DOCSLIB.ORG

KIVA-II: a Computer Program for Chemically Reactive Flows with Sprays

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LA-11560-MS KIVA-II: A Computer Program for Chemically Reactive Flows with Sprays Los Alamos N A T I O N A L L A B O R A T O R Y Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the United States Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. Prepared by Adrienne Rosen, Group T-3 This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Division of Energy Conservation and Utilization Technologies. An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcherÕs right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. LA-11560-MS UC-96 Issued: May 1989 KIVA-II: A Computer Program for Chemically Reactive Flows with Sprays A. A. Amsden P. J. OÕRourke T. D. Butler Los Alamos N A T I O N A L L A B O R A T O R Y Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . 1 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND . 1 n. THEGOWRNINGE QUATIONS . 7 ~, Tk-e-~5.kic2Phase==..=, =. =. ==. ...=... .. T IL. ‘[email protected]@ets-:..=..=. ... ... ... ... 12- C.. Boundary-Conditions . ..... ........,.,.:.=.=.=........=.. 20. m. THEN~QT3mRIcALs+IwFim= . ~q= A. Telmporal”D”iffweneing . 24- B. Sp_atial Differencing . ~: .-.. -.. =–.,–..–. ...=.. ...’.. 24 StOc-ha-sti?Parti5ie’~e&nique . .. 32. D; State IReiations . 34 E. ~~~dII~fid~-~h”aS~ ~iI~erenCe ~qUatiOns ... ,. ... .. .... ... .. .. ... ... 34. Mass Density Equations . 34 ;: MomentumEquation . .. 36 3. C41Fa~h T-ormall#eloeities- . ...—...—,—,—,—,—=—=—3-7 4.. bterndfier~.Eq.ution .,..... ... ... ... 39- 5; T--ur*ulen~e-Equa~i~n~- . ...—.—,—,—,—,—,—:—41 6. VolumeChang&Equation and Equations ufState . .... .... .... .. 42. P ~tiopkt-~quatiims. 43. ~. $olutionP>oeAur~forbplieitPhase B-~@uatiom. 43- G. Phase C . 47 H. Accuracy Conditions and Automatic Timestep C&nt;~i . 52 12v-.. TEECICIWH!l/%31L~OGRAM . W- _A”.- (@nera~ S&ru@~re . .....—,—,.,.,.,.=.:............. ~&. B-. The Computing Mesh . ................................... ...... 60 L T-heFiv@&sh .T=y~*-*ailab}e. ~: .........–:–,—,—=.=.=....................... .. ~& 2-D “tO3-D(jjnv~r~ion .-.-..–-–-–=–~–=–=–.–=–.–.–.–.–.—.–.=.–==.=..=..=.. 53 c. The Indexing Notation . ..~-.l-..~”..~:.lL1 63 D. &orageolZel]”13ata . 64 ~. Me~hGene~+,ion . ~q= 1. T~e15stm-.Face . 08P. 2. The Cylinder Head . ::::::::: 74 -- J!. Celland Vertex Flags . 76 G. F-uelSprays . 77 Spray. Origjn, Profile, and Orientation .,, . .. s..=..,.. =..=....’ ....’. ~~ ;: Spray Flow Definition . ... ... ... =. =.. ... ‘?9 ~:3. Particle Radius . 81 stockiastiikjdjo~. S1 H; Spar!! Ignition=. 81 L. kitial.Be~elElmcti~ nSWirlProfiie . Om- J-. Fuel Library . --.-.-.-.,.,.=.=.=.=.=.=.-.---.-....=.,z= K: LaP.-ew.andGutfiow.Boundaities- . 85”- L. output . 87 M. ~WS~@tiV~-~~OtS....... ...... ........ ..... ..... ... ... .. ... .. .. 88 N. Chopper . .......–.–.—=—=—=—=—=–=–=—=—=—,.................. ... 94. 0. Ikq22m~Rf#x3r~. .. 94 ACKNOW-LEDG~NTS . 95 v A.PPENDIX A. DETERMJ.NATION OF THE PGS PARAMETER . 96 A.PPENDIX B. TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER TREATMENT . 98 APPENDIX C. NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING SPRAY DYNAMICS . 107 APPENDIX D. PARTICLE RADIUS SELECTION AT INJECTION . 113 APPENDIX E. THE DROPLET COLLISION CALCULATION . 115 A.PPENDIX F. THE DROPLET OSCILLATION AND BREAKUP CALCULATION . 117 APPENDIX G. CALCULATION OF DROPLET TURBULENT DISPERSION 120 APPENDIX H. THE VARIABLE IMPLICITNESS PARAMETERS . 122 APPENDIX I. KINETIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS . 128 AJ?PENDIX J. EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICAL REACTIONS . 129 APPENDIX K. CALCULATION OF VELOCITY GRADIENTS AND VISCOUS STRESSES . 136 APPENDIX L. THE ALTERNATE NODE COUPLER . 137 APPENDIX M. QUASI-SECOND-ORDER UPWIND DIFFERENCING . 142 APPENDIX N. PARTIAL DONOR CELL DIFFERENCING . 149 APPENDIX O. ROBIN HOOD ALGORITHM . 151 APPENDIX P. ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION LOGIC . 152 REFERENCES . 155 vi KIVA-11: A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CHEMICALLY REACTIVE FLOWS WITH SPRAYS by A. A. A-msden; P; J. (3’Ruurke; and--T. II: i3utier ABSTRACT T.hi~rePor~- documents the-K! VA--11-computer-pro-gram for the numerical calculation of transient, two- and three-dimensional? chemically- reactive- tl-uid- fl-ows with sprays. K-IVA-H extendsand: enii~ the-earlier. KI..V..cde,e, impro%’-ing-~t%eomputatio nal -aam- racy and efficiency and its ease-of-use. The KIVA-11 .equatiuns.and- numerical solution procedure are very general and can be applied to. ia~ina~ oc tur-bulent- flow% subsonic-or supersonic- flows; anti- skgk-pka-o-r dkqxrrsed-- two-phase fio ws. A-rbitrary numbers of- speck and chemica.r.etikms .ars -ak-wda.. .A4KM4R3*% gm-%ie+e method is used to calculate evaporating.liquid sprays, includingthe- effects of-”di-oplet-collisions and aerodynamic breakups. Although the initial and boundary conditions and mesh generationhamxbeen- written for internal combustion engine calculations, the logic for tlmse- specificatio-ns- c-an- be easily modified: for a variety of- oth-er applications= Eolluwlng--an=o\’ecview of-ihe=pl+uci~l=tiiul-es-of=the KIVA-11 program, we describe. in-detail. the equations- solved$ t,h~ numer-ical solution- procedure, and- the- structure of the computer pr~gr-am, Six%een -appendices provide additional- cietails co.nccnm- ;ngthe -numetical :s0Iuti unqxa-ce-d ure. 1. INTRO DUC-1’IW.AND.BACK.GROUND- The in-cylinder dynmicsoftianc~d ~nternal.mbustion en@ne~j saeh as--the direct-injection stratified-ehargdDISC) engine, involve anumber&compkx, closely ~mupledphysic%l and-chemical processes These include &lietransiimt three-dimensional t @n=~m .u~-evapra%ifigf. e tiei’sprays i“nteractfng witii fIowing multicomponent gases undergoing inixing; ignition; chemical reactions, and “heat transfer.. ‘The KIYF.-codei ‘J“has k the ability to calculate such flows in engine cylinders with arbitrarily shaped piston L geometries, including.the.effeckcdkmhulence and wall heat transfer. In response to the L needs of a kirg~- user community and to reeentdeveloprnents imthefieids-of -numerical fluid dynamics -mdinternal combustion engjne mocieiing> we ‘kiave-irnpkmemted .many. E improvements to ‘KIVA- .since.ikpuhlk release in 1985. T-hethan ggs~e&cor~ratedin a ~ 1 new version of the code, called KIVA-11, that is documented in this report. KIVA-11 builds on the capabilities of I-UVA and is quite similar in structure. Current users of KIIVA will find the transition to KIVA-11 to be straightforward. An excerpt from Ref. 1 explains the basis under which IS(VA was written: ‘<Since KIVA was developed with applications to internal combustion engines in mind, it contains several features designed to facilitate such applications. However, the basic code structure is modular and quite general, and most of the major options (chemical reactions, sprays, etc.) can be individually activated or deactivated by setting appropriate values for the associated input switches. The code is therefore applicable to a wide variety of multi- dimensional problems in fluid dynamics, with or without chemical reactions or sprays.” Indeed, KIVA has been used for numerous studies besides internal combustion engines, including cold flow analyses in complicated geometries, continuous spray combustors, Bunsen burner flames, nonreacting sprays, and hydrogen-oxygen flames propagating in long tubes, to name just a few. It is impractical to cite all such studies here because of the widespread distribution and use of the code in industry and universities. For internal combustion engines, besides the studies of the DISC engine that have been carried on at General Motors Research Laboratories, Princeton University, and Los Alamos National Laboratory,4-7 it has been used as the basis for numerical investigations of diesel engines8-10 and of coal-fired dieselsl 1as well. From a historical perspective, KIVA-11 is the latest in a series of multidimensional codes that we have produced since we began work on numerical simulations of internal combustion engines 12 years ago, under the sponsorship of what has become the Department of Energy’s Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) program. All of them are multidimensional finite-difference codes that solve the transient equations of motion. The first of these was the RICE code. 12 RICE was a two-dimensional Eulerian code that utilized rectangular computing zones for its mesh, eddy diffusivity to model the turbulence, Arrhenius kinetics with an arbitrary number of reactions and species to represent the chemical kinetics, and a partially implicit finite difference formu- lation
Recommended publications
  • East Africa Crowdfunding Landscape Study

    East Africa Crowdfunding Landscape Study

    REPORT | OCTOBER 2016 East Africa Crowdfunding Landscape Study REDUCING POVERTY THROUGH FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Seven Things We Learned 1 2 3 4 East African East Africa’s Crowdfunding There’s appetite to crowdfunding platforms report risks and the do business and to markets are on promising regulatory learn more from the move. progress. environment. across East Africa. Crowdfunding platforms Since 2012 M-Changa In Kenya, for example, Over 65 participants at- (donation, rewards, debt has raised $900,000 Section 12A of the Capi- tended the Indaba & and equity) raised $37.2 through 46,000 tal Markets Act provides a Marketplace from all cor- million in 2015 in Kenya, donations to 6,129 safe space for innovations ners of the East African Rwanda, Tanzania and fundraisers. Pesa Zetu to grow before being sub- market. Uganda. By the end of Q1 and LelaFund are also ject to the full regulatory 2016, this figure reached opening access to their regime. $17.8 million – a 170% deals on the platform. year-on-year increase. 5 6 7 East Africa’s MSMEs ex- There are both commercial Global crowdfunding press a demand for alterna- and development oppor- markets are growing tive finance, but they’re not tunities for crowdfunding fast but also evolving. always investment-ready or platforms in East Africa. Finance raised by crowdfunding able to locate financiers. Crowdfunding platforms have the platforms worldwide increased from 45% of Kenyan start-ups sampled re- potential to mobilise and allocate $2.7 billion in 2012 to an estimated quire between $10,000 and $50,000 capital more cheaply and quickly $34 billion in 2015.
  • Emerging Technologies Multi/Parallel Processing

    Emerging Technologies Multi/Parallel Processing

    Emerging Technologies Multi/Parallel Processing Mary C. Kulas New Computing Structures Strategic Relations Group December 1987 For Internal Use Only Copyright @ 1987 by Digital Equipment Corporation. Printed in U.S.A. The information contained herein is confidential and proprietary. It is the property of Digital Equipment Corporation and shall not be reproduced or' copied in whole or in part without written permission. This is an unpublished work protected under the Federal copyright laws. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, MA 01754. DECpage LN03 This report was produced by Educational Services with DECpage and the LN03 laser printer. Contents Acknowledgments. 1 Abstract. .. 3 Executive Summary. .. 5 I. Analysis . .. 7 A. The Players . .. 9 1. Number and Status . .. 9 2. Funding. .. 10 3. Strategic Alliances. .. 11 4. Sales. .. 13 a. Revenue/Units Installed . .. 13 h. European Sales. .. 14 B. The Product. .. 15 1. CPUs. .. 15 2. Chip . .. 15 3. Bus. .. 15 4. Vector Processing . .. 16 5. Operating System . .. 16 6. Languages. .. 17 7. Third-Party Applications . .. 18 8. Pricing. .. 18 C. ~BM and Other Major Computer Companies. .. 19 D. Why Success? Why Failure? . .. 21 E. Future Directions. .. 25 II. Company/Product Profiles. .. 27 A. Multi/Parallel Processors . .. 29 1. Alliant . .. 31 2. Astronautics. .. 35 3. Concurrent . .. 37 4. Cydrome. .. 41 5. Eastman Kodak. .. 45 6. Elxsi . .. 47 Contents iii 7. Encore ............... 51 8. Flexible . ... 55 9. Floating Point Systems - M64line ................... 59 10. International Parallel ........................... 61 11. Loral .................................... 63 12. Masscomp ................................. 65 13. Meiko .................................... 67 14. Multiflow. ~ ................................ 69 15. Sequent................................... 71 B. Massively Parallel . 75 1. Ametek.................................... 77 2. Bolt Beranek & Newman Advanced Computers ...........
  • What Technology Wants / Kevin Kelly

    What Technology Wants / Kevin Kelly

    WHAT TECHNOLOGY WANTS ALSO BY KEVIN KELLY Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World Asia Grace WHAT TECHNOLOGY WANTS KEVIN KELLY VIKING VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi - 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in 2010 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 13579 10 8642 Copyright © Kevin Kelly, 2010 All rights reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Kelly, Kevin, 1952- What technology wants / Kevin Kelly. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-670-02215-1 1. Technology'—Social aspects. 2. Technology and civilization. I. Title. T14.5.K45 2010 303.48'3—dc22 2010013915 Printed in the United States of America Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
  • Kiva Innovating in the Field of Education by Microlending to Students Around the World

    Kiva Innovating in the Field of Education by Microlending to Students Around the World

    Kiva Innovating in the Field of Education by Microlending To Students Around the World Join the Global Movement for Women’s Empowerment and Education by Directing a $25 Loan for Free at Kiva.org/women More Kiva Education Stories, September 2012: Back to School: 6th grade teacher Kristen Goggin brings Kiva into the classroom Back to School: Campolindo Cougars have Kiva spirit! Kiva goes back to school with education loans around the world New Field Partner: Colfuturo makes graduate school possible for Colombia's future leaders New Field Partner: CampoAlto brings vocational training to Colombia's marginalized students New Field Partner: Building a new generation of leaders with African Leadership Academy Media Contact: Jason Riggs, [email protected] August 15, 2012 -- While those in the developed world live in the age of the information revolution, millions of the world’s poor are still unable to receive even a basic education. It’s estimated that a billion people entered this century unable to read a book or sign their own name. Access to education sits at the crux of poverty and economic development. With a more educated population we nourish a more robust and dynamic workforce, stronger civic engagement and home-grown innovations solving regional problems. Without access to education, progress comes to a stand still. Not surprisingly the countries with the most out- of-school children are also are some of the world’s poorest. Outside the United States, student loans are rare. For too many young people, no matter how bright and gifted they may be, access to higher education can be near impossible without the necessary financial resources.
  • Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution a Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education Philip G

    Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution a Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education Philip G

    Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution A Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education Philip G. Altbach Liz Reisberg Laura E. Rumbley Published with support from SIDA/SAREC trend_final-rep_noApp.qxd 18/06/2009 12:21 Page 1 Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution A Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education Philip G. Altbach Liz Reisberg Laura E. Rumbley trend_final-rep_noApp.qxd 18/06/2009 12:21 Page 2 The editors and authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the facts contained in this document and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material throughout this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2009 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Set and printed in the workshops of UNESCO Graphic design - www.barbara-brink.com Cover photos © UNESCO/A. Abbe © UNESCO/M. Loncarevic © UNESCO/V. M. C. Victoria ED.2009/Conf.402/inf.5 © UNESCO 2009 Printed in France trend_final-rep_noApp.qxd 18/06/2009 12:21 Page i Table of Contents Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Preface xxiii Abbreviations xxvi 1. Introduction 1 2. Globalization and Internationalization 23 3.
  • Supercomputers: Current Status and Future Trends

    Supercomputers: Current Status and Future Trends

    Supercomputers: Current Status and Future Trends Presentation to Melbourne PC Users Group, Inc. August 2nd, 2016 http://levlafayette.com 0.0 About Your Speaker 0.1 Lev works as the HPC and Training Officer at the University of Melbourne, and do the day-to-day administration of the Spartan HPC/Cloud hybrid and the Edward HPC. 0.2 Prior to that he worked for several years at the Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing, which he looked after the Tango and Trifid systems and taught researchers at 17 different universities and research institutions. Prior to that he worked for the East Timorese government, and prior to that the Parliament of Victoria. 0.3 He is involved in various community organisations, collect degrees, learns languages, designs games, and writes books for fun. 0.4 You can stalk him at: http://levlafayette.com or https://www.linkedin.com/in/levlafayette 1.0 What is a Supercomputer anyway? 1.1 A supercomputer is a rather nebulous term for any computer system that is at the frontline of current processing capacity. 1.2 The Top500 metric (http://top500.org) measures pure speed of floating point operations with LINPACK. The HPC Challenge uses a variety of metrics (floating point calculation speed, matrix calculations, sustainable memory bandwidth, paired processor communications, random memory updates, discrete Fourier transforms, and communication bandwidth and latency). 1.3 The term supercomputer is not quite the same as "high performance computer", and not quite the same as "cluster computing", and not quite the same as "scientific (or research) computing". 2.0 What are they used for? 2.1 Typically used for complex calculations where many cores are required to operate in a tightly coupled fashion, or for extremely large collections datasets where many cores are required to carry out the analysis simultaneously.
  • Minneapolis Intelligent Operations Platform Mission Control Focus Manage Event Horizon Normal Planned Events

    Minneapolis Intelligent Operations Platform Mission Control Focus Manage Event Horizon Normal Planned Events

    Minneapolis Intelligent Operations Platform Mission Control Focus Manage Event Horizon Normal Planned Events Predicted Events Better coordinate city operations to gain efficiencies Deal more effectively with special events Improve handling of Day-to-Day emergencies Operations Unplanned Events 11 “Working” Functional Concept • Pattern mining and Correlations • Capacity analysis • Clustering analysis • Resource optimization • Streaming, Sequence Analysis • Planning & Impact analysis • Simulation analysis • Institutional Knowledge capturing • Effectiveness metrics modeling • Learning & classification • Statistical analysis and reporting • Trend analysis 12 Customer Perspectives Residents / visitors Elected Officials Department leaders and employees Business view – Enterprise versus specific need(s) Geographic focus – City-wide versus specific geography (ward, precinct, etc.) Data visualized – map versus time Emphasizes value in having a product with generic, and thus, wide-spread application 13 Turning data into decisions Philosophy: Data → Information → Knowledge Largely focused on Rear-view Macro-geography with some exceptions One dimensional (based on data from one department) Current City data-driven efforts Police Code4 Results Minneapolis Intelligent Operations Platform (IOP) 14 Current approach Measure / monitor Adjust Apply best intervention guess as necessary intervention Measure / monitor 15 What we get today Tot al Number of Fires 2.500 2,194 2.068 1,859 1\IINNEAPOLIS POLICE DEPARTMENT . 2.000 1,17~ 1.808 Vmlent Cnnu• Hot Spots m 2012 1.489 1,500 1,401 1,37) 1,348 1.347 1.2SO 1.200 age- adj usted death rate 1,000 per 1000 pooplo • S68 ._ 0 '-r- L 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201J 201J 2014 T>rget thru Ql r.raet Sourc~.
  • Access to Capital Directory

    Access to Capital Directory

    State of Nevada Department of Business and Industry Access to Capital Resource Directory Page | 1 GRANTS Government grants are funded by your tax dollars and, therefore, require very stringent compliance and reporting measures to ensure the money is well spent. Grants from the Federal government are authorized and appropriated through bills passed by Congress and signed by the President. The grant authority varies widely among agencies. Some business grants are available through state and local programs, nonprofit organizations and other groups. These grants are not necessarily free money, and usually require the recipient to match funds or combine the grant with other forms of financing such as a loan. The amount of the grant money available varies with each business and each grantor. Below are some resources to grant searches and specific grant opportunities: Program/Sponsor Product Details Contact Information There is a loan/grant search tool (Access Business.usa.gov Financing Wizard). Mostly loans here but Support Center some grant possibilities. SBA has authority to make grants to non- For Clark County Only – profit and educational organizations in Phone: 702-388-6611 many of its counseling and training Email: Roy Brady at SBA-Government programs, but does not have authority to [email protected] Grant Resources make grants to small businesses. Click on the 'Program/Sponsor" link for articles on Outside of Clark County – government grant facts and research Phone: 775-827-4923 Email: [email protected] grants for small businesses. Grant program assistance is provided in many ways, including direct or guaranteed loans, grants, technical assistance, Nevada USDA service centers by USDA Rural research and educational materials.
  • Understanding and Promoting Micro-Finance Activities in Kiva.Org

    Understanding and Promoting Micro-Finance Activities in Kiva.Org

    Understanding and Promoting Micro-Finance Activities in Kiva.org Jaegul Choo Changhyun Lee Daniel Lee Georgia Institute of Georgia Institute of Georgia Tech Research Technology Technology Institute [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Hongyuan Zha Haesun Park Georgia Institute of Georgia Institute of Technology Technology [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Non-profit Micro-finance organizations provide loaning op- portunities to eradicate poverty by financially equipping im- poverished, yet skilled entrepreneurs who are in desperate need of an institution that lends to those who have little. Kiva.org, a widely-used crowd-funded micro-financial ser- vice, provides researchers with an extensive amount of pub- licly available data containing a rich set of heterogeneous information regarding micro-financial transactions. Our ob- jective in this paper is to identify the key factors that en- courage people to make micro-financing donations, and ulti- mately, to keep them actively involved. In our contribution to further promote a healthy micro-finance ecosystem, we detail our personalized loan recommendation system which we formulate as a supervised learning problem where we try Figure 1: An overview of how Kiva works. 1. A borrower to predict how likely a given lender will fund a new loan. requests a loan to a (field) partner, and a loan is disbursed. We construct the features for each data item by utilizing 2. The partner uploads a loan request to Kiva, and lenders the available connectivity relationships in order to integrate fund the loan. 3. The borrower makes repayments through all the available Kiva data sources.
  • STK-6401 the Affordable Mini-Supercomputer with Muscle

    STK-6401 the Affordable Mini-Supercomputer with Muscle

    STK-6401 The Affordable Mini-Supercomputer with Muscle I I II ~~. STKIII SUPERTEK COMPUTERS STK-6401 - The Affordable Mini-Supercomputer with Muscle The STK-6401 is a high-performance design supports two vector reads, one more than 300 third-party and public mini-supercomputer which is fully vector write, and one I/O transfer domain applications developed for compatible with the Cray X-MP/ 48™ with an aggregate bandwidth of the Cray 1 ™ and Cray X-MP instruction set, including some 640 MB/s. Bank conflicts are reduced architectures. important operations not found to a minimum by a 16-way, fully A UNIX™ environment is also in the low-end Cray machines. interleaved structure. available under CTSS. The system design combines Coupled with the multi-ported vec­ advanced TTL/CMOS technologies tor register file and a built-in vector Concurrent Interactive and with a highly optimized architecture. chaining capability, the Memory Unit Batch Processing By taking advantage of mature, makes most vector operations run as CTSS accommodates the differing multiple-sourced off-the-shelf devices, if they were efficient memory-to­ requirements of applications develop­ the STK-6401 offers performance memory operations. This important ment and long-running, computa­ equal to or better than comparable feature is not offered in most of the tionally intensive codes. As a result, mini-supers at approximately half machines on the market today. concurrent interactive and batch their cost. 110 Subsystem access to the STK-6401 is supported Additional benefits of this design with no degradation in system per­ The I/O subsystem of the STK-6401 approach are much smaller size, formance.
  • DE86 006665 Comparison of the CRAY X-MP-4, Fujitsu VP-200, And

    DE86 006665 Comparison of the CRAY X-MP-4, Fujitsu VP-200, And

    Distribution Category: Mathematics and Computers General (UC-32) ANL--85-1 9 DE86 006665 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439 Comparison of the CRAY X-MP-4, Fujitsu VP-200, and Hitachi S-810/20: An Argonne Perspcctive Jack J. Dongarra Mathematics and Computer Science Division and Alan Hinds Computing Services October 1985 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency o h ntdSae Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency of the United States employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes ancy thereof, nor any of their bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informany legal liability or responsi- process disclosed, or represents that its use would nyinformation, apparatus, product, or ence enceherinherein tooay any specificcomriseii commercial rdt not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- product, process, or service by trade name, trademak manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply itsenrme, r ark, mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any ag endorsement, recom- and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily st agency thereof. The views United States Government or any agency thereof.ry to or reflect those of the DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITE Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures v Abstract 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Architectures 1 2.1 CRAY X-MP 2 2.2 Fujitsu VP-200 4 2.3 Hitachi S-810/20 6 3. Comparison of Computers 8 3.1 IBM Compatibility
  • Experiences Tuning a J90 for Engineering

    Experiences Tuning a J90 for Engineering

    ExperiencesExperiences TuningTuning aa J90J90 forfor EngineeringEngineering ApplicationsApplications Sharan Kalwani [email protected] CUG 1997, San Jose MotivationMotivation ● Why do sites choose a J90? – Cost is usually the primary consideration – Computational needs satisfied by J90 – Starting point for future growth – Resources are also a major factor MotivationMotivation (contd...)(contd...) ● Field experience revealed: – Several sites out there (250+) – Site profiles were all different , eg: ● Human resources often limited ● Expertise scarce ● Learning curve was steep ● Balancing act of system versus “real” work BenefitsBenefits ● Share useful tips and techniques ● Gain insight into other possible scenarios ● Learn what works ● Learn what may NOT work CaveatCaveat EmptorEmptor ● Target Audience – Engineering Applications ● Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – STAR-CD, KIVA-2, CHAD ● Metal Deformation Codes – (LS-DYNA) ● Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – NASTRAN, etc... TypicalTypical J90J90 EnvironmentEnvironment ● Usually small systems: – 4 to 8 CPUs – 64 Mwords – Single IOS – SCSI disks (sometimes also IPI disks) – small disk farm – no large online tapes (4 or 8mm only) J90J90 EnvironmentEnvironment (contd)(contd) ● Staff at sites: – single, but multi-tasking person :-) – has a real job in addition to Cray work – usually sophisticated end user, but – not a “pure” systems type TuningTuning RegionsRegions ● UNICOS Kernel ● Memory and ● Process Scheduling ● Disk Drive Strategy Tuning:Tuning: J90J90 KernelKernel ArenaArena ● UNICOS Kernel