Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren & Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen (eds.) Gunnar Nygren Hovden, Jan Fredrik countries education in the Nordic Journalism Becoming a journalist. “This edited volume addresses journalism education as a central component of journalistic professionalization, making it necessary to understand what is a crucial period in most future journalists’ lives. Nowadays, journalism scholars are realizing the need for more sustained, in-depth and critical studies of why students embark on such degrees, how they develop their professional views and practices at universities, how the educational curricula of journalism programs match the needs of the labor market, and also, what the news industry thinks about journalism courses and their graduates. This volume addresses Becoming a Journalist all of these important questions in-depth, with admirable attention to different elements Journalism Education in the Nordic Countries that may explain all these issues. Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren, Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen The comparative perspective of looking at the Nordic countries breaks new ground considering the paucity of comparative studies on journalism education in specific media systems. The authors that take part of this book employ an array of quantitative and qualitative approaches to study the field of journalism education, providing a rich account that, no doubt, will be essential reading for students, researchers, the media industry, policy-makers and all people interested in journalism education and professionalization.” © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2016 Folker Hanusch, University of Vienna, Austria Claudia Mellado, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Chile Principal investigators, Journalism students across the globe ISBN 978-91-87957-34-5 (print) ISBN 978-91-87957-35-2 (pdf) Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg BECOMINGBox 713 A JOURNALIST SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG JournalismSweden education in the Nordic countries Cover by: Per Nilsson Cover photo: Håkan Jansson/Maskot/TT University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden JanJan FredrikFredrikPrinted by:Hovden,Hovden, Billes Tryckeri GunnarGunnar AB, NygrenNygren Mölndal, && Sweden HenrikaHenrika 2016 Zilliacus-TikkanenZilliacus-Tikkanen (eds.)(eds.) Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 E-mail [email protected] ISBN 978-91-87957-34-5 www.nordicom.gu.se 3014 0129 9 789187 957345 NORDICOM NORDICOM BECOMING A JOURNALIST BECOMING A JOURNALIST Journalism education in the Nordic countries Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren & Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen (eds.) NORDICOM Becoming a Journalist Journalism Education in the Nordic Countries Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren & Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen (eds.) © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2016 ISBN 978-91-87957-34-5 (print) ISBN 978-91-87957-35-2 (pdf) Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Per Nilsson Cover photo: Håkan Jansson/Maskot/TT Printed by: Billes Tryckeri AB, Mölndal, Sweden 2016 3014 0129 Contents Preface 7 I. A NORDIC MODEL Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren & Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen 1. Introduction. The Nordic Model of Journalism Education 11 Elin Gardeström 2. Educating Journalists. The Who, When, How, and Why of Early Journalism Programmes in the Nordic Countries 25 Ida Willig 3. “We All Think the Same”. Internships, Craft and Conservation 39 Jan Fredrik Hovden & Rune Ottosen 4. New Times, New Journalists? Nordic Journalism Students Entering an Age of Uncertainity 51 II. PROFESSIONAL (RE)ORIENTATIONS Gunnar Nygren 5. Journalism Education and the Profession. Socialisation, Traditions and Change 73 Gunilla Hultén & Antonia Wiklund 6. Perfect Profession. Swedish Journalism Students, Their Teachers, and Educational Goals 93 Jannie Møller Hartley & Maria Bendix Olsen 7. From Politics on Print to Online Entertainment? Ideals and Aspirations of Danish Journalism Students 2005–2012 111 Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen, Jaana Hujanen & Maarit Jaakkola 8. Finnish Journalism Students. Stable Professional Ideals and Growing Critique of Practice 127 Ulrika Andersson 9. The Media Use of Future Journalists and How it Changes During Journalism Education 143 Erik Eliasson & Maarit Jaakkola 10. More Mobile, More Flexible. Students’ Device Ownership and Cross-Media News Consumption, and Their Pedagogical Implications 157 III. MEETING THE CHALLENGES Arne H. Krumsvik 11. The Gap. J-School Syllabus Meets the Market 175 Hege Lamark 12. Women Train In – and Out of – Journalism 185 Gunn Bjørnsen & Anders Graver Knudsen 13. Burdens of Representation. Recruitment and Attitudes towards Journalism among Journalism Students with Ethnic Minority Backgrounds 205 Terje Skjerdal & Hans-Olav Hodøl 14. Tackling Global Learning in Nordic Journalism Education. The Lasting Impact of a Field Trip 225 Kristin Skare Orgeret 15. Dialogues and Difficulties. Transnational Cooperation in Journalism Education 241 Roy Krøvel 16. Becoming Journalists. From Engaged to Balanced or from Balanced to Engaged? 257 IV. MEETING THE FIELD 271 Jenny Wiik 17. Standardised News Providers or Creative Innovators? A New Generation of Journalists Entering the Business 273 Gitte Gravengaard & Lene Rimestad 18. “Is This a Good News Story?” Developing Professional Competence in the Newsroom 289 Hilde Kristin Dahlstrøm 19. Internal Practical Training as Teaching Method for Journalist Students 307 Astrid Gynnild 20. Developing Journalism Skills through Informal Feedback Training 321 The Authors 333 Preface What kind of journalists do modern journalist students want to be? What are their views on ethics or the role of the journalist in society? Why do some journalist stu- dents quit their education and some thrive? Why, indeed, do young people want to be journalists – and is this changing? Are “our” students different from other students? How should changes in the media markets and technology affect the way we teach journalism? Rapidly changing circumstances in a profession, as in society, induce an element of what sociologist Émile Durkheim (borrowing the concept from Jean-Marie Guyau) called anomia – a condition where social and/or moral norms are confused and unclear. Being a teacher for a profession in such conditions means that one often becomes an amateur ethnographer, wondering daily about the customs, mentality and lifestyles of the students, the colleagues and the professionals one encounters in the flesh and through journalistic work. If such thoughts in our busy daily lives are usually concerned with individuals and practical solutions (Why is this so hard to learn for him? Why does she want to quit journalism school? Did he really mean what he just said?), it is not strange that this daily reflection has resulted in many academic projects concerned with the professional socialisation of journalists. This book is strongly rooted in the Nordic Conferences for Journalism Teachers. The first versions of most contributions in this volume were presented at Making Journalists through Journalism Education: Nordic Perspectives, a pre-conference for the teacher conference in Reykjavik in autumn of 2014. It seems only fitting that this initiative came from what has been known as the Hofdabrekka group, a network of Nordic journalism teachers who, since a previous teacher’s conference in 2004 that also took place in Iceland, started work on a series of surveys of Nordic journalism students, which by 2012 had become the largest survey of this kind in the world, answered by almost five thousand students at thirty institutions of journalism learn- ing. While working on early plans for an anthology from this survey project, we were struck by two facts. The first was that the research tradition on journalism education in the Nordic countries is remarkable, and is also so by international standards. Not 7 PREFACE only is the number of researchers and projects very high, but also the variety, and very often the quality, of this work is high as well. The second fact was that this tradition is hardly known outside the Nordic countries. For these reasons, we found it much more fitting to make a broad Nordic anthology on current research regarding journalism education, which made it possible to unite in one volume a multiplicity of different and complementary works, illuminating many aspects and challenges of modern journalism education in both the Nordic countries and elsewhere. For the realisation of this book, we want to express our gratitude to the people of Nordicom and the many institutions that have given financial support for the book’s production: the Nordic Network for Journalism Education, Tre Smeder, the Finnish- Norwegian Cultural Foundation, Södertörn University, the Bergen University Funds, and the Department of Information Science and Media Studies at the University of Bergen. It also goes without saying – and therefore needs to be said sometimes – that this book could not have been possible without the discussions with and encourage- ment from our colleagues and students. Bergen, Stockholm and Helsinki, August 2016 Jan Fredrik Hovden Gunnar Nygren Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen 8 I. A NORDIC MODEL 1. Introduction The Nordic Model of Journalism Education Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren & Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen There is a “Nordic model” of journalism education. This is partly due to great simi- larities in the Nordic countries and their history,