Botswana Biomass Energy Strategy
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BOTSWANA MINISTRY OF MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENERGY AFFAIRS DIVISION Botswana Biomass Energy Strategy Main Report FINAL REPORT March 2009 Project Title: Biomass Energy Strategy Funded by: GTZ Country: Botswana Consultant: EECG Consultants (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 402339 Gaborone Botswana Contact Person: Dr Peter P. Zhou Tel: +267-3910127 Fax: +267-3910127 Mobile: +267-71371845 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] FINAL REPORT Date of Report: March 2009 Reporting Period: 31 March 2008 – 14 April 2009 Prepared By: Dr. Peter P. Zhou: Lead Consultant (Energy, Environment and Climate Change Specialist) Mr. Bothwell Batidzirai: Consultant (Biomass Energy and LEAP Modelling Specialist) Mr. Tichakunda Simbini: Consultant (Biofuels and Cost-Benefit Analysis Specialist) Mr. Mothusi Odireng: Working Group member (Renewable Energy & Stakeholder Consultations Specialist) Ms. Nozipho Wright: Working Group member (Energy and Gender Specialist) Mr. Thomas Tadzimirwa (GIS Specialist) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The consultants and working group members would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance offered by many during the development of the Botswana Biomass Energy Strategy. Many contributed but it will not be possible to mention all by name. We would, however, like to extend our special thanks to the following: 1. GTZ, for having the confidence in us to undertake the project and for the many useful comments and advice. We are particularly thankful to Anne Rehner (project manager), Holger Liptow, Christoph Messinger and David Hancock (who braved an early morning flight to be at one of the BEST workshops). 2. The Acting Director of Energy Affairs, Mr. Molosiwa, and his colleagues for tirelessly supporting the project in many ways - providing transport, organising steering group and stakeholder meetings, actively participating in the community surveys and distributing reports. Also of special mention are Mr. B Mabowe and Ms. Gina Wright, the Lead Agent’s representatives. 3. The Members of the Steering Committee: the Acting Deputy Director of EAD and his colleagues (Mr. C. Matshameko, Mr. G. Kumar and others), Mr. A Tema of the Department of Forestry and Range Resources and Dr Andrew Mears of Rural Electrification-Botswana, who patiently guided the process and provided valuable technical assistance. We hope that together with them we can be proud of the final product. 4. The many stakeholders from government, traditional authorities, the private sector, NGOs, research institutions and technology organisations for providing information and participating in workshops. All have been listed in an Annex. Of special mention are the efforts made by Kgosi Thabo Masunga of Masunga, Kgosi George Domy Thwane of Kgatleng and Kgosi Marumola of Pitsane for travelling long distances to attend workshops and represent community wisdom in how to make the strategy relevant. Also the many other chiefs and traditional and district authorities who hosted us during community surveys and accommodated meetings and interviews in Ditlhakane, Artesia, Kachikau, Masunga, Pitsane, Komana, Toteng, Sehitwa, Tsootsha and Tsabong. 5. Biogas Renewable Energy, BSE Warehouse and others who shared their technical information, which was used in the cost-benefit analysis. 6. All those met at the regional BEST workshop in Johannesburg in June 2008 from GTZ and other countries participating in the BEST initiative, for sharing their valuable experiences. 7. Matthew Wright, for his tremendous efforts in editing the report in various drafts. 8. Matthew Owen, for providing advice on restructuring and finalisation of the report 9. Last but by no means the least, our beloved ones who stood by us during the busy schedules. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale for a Botswana Biomass Energy Strategy .............................................................. 1 1.2 Strategy Background ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Strategy Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Approach ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Consultation .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.3 Timetable .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Report Outline ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2. BOTSWANA COUNTRY CONTEXT ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Physical Features and Climate ....................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Population and Socio-economics .................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Population .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Economic Performance ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.3 Poverty Trend ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Energy Sector .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Energy Supply ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Energy Demand ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Fuel Cost Comparison ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework ............................................................................ 15 2.4.1 Biomass Energy Institutions ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.4.2 Visions and Plans................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Policies ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.4 Strategies .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.5 Legislation ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.4.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.5.1 Supply-side Information .................................................................................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Demand-Side Information ................................................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Summary of Biomass Energy Challenges ................................................................................ 30 3. BIOMASS ENERGY DEMAND.................................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Consumption patterns ................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Household Consumption ................................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2 Urban and Rural Institutions ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Energy Supply Chains ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Supply options .......................................................................................................................................................