DOCSLIB.ORG

Img/User/7493 E.Pdf [Last Accessed: 23.5.16]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Ajates Gonzalez, R. (2016). Agricultural cooperatives: promoting or hindering fairer and more sustainable food systems? The case of Spain and the UK. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/17685/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] PhD Thesis Agricultural cooperatives: promoting or hindering fairer and more sustainable food systems? The case of Spain and the UK Raquel Ajates Gonzalez Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Policy Centre for Food Policy Department of Sociology City, University of London December 2016 1 [This page is intentionally left blank] 2 Table of contents Page Table of Figures, Tables, Boxes and Images 7 Acknowledgements 9 Abstract 11 Acronyms and abbreviations 12 1. Introduction: Setting up the problem 14 1.1. Structure of the thesis and introduction to the research questions 14 1.2. Why this research? Relevance and research objectives 17 1.3. Introducing agricultural cooperatives: definitions, principles and 20 typologies 1.3.1.What is a cooperative? 21 1.3.2.Types of agricultural cooperatives 24 1.4. Summary 27 2. Past and present: Agricultural cooperatives in Europe 28 2.1. Historical background: The evolution of agricultural cooperation from the 28 1800s to the 21st century 2.1.1 Early European thinkers of cooperation: the ideologies that 28 inspired the movement 2.1.2 History of agricultural cooperation in the UK: from workers’ 31 union to the European Union 2.1.3 History of agricultural cooperation in Spain: Anarchism, 38 Francoism and the Catholic Church 2.1.4 Conclusions from historical background 44 2.2 Agricultural cooperation in the 21st century 45 2.2.1 Agriculture in the European Union: the CAP and the rise of 46 Producer Organisations 2.2.2 UK agricultural cooperation in the 21st century 51 2.2.3 Spanish agricultural cooperation in the 21st century 53 2.2.4 Fruit and vegetable cooperatives in Europe 57 2.2.5 Summary 60 3. Theorising cooperativism: a multidisciplinary research topic 62 3.1 Methodology used for systematically identifying, collating and reviewing 62 literature 3.2 Literature on agricultural cooperatives by discipline and theme 65 3.2.1 Biosocial sciences literature 65 3.2.2 Historical literature 67 3.2.3 Development studies literature 70 3.2.4 Economics literature 71 3.2.5 Food policy literature 76 3.3 Review of literature defining sustainable food systems 79 3.4 Summary 85 4. Methodology and theoretical framework 86 4.1 Research objectives and evolution of the research questions 86 4.2 Theoretical and conceptual framework 89 4.2.1 Critical approach to epistemology 90 3 4.2.2 Initial theoretical framework 94 4.2.3 Conceptual framework 100 4.3 Multilevel cross-country comparative research 102 4.4 Case study methodology 108 4.5 Types of data collected and data analysis method 111 4.5.1 Defining boundaries: from country level to individual cooperative members 111 4.5.2 Multilevel data for a multilevel analysis 115 4.5.3 Six phases of thematic analysis 124 4.6 Qualitative Quality 127 4.6.1 Triangulation and crystallisation 129 4.6.2 Transcription process and the use of quotes 132 4.7 Ethical considerations and confidentiality 133 5. Leading the way: market-oriented agricultural cooperatives in Spain and UK 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 UK: Farmway as an illustration of consolidation of the AC sector 135 5.2.1 Case study: From Farmway to Mole Valley Farm 135 5.2.2 The members’ perspective 136 5.2.3 The experts’ perspective 141 5.3 Anecoop, or Spain as the garden of Europe 148 5.3.1 Case study: Anecoop 149 5.3.2 The members’ perspective 152 5.3.3 The experts’ perspective 157 5.4 Conclusion 167 6. Experts’ views on the European policy context: The price of remaining competitive 168 6.1 Introduction 168 6.2 Legal forms and cooperatives: a dilution of the cooperative spirit? 169 6.3 Governance: the skimming of the cooperative principles 172 6.4 Sustainability: “Monsanto will swap you six for half a dozen” 174 6.5 Cooperative education 181 6.6 The importance of language and terminology 183 6.7 Path dependency and inevitability of the corporatisation of the AC sector 185 6.8 Social movement 190 6.9 The future is polarised 194 6.10 Conclusions 197 7. Emerging models of cooperation in food and farming: Multi-stakeholder cooperatives 198 7.1 Multi-stakeholderism: a new idea coming of age? 199 7.2 The “Open Cooperative” framework 203 7.3 Case studies 204 7.3.1 UK case studies: Manchester Veg People and OrganicLea 205 7.3.2 Spanish case studies: Actyva and Esnetik 209 7.4 Can these MSCs be considered “Open Coops”? 211 7.4.1 Internalising negative externalities 212 7.4.2 Reconnecting: economic democracy 215 7.4.3 Co-producing commons 219 7.4.4 Global outlook: socialising knowledge 221 7.4.5 Legal aspects 225 7.5 Challenges and opportunities ahead 227 4 7.5.1 Cultural 227 7.5.2 Sectorial 228 7.5.3 Legal 228 7.5.4 Economic 228 7.5.5 Policy context 229 7.5.6 Academic 229 7.6 Conclusion 230 8. Fighting the cooperative corner: interrogating alterity 232 8.1 Introduction 232 8.2 Conceptualising third spaces of cooperation 234 8.3 Opening up spaces of possibilities and closing gaps to maintain resistance 234 8.3.1 Informal cooperative behaviours and social capital amongst members 235 8.3.2 Governance models for diverse memberships 236 8.3.3 Putting the movement back into agricultural cooperatives 238 8.3.4 Multi-stakeholderism as a legal model 240 8.3.5 Cooperative principles: how relevant are they in regulating third space practices? 242 8.4 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives’ practices: generating third spaces and valuing the marginal 243 8.5 Conclusion: Distributed governance and distributed economy as methods of resistance 248 9. Theoretical implications: a new integrated framework for deconstructing agricultural cooperatives 251 9.1 Introduction 251 9.2 Overcoming biases in the study of agricultural cooperatives 254 9.2.1 Beyond quantophrenia: overcoming the reductionism of ACs 9.2.2 Western epistemology’s three fundamental biases: 254 ethnocentrism, androcentrism and anthropocentrism 9.3 An integrated theoretical framework for agricultural cooperatives 257 9.3.1 The cooperative triangle 257 9.3.2 The double cooperative hourglass 262 9.3.3 The role of policy 266 9.3.4 Policy differences and similarities between Spain and UK 270 9.3.5 Cooperative sustainability 274 9.4 Conclusion 276 10. Conclusions: implications for agricultural cooperatives, food policy and alternative food initiatives 278 10.1 Implications for the agricultural cooperative sector 278 10.2 Reflexive practice 281 10.2.1 Reflections on the research questions 281 10.2.2 Reflections on methodology and methods 282 10.2.3 Acknowledging limitations: Reflections on methodological choices 284 10.3 Value of this research: disciplinary, theoretical, methodological, empirical and social contributions 287 10.4 Implications for food policy and agricultural cooperatives’ policy 289 10.5 Opportunities for future research 291 5 Appendices Appendix I. Table: Why Spain and the UK? 292 Appendix II. Timeline of agricultural cooperation - Spain 295 Appendix III. Timeline of agricultural cooperation - UK 298 Appendix IV. General data on ACs in EU 301 Appendix V. Country data on ACs – Spain/UK 302 Appendix VI. DEFRA Survey on UK ACs – key results 309 Appendix VII. Interview scripts (semi-structured) 315 Appendix VIII. Example of field notes and reflections on data collection process. 317 Appendix IX. Examples of translated quotes 322 Appendix X. Participants’ Information Sheets (English and Spanish versions) 323 Appendix XI. Participants’ Consent Forms (English and Spanish versions) 329 References 333 6 Page Table of figures, tables, boxes and images Table of figures: Figure 1.1 Typology of cooperatives across sectors based on members’ role 24 Figure 4.1 Multilevel theoretical framework 99 Figure 4.2 Food policy triangle 114 Figure 9.1 Cooperative Triangle: illustrating the multi-dimensional character of 259 agricultural cooperatives 262 Figure 9.2 The food system hourglass 264 Figure 9.3 The double cooperative hourglass Figure 9.4 Spain/UK similarities in the policy contexts affecting the agricultural 273 cooperative sector Table of Tables Table 1.1 Common categorising criteria found in the literature used for the classification of agricultural cooperatives 26 Table 2.1 Early thinkers that inspired the cooperative movement 32 Table 2.2 Top 10 UK Agricultural Cooperatives Businesses by turnover 56 Table 2.3 Top 10 Spanish Agricultural Cooperatives by turnover 57 Table 3.1. Comparing the main differences between traditional and NGCs (based on Merret and Walzer, 2001; Cook and Plunkett, 2006)
Recommended publications
  • A Companion to Nineteenth- Century Britain

    A Companion to Nineteenth- Century Britain

    A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108, Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Chris Williams to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to nineteenth-century Britain / edited by Chris Williams. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to British history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-22579-X (alk. paper) 1. Great Britain – History – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Great Britain – Civilization – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Williams, Chris, 1963– II. Title. III. Series. DA530.C76 2004 941.081 – dc22 2003021511 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Published in association with The Historical Association This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of British history.
  • European Jobs and Skills

    European Jobs and Skills

    EUROPEAN JOBS AND SKILLS A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2014 REPORT Tony Dolphin, Glenn Gottfried, Luke Raikes, Amna Silim and Spencer Thompson April 2014 © IPPR 2014 Institute for Public Policy Research ABOUT THE PROGRAMME The JPMorgan Chase global New Skills at Work programme focuses attention on what can be done to overcome unemployment, ranging from macro strategies to boost job creation, expand labour market participation and develop the skilled workforce for the future, through to specific innovations that improve the skills of the workforce and meet local employers’ needs. EUROPEAN JOBS AND SKILLS A comprehensive review 2014 Tony Dolphin, Glenn Gottfried, Luke Raikes, Amna Silim and Spencer Thompson April 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Tony Dolphin is senior economist and associate director for economic policy at IPPR. Glenn Gottfried is a quantitative research fellow at IPPR. Luke Raikes is a researcher at IPPR North. Amna Silim is a research fellow at IPPR. Spencer Thompson is an economic analyst at IPPR. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has been generously supported by the JPMorgan Chase Foundation. The authors would like to thank the following people for their input and advice, both on this paper and the wider project: Carol Lake (JPMorgan Chase Foundation), Hang Ho (JPMorgan Chase Foundation), Hilary Cottam (Participle), David Johnston (Social Mobility Foundation), Lee Elliot Major (Sutton Trust), Emma Stewart (Timewise Foundation) and Chris Wright (Catch22). Thanks finally go to IPPR colleagues for their comments and support, in particular Dalia Ben-Galim and Nick Pearce. ABOUT IPPR IPPR, the Institute for Public Policy Research, is the UK’s leading progressive thinktank. We are an independent charitable organisation with more than 40 staff members, paid interns and visiting fellows.
  • Demesne Arable Farming in Coastal Sussex During the Later Middle Ages ,:I!:I/,] :!; L by P

    Demesne Arable Farming in Coastal Sussex During the Later Middle Ages ,:I!:I/,] :!; L by P

    ii!'2~'i' Demesne Arable Farming in Coastal Sussex during the Later Middle Ages ,:i!:i/,] :!; l By P. F. BRANDON N the early fourteenth century only parts of Kent among all the provinces /?::'. :ii !i/i] of England exceeded the wealth of coastal Sussex. 1 The prosperity of this I tract was derived from many sources but its primary basis lay in its sheep- and-corn farming which rested upon exceptionally favourable physical condi- tions, easy access to tide-water, and close proximity to markets in maritime England and on the Continent. ~The quality of its flock management, the wide- spread substitution of a legume course for bare fallow, and densely sown fields producing grain yields higher than the medieval norm placed it firmly in the vanguard of the agricultural development of its day. The agrarian institutions •)] chiefly responsible for this unusually high level of technical efficiency were manors of the classical type of Seebohm and Vinogradoff, with large demesnes "2; and bodies of dependent cultivators, grouped into extensive honours and //I archiepiscopal, episcopal, and monastic lordships. They functioned, par ex- cellence, as 'federated grain factories' during the period of intensive demesne j::, _ exploitation, and gave the tract both social and geographical coherence. :i. | Indeed, they dominated its economy by the immense scale of their operations/ largely conducted with increasing flexibility within consolidated demesnes which were separated from the tounmanneslonds, the attenuated common fields of the servile tenants. The origins of the agrarian conditions within these manors have long in- voked an enquiry which shows no sign of abatement, ~ but little attention has 1 F.
  • Rethinking Europe's External Relations in an Age of Global Turmoil: an Introduction Abstract Keywords

    Rethinking Europe's External Relations in an Age of Global Turmoil: an Introduction Abstract Keywords

    Rethinking Europe’s external relations in an age of global turmoil: An introduction ROBERT FALKNER London School of Economics and Political Science [email protected] Published in International Politics 54(4): 389-404 Abstract The outlook for Europe's external relations has never looked so uncertain in the post- cold war era. A series of internal and external shocks – from the Eurozone crisis to the UK’s Brexit referendum and civil wars and external interventions on Europe’s borders – have shaken the EU to its foundations. Against a backdrop of external insecurity and global power shifts abroad, and institutional crisis and strategic drift at home, this article introduces the main themes and questions that guide the contributions to this special issue: First, how have recent transformations of the international system – declining Western dominance, a shift from unipolarity to multipolarity, and the return of geopolitical competition – affected Europe’s search for stability, security and influence in global affairs? Second, how have external perceptions of the EU's position, power and influence in global affairs changed in recent years, particularly in response to ongoing crises in the EU’s internal governance? And third, how can the EU respond to the dramatically altered external environment and newly arising threats, and to what extent does the new EU Global Strategy of 2016 meet the challenges that the continent faces? Keywords European foreign policy; EU Global Strategy; Brexit; Geopolitics; Multipolarity; European integration; EU external relations 1 Introduction The outlook for Europe's external relations has never looked so uncertain in the post- cold war era.
  • Source of the Lake: 150 Years of History in Fond Du Lac

    Source of the Lake: 150 Years of History in Fond Du Lac

    SOURCE OF THE LAKE: 150 YEARS OF HISTORY IN FOND DU LAC Clarence B. Davis, Ph.D., editor Action Printing, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 1 Copyright © 2002 by Clarence B. Davis All Rights Reserved Printed by Action Printing, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 2 For my students, past, present, and future, with gratitude. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PREFACE p. 7 Clarence B. Davis, Ph.D. SOCIETY AND CULTURE 1. Ceresco: Utopia in Fond du Lac County p. 11 Gayle A. Kiszely 2. Fond du Lac’s Black Community and Their Church, p. 33 1865-1943 Sally Albertz 3. The Temperance Movement in Fond du Lac, 1847-1878 p. 55 Kate G. Berres 4. One Community, One School: p. 71 One-Room Schools in Fond du Lac County Tracey Haegler and Sue Fellerer POLITICS 5. Fond du Lac’s Anti-La Follette Movement, 1900-1905 p. 91 Matthew J. Crane 6. “Tin Soldier:” Fond du Lac’s Courthouse Square p. 111 Union Soldiers Monument Ann Martin 7. Fond du Lac and the Election of 1920 p. 127 Jason Ehlert 8. Fond du Lac’s Forgotten Famous Son: F. Ryan Duffy p. 139 Edie Birschbach 9. The Brothertown Indians and American Indian Policy p. 165 Jason S. Walter 4 ECONOMY AND BUSINESS 10. Down the Not-So-Lazy River: Commercial Steamboats in the p. 181 Fox River Valley, 1843-1900 Timothy A. Casiana 11. Art and Commerce in Fond du Lac: Mark Robert Harrison, p. 199 1819-1894 Sonja J. Bolchen 12. A Grand Scheme on the Grand River: p.
  • European Car and Light Commercial Vehicle Production Outlook

    European Car and Light Commercial Vehicle Production Outlook

    European Car and Light Commercial Vehicle Production Outlook November 2012 SMMT, the 'S' symbol and the ‘Driving the motor industry’ brandline are trademarks of SMMT Ltd Contents Introduction and analysis overviews: Individual vehicle manufacturer reviews: About this report 3 BMW 61 Key Highlights 4 Daimler 68 Economic Background 10 Fiat (incl. Chrysler) 74 Automotive Market Overview 17 Ford 80 Overcapacity & Restructuring 22 GM 85 Demand Side Perspective 29 Honda 91 UK VM Summary 30 Hyundai-Kia 93 Production Outlook Overview 34 PSA 96 Country Rankings 48 Renault-Nissan-Dacia 102 Alternative Scenarios 52 Suzuki 111 Disclaimer 59 Tata – Jaguar Land Rover 112 Toyota 116 Volkswagen (incl. Porsche) 119 Aston Martin 128 Geely Volvo 129 Mitsubishi 132 SAIC MG 132 Saab-Spyker 132 Other Chinese – Chery and Great Wall 133 EUROPEAN CAR AND LCV PRODUCTION OUTLOOK REPORT November 2012 | Page 2 About this report This is the sixth 2012 Production Outlook report from AutoAnalysis. The next report will appear in January 2013. The views and projections contained in this report are those of the author, Ian Henry of AutoAnalysis. They do not represent an official SMMT view. The projections regarding new model timings, changes in production locations and the associated production volumes shown here have been compiled on the basis of information from a variety of sources. In most cases, the vehicle companies do not provide official information on which models will be made at which plants, nor do they provide detailed information on future volumes and timings. They have been prepared on the basis of judgments made by AutoAnalysis, taking into account the information, opinion and inside from a range of industry, press and analyst sources available at the time of compiling this report.
  • DEL HOMO LABORANS AL HOMO CONSUMENS Aposta

    DEL HOMO LABORANS AL HOMO CONSUMENS Aposta

    Aposta. Revista de Ciencias Sociales E-ISSN: 1696-7348 [email protected] Luis Gómez Encinas ed. España Calzón García, José Antonio NUEVOS MODELOS PRODUCTIVOS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DEL ANARQUISMO POSTIZQUIERDA: DEL HOMO LABORANS AL HOMO CONSUMENS Aposta. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, núm. 51, octubre-diciembre, 2011, pp. 1-34 Luis Gómez Encinas ed. Móstoles, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=495950247001 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto aposta http://www.apostadigital.com/revistav3/hemeroteca/calzon2.pdf revista de ciencias sociales nº 51, Octubre, Noviembre y Diciembre 2011 ISSN 1696-7348 NUEVOS MODELOS PRODUCTIVOS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DEL ANARQUISMO POSTIZQUIERDA: DEL HOMO LABORANS AL HOMO CONSUMENS José Antonio Calzón García IES Elisa y Luis Villamil, Vegadeo (Asturias) INTRODUCCIÓN En las próximas páginas vamos a intentar desarrollar, simultáneamente, dos ideas en muy estrecha interconexión. Por un lado, plantearemos, desde el prisma sociológico, los rasgos identitarios del ciudadano contemporáneo dentro de un esquema productivo que ubica al sujeto como ente social. Por otro lado, y como consecuencia de esta primera reflexión, nos preguntaremos por el margen de acción o, mejor dicho, de reivindicación, que le queda al individuo, una vez dilucidada su esfera significativa, esto es, el plano ontológico que lo define en el organigrama actual. A partir de aquí, resultará pertinente interrogarse por el hipotético papel corrector y transformador, a un nivel micro y macrosocial, que puedan desempeñar actualmente los nuevos perfiles de los ciudadanos en un mundo post-industrial.
  • The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market

    The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market

    IZA DP No. 10365 The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market Ninke Mussche Vincent Corluy Ive Marx November 2016 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market Ninke Mussche Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp Vincent Corluy Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp Ive Marx Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp and IZA Discussion Paper No. 10365 November 2016 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
  • Nonviolent Weapons

    Nonviolent Weapons

    1 Nonviolent Weapons The Transnationalism of Nonviolent Resistance Liam Comer-Weaver Dept. of International Affairs, University of Colorado April 1, 2015 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Lucy Chester Defense Committee: Dr. Victoria Hunter Dr. Benjamin Teitelbaum 2 Abstract This thesis takes a deep historical look at the adaptation of Mohandas Gandhi’s nonviolent ideology and strategy in the civil rights movement in the AmeriCan South in order to understand the Composition, ConstruCtion, and behavior of the modern nonviolent movement known as 15M in Spain. The Complete translation of Gandhi’s repertoire resulted in the formation of subversive groups, or Contentious Communities, whiCh shared the Common goal of desegregation and Cultural integration of the southern black population. These Contentious Communities regrouped in nonviolent efforts, and interaCted as a groupusCule with the same ideology. This adaptation of nonviolent ideology and strategy also recently occurred in what is known as the 15M movement in Spain. The 15M movement is similarly Composed of many diverse Contentious Communities whose ColleCtive purpose is eConomiC equality and inCreased representation in government. 3 Table of Contents Glossary of Key Terms and Organizations .................................................................................. 4 Preface ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Part I: Nonviolent Resistance Campaigns ..................................................................................
  • Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2012 T Able of Contents

    Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2012 T Able of Contents

    GLOBAL WIND REPORT ANNUAL MARKET UPDATE 2012 T able of contents Local Content Requirements: Cost competitiveness vs. ‘green growth’? . 4 The Global Status of Wind Power in 2012 . 8 Market Forecast for 2013-2017 . 18 Australia . .24 Brazil . .26 Canada. .28 PR China . .30 Denmark . .34 European Union . .36 Germany. .38 Global offshore . .40 India . .44 Japan . .46 Mexico . .48 Pakistan . 50 Romania . 52 South Africa . 54 South Korea . 56 Sweden . .58 Turkey . 60 Ukraine . .62 United Kingdom. .64 United States . 66 About GWEC . 70 GWEC – Global Wind 2012 Report FOREWORD 2012 was full of surprises for the global wind industry. Most As the market broadens, however, we face new challenges, surprising, of course, was the astonishing 8.4 GW installed in or rather old challenges, but in new markets. Our special the United States during the fourth quarter, as well as the fact focus chapter looks at the impact of increasing local content that the US eked out China to regain the top spot among global requirements and trade restrictions in some of the most markets for the first time since 2009. This, in combination with promising new markets, and the consequences of that a very strong year in Europe, meant that the annual market trend for an industry which is still grappling with significant grew by about 10% to just under 45 GW, and the cumulative overcapacity and the downward pressure on turbine prices market growth of almost 19% means we ended 2012 with that result. 282.5 GW of wind power globally. For the first time in three years, the majority of installations were inside the OECD.
  • Primitive Accumulation” (Dispossession)

    Primitive Accumulation” (Dispossession)

    The Loan, the Witch, and the Market Microfinance and the re- exploitation of women Amer Canis The Loan, the Witch, and the Market: Microfinance Amerand the Canis re-exploitation of women Revision History Revision 1.1 Sun Apr 12 11:58:32AC MDT 2020 ❤️ For Mindy i ii Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................... vii 1. Acknowledgements ............................................... viii 1. Capitalism ........................................................................ 1 1.1. Microfinance as neoliberal financialization .......... 1 1.2. “Primary exploitation” (wage labour and accumulation) ............................................................... 8 1.3. “Primitive accumulation” (dispossession) ............. 9 1.4. The two-stroke engine of accumulation .............. 10 1.5. Crises and fixes .................................................. 12 1.6. Imperialism and war ........................................... 15 1.7. Migrant work ...................................................... 22 2. Housework ..................................................................... 37 2.1. Genesis ................................................................ 37 2.2. Productive reproductive work? ........................... 50 2.3. Women’s work ..................................................... 57 2.4. Witch hunts as primitive accumulation ............... 64 2.5. Neoliberal echoes of early modern witch hunts ..........................................................................
  • Wtrs Gather at Earlham College

    Wtrs Gather at Earlham College

    Dec 2014 I Jan 2015 31 Years of Resistance WTRs Gather at Earlham College Tax Season By Ruth Benn Planning ar tax resisters, supporters, and newcomers enjoyed a weekend full of conversation and RS Commissioner John Koskinen information-packed lectures at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana. Earlham is a liberal is planning for a “miserable” tax arts college informed by a tradition of Quaker values, so there was more than usual interest Iseason. The National Taxpayer in the history and current practice of war tax resistance in the Society of Friends. Advocate Nina Olson says, “The filing Our host was Lonnie Valentine, the Trueblood Professor of Christian Thought and Professor season is going to be the worst filing Wof Peace & Justice. He was a war tax resister because of the Vietnam War and continues to support resisters season since I’ve been the National along with doing academic research on the topic. Taxpayer Advocate [13 years]; I’d On Friday afternoon Lonnie gave the Trueblood Lecture on “Quakers and the War Tax Concern: Unfinished love to be proved wrong, but I think Business?” His historical overview recapped the struggle the Society of Friends had when trying to deter- it will rival the 1985 filing season mine a position on war tax resistance. An eventual compromise (to resist explicit war taxes, but not taxes when returns disappeared.” “in the mixture”) proved unsatisfying and unstable and was challenged by John Woolman and others. What’s got these two worried as Lonnie believes that radical societal change can only come about if the powers that be are undermined on the 2014 filing period approaches? continued on page 6 Budget cuts and fewer staff at the IRS coupled with implementation of two new laws: the Affordable Care Act and Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act.