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Hedera Helix Hedera Hibernica BEST MANAGEMENTPRACTICES for English Andirishivies in Themetro Vancouver Region Disclaimer

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Hedera Helix Hedera Hibernica BEST MANAGEMENTPRACTICES for English Andirishivies in Themetro Vancouver Region Disclaimer Hedera helix Hedera hibernica BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR English and Irish Ivies in the Metro Vancouver Region Disclaimer This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend Copyright to this publication is owned by the Metro any particular product material or service provider, nor is Vancouver Regional District (“Metro Vancouver”). it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal, or other Permission to reproduce this publication, or any professional advice. Such advice should be sought from substantial part of it, is granted only for personal, non- qualified professionals. commercial, educational and informational purposes, provided that the publication is not modified or altered While the information in this publication is believed to and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer be accurate, this publication and all of the information is included in any such production or reproduction. contained in it are provided “as is” without warranty of any Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright including, without limitation, implied warranties of Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Created by: Metro Vancouver and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver In partnership with: The Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Diamond Head Consulting Requested by: Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Invasive Species Subcommittee 4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5H 0C6 metrovancouver.org June 2019 Contents Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 4 REGULATORY STATUS ___________________________________________________________ 4 IMPACTS _____________________________________________________________________ 5 REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD ____________________________________________________ 6 HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION ______________________________________________________ 6 Identification ___________________________________________________________________ 7 SIMILAR SPECIES _______________________________________________________________ 9 Tracking ______________________________________________________________________ 10 Reporting_____________________________________________________________________ 10 Prevention and Control Strategies ________________________________________________ 11 PREVENTION: IMPERATIVE ________________________________________________________ 11 MANUAL/MECHANICAL: RECOMMENDED ___________________________________________ 11 CHEMICAL: CAUTION __________________________________________________________ 14 CULTURAL: NOT RECOMMENDED _________________________________________________ 19 BIOLOGICAL: NOT AVAILABLE ____________________________________________________ 19 CONTROL SUMMARY __________________________________________________________20 Disposal ______________________________________________________________________ 21 ON SITE DISPOSAL ____________________________________________________________ 21 OFF SITE DISPOSAL ____________________________________________________________ 21 CLEANING AND DISINFECTION ___________________________________________________ 21 Follow-up Monitoring __________________________________________________________ 22 Restoration ___________________________________________________________________ 23 References ____________________________________________________________________ 24 Additional Resources __________________________________________________________ 26 Acknowledgments _____________________________________________________________ 26 Introduction The impacts of invasive species on ecological, human, and vegetatively and by seed and it tolerates a wide range of economic health are of concern in the Metro Vancouver soil, moisture and light conditions. It is still commonly grown region. Successful control of invasive species requires and sold as an ornamental plant and valued for its hardy, concerted and targeted efforts by many players. This attractive, evergreen groundcover. Ivy’s ability to take over document – “Best Management Practices for English forest understories, suppress the growth of native species, and Irish Ivies in the Metro Vancouver Region” – is one and alter the tree canopy makes it a serious invader. of a series of species-specific guides developed for use by Academic institutions, government, and non-government practitioners (e.g., local government staff, crews, project organizations continue to study this species in British managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship Columbia. As researchers and practitioners learn more groups, and others who have a role in invasive species about the biology and control of ivy, it is anticipated that management) in the region. Together, these best practices the recommended best management practices will change provide a compendium of guidance that has been tested overtime and this document will be updated. Please check locally by many researchers and operational experts. metrovancouver.org regularly to obtain the most recent English ivy (Hedera helix) and Irish ivy (Hedera hibernica)1 version of these best management practices. are native to Europe and western Asia. English ivy was introduced to North America during the earliest days REGULATORY STATUS of colonialism (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, 2018) and has become increasingly Section 2 (1) b (iii) of the Community Charter, Spheres problematic in natural and human-altered landscapes of Concurrent Jurisdiction – Environment and Wildlife throughout the Metro Vancouver region. Ivy spreads Regulation, states that “municipalities may regulate, 1 Irish ivy (Hedera hibernica) is also known by the common name Atlantic ivy (E-Flora, 2017). Unless distinctions are specified, these species are collectively referred to as ivy. 4 Best Management Practices for English and Irish Ivies in the Metro Vancouver Region prohibit and impose requirements in relation to control and eradication of alien invasive species”, which includes English ivy under Terrestrial Vascular Plants of Schedule 1. IMPACTS Ivy forms dense monocultures that grow along the ground and climb trees and structures. It smothers native vegetation and may inhibit understory growth in Lower Mainland riparian forests (Fierke & Kauffman, 2005). In Vancouver’s Stanley Park, ivy density was correlated with a reduction in species richness and changes in species composition (Quinn & Best, 2002). A similar pattern was found in a survey of three urban parks in Seattle where ivy was found to change community plant structure, largely by reducing the shrub layer (Dlugosch, 2005). Ivy’s shallow root systems can also increase soil erosion (Soll, 2005). Ivy is especially detrimental to trees. It can engulf and encircle shrubs and trees of all sizes. Ivy cover deprives bark of normal contact with air and microorganisms (King County Noxious Weed Control Program, 2004). The weight of ivy is capable of breaking branches and toppling trees, especially in conjunction with storm or disease events (Soll, 2005). Ivy can impact a tree’s ability to maintain sufficient healthy Ivy climbing a mature tree branches and leaves to photosynthesize. Ivy also serves as a CREDIT: F. STEELE reservoir for bacterial leaf scorch (Xylella fastidiosa), a plant pathogen that is harmful to maples, oaks, elms, and other and may cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals (Dreves, native plants (Mcelrone, Sherald, & Pooler, 1999). It is more 2018). Dense ivy mats provide hiding areas for rats, other difficult for tree risk assessors to determine the health of vermin and debris (King County Noxious Weed Control trees by visual observation when trees are covered in dense Program, 2004). Ivy has the ability to damage infrastructure ivy (Pocock, 2018). upon which it grows (Invasive Species Council of British Columbia, 2017). Ivy-caused tree failures may also harm Monocultures of ivy can have rippling consequences through infrastructure and residents. higher trophic levels. Altering the structure of all forest layers, ivy can significantly impact native birds that are reliant Evidence suggests that ivy benefits from high carbon dioxide on native forest structures (Quinn & Best, 2002). The berries concentrations under warm conditions, suggesting that it will are mildly toxic to birds (Barnea, Harborne, & Pannell, 1993), become more resilient as the climate changes (Manzanedo, especially native birds that are not adapted to the toxin. et al., 2018). Ivy berries and leaves are toxic to humans and livestock if All levels of government, non-profit organizations and eaten (King County Noxious Weed Control Program, 2004) private property owners spend significant resources Best Management Practices for English and Irish Ivies in the Metro Vancouver Region 5 managing ivy in the Metro Vancouver region every year. In horticulture professionals and the public. Horticulture recent years, agencies represented on Metro Vancouver’s and associated garden waste disposal also contribute Regional Planning Advisory Committee - Invasive Species to its spread (Reichard & White, 2001). A study in Surrey, Subcommittee together have spent over $220,000 on ivy British Columbia found that ivy occurrence decreases with control and volunteer stewardship
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