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signs about local or national historical figures and events con- Buzludzha: Forbidden History nected to the socialist ideas. Some of them have been destroyed, of a Neglected Masterpiece others displaced or abandoned, but the majority still stand as stone witnesses to a period difficult to evaluate. Thus, its legacy Buzludzha monument is an architectural masterpiece, an out- has not yet been assessed. None of the monuments built during standing engineering achievement and an admirable example of the socialist period in Bulgaria (1944 –1989) are listed; there- monumental art. Despite this, it is an abandoned, neglected and fore, officially they are not protected as heritage. This silent in- crumbling site for historical and political reasons. Buzludzha action allows the weather and looters to destroy the monuments was built in 1981 on a mountain peak in Bulgaria to praise the “naturally”. If prompt action is not taken, there may soon be glory of the Bulgarian communist party. The extraordinary struc- nothing left to preserve. It would be a significant architectural, tured ha a very short life of just eight years until the end of the historical and cultural loss to allow the destruction of sites such socialist regime in Bulgaria in 1989. Soon after the political as Buzludzha, the “1300 Years Bulgaria” Monument in Sofia, changes Buzludzha was abandoned to its fate and to the hands the Monument to “Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship” in Varna, and of looters, to vandalism and severe weather conditions. Today many more. However, the problem concerning such contempo-

The Buzludzha monument during construction The monument shortly after its opening in 1981 (photo Bedros Azinian) (photo Bedros Azinian) the glamour has turned into decay, but the building still attracts rary heritage is not only Bulgarian but European. The post-so- attention with its dramatic history; it thrills with its architecture cialist countries have the potential to reveal unique architectural beyond gravity and astonishes visitors with the remains of col- achievements. Buzludzha, as one of these masterpieces, could ourful mosaics inside. Although the monument was built with easily turn into a powerful example for the reassessment and a past ideology in mind, it is part of the Bulgarian history – an hopefully for the preservation of other sites often described as artifact with immense potential to become a sight of world sig- dark heritage. nificance. Historical background

Context Buzludzhas i located on a mountain peak at an altitude of 1432 m. It sits in the very heart of Bulgaria, the Balkan Range. This site Similar is the destiny of several hundred other monuments built received historical significance in 1868, when the last fight of during the socialist era in Bulgaria. Every city and every small the revolutionary formation, the organised resistance against the village has traces from the period, e. g. sculptures, memorials and Ottoman yoke led by Hadzhi Dimitar, took place. The event and Bulgaria 33

View of the Buzludzha monument from afar (photo Nicola Miller) battle site were symbolic for the liberation of Bulgaria. Knowing- light system, unique acoustics and more than 1000 m2 of story- ly, at the exact place the socialist-democratic party was founded telling mosaic panels the building was a synthesis of architectur- in 1891 as successor to the revolutionaries. Furthermore, guerril- al and monumental art on the highest level.3 The building was a la movement members were killed there in 1944. Accordingly, huge engineering achievement with its 60 m free-spanning steel to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the party’s foundation, the roof and its main body overhanging 20 m and supported by only House-Monument of Buzludzha was built.1 three main anchorage points. The materials used in the construc- tion were fair-faced concrete, white marble for floor and walls, granite plates on the staircases, and red velvet adorning the walls Construction and utilisation – all combined with the impressive architectural shapes contrib- uted to the strong visual and emotional impact of the monument. Architect Georgi Stoilov’s project won the announced architec- tural competition and construction work started in 1974. The mountain peak was reduced by nine metres and 15 000 cubic me- Present condition tresk of roc were dug off for the laying of the foundation of the monument. 70 000 tons of concrete, 3 000 tons of reinforced steel After the collapse of the communist social model in 1989, the and 40 tons of gilded glass were used in the process. Qualified new government neglected to look after this most significant military forces, craftsmen, engineers, technicians and volunteers symbol of a previous ideology. In 1992, the Monumental House worked in three shifts; labouring was continuous day and night. Buzludzha was nationalised under the Totalitarian Organisations’ A total of 6000 people worked for eight years, dedicated to the Property Confiscation Law and then closed. The last employees common objective. Buzludzha was the life’s work of the best were made redundant and the doors were locked. Now unprotect- artists, engineers and architects in the country. The project was ed, a number of thefts were recorded and vandalism soon started. financed by public donations, because it was a national cause. On Some incidents were politically motivated and born out of hatred 23 August 1981 the monument was inaugurated during an official towards communism, others were opportunistic and commercial- celebration.2 ly motivated as metals were collected and sold off as scrap, and During the eight years of use, the building was visited by be- thirdly, some people merely enjoyed the act of destruction for the otween tw and three million people, which equates to more than sake of it. This sustained neglect has brought the building to its 1000 people per day. The monument was built to be a pantheon present condition – an abandoned and half-destroyed monument of socialism and was used for the political education of all so- of a past time. A lot, but thankfully not all is lost. The monu- cial groups and for ritual political events such as obtaining party ment’s supporting structure appears to be stable and the majority membership. of the mosaic panels are still in place. The white marble of the The building lies secluded on the mountain peak and its 60-me- ritual hall’s floor remains as well as the marble on the walls of tre-wide spherical body symbolises a wreath, as if laid out on the the staircases. Luxury was replaced by ruin, but the frame of the mountain top in recognition of the described historical events, monument is still there. It has preserved its impact, its overall whereas the 70-metre-high pylon represents a waving flag with impressive and inspiring appearance. This is due to its shapes, the world’s biggest illuminated pentagrams, which had to be seen proportions, scale, light concept, its location and position. from as far away as north of the Danube and south from the Ae- Buzludzha was included in an international ranking of the gean Sea. With its clearly defined architectural shapes, advanced 33 most beautiful abandoned places in the world by BuzzFeed, 34 Bulgaria which gives it high popularity abroad. This ranking has been topic, as Buzludzha is managed by a regional governor who does viewed by almost five million people so far. Many of them travel not have any budget for such purposes. The other institutions do to Bulgaria from the other side of the world to see this beautiful not take responsibility for the problem as they do not own the ruin. Foreigners often describe the monument as the best thing building. There are three options for Buzludzha: governmental to see in Bulgaria. This is the reason why Buzludzha received involvement, business involvement or donations. a Certificate of Excellence for 2015 by tripadvisor – the biggest The initiative to preserve Buzludzha started as my master the- internet site for tourism in the world. Hundreds of people visit sis and developed into a cause of the “Buzludzha Project” Foun- it every day, however, its massive tourism potential is ignored. dation, established with the purpose to preserve the monument The doors have now been welded shut to prevent access into the and transform it into an active cultural site. Our newly founded building, because it is considered dangerous to visitors, but they NGO offers solutions, organises exhibitions and round tables, always find a way to enter it. Meanwhile the cracks in the con- looks for support and tries to depoliticise this difficult topic. Last crete are deepening, the roof is crumbling and the mosaic stones year numerous exhibitions, presenting the past, present and pos- are falling off. Every day and particularly every winter, there is a sible future of Buzludzha were shown in the capital city of Sofia, new challenge for the monument, because through the leaky roof but also in the towns near Buzludzha in order to inform about and missing windows wind, rain and frost continue to destroy the the plight of the monument and to search for support on a lo- building’s unique architecture. cal level. The majority of the elderly and middle-aged citizens have personal memories of the period when Buzludzha was used and actively want its preservation, whereas the younger gener- Future function ation view it as a bizarre and inspiring structure. They too are enthusiastic about this initiative. This leaves us all with the hope What should be the future of the biggest and most impressive that not everything is lost and preservation of the monument is modern monument in Bulgaria? Just a ruin? Abandoned symbol just a matter of time, but time is the worst enemy of the building of the socialist regime and of the transition to democracy? Mul- and national and international awareness and prompt actions are tifunctional concert hall? Restaurant and night club? Luxurious needed to save Buzludzha. five-star-hotel? Museum of communism? In any case, Buzludzha needs a new function in order to be preserved; a new use that unites the different views within soci- Contact: [email protected] ety about the idea that historical and cultural monuments must For further information: www.buzludzha-project.com be preserved. I developed the conceptual design “Buzludzha – memory of time” as my master thesis in architecture at the Tech- nical University Berlin. It suggests the usage as a monument of national historical memory, where Bulgarian history will be pre- sented clearly and emotionally, methodically corresponding to and complimenting the atmosphere of the existing architecture. The building will not just serve as a frame, but in fact will be the most important and influential exhibit. Part of the concept is a multifunctional hall that will be used as a forum for history and art. The circles around it will represent different historical periods of the country. A panoramic glass elevator will give the visitor the opportunity to explore the open deck at the top of the 70-metre-high pylon, revealing breathtaking views of the Balkan Range. The concept proposes a conservation of the monument in its present condition and only minimal architectural intervention. A complete restoration of Buzludzha would not only be much more expensive, but would be communicating the wrong message. The glamour was created to glorify a regime, but both the glamour and the regime are no longer with us today. Conservation instead of restoration of the building will allow to simultaneously save the monument, but leave the traces of time and its connotations open to every visitor who can interpret it, according to his/her own understanding of the period.

Preservation initiative “Buzludzha project” Footnotes 1 Todorov S., Marinov M., “ National Park Buzludzha”, [in Although this idea has attracted understanding and support by original “ Национален парк Бузлуджа”], Kazanlak 2009. institutions and Bulgarians, its implementation appears to be very 2 “ Horizont” journal, Interview with Delcho Delchev (the con- difficult. Buzludzha does not have the status of cultural value as it struction supervisor of Buzludzha), [in original “ Хоризонт”], is not listed in the national monument lists. Only monuments with 1981. such status can be managed by the Ministry of Culture and re- 3 “ Monumental House on the peak Buzludzha” [in original: ceive funds for their preservation. Ownership is another difficult Дом-паметник на връх Бузлуджа], Sofia 1984. Bulgaria 35

ing to which restoration is based on ‘respect for the original’ Reconstructions of Cultural Heritage and must ‘stop at the point where conjecture begins’; The Nara Sites Based on Conjecture Document on Authenticity (1994); the Convention on Protec- tion of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), rati- Declaration fied by Bulgaria, and the Operational Guidelines for its imple- of the Bulgarian National Committee (BNC) of the International mentation, Paragraph 86 of which stipulates: ‘Reconstruction Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) is acceptable only on the basis of complete and detailed docu- mentation and to no extent on conjecture.’ Regarding: The present practice in Bulgaria of reconstructions of – This practice of reconstructions based on conjecture leads to cultural heritage sites based on conjecture. irreversible damage to the authenticity of cultural heritage sites, which constitutes their irrevocable quality and their value The Bulgarian National Committee of ICOMOS (consisting of as unique historical testimony. Any damage to the authenticity 152 members – Bulgarian experts and institutions in the field of of cultural heritage sites is damage to their very original and immovable cultural heritage preservation, members of ICOMOS to the traces of their historical development. Hence, this is also International) categorically opposes the growing practice of cre- a violation of the Bulgarian Cultural Heritage Act which re- ating conjectural reconstructions of Bulgarian cultural heritage quires ‘maximum preservation of the authenticity’ of cultural sites that have survived to the present in the form of ruins. As heritage sites. there is no credible information about what these sites originally – The decisions on reconstruction projects are made in a looked like, their reconstruction based solely on conjecture con- non-transparent manner, without being subjected to profession- stitutes an inadmissible falsification of the original. al and public debate. – The funding of these reconstructions is done through European In this connection, the BNC of ICOMOS declares the following: funds even though it is at variance with the fundamental Euro- – The practice of reconstruction based on conjecture is in deep pean and world principles of cultural heritage preservation. contradiction with the principles and ethics of scientific resto- – The drafting of the funding programmes, the selection of pro- ration laid down in a series of international documents: The jects to be funded, their commissioning and implementation are International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of usually carried out without the participation of experts in the Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter of 1964), accord- field of scientificestoration. r

Ongoing reconstruction at Krakra fortress, Pernik 36 Bulgaria

Ongoing reconstruction at Krakra fortress, Pernik Reconstructions at Trapesiza

– The allocation of significant EU funds for false reconstructions Mr Rosen Plevneliev (approximately BGN 80 million according to data from the President of the Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Culture) is in stark contrast with the insignificant The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria funds provided by the State for the preservation of authentic cultural heritage sites which are in a critical condition (BGN The National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria 500 000 according to data from the Ministry of Culture). This Our Ref: GA/GJ/66 drastically distorts the national policy on cultural heritage Paris, 8 April 2015 preservation.

All this has destructive consequences for Bulgaria’s cultural her- itage and especially for archaeological sites, as it impairs their Subject: cultural value and unique specificity. Endangered cultural heritage in Bulgaria

Considering this, the BNC of ICOMOS: Your Excellencies, 1. Appeals to the central and local government authorities to ter- minate the practice of reconstructions of Bulgarian cultural During its most recent meeting held in Paris on 9–10 March heritage sites based on conjecture, which is incompatible with 2015, the international ICOMOS Board was officially informed the contemporary restoration science. by the Bulgarian National Committee of ICOMOS about wor- 2. Proposes that decisions at all phases of programming and pro- rying trends in current policy approaches to conservation and jects on immovable cultural heritage reconstruction be made restoration of cultural heritage in Bulgaria that have already in a transparent manner and after professional and public de- substantially and visibly endangered a number of cultural mon- bates, with the participation of competent experts in cultural uments in the country. ICOMOS is also deeply concerned that heritage preservation. In this respect the BNC of ICOMOS is these policy approaches may result in adverse effects on the available to provide all possible support. Bulgarian cultural properties inscribed on the UNESCO World 3. Insists on explicit relevant amendments to the Public Procure- Heritage List. ment Act, the Cultural Heritage Act and other laws, in order to guarantee the preservation of cultural heritage according ICOMOS understands that these changes in policy approaches to the established international principles and standards, and have been motivated by an effort to support regional development to ensure conditions for the competition-based selection of the in the country by increasing cultural tourism. While policies ben- most suitable projects. efiting local communities are welcome, the cases presented in the report submitted to the ICOMOS Board make it immediately clear This Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly of the that this process has stimulated a widespread trend of large-scale Bulgarian National Committee of ICOMOS on 6 June 2014. conjecture-based reconstructions on top of the ruins of archaeo- Bulgaria 37

Reconstructions at Trapesiza logical sites in Bulgaria. Rather than enhancing the significance national doctrinal documents (World Heritage Operational of the monuments involved, the large-scale replacement of miss- Guidelines, § 86 in particular); ing original materials and forms is destroying the authentic spirit of these monuments and sites. By substituting original structures, 2. Guarantee expert involvement in national procedures for calls these new constructions actually falsify history and cause an ir- for tender under the EU Operational Programmes to en- reversible loss of authenticity. In addition, they may render any sure that internationally acknowledged scientific principles further scientific research impossible. of conservation are applied in all projects in order to min- imize risks that heritage authenticity and cultural values are Such reconstructions go against internationally accepted sci- destroyed; entific approaches to conservation and violate the principles of the Venice Charter, Nara Document of Authenticity as well as 3. Establish, with the comprehensive expert assistance of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World ICOMOS Bulgaria and all of ICOMOS more generally, a Heritage Convention (paragraph 86), to which Bulgaria is a sig- continuous training programme in the field of heritage natory. conservation aimed at building relevant capacity within local authorities for addressing issues related to heritage protection Being deeply convinced that a sustainable policy in the field and cultural tourism. of heritage protection should be based on internationally ac- knowledged and broadly established principles of conserva- ICOMOS assures all cultural authorities in Bulgaria of our will- tion, ICOMOS appeals to the Bulgarian State to urgently under- ingness to help and advise. As a first step in this direction, ICO- take effective actions in order to: MOS is ready to contribute to this process by organizing an on-site mission to Bulgaria in support of a scientific assessment of the im- 1. Put an immediate halt to the on-going conjecture-based re- plementation of internationally accepted conservation principles constructions in the country and ensure appropriate scientific to the cultural heritage of Bulgaria. assessment of their effects in order to guarantee that all fu- ture conservation and restoration works in Bulgaria follow Yours sincerely accepted principles and ethics of scientific conservation, as Gustavo Araoz defined in the Venice Charter and other ICOMOS and inter- President