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1. Introducción General ------1 1.1 Caracterización de la respuesta a sequía e identificación de genes asociados al uso eficiente del agua (UEA) en portainjertos Prunus spp. Beatriz Bielsa Pérez http ://hdl.handle.net/10803/460825 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. TESI DOCTORAL Caracterización de la respuesta a sequía e identificación de genes asociados al uso eficiente del agua (UEA) en portainjertos Prunus spp. Beatriz Bielsa Pérez Memòria presentada per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat de Lleida Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Agrària i Alimentària Director/a Dra. María José Rubio Cabetas Tutor/a Dra. Maria Pilar Muñoz Odina 2017 Tesis Doctoral realizada en la Unidad de Hortofruticultura del Centro de Investigación de Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA). Dña. María José Rubio Cabetas, Dra. en Biología, Investigadora en el Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA) y Dña. Maria Pilar Muñoz Odina, Dra. en Biología, Profesora titular en la Universidat de Lleida, Investigadora en el Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Ciencia Forestal de dicha Universidad, CERTIFICAN Que la tesis doctoral titulada “Caracterización de la respuesta a sequía e identificación de genes asociados al uso eficiente del agua (UEA) en portainjertos Prunus spp.” ha sido realizada íntegramente por la Ingeniera Agrónoma Dña. Beatriz Bielsa Pérez bajo nuestra dirección en dicha Unidad de Hortofruticultura, habiéndose cumplido todos los objetivos planteados, reúne las condiciones requeridas para optar al título de Doctor. Zaragoza, Septiembre de 2017 María José Rubio Cabetas Maria Pilar Muñoz Odina AGRADECIMIENTOS Durante todos estos años han sido muchas las personas e instituciones que han colaborado tanto personal como profesionalmente en la realización de esta tesis. Seguro que me dejo gente en el tintero, es inevitable. Han sido muchos años y mucho que agradecer. Por eso, gracias a todos. En primer lugar, agradecer al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), por concederme la beca FPI con la que se ha financiado esta tesis; y al Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), por haberme dejado llevar a cabo en sus instalaciones todos los trabajos relacionados con esta tesis. Así mismo, agradecer también al Grupo Consolidado A12 (DGA) por la financiación concedida para realizar trabajos relacionados con esta tesis. Agradecer a la Dra. Carole Bassett, su acogida en su laboratorio del Appalachian Fruit Research Station, USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV, EEUU. Por ser una gran maestra y hacerme tan fácil mi estancia en Shepherdstown, WV. Al Dr. Michael Wisniewski, por su cálida acogida y al Dr. Michel Glenn, por sus enseñanzas sobre fisiología. También quisiera agradecer al Dr, Thomas M. Gradziel, por darme la oportunidad de poder trabajar en el Department of Plant Sciences de la Universidad de California, Davis, CA, EEUU. A la Dra. Pilar Muñoz Odina, por su labor como Tutora de esta tesis. Al Dr. Jesús García Brunton, por sus buenos consejos y su gran ayuda en los trabajos realizados en Murcia. No quisiera olvidarme del Dr. Pascual Romero Azorín, por sus consejos y enseñanzas con el manejo del LI-COR. A la Dra. Mª Ángeles Forner, por su colaboración en el procesado de las hojas de melocotonero. A Mª Ángeles Sanz, por su gran ayuda en los últimos momentos, aun cuando la situación no era la más adecuada. A Carmen Leida, por sus enseñanzas con el manejo de la Real Time. Al Dr. Amit Dhingra y a Seanna Hewitt por su ayuda y colaboración en el manejo de los datos relacionados con el transcriptoma de ‘Garnem’. Al Dr. Rafael Socias, por su ayuda y sabios consejos aportados a lo largo de estos años. A Pepe Jaime, por toda la ayuda recibida en los numerosos ensayos que hemos hecho juntos. Muchas gracias por hacerme esos ratos más amenos y menos tediosos. Y José Miguel, me llevo muy buenos consejos, sobre todo en el terreno personal. Gracias por todas esas palabras de ánimo. A Ana Pina, por sus buenos y acertados consejos. Pero principalmente por las risas. ¡Muchas risas! A Mayte, por su complicidad en todo este tiempo. Agradecer a toda la gente de la Unidad de Hortofruticultura la ayuda, consejos y palabras de ánimo durante estos años. A Tere, Pilar Tomey, Rosa, Olga, José Ángel, Mari, Quique, Manu, Carmen Villalba, Ana Garcés, Aurora, Ana María… Particularmente, a Pilar Bergua, por su gran profesionalidad y paciencia, siempre resolviéndome todos mis problemillas administrativos. A los que conmigo han formado parte de la sala de becarios y los que han venido después. En especial, a Erica, gran compañera; a Arantxa, ¡mucho ánimo que ya te queda poquito!; a Alejandro, que ya con una mirada sabemos de qué hablamos, ¡…grande que eres! A Ángel, por su ayuda desinteresada durante estos años. Pero no solo eso, sino también por ser un buen compañero de piso y mejor anfitrión. Gracias por estar siempre pendiente de mí y de enseñarme magníficos lugares en California. ¡Espero que a partir de entonces ninguna cafetera se te haya resistido! Muchas gracias. A Lourdes, compañeras ya desde la carrera y ahora más amiga si cabe. ¡Enhorabuena por esa cosita linda! ¿Ves?, ¡al final dabas a luz tú antes que yo! A la Dra. Mª José Rubio, por brindarme la oportunidad de llevar a cabo esta tesis bajo su dirección, pero no solo eso. También por su dedicación y su apoyo. Y principalmente, por la confianza que depositó en mí ese mes de Octubre de 2005 cuando me presenté bien nerviosa en su despacho para que me dirigiese el proyecto final de carrera de ITA. Desde entonces no he hecho más que aprender y aprender, en lo profesional, pero sobre todo en lo personal. Gracias por todo. A Oreto, poco que decir que no te haya dicho ya antes, Amiga. Que eres maravilla. Que eres lo mejor que me llevo de estos años. ¡Que te quiero! A mis primas: Rosa, Davinia, Sole y Tifón. ¡Qué gran familia con encanto somos, leche! La madre superiora nos guía. Jaja… Muchísimas gracias por estar siempre ahí. ¡Os llevo conmigo siempre, hermanas! A Isabel, mil gracias por formar parte de mi vida, por tu apoyo en los momentos duros y la felicidad que transmites en los buenos. ¿Qué más puedo pedir que tenerte a mi lado? Héctor, espero que nunca pierdas tu afición fotográfica con la que nos haces disfrutar tanto. Gracias por tu pequeña, pero no por ello, menos importante aportación. A mi familia. A mi hermano, por estar siempre ahí y enseñarme desde pequeñita a ser fuerte. A mis padres, por todo, principalmente por su paciencia y gran ayuda. A ti, que aun apareciendo en el último acto, has pasado de un papel figurante a protagonista de mi vida. Gracias por apoyarme durante este último año, el más duro. No ha sido nada fácil, pero tú has hecho que lo fuera. Gracias por quererme como soy, con mis locuras, mis obsesiones… Gracias por querer compartir tu vida con la mía.
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