THE AFRO-ASIAN DIMENSION OF BRAZILIAN FOREIGN POLICY. 1956-1968

By WAYNE ALAN SELCHER

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

1970 UNIVERSITY OF f\°^9Ji

3 1262 08666 460 3 To my wife, Susan A nation such as ours, which has all the attributes to become a power, has the essential obligation to study and explore all the alternatives.

Adolpho Justo Bezerra de Menezes Subdesenvolvimento e Politica Internacional ACKNOWLEDGMENTS •

Among those Brazilians who helped me in the preparation of

this study, my special appreciation must go to Candido xMendes de

Almeida and Jose'Garrido Torres, who gave freely of their experiences and knowledge to orient and inform, as well as to Antonio Olinto,

Antonio Houaiss, and Jayme Azevedo Rodrigues, who graciously allowed me to benefit by their experiences in the diplomatic service. Professors

JoseHonorio Rodrigues, Cleantho de Paiva Leite, and Manuel Diegues

Junior granted generous use of the libraries of the IBRI and the CIAPCS, and for this I express my thanks. I am also grateful for suggestions and criticisms lent by Rudolph Rumm.el (University of Hawaii), Robert

Keohane (Brookings Institution), Steven Bram.s (New York University),

Roger Bastide (Sorbonne), and H. Jon Rosenbaum (Wellesley College),

My gratitude is extended as well to the members of my doctoral committee, especially Dr. Ruth McQuown and Dr. Thomas Page who aided in correcting the manuscript. Finally a special, unique vote of thanks is . due my wife v/ho gave valuable assistance in collating statistics, typing, and proofreading, also lending encouragement to bring the research and writing to a successful conclusion. To the above I owe an intellectual and personal debt, but all debits accruing from deficiencies and errors in this undertaking must be attributed to my account alone. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES vii

ABSTRACT ix

Chapter L INTRODUCTION 1

II. TRENDS IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF REPUBLICAN BPvAZIL 13

The Imperial Prelude 14 The Early Republic \ 17 Extra -Continental Initiation 26 Great Power and the Domestic Debate over Foreign Policy 29 The Kubitschek Years. 39 Politica Externa Independente ...... 42 The Conservative Reaction 57 The Diplomacy of Prosperity 60 Patterns of Growth and Nationalism 64 Continuity and Change 76

m. AFRO-ASIA. IN BRAZILIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT AND POLICY, 1356-1968 81

Public Opinion and Afro-Asia . 83

The Culiairalists 87 Lusotropicology 102

Economic Conflict and Cooperation . . . . . 105 The Neutralist Viev/point 108

Interdependence with the West ...... 113 Africa in Military Thought 117

Afro-Asian Area Study Centers . . 120

Ijelusions of Grandeur or an Efficacious Policy? . . 126 The Course of Bilateral Relations: Hit^torical Overview, 1956--1968 130 Chapter Page

IV. DIMENSIONS OF BRAZILIAN REIATIONS V/ITH

AFRO-ASIA . , . . i!55

Diplomatic and Consular Representation , . . . 158 Salience 169 Emigration and Communications 179 Exports 185

Dimensional Summary . 2C5 Three Case Studies 210

Japan 212

Israel...... 220

India ...... 224

V. DECOLONIZATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND BRAZILLAN

POLICY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA . 231

Brazilian Policy on Colonialism in the Postv/ar

Decade . . , . - . . . 240 , Portugal, and Portuguese Africa: The Controversial Triangle 246

The Consensus on Portuguese Africa ...... 301 Human Riglrts, Nonintervention, and Trade in Relations v/ith South Africa: The Attraction of ,

Opposites ? , 304 Rhodesia 313

VL ECONOMIC CONFLICT AND COOPERATION WITH AFRO-ASIA 315

Brazil and UNCTAD 318 Coffee .332 Cocoa 345

VII. CONCLUSIOi\'S: AFRO-ASIA IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF BR/lZIiJAN FOR