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An Updated Review of Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacology Activities of Artocarpus Genus

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An Updated Review of Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacology Activities of Artocarpus Genus Review Volume 11, Issue 6, 2021, 14898 - 14905 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1489814905 An Updated Review of Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacology Activities of Artocarpus genus Anastasia Karina Buddhisuharto 1, * , Hegar Pramastya 2 , Muhamad Insanu 3 , Irda Fidrianny 4 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; [email protected] (A.K.B.); [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (I.F.); * Correspondence: [email protected]; Scopus Author ID 54790959000 Received: 22.02.2021; Revised: 19.03.2021; Accepted: 22.03.2021; Published: 2.04.2021 Abstract: The Artocarpus genus from the Moraceae family, widely planted in tropic and subtropic regions of Asia, can be used as a food commodity and treat diseases. In this study, the phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of several Artocarpus species were examined. The literature review was performed to elaborate phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of Artocarpus plants. The reference articles have DOI and were obtained through the Scopus and PubMed websites database to ensure their validity and reliable contents. This literature study was made by using minimum 50 articles from the last 10 years. Based on this study, it was known that some Artocarpus species contained an abundance of flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The compounds have various activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. It needed more further studies about Artocarpus to comprehend the flavonoid and triterpenoid mechanism as an antimalarial agent. Keywords: Artocarpus; phytochemical compounds; pharmacological activities. © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction Moraceae family is well known as mulberry family and represents 37 genus and around 1050 species [1]. Artocarpus genus, a genus belonging to the Moraceae family, comprehends 50 species found in tropic and subtropic Asia regions [2]. According to some studies, the Moraceae family is designated as monophyletic and heterogeneous [3]. The name of Artocarpus came from the Greek words ‘artos’ and ‘karpos’, which have meanings of bread and fruit; therefore, the fruits are generally named as breadfruit [4]. Breadfruit is rich in carbohydrates and minerals, making them a staple food and overcoming malnutrition [5]. Besides, breadfruit has bioactive compounds that provide therapeutic properties [6]. Various Artocarpus species like Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus hirsutus, Artocarpus lakoocha, and Artocarpus camansi were useful for treating disease [7]. The indicated species were researched for their phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities. https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 14898 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1489814905 2. Materials and Methods Data in this article were obtained from international scientific journals in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Elsevier portal using meta-analysis-based PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis), published in the last 10 years, including 20 articles in the last 2 years. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Phytochemical compounds of Artocarpus genus. The Artocarpus plants are proclaimed to be rich in phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, and arylbenzofurons [8]. Further studies on Artocarpus species are done to observe more phytochemical compounds from correlated plants. Based on previous studies, Artocarpus heterophyllus comprised phenolic compounds, flavonoids, arylbenzofurans, and stilbenoids [9]. Artocarpus altilis consisted of steroids, anthraquinone, glycoside, tannins, and flavonoids [10]. Artocarpus hirsutus contained sterols, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and lactones [11]. Research on Artocarpus lakoocha showed the presence of flavonoids and tannins [12]. Artocarpus camansi represented polyprenol, squalene, and β-sitosterol [13]. The summary of some secondary metabolites produced by Artocarpus species was shown in Table 1. Table 1. Phytochemical compounds. Artocarpus Plant part Compounds Extraction Ref species Solvent Artocarpus Flowers Carotenoids, flavonoids Ethanol, methanol [14] heterophyllus Leaves Chromones, flavonoids, catechin, chlorogenic acid, Ethanol, methanol [15, 16] Lam. Roots Flavonoids (free 6- or 8-prenylated substituted Ethanol [17] flavones, free 8-geranyl substituted flavones, free 3- prenylated substituted flavones) Stems Chromones, flavonoids Methanol [15] Bark Flavonoids, phenols, saponins, (epi)catechin, Ethanol, methanol [17-20] Peels glycosides Pulps Seeds Flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, saponins, Ethanol, [18, 21, anthraquinones, phenols n-hexane, 22] methanol Artocarpus Peels Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides Methanol [23] altilis Bark Prenylated stilbenoids Ethanol [24] Heartwood Artocarpin, norartocarpetin, cycloartocarpin, artonol Ethanol, methanol [24, 25] Cortex B, cyclomorusin, artoflavone A, cyclogeracommunin, and artonin M, prenylated stilbenoids, flavonoids, isocycloartobiloxanthon, furanocyclocommunin Fruits Flavonols, tannins, catechins, monoterpenes Methanol [26] Leaves Phenols, flavonoids, prenylated aurone, cycloaltilisin Ethanol, methanol [25, 27, 7, artocarpaurone, prenylated chalcones, prenylated 28] flavanones, triterpens, hexadecanoic acid, cis-13- octadecenoic acid, and cinnamic acid Root Prenylflavonoids, triterpenoids Ethanol [29] Seeds Artocarpus Stem Sterols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins Ethanol [30] hirsutus Lam. Leaves Glycosides, alkaloids, sterols, triterpenoids, Acetone, ethanol, [30-32] flavonoids, tannins, saponins methanol Fruits Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, Acetone, [32] terpenoids methanol Artocarpus Flowers Carotenoids, flavonoids Ethanol, methanol [14] lakoocha Roxb. Bark Flavonoid (lakoochanone), lakoochanosides, catechin, Acetone [33, 34] Twigs moracin C, integrin, cyclocommunin, engeletin, https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 14899 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1489814905 Artocarpus Plant part Compounds Extraction Ref species Solvent isogemichalcone B, morachalcone A, heterophyllene B, albanin A, moracin M, artocarpesin, norartocarpin, resveratrol, artocarpanone, oxyresveratrol Heartwood Oxyresveratrol Ethanol [35, 36] Leaves Flavonoids, phenols, tannins, eicosane, diethyl Pentane, [37] phthalate, 9-octyl eicosane n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol Fruits Flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, Methanol [38] alkaloids, steroids, quercetin, kaempferol Artocarpus Leaves Friedelinol, squalene, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, Acetone [13] camansi Stem phytol, polyprenol, cycloartenol Peels Steroids, triterpenoids n-Hexane [39] Based on Table 1, phytochemical compounds that were found in abundance among the five species of Artocarpus were flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids. Flavonoids can be found in almost every part of A. heterophyllus, A. altilis, A. hirsutus, dan A. lakoocha, especially in leaves and fruits. Glycosides were presented in fruits of A. heterophyllus, A. altilis, A. hirsutus, dan A. lakoocha. Tannins are obtained from A. heterophyllus’s seeds, A. altilis’ and A. lakoocha’s fruits, as well in A. hirsutus’ and A. lakoocha’s leaves. Phenols were found in stem of A. heterophyllus and A. altilis, also in leaves of A. lakoocha. Saponins were plenty in A. heterophyllus’, A. hirsutus’, and A. lakoocha’s fruits. Alkaloids can be found in A. altilis’, A. hirsutus’, and A. lakoocha’s fruits. Steroids can be found in A. heterophyllus’ seeds, A. lakoocha’s fruit, and A. camansi’s peels. Meanwhile, triterpenoids were obtained from A. altilis’s roots and seeds, A. hirsutus’ stem, leaves, and A. camansi’s peels. The structure of certain compounds isolated from Artocarpus plants is as shown in Fig. 1. (Epi)catechin β-sitosterol Artocarpin Chromone Cycloaltilisin 7 Diethyl phthalate Flavonoid Lakoochanoside Oxyresveratrol Figure 1. Chemical structure of compounds isolated from Artocarpus 3.2. Pharmacological activities of Artocarpus genus. The Artocarpus plants were reported to have the following pharmacological properties, namely as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antifungal activities, cytotoxic, https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 14900 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1489814905 together with tyrosinase inhibitory activities [40]. The pharmacological activities of previous Artocarpus plants were evinced in the explanation below: 3.2.1. Antimicrobial activity. A. heterophyllus seeds extracts against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug- resistant P. aeruginosa were tested using the agar well diffusion method. This study showed the MIC values of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 62.25 mg/ml (in ethanol) and 125 mg/ml (in hexane), meanwhile, MIC values of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa were 125 mg/ml (in ethanol and hexane) [21]. A study revealed that flavonoids play the role of inhibiting bacterial movement and reduce its biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa and inhibit bacterial toxins production of S. aureus [41]. Consequently, hexadecanoic acid, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, and cinnamic acid from A. altilis leave extracts
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