TLR Signaling Pathways
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TLR3-Dependent Activation of TLR2 Endogenous Ligands Via the Myd88 Signaling Pathway Augments the Innate Immune Response
cells Article TLR3-Dependent Activation of TLR2 Endogenous Ligands via the MyD88 Signaling Pathway Augments the Innate Immune Response 1 2, 1 3 Hellen S. Teixeira , Jiawei Zhao y, Ethan Kazmierski , Denis F. Kinane and Manjunatha R. Benakanakere 2,* 1 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA; [email protected] (H.S.T.); [email protected] (E.K.) 2 Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA; [email protected] 3 Periodontology Department, Bern Dental School, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Present address: Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, y 541 East Canfield Ave., Scott Hall 9215, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 17 August 2020 Abstract: The role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 is thought to be independent of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling. In this report, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of MyD88 in TLR3 signaling in inducing endogenous ligands of TLR2 to elicit innate immune responses. Of the various TLR ligands examined, the TLR3-specific ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), significantly induced TNF production and the upregulation of other TLR transcripts, in particular, TLR2. Accordingly, TLR3 stimulation also led to a significant upregulation of endogenous TLR2 ligands mainly, HMGB1 and Hsp60. By contrast, the silencing of TLR3 significantly downregulated MyD88 and TLR2 gene expression and pro-inflammatory IL1β, TNF, and IL8 secretion. The silencing of MyD88 similarly led to the downregulation of TLR2, IL1β, TNF and IL8, thus suggesting MyD88 / to somehow act downstream of TLR3. -
TLR4 and TLR9 Ligands Macrophages Induces Cross
Lymphotoxin β Receptor Activation on Macrophages Induces Cross-Tolerance to TLR4 and TLR9 Ligands This information is current as Nadin Wimmer, Barbara Huber, Nicola Barabas, Johann of September 27, 2021. Röhrl, Klaus Pfeffer and Thomas Hehlgans J Immunol 2012; 188:3426-3433; Prepublished online 22 February 2012; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103324 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3426 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2012/02/23/jimmunol.110332 Material 4.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ References This article cites 42 articles, 13 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3426.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 27, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Lymphotoxin b Receptor Activation on Macrophages Induces Cross-Tolerance to TLR4 and TLR9 Ligands Nadin Wimmer,* Barbara Huber,* Nicola Barabas,* Johann Ro¨hrl,* Klaus Pfeffer,† and Thomas Hehlgans* Our previous studies indicated that lymphotoxin b receptor (LTbR) activation controls and downregulates inflammatory reac- tions. -
Nonredundant Roles of TIRAP and Myd88 in Airway Response to Endotoxin, Independent of TRIF, IL-1 and IL-18 Pathways
Laboratory Investigation (2006) 86, 1126–1135 & 2006 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/06 $30.00 www.laboratoryinvestigation.org Nonredundant roles of TIRAP and MyD88 in airway response to endotoxin, independent of TRIF, IL-1 and IL-18 pathways Dieudonne´e Togbe1, Gorse Aurore1, Nicolas Noulin1,2, Vale´rie FJ Quesniaux1, Silvia Schnyder-Candrian1, Bruno Schnyder1, Virginie Vasseur1, Shizuo Akira3, Kasper Hoebe4, Bruce Beutler4, Bernhard Ryffel1,* and Isabelle Couillin1,* 1Molecular Immunology and Embryology, CNRS UMR6218, Transgenose Institute, Orleans, France; 2R&D Department, Key-Obs, Orleans, France; 3Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan and 4Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Inhaled endotoxins induce an acute inflammatory response in the airways mediated through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). However, the relative roles of the TLR4 adaptor proteins TIRAP and TRIF and of the MyD88-dependent IL-1 and IL-18 receptor pathways in this response are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that endotoxin-induced acute bronchoconstriction, vascular damage resulting in protein leak, Th1 cytokine and chemokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment in the airways are abrogated in mice deficient for either TIRAP or MyD88, but not in TRIF deficient mice. The contribution of other TLR-independent, MyD88-dependent signaling pathways was investigated in IL-1R1, IL-18R and caspase-1 (ICE)-deficient mice, which displayed normal airway responses to endotoxin. In conclusion, the TLR4-mediated, bronchoconstric- tion and acute inflammatory lung pathology to inhaled endotoxin critically depend on the expression of both adaptor proteins, TIRAP and MyD88, suggesting cooperative roles, while TRIF, IL-1R1, IL-18R signaling pathways are dispensable. -
Signaling Molecules§ Erin E
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 112 (2006) 302–308 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Short communication Cloning and radiation hybrid mapping of bovine toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling molecules§ Erin E. Connor a, Elizabeth A. Cates a,b, John L. Williams c, Douglas D. Bannerman a,* a Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA b University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA c Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK Received 17 January 2006; accepted 7 March 2006 Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 is a transmembrane receptor for lipopolysaccharide, a highly pro-inflammatory component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. To date, molecules of the TLR-4 signaling pathway have not been well characterized in cattle. The goal of this study was to clone and sequence the full-length coding regions of bovine genes involved in TLR-4 signaling including CASP8, IRAK1, LY96 (MD-2), TICAM2, TIRAP, TOLLIP and TRAF 6 and to position these genes, as well as MyD88 and TICAM1, on the bovine genome using radiation hybrid mapping. Results of this work indicate differences with a previously published bovine sequence for LY96 and a predicted sequence in the GenBank database for TIRAP based on the most recent assembly of the bovine genome. In addition, discrepancies between actual and predicted chromosomal map positions based on the Btau_2.0 genome assembly release were identified, although map positions were consistent with predicted locations based on the current bovine-human comparative map. Alignment of the bovine amino acid sequences with human and murine sequences showed a broad range in conservation, from 52 to 93%. -
Regulation of Neuronal Morphogenesis and Brain Functions Via Toll-Like Receptors Chiung-Ya Chen*, Yi-Chun Shih, Yun-Fen Hung and Yi-Ping Hsueh*
Chen et al. Journal of Biomedical Science (2019) 26:90 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0584-z REVIEW Open Access Beyond defense: regulation of neuronal morphogenesis and brain functions via Toll-like receptors Chiung-Ya Chen*, Yi-Chun Shih, Yun-Fen Hung and Yi-Ping Hsueh* Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well known as critical pattern recognition receptors that trigger innate immune responses. In addition, TLRs are expressed in neurons and may act as the gears in the neuronal detection/alarm system for making good connections. As neuronal differentiation and circuit formation take place along with programmed cell death, neurons face the challenge of connecting with appropriate targets while avoiding dying or dead neurons. Activation of neuronal TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8 with nucleic acids negatively modulates neurite outgrowth and alters synapse formation in a cell-autonomous manner. It consequently influences neural connectivity and brain function and leads to deficits related to neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, neuronal TLR activation does not simply duplicate the downstream signal pathways and effectors of classical innate immune responses. The differences in spatial and temporal expression of TLRs and their ligands likely account for the diverse signaling pathways of neuronal TLRs. In conclusion, the accumulated evidence strengthens the idea that the innate immune system of neurons serves as an alarm system that responds to exogenous pathogens as well as intrinsic danger signals and fine-tune developmental processes of neurons. Keywords: Innate immunity, TLR, Neuronal development Introduction innate immune system responds quickly to danger sig- Organisms have host defense systems, namely adaptive nals and lacks antigen specificity. -
MYD88 L265P Is a Marker Highly Characteristic Of, but Not Restricted To, Waldenstro¨M’S Macroglobulinemia
Leukemia (2013) 27, 1722–1728 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0887-6924/13 www.nature.com/leu ORIGINAL ARTICLE MYD88 L265P is a marker highly characteristic of, but not restricted to, Waldenstro¨m’s macroglobulinemia C Jime´ nez1, E Sebastia´n1, MC Chillo´n1,2, P Giraldo3, J Mariano Herna´ndez4, F Escalante5, TJ Gonza´lez-Lo´ pez6, C Aguilera7, AG de Coca8, I Murillo3, M Alcoceba1, A Balanzategui1, ME Sarasquete1,2, R Corral1, LA Marı´n1, B Paiva1,2, EM Ocio1,2, NC Gutie´ rrez1,2, M Gonza´lez1,2, JF San Miguel1,2 and R Garcı´a-Sanz1,2 We evaluated the MYD88 L265P mutation in Waldenstro¨m’s macroglobulinemia (WM) and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (sensitivity B10 À 3). No mutation was seen in normal donors, while it was present in 101/117 (86%) WM patients, 27/31 (87%) IgM monoclonal gammapathies of uncertain significance (MGUS), 3/14 (21%) splenic marginal zone lymphomas and 9/48 (19%) non-germinal center (GC) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). The mutation was absent in all 28 GC-DLBCLs, 13 DLBCLs not subclassified, 35 hairy cell leukemias, 39 chronic lymphocyticleukemias(16withM-component), 25 IgA or IgG-MGUS, 24 multiple myeloma (3 with an IgM isotype), 6 amyloidosis, 9 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas and 1 IgM-related neuropathy. Among WM and IgM- MGUS, MYD88 L265P mutation was associated with some differences in clinical and biological characteristics, although usually minor; wild-type MYD88 cases had smaller M-component (1.77 vs 2.72 g/dl, P ¼ 0.022), more lymphocytosis (24 vs 5%, P ¼ 0.006), higher lactate dehydrogenase level (371 vs 265 UI/L, P ¼ 0.002), atypical immunophenotype (CD23 À CD27 þþFMC7 þþ), less Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable gene (IGHV) somatic hypermutation (57 vs 97%, P ¼ 0.012) and less IGHV3–23 gene selection (9 vs 27%, P ¼ 0.014). -
Osteoarthritis and Toll-Like Receptors: When Innate Immunity Meets Chondrocyte Apoptosis
biology Review Osteoarthritis and Toll-Like Receptors: When Innate Immunity Meets Chondrocyte Apoptosis Goncalo Barreto 1,2,* , Mikko Manninen 3 and Kari K. Eklund 1,2,3 1 Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; kari.eklund@hus.fi 2 Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 3 Orton Research Institute, 00280 Helsinki, Finland; mikko.manninen@orton.fi * Correspondence: goncalo.barreto@helsinki.fi; Tel.: +358-4585-381-10 Received: 24 February 2020; Accepted: 28 March 2020; Published: 30 March 2020 Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis. In particular, chondrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses triggered by the activation of innate immune receptors by alarmins (also known as danger signals) are thought to be involved. Thus, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways are of particular interest. Recent reports suggest that among the TLR-induced innate immune responses, apoptosis is one of the critical events. Apoptosis is of particular importance, given that chondrocyte death is a dominant feature in OA. This review focuses on the role of TLR signaling in chondrocytes and the role of TLR activation in chondrocyte apoptosis. The functional relevance of TLR and TLR-triggered apoptosis in OA are discussed as well as their relevance as candidates for novel disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). Keywords: osteoarthritis; chondrocytes; toll-like receptors; apoptosis; innate immunity; cartilage 1. Introduction: The Role of Immunity in OA Clinical osteoarthritis (OA) is preceded by a preclinical stage, which, in conjunction with the presence of risk factors and/or other pathological factors, proceeds to the radiographic OA state. -
Dissecting Negative Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling
Review Dissecting negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling 1,2 1,2 1,2 Takeshi Kondo , Taro Kawai and Shizuo Akira 1 Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 2 Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense invading microbial pathogens. MyD88 is recruited to all TLRs except for pathogens and play crucial roles in the activation of TLR3 and associates with IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAKs) innate and adaptive immunity. However, excessive and TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), resulting in activa- TLR activation can disrupt immune homeostasis, and tion of canonical inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene may be responsible for the development of autoimmune enhancer in B-cells, kinases (IKKs) (IKKa and IKKb) and and inflammatory diseases. As such, the molecules and nuclear factor (NF)-kBs (Figure 1). In contrast, TRIF is pathways that negatively control TLR signaling have recruited to TLR3 and TLR4, leading to activation of been intensively investigated. Here, we discuss recent NF-kB as well as noncanonical IKKs (TRAF-family- insights into the negative regulation of TLR signaling, member-associated NF-kB activator (TANK) binding kinase with focus on three major mechanisms: (i) dissociation 1 (TBK1) and IKKi) and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor of adaptor complexes; (ii) degradation of signal proteins; (IRF)3 via TRAF proteins (Figure 2). TIRAP functions as a and (iii) transcriptional regulation. We also highlight sorting adapter that recruits MyD88 to TLR2 and TLR4, how pathogens negatively target TLR signaling as a whereas TRAM functions as a bridge adapter between TLR4 strategy to evade the host immune response. -
Dephosphorylating TRAM TRIF-Dependent TLR4 Pathway by Phosphatase PTPN4 Preferentially Inhibits
Phosphatase PTPN4 Preferentially Inhibits TRIF-Dependent TLR4 Pathway by Dephosphorylating TRAM This information is current as Wanwan Huai, Hui Song, Lijuan Wang, Bingqing Li, Jing of September 29, 2021. Zhao, Lihui Han, Chengjiang Gao, Guosheng Jiang, Lining Zhang and Wei Zhao J Immunol published online 30 March 2015 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2015/03/28/jimmun ol.1402183 Downloaded from Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 29, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2015 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published March 30, 2015, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402183 The Journal of Immunology Phosphatase PTPN4 Preferentially Inhibits TRIF-Dependent TLR4 Pathway by Dephosphorylating TRAM Wanwan Huai,* Hui Song,* Lijuan Wang,† Bingqing Li,‡ Jing Zhao,* Lihui Han,* Chengjiang Gao,* Guosheng Jiang,‡ Lining Zhang,* and Wei Zhao* TLR4 recruits TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM, also known as TICAM2) as a sorting adaptor to facilitate the interaction between TLR4 and TRIF and then initiate TRIF-dependent IRF3 activation. -
Maturation and Is Inhibited by TLR2 Signaling Through TLR4 Promotes
Role of TLR in B Cell Development: Signaling through TLR4 Promotes B Cell Maturation and Is Inhibited by TLR2 This information is current as Elize A. Hayashi, Shizuo Akira and Alberto Nobrega of September 28, 2021. J Immunol 2005; 174:6639-6647; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6639 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/6639 Downloaded from References This article cites 45 articles, 26 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/6639.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 28, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Role of TLR in B Cell Development: Signaling through TLR4 Promotes B Cell Maturation and Is Inhibited by TLR21 Elize A. Hayashi,* Shizuo Akira,† and Alberto Nobrega2* The role of TLR4 in mature B cell activation is well characterized. -
MYD88 and Beyond: Novel Opportunities for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment in Waldenstro¨M’S Macroglobulinemia
Leukemia (2014) 28, 1799–1803 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0887-6924/14 www.nature.com/leu CONCISE REVIEW MYD88 and beyond: novel opportunities for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in Waldenstro¨m’s Macroglobulinemia O Landgren and N Tageja Waldenstro¨m’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare disease of the elderly with a median age of 63–68 years at diagnosis. Despite recent progress in biological insights and therapeutics, WM remains clinically challenging to diagnose and is difficult to manage with significant morbidity and lack of established curative therapies. Recently, the use of whole-genome sequencing has helped to identify a highly recurrent somatic mutation, myeloid differentiation factor 88 [MYD88] L265P in WM. This has fueled major interest in the field and as newer evidence accumulates, it is clear that that discovery of MYD88 L265P mutation may represent an important breakthrough in understanding the pathogenesis of WM and lymphoproliferative disorders. Recent scientific work in this field has also guided the identification of new targets such as CXCR4 and PI3K-delta that may have major implications in the future treatment of WM. This review discusses the role of MYD88 L265P mutations as well as targets beyond MYD88 in the setting of pathogenesis and development of future rational therapeutic trials focusing on patients diagnosed with WM. Leukemia (2014) 28, 1799–1803; doi:10.1038/leu.2014.88 INTRODUCTION transduces signals to the NF-kB transcription factors in response to Waldenstro¨m’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare hematological IL-1R1 signaling. MYD88 has a modular structure with a Toll/IL-1R malignancy with a reported age-adjusted incidence rate of 3.4 per (TIR) domain at its COOH terminus and a death domain at its 12 11 million among men and 1.7 per million among women in the NH2 terminus. -
TLR4 Signaling and Macrophage Inflammatory Responses Are Dampened by GIV/Girdin
TLR4 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses are dampened by GIV/Girdin Lee Swansona, Gajanan D. Katkara, Julian Tama, Rama F. Pranadinataa, Yogitha Chareddya, Jane Coatesa, Mahitha Shree Anandachara, Vanessa Castilloa, Joshua Olsonb, Victor Nizetb,c, Irina Kufarevac, Soumita Dasd, and Pradipta Ghosha,e,1 aDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; cSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; dDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and eDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Edited by Shizuo Akira, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, and approved September 18, 2020 (received for review June 10, 2020) Sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces an inflam- and integrins (reviewed in refs. 5, 6), here we studied if and how matory response; controlled responses confer immunity but uncon- GIV may impact the LPS/TLR4 signaling in the most relevant trolled responses cause harm. Here we define how a multimodular cell line, i.e., macrophages. We dissect the relevance of those scaffold, GIV (a.k.a. Girdin), titrates such inflammatory response in findings in murine disease models and its broader relevance macrophages. Upon challenge with either live microbes or microbe- among other TLRs. derived lipopolysaccharides (a ligand for TLR4), macrophages with GIV mount a more tolerant (hypo-reactive) transcriptional response and Results and Discussion suppress proinflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways GIV Is Preferentially Expressed in the Myeloid Cells of Our Immune (i.e., NFkB and CREB) downstream of TLR4 compared to their System.