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Sim Swedish Institute of Mission Research Publisher of the Series Studia Missionalia Svecana & Missio Publisher of the Periodical Swedish Missiological Themes (Smt) SIM SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF MISSION RESEARCH PUBLISHER OF THE SERIES STUDIA MISSIONALIA SVECANA & MISSIO PUBLISHER OF THE PERIODICAL SWEDISH MISSIOLOGICAL THEMES (SMT) This publication is made available online by Swedish Institute of Mission Research at Uppsala University. Uppsala University Library produces hundreds of publications yearly. They are all published online and many books are also in stock. Please, visit the web site at www.ub.uu.se/actashop MEIJI PROTESTANTISM in history and historiography by Aasulv Lande UPPSALA UNIVERSITY 1988 ISBN 91-85424-13-7 STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA l< L \11 Doctoral dissertation presented to the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University 1988 ABSTRACT Lande, Aa. 1988: Meiji Protestantism in History and Historiography The present study provides an analysis of two different but interrelated historical dimensions. The first dimension, the founding process of Japanese Protestantism, is analysed in its wider historical context on the basis of contemporary scholarship, particuhirly Japanese. A second dimension: the ongoing historiographical interpretation of the founding process, is analysed from the foundation period itse1f up to 1945, against its contempo­ rary historical background. The analytical approach takes account of the forms of history writing as weil as its contents, in an overall comparative perspective applied to the Japanese and the Western material. In the çonclusion the interpretative trends whioh are identified through the analysis · of the second, historiographical dimension are related to trends in contemporary interpre­ tation of the foundation period. The conclusion thus focus on the relationship between prewar and postwar interpretation of Japanese Protestant beginnings. Aa. Lande. Department of Theo1ogy, Uppsala University. P.O. Box 1604, S-751 46 Uppsala. Typeset in Norway, Church of Norway Council on Foreign Relations, Underhaugsveien 15, Oslo. Duplicated by Reprocentralen, HSC, UPPSALA 1988. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The persona! background for this thesis is a period of Church service in Japan during the years 1965 - 1980. I want to extend a word of appreciation for inspiring feilowship with Japanese Christians of various denominational affiliation, as weil as with friends from different religious traditions. In particular, my thanks go to the institutions where I worked for severa! years; the Theologlc:al Department of Doshisha University and Kansai Seminar House, both in Kyoto. Among severa! co-workers, the outstanding church-historian serving at Doshisha University, Dohi Akio, has offered valuable advice. Professor Takenaka Masao, leading ecumenist and scholar, has shared insights as weil as provided inspiration, guidance and support. Professor Takenaka is related to both the mentioned institutions in Kyoto. I extend my thanks to Churc:h of Sweden Mission, (CSM) which co-operated with these two institutions, and financiaily as weil as theologicaily facilitated a concern with Christian academie traditions. Similarly 1 want to thank the other two mission societies with which I have served in Japan: Christian Mission to Buddhists, which became integrated with CSM, and Norwegian Missionary Society. During the years after my return from Japan, 1981 - 1988, when the study was undertaken, my thanks primarily go to the Missiological section of the Department of Theology at Uppsala University. The Higher Seminar of Missiology has shown a deep interest in Japanese Christian History, and the Theological Faculty has, by means of Leanderska Fonden, for six years offered a part-time research feilowhip and other financial support. Without these financial contributions and the academie support from · teachers and scholars related to the Theological Faculty of Uppsala University, this study would not have been possible. 1 thank dr. Jonas Jonson and dr. Axel-Ivar Berglund for advice and Christopher Steed for the linguistic corrections. In particular, 1 feel indepted to my chief advisor Carl Fredric:k Hallenc:reutz, Professor of Missiology at Uppsala University. He has shared of his wide missiological insights, provided qualified advice and wholehearted support of my project. Professor Ishida Yoshihiro from the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Tokyo and the Lutheran World Federation, also have encouraged the study. Thanks to the good offices of dr. Jobs Aagaard in Denmark, 1 enjoyed for one year a State scholarship at Arhus University. Occasional financial support was also given by Centralinstitut for Nordisk Asienforskning, Copenhagen, Det Teologiske Menighetsfakultet and Statens lanekasse for utdanning, Oslo. 1 am much obliged to the bishops Erling Utnem and Halvor Bergan, together with the central office and pastoral coileagues of Agder diocese in Norway. Their spiritual support and readiness to offer short time pastoral service have meant a lot, financiaily and personaily. Last but not least, 1 want to thank my wife Gunvor and my family for continued support and encouragement. Bygland March 1988 Aasulv Lande NOTES ON SPELLING AND LANGUAGE A diversity of words and phrases from non-English languages will be used in this book. For the Japanese language, the Hepburn system is used for transliteration. Names of Japanese are given in order of indigenous convention: surname preceding personal name. The ambiguity of pronounciation of a Japanese personal name cannot be rendered in Latin script. In cases where no standard pronounciation is evident, I have made a choice between the acceptable options. Japanese words or booktitles are frequently translated in order to facilitate the reading of the thesis. Quotations and words from non-English, Western languages are not translated when the meaning is evident to a person who understands English. ABBREVIA TIONS ALLGEMEINE Der Allgemeine Evangelisch-Protestantische Missionsverein AMZ Allgemeine Missions Zeitschrift CMS Church Missionary Society CMR The Church Missionary Review CSM Church of Sweden Mission cw Complete Works F&S Fukuin to Sekai IMC International Missionary Conference IRM International Review of Missions ICQ The Japan Christian Quarterly ICY The Japan Christian Yearbook MRW The Missionary Review of the World RZ Rikugo Zasshi YC Yorozu Choho MEIJI PROTESTANTISM IN H~TORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1 Historiography in International Church History 1 2 The Basic Question in Contemporary Japanese Church History 3 3 Western Ventures in Japanese Church History 7 4 Aims and Objectives 8 5 Concluding Observations 9 1.2 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 10 1 Occurrence of Sources 10 2 Selection of Representative Material 12 1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS FOR COMPREHENDING THE PROBLEM 13 1 When did Japanese Christianity start? 13 2 Are there several "Beginnings"? 14 3 Beginnings of Meiji Protestantism: 1872 - 1905 16 1.4 STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION 17 CHAPTER 2: THE FORMATION OF MEIJI PROTESTANTISM 19 Introduction 19 2.1 THE BACKGROUND OF MEIJI PROTESTANTISM: TRANSmON FROM TOKUGAWA TO MEIJI SOCIETY 19 1 Internai Contradictions in the Tokugawa Society 19 1.1 The Economie Situation 19 1.2 Spiritual Life 22 2 Pressure upon Tokugawa Society from Outside 26 3 From Tokugawa to Meiji 27 3.1 Political Prelude to the Meiji Restoration 27 3.2 The Modernization Process 28 3.2.1 The Initial Meiji Spirit 28 3.2.2 The Appearance of an "open" Spirit of Meiji: 1868 - 1889 29 3.2.3 The Spiritual Basis of Modernization: 1890 - 1905 31 3.2.4 Political and Economical Strategies of Modernization 33 2.2 JAPANESE PROTESTANT FOUNDATION 1872- 1905 34 1 Protestantism a Missionary Movement to Japan: 1859 - 1872 34 2 The First Phase of Meiji Protestantism 1872 - 1889 36 2.1 Conversions 36 2.2 Context of Conversions 43 2.2.1 Samurai 43 2.2.2 Independent Farmers 43 2.2.3 Common Ethos among Converts 44 2.3. The Inner Structure of Meiji Protestantism 46 2.3.1 The Ecclesiastical Frame of Protestant Formation 46 2.3.2 Evangelical Dynamism 49 2.3.3 Unionism and Denominationalism 50 3 Meiji Protestantism and the Challenge of Patriotism 1890-1905 52 Introduction 52 3.1 A Wave of Nationalism 52 3.2 Towards urban Middle Class Protestantism 54 3.3 Inner Structure of Protestantism 55 3.3.1 Organizational Aspects 55 3.3.1.1 Independence and Organization 55 3.3.2 Theological Emphases 57 Conclusion 61 CHAPTER 3: REFLECTIONS ON MEIJI PROTESTANTISM DURING THE FOUNDATION PERIOD 1872- 1905 62 Introduction 62 3.1 TYPES OF LITERATURE 62 1 Definitions and Criteria 62 2 Comparative Inventory 63 2.1 Japanese Material 63 2.1.1 Direct Accounts 63 2.1.2 Essay Material 64 2.1.3 Interpretative Accounts 65 2.2 Western Material 65 2.2.1 Direct Accounts 65 2.2.2 Essay Material 67 2.2.3 Interpretative Accounts 67 2.3 Comparison 68 3.2. EMPHASES AND PERSPECTIVES IN JAPANESE AND WESTERN ACCOUNTS 69 Introduction 69 1 Prior to Emerging Patriotism 69 1.1 Early Japanese Confessions 69 1.2 Japanese Developments and Western Missionary Expansionism 70 1.2.1 A Reminder of the Conceptual Background 70 1.2.2 Accounts of Missionary Expansion in Japan 71 1.3 Comparison between Japanese and Western Material from 1872 - 1889 74 2 Protestant Identity and the Challenge of Japanese Patriotism 75 Introduction 75 2.1 Japanese Revisions 76 2.1.1 A new Focus on the Church 76 2.1.2 From Relevance to Japaneseness 78 2.1.3 Autobiographical Evidences 79 2.2 Western Interpretations ~1 2.2.1 Denominational Differentiations 81 2.2.2 Theological Assessments 83 ii 2.2.3 Biographical Evidences 83 2.3. Comparison between Japanese and Western Interpretations 84 CHAPTER 4: REFLECTIONS ON MEIJI PROTESTANTISM DURING
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