the board of directors. The aim is to develop the institutional framework for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the localities of the Nirnova basin. Activity 5: Informing activities  Sessions for launching the awareness campaign;  Organization of public meetings;  Organization of conferences to summarize the results;  Conducting working meetings together with the project implementation team;  Monitoring and assessment of the implementation of projects. The aim is to ensure the visibility and transparency of the project. The objectives are to conduct the promotional events and to disseminate printed and published materials.

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11. PROGRAM OF ACTIONS AND THEIR COSTS REGARDING SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 11.1. Summary This chapter includes measures to improve the sanitation and wastewater treatment that include the previous results in order to determine the best solutions for localities during that period. Short term: This section of the program contains the immediate actions needed to improve the sanitation and wastewater treatment, with a detailed and homogeneous description that allows for the closest possible follow-up to the implementation phase. Based on the real condition of the existing infrastructures, urgent priority actions need to be identified. This should support the LPAs for the transmission of the project proposal to national or international donors. These needs are represented by evaluated criteria that reflect the effective generation of wastewater from households and industry, increase of the number of population and the risk to the natural environment caused by the discharge of pollutants, but also the interest of the population and the ability to contribute to the implementation of the sanitation infrastructure. Long-term: These measures focus on providing the main features of the sustainable project (projects), which should be considered as medium-term priorities. The collective solutions shared between different localities will be examined with special attention for this phase, with the potential identification of a group of priority structured actions that will be precisely defined in the previous period. Given the costs for investments, operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities within the limit of available financial resources, but also the capacities available for the project implementation, it is proposed to divide the investment plan into phases. As the 2033 deadline set out in the terms of reference of this MPWSS is quite short, the consultant proposes to include an implementation phase from 2033 to 2040. Thus each cost is distributed in accordance with three periods: until 2022-2027, 2028-2033 and 2034-2040.

11.2. Short-term action program This section of the program contains immediate general actions needed to improve the sanitation degree in the Nirnova basin area. Based on the actual condition of the existing infrastructure, urgent priority actions are identified. As some new sanitation infrastructure projects are unlikely to be implemented in such a short time, it is proposed that the short-term program be focused on the following priorities: - Consolidation of knowledge about sanitation at LPA level; - Strengthening the knowledge of the population regarding the sanitation; - Initiation of the technical design regarding the sewerage system for each locality taking into account the possibility of connection to the main collectors proposed in this master plan; - Completion of works and commissioning of the treatment plant in Drojdieni village;

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- Monitoring the water quality at the entrance and exit of the existing treatment plants (Nisporeni and Drojdieni); - Technical study of the construction solution of a main collector in Siscani village with water transportation to Drojdieni WWTP; - Technical training of an operator in order to operate the treatment plant in Drojdieni village; - Monitoring the quality of soil and groundwater near the discharge of water into the soil without treatment in Nemteni locality. Concrete actions for the construction of a treatment plant. Strengthening of the population’s knowledge The activities must include:

- raising public awareness to hygiene and sanitation: daily behaviors, location of latrines etc.;

- improving the degree or level of information about the health risks posed by unsafe drinking water or insufficient personal hygiene. Knowledge about alternative sanitation options, such as Ecosan toilets or properly operated septic tanks;

- wastewater collection method, primary treatment methods (septic tanks), existing low-capacity treatment plants etc.;

- accountability, transparency and anti-corruption.

11.3. Long-term action program The construction of a new sanitation infrastructure will allow the adequate provision of services for the population of the Nirnova basin and will reduce the pollution of the soil and aquatic environment resulting from the domestic and industrial waters. The Scenario S1 provides 7 clusters with sewerage systems for all settlements with a wastewater treatment plant per cluster. The main aspects taken into account in the development of the investment plan were:  Current and anticipated demand for different types of services (sewage and wastewater treatment services, emptying of latrines, septic tanks and cesspools and treatment of septic sludge);  Major investment efficiency;  Impact on the environment following the uncontrolled disposal of wastewater/ septic sludge;  Interest and capacity of the mayor’s office to contribute;  Gradual equality in budgetary terms;  Construction logic in accordance with the general plan.

11.3.1. Staging criteria Taking into account the investment and O&M costs of the sanitation facilities of the available financial resources, but also of the capacities available for the implementation of the project, it is proposed to divide the investment plan into phases.

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The sanitation objectives have been defined on the basis of critical loads relevant to the environment, i.e. pollution with carbon and nutrients such as COD, Ntot and Ptot. This definition has the advantage of being independent of the sanitation system applied and is, as far as the conventional water-based sanitation is concerned, in accordance with the relevant legal framework. The table below summarizes the relationship between the proposed stages and objectives. Phase 1 mentioned in the terms of reference of this master plan is until 2021 which means a relatively short time for the implementation of new sanitation projects. Thus, it is assumed that the Nisporeni treatment plant is operating normally and the Drojdieni treatment plant will be put into operation by 2021. As the 2033 deadline is quite short, the consultant has proposed the inclusion of a new implementation phase 2033-2040.

TABLE 11-1 PROPOSED OBJECTIVES

Stage Term CBO5 reduction MS reduction N reduction P reduction

Stage I 2020 – 2021 10% 10% 7% 7%

Stage II 2021 – 2027 40% 40% 30% 30%

Stage III 2027 – 2033 85% 85% 70% 70%

Stage IV 2033 – 2040 > 90% > 90% > 80% > 80%

The investments have been prioritized using several different criteria:  current domestic generation of wastewater;  generation of wastewater from industries;  population growth;  interest in investing in sanitation infrastructure;  ability to contribute;  pollution risk;  construction logic. The stages have been defined on the assumption that the investments should be distributed relatively evenly over the entire period of implementation. Based on the list of criteria presented above, the following table of priorities has been prepared as a basis for the investment stage.

TABLE 11-2 PRIORITIES DEPENDING ON CRITERIA Wastewate Interest in Capacity of Risks of Domestic r by Populatio investment contributio populatio # Locality wastewate economic n growth s n n r agents

1 Balanesti medium low low low medium low

Gaureni medium low low low low low

2 Vinatori medium low low low low low

3 Ciutesti medium low low medium medium high

Valea medium low low low low high Nirnovei

4 Seliste medium low medium medium medium high

Paruceni low low low low low low

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5 Siscani high high high high high high

Drojdieni medium low low high low low

Odaia low low low low low low

6 Marinici medium low low medium medium low

Helesteni low low low low low low

7 Calimanesti low low low medium medium low

8 Nisporeni high high high high high medium

9 Varzaresti high high high high high medium

Sendreni medium low medium high low high

1 medium low low medium medium high 0 Miresti

Chetroseni medium low low low low high

1 medium low low medium medium high 1 Cateleni

1 high low low medium high high 2 Bujor

1 medium low high high high low 3 Nemteni

1 medium medium medium high medium medium 4 Obileni

1 medium low low medium medium high 5 Ivanovca

Costesti medium low low low low high

Frasin low low low low low high

1 medium low medium medium high medium 6 Onesti

Strimbeni medium low medium low low high

1 medium low high high high medium 7 Cotul Morii

Sarateni medium low low low low high

1 medium low high medium high medium 8 Leuseni

Feteasca low low low low low high

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11.3.2. Long-term investment measures The long-term investment plan for sanitation services has been developed in line with the national and regional objectives. The investment measures for the Scenario S1, considered the most optimal, are outlined in Table 9-13 and Table 9-20. 11.3.3. Investment costs The Table 11-3 and Table 11-5 summarize the investment costs of the Scenario S1, considered the most optimal from economic and technical point of view, and the local investment costs for each locality.

TABLE 11-3 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF SCENARIO S1 (INVESTMENTS) WW pumping Locality Agglomeration WWTP WW Collector stations

Balanesti 90.180,00 € -

Gaureni 59.859,00 € -

Vinatori 115.749,00 € 20.000,00 €

Ciutesti A1 1.097.803,80 € - -

Seliste 118.490,00 € -

Valea Nirnovei -

Paruceni 109.880,00 € -

Total A1 1.097.803,80 € 494.158,00 € 20.000,00 €

Nisporeni

Varzaresti A2 1.810.119,26 € - -

Sendreni

Total A2 1.810.119,26 € - -

Siscani 19.710,00 € 24.000,00 €

Drojdieni A3 70.700,47 € - -

Odaia 47.520,00 € 13.000,00 €

Total A3 70.700,47 € 67.230,00 € 37.000,00 €

Marinici - -

Helesteni - -

Calimanesti 1.538.908,97 € 36.036,00 € 24.000,00 € A4 Cateleni 50.512,00 € -

Nemteni 69.300,00 € 20.000,00 €

Ivanovca 16.380,00 € 31.000,00 €

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Costesti - -

Frasin - -

Obileni 69.300,00 €

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 35.658,00 € 24.000,00 €

Cotul Morii 122.400,00 € -

Leuseni 187.680,00 € -

Feteasca - -

Total A4 1.538.908,97 € 587.266,00 € 99.000,00 €

Miresti 20.250,00 € - A5 186.290,42 € Chetroseni 6.750,00 € -

Total A5 186.290,42 € 27.000,00 € -

Bujor A6 496.744,07 € 21.120,00 € -

Total A6 496.744,07 € 21.120,00 € -

Onesti 2.700,00 € - A7 244.487,18 € Strimbeni 2.700,00 € -

Total A7 244.487,18 € 5.400,00 € -

TABLE 11-4 LOCAL INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOCALITY (FOR ALL SCENARIOS)

Locality Gravitational Sewerage WW networks WW pumping Total WW networks manholes under pressure stations investment

Balanesti 459.000,00 € 329.000 € 22.000,00 € 42.629,00 € 852.629,00 €

Gaureni 184.000,00 € 132.000 € - € - € 316.000,00 €

Vinatori 205.000,00 € 148.000 € - € - € 353.000,00 €

Ciutesti 257.000,00 € 184.000 € 2.000,00 € 34.800,00 € 477.800,00 €

Seliste 575.000,00 € 412.000 € - € - € 987.000,00 €

Valea Nirnovei 57.000,00 € 41.000 € - € - € 98.000,00 €

Paruceni 124.000,00 € 90.000 € - € - € 214.000,00 €

Nisporeni 1.984.000,00 € 1.391.000 18.000,00 € 9.900,00 € 3.402.900,00 € Varzaresti

Sendreni

Siscani 632.000,00 € 453.000 43.000,00 € 110.060,00 € 1.238.060,00 € Drojdieni - € - € 2.000,00 € 3.000,00 € 6.000,00 €

Odaia 70.000,00 € 51.000 - € 8.400,00 € 129.400,00 €

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Marinici 567.000,00 € 407.000 - € - € 974.000,00 €

Helesteni 103.000,00 € - € - € 103.000,00 €

Calimanesti 292.000,00 € - € 50.000,00 € 25.200,00 € 367.200,00 €

Cateleni 335.000,00 € 241.000 - € 576.000,00 €

Nemteni 564.000,00 € 405.000 49.000,00 € 49.670,00 € 1.067.670,00 € Ivanovca 319.000,00 € 229.000 31.000,00 € 19.100,00 € 598.100,00 €

Costesti

Frasin

Obileni 348.000,00 € 250.000 9.000,00 € 31.500,00 € 638.500,00 €

Sarateni (Cotul 167.000,00 € 121.000 - € 288.000,00 € Morii) Cotul Morii 340.000,00 € 244.000 22.000,00 € 16.770,00 € 622.770,00 €

Leuseni 578.000,00 € - € 2.000,00 € 28.700,00 € 608.700,00 €

Feteasca 38.000,00 € - € - € - € 38.000,00 €

Miresti 394.000,00 € 283.000 - € - € 677.000,00 €

The estimated total cost of the investment is 23,175,629.00 Euros, current value. The costs for the design component of the sanitation systems are estimated from 3% to 5% of the total amount of investment cost per project. For contract values greater than EUR 2 million, the cost for the design phase may be reduced to 2% of the investment cost. 11.3.4. Operating, maintenance and administration costs The operational, administrative and maintenance costs proposed under this MPWSS have been based on the Consultant’s estimates of similar work in the Republic of Moldova, but due to the limited experience available, alternative approaches have been also used. For the operating cost of pumping stations, for example, the cost of energy was calculated based on the connected PE, pumping pressure and a combined efficiency of the pump/ motor. Other cost functions, e.g. the operational cost of wastewater treatment plants was based on the available reference data of the comparable installations and only on locally adjusted cost elements (e.g. staff cost). Also, the interest rate used to calculate the cash value is estimated by the consultant at 1%. The reinvestment assumptions use a lifetime of the mechanical equipment of 12.5 years in order to match the 25-year horizon and to avoid a residual value of any investment. The cost assumptions made in Chapter 0 lead to the following estimates of costs for exploitation, operation and maintenance, see Table 11-5 and Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

90.201,04 3.603,32 - € 2.071.384,7 Balanesti A 250,50 € € € - € 7 € 1 Gaureni 166,28 € - € - € - € - € 3.661,90 €

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Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

770,05 405,48 Vinatori 321,53 € - € - € € € 32.969,76 €

Ciutesti - € - € - € - € - € 0,00 €

Seliste 329,14 € - € - € - € - € 7.248,68 €

Valea Nirnovei - € - € - € - € - € - €

Paruceni 305,22 € - € - € - € - € 6.721,96 €

90.201,04 3.603,32 770,05 405,48 2.121.987,0 1.372,66 € Total A1 € € € € 6 €

Nisporeni A 152.047,2 10.330,3 3.606.298,2 Varzaresti 1.372,66 € - € - € 2 8 € 5 € 8 Sendreni

152.047,2 10.330,3 3.606.298,2 1.372,66 € - € - € Total A2 8 € 5 € 8

31.485,60 941,22 605,78 749.004,09 Siscani 54,75 € € 922,49 € € € € A Drojdieni - € - € - € - € - € - € 3 240,60 Odaia 132,00 € - € - € € 39,58 € 9.077,59 €

31.485,60 1.181,8 645,36 758.081,68 Total A3 186,75 € € 922,49 € 2 € € €

131.141,9 4.374,90 2.984.508,0 - € - € - € Marinici 2 € € 1 €

Helesteni - € - € - € - € - € - €

1.219,5 143,00 € - € - € - € 30.007,81 € Calimanesti 6 €

Cateleni 200,44 € - € - € - € - € 4.414,42 €

803,45 441,42 275,00 € - € - € 33.472,20 € Nemteni € € A 4 1.474,2 1.486,2 65,00 € - € - € 66.631,04 € Ivanovca 7 € 3 €

Costesti - € - € - € - € - € - €

Frasin - € - € - € - € - € - €

Obileni 192,50 € - € - € - € - € 4.239,46 €

Sarateni (Cotul 1.043,5 141,50 € - € - € - € 26.098,56 € Morii) 5 €

Cotul Morii 340,00 € - € - € - € - € 7.487,87 €

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Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

Leuseni 521,33 € - € - € - € - € 11.481,41 €

Feteasca - € - € - € - € - €

31.141,92 4.374,90 2.277,7 4.190,7 168.340,77 1.878,78 € Total A4 € € 2 € 5 € €

15.354,56 - € - € 349.048,05 Miresti A 56,25 € € 438,33 € € 5 Chetroseni 18,75 € - € - € - € - € 412,93 €

15.354,56 - € - € Total A5 75,00 € € 438,33 € - €

A 40.975,67 1.142,63 - € - € 928.869,91 Bujor 6 58,67 € € € €

40.975,67 1.142,63 - € - € 928.869,91 Total A6 58,67 € € € €

19.670,86 - € - € 445.640,72 Onesti A 7,50 € € 556,74 € € 7 Strimbeni 7,50 € - € - € - € - € 165,17 €

19.670,86 - € 445.805,89 Total A7 15,00 € € 556,74 € - € €

Table 11-6.

TABLE 11-5 O&M SCENARIO S1 Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

90.201,04 3.603,32 - € 2.071.384,7 Balanesti 250,50 € € € - € 7 €

Gaureni 166,28 € - € - € - € - € 3.661,90 €

770,05 405,48 Vinatori A 321,53 € - € - € € € 32.969,76 € 1 Ciutesti - € - € - € - € - € 0,00 €

Seliste 329,14 € - € - € - € - € 7.248,68 €

Valea Nirnovei - € - € - € - € - € - €

Paruceni 305,22 € - € - € - € - € 6.721,96 €

90.201,04 3.603,32 770,05 405,48 2.121.987,0 1.372,66 € Total A1 € € € € 6 €

Nisporeni A 152.047,2 10.330,3 3.606.298,2 1.372,66 € - € - € Varzaresti 2 8 € 5 € 8

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Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

Sendreni

152.047,2 10.330,3 3.606.298,2 1.372,66 € - € - € Total A2 8 € 5 € 8

31.485,60 941,22 605,78 749.004,09 Siscani 54,75 € € 922,49 € € € € A Drojdieni - € - € - € - € - € - € 3 240,60 Odaia 132,00 € - € - € € 39,58 € 9.077,59 €

31.485,60 1.181,8 645,36 758.081,68 Total A3 186,75 € € 922,49 € 2 € € €

131.141,9 4.374,90 2.984.508,0 - € - € - € Marinici 2 € € 1 €

Helesteni - € - € - € - € - € - €

1.219,5 143,00 € - € - € - € 30.007,81 € Calimanesti 6 €

Cateleni 200,44 € - € - € - € - € 4.414,42 €

803,45 441,42 275,00 € - € - € 33.472,20 € Nemteni € €

1.474,2 1.486,2 65,00 € - € - € 66.631,04 € Ivanovca A 7 € 3 € 4 Costesti - € - € - € - € - € - €

Frasin - € - € - € - € - € - €

Obileni 192,50 € - € - € - € - € 4.239,46 €

Sarateni (Cotul 1.043,5 141,50 € - € - € - € 26.098,56 € Morii) 5 €

Cotul Morii 340,00 € - € - € - € - € 7.487,87 €

Leuseni 521,33 € - € - € - € - € 11.481,41 €

Feteasca - € - € - € - € - €

31.141,92 4.374,90 2.277,7 4.190,7 168.340,77 1.878,78 € Total A4 € € 2 € 5 € €

15.354,56 - € - € 349.048,05 Miresti A 56,25 € € 438,33 € € 5 Chetroseni 18,75 € - € - € - € - € 412,93 €

15.354,56 - € - € Total A5 75,00 € € 438,33 € - €

A 40.975,67 1.142,63 - € - € 928.869,91 Bujor 6 58,67 € € € €

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Sewerag WWTP WWTP WWPS WWPS Locality e service energy service energy NPV networks cost cost cost cost

40.975,67 1.142,63 - € - € 928.869,91 Total A6 58,67 € € € €

19.670,86 - € - € 445.640,72 Onesti A 7,50 € € 556,74 € € 7 Strimbeni 7,50 € - € - € - € - € 165,17 €

19.670,86 - € 445.805,89 Total A7 15,00 € € 556,74 € - € €

TABLE 11-6 O&M AT LOCAL LEVEL Sewerage WWPS WWPS Locality NPV networks service cost energy cost

Balanesti 1.275,00 € 2.412,54 € 442,22 € 90.950,48 €

Gaureni 510,00 € - € - € 11.231,81 €

Vinatori 570,00 € - € - € 12.553,20 €

Ciutesti A1 712,50 € 1.508,28 € 388,90 € 57.473,28 €

Seliste 1.597,50 € - € - € 35.181,99 €

Valea Nirnovei 157,50 € - € - € 3.468,65 €

Paruceni 345,00 € - € - € 7.597,99 €

Total A1 5.167,50 € 3.920,82 € 831,12 € 218.457,39 €

Nisporeni

Varzaresti A2

Sendreni 9.606,67 € 2.149,33 € 3.158,93 € 328.473,83 €

Total A2 9.606,67 € 2.149,33 € 3.158,93 € 328.473,83 €

Siscani 1.755,00 € 7.104,16 € 539,23 € 206.982,37 €

Drojdieni A3 862,50 € - € - € 18.994,97 €

Odaia 195,00 € - € - € 4.294,52 €

Total A3 2.812,50 € 7.104,16 € 539,23 € 230.271,86 €

Marinici 1.575,00 € - € - € 34.686,47 €

Helesteni 285,00 € - € - € 6.276,60 €

Calimanesti A4 810,00 € 1.090,06 € 203,13 € 46.318,86 €

Cateleni 930,00 € - € - € 20.481,53 €

Nemteni 1.567,50 € 3.136,34 € 420,40 € 112.851,85 €

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Ivanovca 885,00 € - € - € 19.490,49 €

Costesti - € - € - € 0,00 €

Frasin - € - € - € 0,00 €

Obileni 967,50 € 1.565,00 € 418,70 € 64.994,62 €

Sarateni (Cotul Morii) 465,00 € - € - € 10.240,77 €

Cotul Morii 945,00 € 655,32 € 293,66 € 41.711,38 €

Leuseni 1.605,00 € 1.678,98 € 481,91 € 82.936,61 €

Feteasca 105,00 € - € - € 2.312,43 €

Total A4 10.140,00 € 8.125,70 € 1.817,78 € 442.301,61 €

Miresti 1.095,00 € - € - € 24.115,36 € A5 Chetroseni 382,50 € - € - € 8.423,86 €

Total A5 1.477,50 € - € - € 32.539,21 €

Bujor A6 1.650,00 € 1.142,69 € 892,88 € 81.167,87 €

Total A6 1.650,00 € 1.142,69 € 892,88 € 81.167,87 €

Onesti 292,50 € - € - € 6.441,77 € A7 Strimbeni 405,00 € - € - € 8.919,38 €

Total A7 697,50 € - € - € 15.361,15 €

The total annual cost may be calculated to € 577,000.00 for 45,400 persons connected directly to the sewer collectors. The average cost per connected inhabitant (for sewerage) is € 12.70.

11.3.5. Staging program The investment is made on the basis of the priorities defined in chapter Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable.. The figure below represents the priority agglomerations in sanitation investments.

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FIGURE 11-1 PRIORITIZATION OF INVESTMENTS IN SANITATION

The staging proposed in this document may be modified depending on the availability of funds. (e.g.: the number of settlements for stage 1 may be extended depending on the availability of funds). In the first stage, the main priority will be to ensure that the localities where substantial quantities of wastewater are produced are served by the sewerage systems and septic sludge from latrines, the septic tanks and cesspools are collected, transported and treated in a coordinated and controlled manner. Therefore, the major investments will relate to the construction of main sewerage collectors for connecting high-priority villages, wastewater treatment plants. The

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following table shows the investments according to the implementation phases and investments in the necessary infrastructure. Thus: Sanitation investments Stage II:  Construction of WWTP Seliste (to 70%);  Extension of WWTP Siscani;  Construction of WWTP Leuseni (to 70%);  Construction of sewerage collector 23.8 km;  Construction of regional pumping stations in Siscani, Nemteni, Ivanovca and Sarateni;  Construction of local sewerage networks 176.0 km. Sanitation investments Stage III:  Extension of WWTP Seliste (to 85%);  Extension of WWTP Nisporeni (to 100%);  Construction of WWTP Bujor;  Construction of WWTP Onesti;  Construction of sewerage collector 5.8 km;  Construction of local sewerage networks 105.0 km. Sanitation investments Stage IV:  Extension of WWTP Seliste (to 100%);  Extension of WWTP Leuseni (to 100%);  Construction of WWTP Miresti;  Construction of sewer collector 11.3 km;  Construction of regional pumping stations in Vinatori, Odaia and Calimanesti;  Construction of local sewerage networks 71.0 km.

TABLE 11-7 STAGING OF SANITATION INVESTMENTS Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Name of investment 2021-2027 2028-2033 2034-2040

Number of inhabitants 4,218 +14,543 +20,600 +13.3% served (9.3%) (41.3%) (86.7%) (100%)

WWTP 1,916,399.40 € 2,716,021.08 € 812,633.68 €

Main collector 710,550.00 € 155,439.00 € 336,185.00 €

Regional pumping 99,000.00 € - € 57,000.00 € stations

Local WW networks 4,766,000.00 € 2,878,000.00 € 1,931,000.00 €

WW networks under 182,000.00 € 40,000.00 € 50,000.00 € local pressure

Local pumping stations 317,500.00 € 52,529.00 € 33,600.00 €

Sewer manholes 3,007,000.00 € 2,033,000.00 € 1,080,000.00 €

Total 11,198,774.40 € 7,985,746.08 € 4,383,205.68 €

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12. INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES

Within this chapter, the institutional approaches have been analyzed according to the current organization way by which the district and local authorities ensure the provision of the service, as well as the provisions of normative acts and programmatic documents relevant to the WSS service. The general objective of the institutional development is to increase the institutional capacity in the territory of the NB that would allow the operation of the services under a professional management, provided with hierarchical and diversified personnel and to have an efficient system of coordination of activities. It must ultimately ensure: (i) improving the level of services with an emphasis on the construction and proper maintenance of water infrastructure; (ii) increasing the efficiency; (iii) making optimal capital investments; and (iv) ensuring long-term financial, technical and environmental sustainability, taking into account the endurance constraints of the end user. Currently, in the NB there are several operators (individuals or legal entities of public or private law) who face problems regarding the compliance with legal provisions (regarding the quantity and quality of water supplied).  There are supply systems built without technical design and adequate hydraulic calculation;  The wholesale water is not treated;  There are exceedances of the legal limits established for certain water parameters;  The water is not metered;  The infrastructure is significantly used;  The tariffs do not cover operating and maintenance costs. At this moment, each LPA has its own solution for ensuring the provision of the water supply service either through i) municipal enterprises in Nisporeni, Nemteni and Onesti, ii) Association of Water Consumers in Ciutesti or iii) Public Associations in Miresti and Balanesti. The Figure 5- 1 represents on the map the current distribution of water supply and sewerage structures for the Nirnova basin region. At this point, each option has aspects that represent constraints for the institutional framework. More details on existing organizations are described in Chapter 5 of this MPWSS. The Water Consumers Associations/ Town/ Vilage Hall Sections are considered to have low capacity and are not attractive for investment by the funding institutions. In accordance with the provisions of art. 4 of the Law No. 303 of 13/12/2013, operator is the legal entity that disposes, directs, operates and maintains a public water supply and sewerage system and provides consumers with the public water supply and sewerage service based on a contract. For all operators of water supply and sewerage services in the Republic of Moldova, whether they are municipal enterprises, joint stock companies, limited liability companies, associations of water consumers etc., the main object of activity is the right and obligation to provide this service to the consumers. The Law No. 303 of 13/12/2013 with the recent amendments mentions that regional operator is the operator organized as a company, with share capital of one or more administrative-territorial units, which ensures the provision of public water supply and sewerage services within the 332

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competence of several administrative-territorial units, including the administration and operation of the systems related to this public service. According to art. 12, par. (2), and art. 13, par. (4), the management of the water supply and sewerage service may be carried out through operators, who may be:  specialized structures (section, direction) organized within the local public administration authorities;  commercial companies, municipal and state enterprises for the provision of the public water supply and sewerage service, established by the local public administration authorities or by the specialized central body, as the case may be, with the share capital of the administrative-territorial or state units;  commercial companies for the provision of the public water supply and sewerage service with private or mixed share capital. By the provisions of art. 14 of the Law No. 303 of 13/12/2013, in the field of public water supply and sewerage service, the operator must ensure: a) water collection, treatment, transport, accumulation and distribution, respectively, sewerage, purification (treatment) and disposal of wastewater; b) exploitation (operation) of the public water supply system and of the public sewerage system up to the point of delimitation of the public and internal networks of the consumer in conditions of safety and technical-economic efficiency, in compliance with the technologies and technical operating instructions; c) establishment, supervision and maintenance, in accordance with the legal provisions, of the protection zones of the constructions and installations specific to the public water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment systems; d) strict monitoring of the quality of drinking water and wastewater distributed/ received through the public water supply and/ or sewerage systems, in accordance with the hygienic-sanitary norms in force and with the maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in wastewater at the discharge thereof into the public sewerage network, into the treatment plant or into the emissary. The quality of drinking water must correspond to the Sanitary Norms regarding the quality of drinking water, approved by the Government Decision No. 934 of August 15, 2007; e) capture of raw water and discharge of wastewater into natural receptors in strict compliance with the conditions indicated in the water use authorization; f) keeping and maintenance in a state (condition) of permanent operation of the public water supply and sewerage systems, except for the situations of force majeure; g) measurement of the volumes of produced, distributed and invoiced water, with legalized water meters, adequate and metrologically verified according to the requirements provided in the Law of metrology No. 647-XIN of November 17, 1995; h) increasing the efficiency of the public water supply and sewerage systems in order to reduce the costs, system losses by reducing the production costs, specific consumption of raw materials, fuel, electricity, as well as the re-equipment and refurbishment thereof; i) stimulating the reduction of water consumption by promoting the recirculation, reuse of water and by promoting the reuse of public water supply and sewerage systems. Starting with 2015, the Association “Moldova Apa-Canal” (AMAC) and the Institute of Continuing Education in the field of Water Supply and Sewerage Services for the AMAC members have been implementing the National Program for Increasing the Capacities of Operators in the field of Water Supply and Sewerage Services (hereinafter referred to as Program). The program contains a

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series of training modules aimed at developing the capabilities of administration and technical operation of water supply and sewerage systems (WSS). Beneficiaries of these three modules are the employees of subscriber services, selected by the Association “Moldova Apa-Canal” (AMAC), beneficiaries of regional development projects funded by the National Fund for Regional Development (NFRD) and of the project “Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic Moldova”, representatives of the Government Ministries and Agencies and those of the Regional Development Agencies (RDAs). The project “Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic of Moldova” (MLPS) is implemented by the Agency for International Cooperation of Germany (GIZ) and financially supported by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Government of Sweden, Government of Romania, European Union and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)32. According to the Law 303, the principles of establishment, organization and operation of the public water supply and sewerage service must ensure the security of the service provided/ delivered, an adequate tariff policy; quality, efficiency and profitability of the service provided, transparency and public accountability, including consultation with employers, trade unions, consumers and representative associations thereof on the issues of the problems of intercommunal (inter- municipal) association and regionalization of the service, sustainable development; access regulated to the public water supply and sewerage system of all consumers, on a contractual basis, compliance with the specific regulations in the field of water management, environmental protection and public health, continuity in terms of quality and quantity, adaptability to consumer requirements. And the management of the public water supply and sewerage service is organized and carried out by: a) direct management; b) delegated management. The choice of the form of the management of the public water supply and sewerage service is made by the decision of the deliberative authorities of the administrative-territorial units, depending on the nature and condition of the service, need to ensure the best quality-price ratio, current and perspective interests of the administrative-territorial units, as well as the on the size and complexity of the systems related to the service. The form of management of the water supply and sewerage service is established by: a) decision regarding the administration, adopted by the deliberative authorities of the administrative-territorial units, in case of direct management; b) decision regarding the awarding and concluding contracts for delegating the management of the service, adopted, respectively approved, as the case may be, by the deliberative authorities of the administrative-territorial units, in case of delegated management. The activities specific to the water supply and sewerage service, regardless of the form of management chosen, are carried out on the basis of a regulation on the organization and operation of the service and a specification, developed and approved by the local public

32 Operation of water supply and sewerage systems. Training course for the employees of subscriber services of the enterprises providing water supply and sewerage services, members of the Association “Moldova Apă-Canal” of the Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, December 2016.

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administration authorities in accordance with the Framework Regulation for the organization and operation of the public water supply and sewerage service. Within the direct management, the local public administration authorities directly assume all the tasks and responsibilities regarding the organization, management, administration, operation, functioning and financing of the public water supply and sewerage service. It is achieved through structures of local public administration authorities, established by decisions of local councils, as appropriate, which may be in accordance with the law: specialized compartments, without legal personality, organized within the own apparatus of the local council of the administrative-territorial unit; or specialized entities, with legal personality, organized under the subordination of the local council of the administrative-territorial unit, having own patrimony, own economic management and financial and functional autonomy. They carry out the activity of providing/ ensuring the service based on the decision to put into administration and operation the service and related water supply and sewerage systems and based on the license issued by NAER, in accordance with the law. Delegated management is the management method by which the local public administration authorities transfer, based on a management delegation contract, to one or more operators all the attributions and responsibilities regarding the provision/ ensuring of the public water supply and sewerage service, as well as the administration and operation of the technical-urbanistic systems and infrastructure related thereto. The procedures for assigning the management delegation contracts are the public tendering and direct negotiation, organized on the basis of the Framework procedure regarding the organization, conduct and assignment of management delegation contracts for the public water supply and sewerage service, approved by the Government. The management delegation contracts are approved by an assignment decision, adopted by the deliberative authorities of the administrative-territorial units, and are signed by the executive authorities thereof. The delegated management according to the Law is performed through some operators, which may be: a) commercial companies established by the local public administration authorities, which provide/ ensure the public water supply and sewerage service, with share capital wholly owned by the administrative-territorial units; b) commercial companies that provide/ ensure the public water supply and sewerage service, established as a result of the reorganization of the municipal enterprises, which share capital is wholly owned, as owner, by the administrative-territorial units; c) commercial companies with private or mixed share capital, which provide/ ensure the public water supply and sewerage service. The management delegation contract, regardless of the type thereof, must include clauses regarding: a) name of the contracting parties; b) object of the contract; c) duration of the contract; d) rights and obligations of the contracting parties; e) investment program for modernizations, rehabilitations, capacity developments, new objectives and for maintenance works, current repairs, planned repairs, both physical and value renovations; f) tasks and responsibilities of the parties regarding the investment programs, rehabilitation, repair and renovation programs, as well as the conditions for the financing thereof; 335

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g) performance indicators of the service provided/ ensured to consumers;

i) method of charging and collecting the value of the service provided/ ensured;

j) level of the royalty or other obligations, as the case may be;

k) contractual liability;

l) major force;

m) conditions for redefining the contractual clauses;

n) conditions of restitution or distribution, as the case may be, of the goods, including the investments, made at the termination, regardless of the cause, of the contract;

o) maintaining the contractual balance;

p) conditions for terminating the contract;

q) administration of the public and private patrimony taken over;

r) structure of the labor force and conditions regarding the social protection thereof;

s) other clauses agreed by the parties, as the case may be.

According to the Law No. 303, the main criteria for concluding management delegation contracts are the professional and financial guarantees of the operators, as well as the performance indicators when providing/ ensuring the service in conditions of appropriate quality and quantity. The newly established operators may be admitted to the procedure of concluding a management delegation under the same conditions as the existing ones. The procedure regarding the assignment of the contracts for delegation of management of the water supply and sewerage service is made based on the assignment documentation approved by the deliberative authorities of the administrative-territorial units. The assignment documentation must include the Regulation on the organization and operation of the public water supply and sewerage service, Specifications of the public water supply and sewerage service and Selection criteria specific thereto, drawn up on the basis of the Framework Regulation, Framework Specifications of the service and on the Framework Selection Criteria specific to the water supply and sewerage service. The contract for delegating the management of the water supply and sewerage services, including the concession of water supply and sewerage systems related thereto, is assigned directly to the regional operators/ operators with fully public capital within the given territory. The existence of private capital in the full capital of the regional operator/ operator is excluded. In the case of delegated management, the local public administration authorities retain, in accordance with their competences according to the law, the prerogatives and responsibilities regarding the adoption of service development policies and strategies, including programs for the development of water supply and sewerage systems, as well as the obligation to monitor, control and supervise the manner in which the provision/ ensuring of the public water supply and sewerage service is carried out, namely: a) compliance with and fulfillment of the contractual obligations assumed by operators, including in relation to the consumers; b) performance indicators of the service provided/ ensured;

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c) administration, operation, conservation and maintenance into operation, development or modernization of water supply and sewerage systems; d) formation, establishment, modification and adjustment of tariffs for the public water supply and sewerage service. According to the attributions within the conclusion of the contracts for delegating the management of the public water supply and sewerage service, the local councils or the specialized central body, as the case may be, will ensure the preparation and will approve, within 6 months from the decision on delegating the management or upon receipt of a proposal from an interested investor, an opportunity study to substantiate and identify the best management delegation solutions, as well as the management delegation documentation. Usually, valid in the management year of 2020, the duration of a management delegation contract cannot be longer than the duration necessary for the amortization of investments, but not to exceed 49 years. This duration may be extended only under the conditions of this law, in the following cases: a) for reasons of general interest – case in which the duration of the contract may be extended by a maximum of 2 years; b) when the operator, at the request of the local public administration authority and for the good execution of the service or for the extension of the water supply and sewerage system, has made investments that could not be amortized within the remaining term until the expiration of the initial contract except by an excessive increase in tariffs. The delegation of the management of the public water supply and sewerage service does not caancel the prerogatives of the local public administration authorities regarding the adoption of public service development policies and strategies, including the programs of development of the water supply and sewerage systems, and does not exclude the responsibilities and rights thereof of supervision, monitoring and control, in accordance with their attributions according to the law. The management delegation contracts will stipulate the concrete tasks incumbent on the local public administration authorities, respectively the operator, as regards the initiation, substantiation, promotion, approval, financing and execution of investments. According to the law, the legal regime of public water supply and sewerage systems are part of the technical-urbanistic infrastructure of the administrative-territorial units, are goods of public interest and use and belong, by their nature or according to the law, to the public domain of the administrative-territorial units, being subject to the legal regime of the public property in accordance with the Law No. 29/2018 regarding the delimitation of public property. The public water supply and sewerage systems or the component parts thereof, performed jointly through investment programs, belong to the public domain of the state or of the administrative-territorial units and are registered in the patrimony thereof based on the following criteria: a) the goods built exclusively within a single administrative-territorial unit shall belong to the public domain thereof; b) the goods built within several administrative-territorial units and/ or which serve several administrative-territorial units shall belong to the public domain of the district/ municipality if all the administrative-territorial units involved are located in the same district/ municipality; c) the goods built within several administrative-territorial units and/ or which serve several administrative-territorial units belong to the public domain of the state or of the administrative- territorial units if these administrative-territorial units are located in different districts/

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municipalities, the affiliation thereof being established by the decision of the district/ municipal councils or by a decision of the Government. In the case of the NB, the proposal to create an Association of Mayors (“Nirnova Basin” Association), a decision that was taken unanimously by the mayors in April 2019, to function as a management structure of water and sanitation services throughout the basin including all localities face some difficulties. However, as a model of association for regional management/ operator, a greater openness has the legal form of a joint stock company. According to the Law No. 1134 of 02/04/1997 (with subsequent amendments) on joint stock companies, a joint stock company is a commercial company which share capital is entirely divided into shares and which obligations are guaranteed by the patrimony of the company. The advantages of the legal form as a Joint Stock Company are several: - The company may be set up by organizing a new company or reorganizing an existing legal entity. - The founders of the company may be capable individuals and legal entities from the Republic of Moldova, from other states, stateless persons, as well as foreign states and international organizations. - The founders of the companies, on behalf of the Republic of Moldova or of the administrative-territorial units, appear to be the public authorities determined by the legislation. - The number of founders of the joint stock company is not limited. - The joint stock company is obliged to publicly report the financial results. - The management of the company has a greater autonomy in decision making and is less influenced by the political factor. - Carrying out the company’s annual audit. - It may attract financing more easily (including commercial loans). In this case, the LPAs that will constitute the Joint Stock Company will have the possibility to establish in more detail, in the incorporation document, the details regarding the association and the possibilities of delegation to the regional operator of the services. Also, for the institutional development when analyzing the existing situation, it has been determined that there exists no operator in the region who/ which might take over this role for the entire NB. Associating all existing operators with the available equipment and personnel and ensuring an efficient management for the entire NB is the key to a sustainable service. In order to create a regional operator, it is necessary to carry out a feasibility study in the field of Operation and Management in order to establish in detail the organizational model, staff structure, staged involvement depending on needs and pace of development of the managed infrastructure. Summary and simplified from the existing information the needs of the new regional operator would be: Resources Units Type Staff 120 Management, technical, intervention, financial, auxiliary etc. Need for training 45 According to the categories of personnel and production needs Equipment 30 of intervention, measurement, repair Technique 15 Vehicles, backhoe loader, tankers, cleaning etc. Offices 3 Central, 2 regional

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The expenditures and needs may fluctuate significantly, depending on the type of organization and management. For example, certain services and works may be outsourced to third parties (staff supply service, capital repairs, equipment maintenance etc.). The Operator's staff is divided into the following departments and units: ● Director (3 positions), including:

- Director / Manager;

- Chief accountant;

- Chief Engineer. ● Corporate Department (13 positions), including:

- Specialist in health and safety of workers;

- Human resources inspector, lawyer;

- Engineer, electrician;

- Engineer;

- Economist;

- Equipment engineer; ● Engineer, automation systems;

● Accounting (3 positions);

● Driver;

● Water Networks Department (19 positions);

● Operations and maintenance services (18 positions);

● Sewerage Networks Department (25 positions);

● Commercial Department (7 positions);

● Security (4 positions).

This structure will facilitate the fulfillment of the main functions of a modern WSS operator. The company will continue to invest in: ● Information capital - in particular, a comprehensive customer database, a system for monitoring the operating parameters of production and treatment facilities, as well as water and sewerage networks and a system for monitoring of operating and maintenance costs. In addition, a GIS system is needed to complete the customer database and increase other investments, such as in SCADA; ● Organizational capital - in particular, working procedures to facilitate the use and results of information systems, job descriptions and assignments and the fulfillment of all functions of a modern water company; ● Human capital - in particular, the implementation of human resource management, the implementation of a capital development plan and the development of an employment and training program to ensure that adequate personnel are available to perform the functions of a modern water company.

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The organizational structure is divided into the following components:  Director's office - in addition to managing the four departments, the director is the head of the regional water and sewerage operator;  Secretariat - supporting the Office of the Director;  Chief Accountant - responsible for managing the accounting office and meeting the regulatory requirements for financial reporting;  Public Relations Department - responsible for managing the reputation and goodwill of the regional operator and, in particular, for increasing the connection rate to the water supply and sewerage system (together with the Customer Service Department);  Health and Safety Office - responsible for ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations;  Laboratory - responsible for ensuring compliance with regulations by sampling and testing;  Four directions, each led by a manager, as follows:  Corporate planning;  Customer service;  Operations. In turn, the four departments will include a number of departments, as follows:  Corporate planning - responsible for preparing the strategic plan, business plan, multi-annual capital investment plan and multi-annual financial plan:  Human resources - responsible for planning and management human resources;  Corporate planning - responsible for preparing the strategic plan, business plan, multi-annual capital investment plan and multi-annual financial plan.  Customer service - responsible for customer connections to both the water supply and sewerage network, customer contracts, customer accounts, meter reading, billing and collection and local offices in the service area:  Customer accounts - responsible for maintaining customer accounts customers, including setting up new accounts, accepting terms and conditions for connecting customers, keeping track of customer complaints, issuing invoices, tracking payments, and managing revenue collection. In particular, the department is responsible, in cooperation with the company director and the public relations manager, for encouraging connection to water supply and sewerage systems;  Meter reading - responsible for performing meter readings installed on customers, as well as managing local meter readers.  Operations - responsible for the operation and maintenance of water and wastewater infrastructure, in particular production and treatment facilities:  Water supply - responsible for the operation and maintenance of water production, treatment and supply facilities;  Wastewater collection - responsible for the operation and maintenance of wastewater collection facilities;

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 Wastewater treatment - responsible for the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, when they become operational.

In designing the recommended structure for the future service provider, it was assumed that, as far as possible, existing employees will be used - both at Apa-Canal Nisporeni and at other service providers in Nisporeni and Hâncesti districts, provided that experience and training to meet their needs. It is recommended to set up external offices and operate as offices for reading and paying meters, as well as a local technician to assess network emergencies and provide advice on a course of action. The local technician could be used immediately to solve minor problems, such as closing the valves when leaks occur until a repair arrives. Therefore, field offices should contain basic equipment for these minor interventions. It is recommended to set up a field office in the district, in addition to the headquarters.

Expenditures and needs can fluctuate significantly, depending on the type of organization and management. For example, certain services and works may be outsourced to third parties (staff supply service, overhauls, equipment maintenance, etc.).

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References

 Anuarul IPM - 2018 „Protectia mediului in Republica Moldova”, Chisinau 2019.  Anuar starea calitatii apelor de suprafata conform parametrilor hidrochimici pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova. Old.meteo.md.  Bejan, I., Boboc, N., (2006), Relieful teritoriului Republicii Moldova si modul de utilizare a terenurilor, An.Univ. „Ştefan cel Mare”, Suceava.  Biroul National de Statistica al Republicii Moldova.  Capcelea, A., Osiiuc, V., Rudco, G., (2001), Bazele geologiei ecologice a Republicii Moldova, Ştiinta, Chisina.  Constantinov I., Krupenikov I., Boaghe L., Dobrovolschi Gr. Eroziunea solului si metode de combatere (Îndrumar). – ACSA, Chisinau, 2003.  Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH , ”Exploatarea sistemelor de alimentare cu apa si de canalizare”, Curs de formare pentru angajatii serviciilor abonati ai intreprinderilor furnizoare de servicii de alimentare cu apa si canalizare, membre ale Asociatiei Moldova Apa-Canal din Republica Moldova, Chisinau 2016.  Ghid privind gestionarea namolului de epurare si limitele de evacuare a apei reziduale in corpurile de apa de suprafata, Moldova, 2019.  Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond, Roland Schertenleib si Christian Zurbrügg ”Sisteme si tehnologii de sanitatie” Compendiu, a doua editie revizuita, Traducerea in limba româna realizata de Fundatia Skat in cadrul Proiectului Elvetiei de Apa si Sanitatie in Moldova (ApaSan), finantat de Agentia Elvetiana pentru Dezvoltare si Cooperare (SDC) si cofinantat de Agentia Austriaca pentru Dezvoltare (ADA).  Institutul de Studii si Proiectari Energertice Bucuresti. ”Studiu pentru analiza situatiei actuale a efectelor utilizarii namolurilor de la statiile de epurare in agricultura”.  Studiu diagnostic privind apa si sanitatia in mediul rural in Moldova, gospodariile casnice, la solicitarea Ministerului Mediului (ME), Ministerului Dezvoltarii Regionale si Constructiei MDRC), Congresului Autoritatilor Locale din Moldova (CALM), Bancii Mondiala si Fundatiei "Filiala din Moldova a Fondatiei Skat" Chisinau 2017.  Strategia de dezvoltare socio-economica a raionului Hincesti 2013 – 2020 realizat cu suportul Institutului de Economie, Finant e si Statistica.  Strategia de dezvoltare durabila a raionului Nisporeni (2013-2020).  Șeico, I. Anton, D. Cheptea „Statistica teritoriala”, Evaluarea comparativa a calitatii apei din râurile Nnistru si Prut, 2020.

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Annexes

Annex 1: Diagnosis of localities regarding the water supply and sewerage

Annex 2: Value parameters of water used in the study area

Annex 3: Questionnaire templates

Annex 4: Information letters from the authorities

Annex 5: Forecasts of the water consumption and volumes of generated water

Annex 6: Maps

Annex 7: Economic calculations

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