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Traditional Inuit Songs from the Thule Area, Volumes I and II, by Michael

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Traditional Inuit Songs from the Thule Area, Volumes I and II, by Michael REVIEWS • 367 or migration. The nature and effects of cultural contacts are in journals. However, for graduate students looking for also explored extensively in this volume, and in those cases, research projects, close comparison of the chapters will the precise chronological relationship between the archae- yield many examples of differences of opinion between the ological remains of the two cultures must be ascertained. researchers that could be explored profitably through new Cultural changes attributed to such contacts must be con- field research, theses, and dissertations. temporaneous or slightly younger to be plausibly the effects of cultural contact. However, the papers in this volume Robert W. Park exhibit surprisingly diverse approaches to dating, especially Department of Anthropology to radiocarbon dating. Owen Mason presents all his chrono- University of Waterloo logical data in all their complicated and confusing detail, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada allowing the reader to assess and evaluate his chronological [email protected] interpretations. In contrast, many of the researchers explor- ing possible culture contacts between the Dorset, Thule, and Norse in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland adopt a TRADITIONAL INUIT SONGS FROM THE THULE different approach. The three chapters by Robert McGhee, AREA, VOLUMES I and II. By MICHAEL HAUSER. Martin Appelt and Hans Christian Gulløv, and Patricia D. Copenhagen: Musculanum Press, University of Copen- Sutherland all contend that extensive cultural contacts took hagen, 2010. ISBN 978-87-635-2589-3. Vol. I: 827 p.; place in the eastern part of the Canadian Arctic and Green- Vol. II: 732 p. + CD-Rom, colour and b&w illus., refer- land, but support their arguments with only a small sub- ences, index. Hardbound. US$173.00. set of the available radiocarbon dating evidence from their sites or regions. Because these researchers are each apply- The two-volume work, Traditional Inuit Songs from the ing different criteria in selecting which radiocarbon dates Thule Area, provides a thorough study of Inuit music from to present and which to omit, their resulting chronological this region of North Greenland. Volume 1 covers the for- inferences are difficult to evaluate and impossible to com- mat and terminology of traditional Greenlandic songs, the pare. I cannot help but find it significant that in chapters use of patterns in the music to trace the origins of the Inuit exploring two other regions in the eastern part of the Cana- in Greenland and Canada, and the method of recording the dian Arctic (by Claude Pinard and Daniel Gendron, and by songs in both film and audio. Volume I also includes a sub- James Savelle, Arthur S. Dyke, and Melanie Poupart), sty- stantial reference section. Volume 2 comprises the complete listic analyses combined with far less selective analyses of transcripts of Danish ethnologist Erik Holtved’s song col- radiocarbon dates demonstrate that previous assertions of lection from his fieldwork among the Inughuit, the north- Dorset-Thule contact or contemporaneity in those regions ernmost Greenlandic Inuit, during the 1930s and 1940s. have been incorrect. Analysis of the transcripts includes musical notation of the The intended audience for this volume is clearly archaeo- songs and English translations of the lyrics. An accompany- logical scholars familiar with the Arctic and the history of ing CD has recorded examples of throat singing and drum- research there. Some of the chapters are more polished and ming patterns. convincing than others, as is to be expected in an edited The author, Michael Hauser, an ethnomusicologist at the volume of this kind. A strength of this volume is its bring- Royal Academy of Music, Copenhagen, shares his exper- ing together of these different researchers’ approaches and tise in transcribing music not previously scored and analyz- conclusions. However, it clearly took a long time to come ing musical patterns that are not typically Western in their together. For example, a footnote in David Morrison’s chap- tonality. Hauser’s transcriptions and analysis of the Inug- ter explains that it was submitted before, and therefore could huit songs allow him to focus on objective and measurable not take account of, relevant data presented in a conference aspects of the music, such as tonal and rhythmic patterns, paper in 2006. In light of that long gestation, the lack of a the use of motifs in the songs, and the occurrence and dis- truly integrative or contemplative summary chapter by tribution of different song forms and melody types. some senior scholar not otherwise involved in the volume Both volumes discuss traditional Inuit songs in depth, represents a missed opportunity. The seven-page “Epilogue primarily Inughuit songs from the Thule area, but also and Concluding Thoughts” chapter, written by two of the songs from the Uummannaq and Upernavik areas of West volume’s editors, essentially just summarizes the individual Greenland, from Baffin Island, and from the Copper Inuit. chapters without comparing or evaluating them. The editors These volumes present for the first time the incredible even appear to misquote a key conclusion of one chapter: on field recordings made by Erik Holtved in 1937. Hauser has page 341, they cite Savelle, Dyke and Poupart as document- notated the recorded songs in their full length—with drum ing “‘Dorset-influenced’ Thule houses,” whereas in fact, accompaniment and the texts or singing syllables used— on p. 225–226 and 230, these authors discuss and reject and each song is accompanied by his analysis of a repre- putative Thule-influenced Dorset structures. Readers of sentative stanza. Hauser himself recorded approximately this volume are largely left to their own devices to explore 350 traditional Inuit songs in 1962 and another 240 in 1984. the relationships between the conclusions of individual These recordings too are transcribed and analyzed in the chapters, just as if they had been published independently volumes, in the same manner as Holtved’s. Each volume is 368 • REVIEWS over 700 pages long, and Hauser devotes a large part of each photograph of the musician along with a biography—a case to teaching the reader to understand his notation of this tra- in point of Hauser’s genuine devotion to his subject. ditional form of music, which prior to his work had not been This book is an excellent reference for anyone studying formally transcribed in such detail. ethnomusicology particularly of Canadian Inuit communi- However, the books go much farther than Hauser’s tech- ties. It is an intense look at the musical form of Inughuit nical analysis of the songs. They include detailed descrip- music and in that respect is primarily targeted toward eth- tions of singing methods, drum construction and handling, nomusicologists. However, it also has a lot of relevant and performing habits, and historical and recent data sup- information for linguists and anthropologists in terms of porting the author’s research are also described at length. the historical, scientific, and cultural data. Hauser’s inside For my own work as an educator focusing on characteristics perspective on Inuit culture, the photographic images he of Inuit music in a general sense, this contextual material includes, and the CD of his and Holtved’s recordings make was the most relevant. these volumes a fascinating study for both the average Arc- Section 5 of Volume I, The Song Tradition of the Inug- tic enthusiast and the serious scholar of Arctic culture. huit, describes the basic components of performance: sing- ers, songs, and way of singing, song texts, the drum, dance, Kate Schutz and various song categories. I found this section to be the Cantos Music Foundation most accessible for my needs. Hauser provides insight 2, 134 – 11 Avenue SE in this volume that I had not previously found in other Calgary, Alberta T2G 0X5, Canada research. These descriptions of performance are based on [email protected] the author’s personal experience interacting with the Inug- huit people while making his song recordings and are therefore subjective and rooted in his own observations. NORTHWARD HO! A VOYAGE TOWARDS THE In Volume I (p. 426), Hauser lists 37 questions that he NORTH POLE 1773. CATALOGUE TO THE EXHI- and Eskimologist Brent Jensen devised before their sound BITION AT THE CAPTAIN COOK MEMORIAL recording trip to the Thule area in 1962. Working on behalf MUSEUM, WHITBY 2010. With contributions by Ann of the Danish Folklore Archives, Hauser and Jensen formu- SAVOU RS, Sophie Forgan, and Glyn Williams. Whitby, lated questions that informed and focused their interviews North Yorkshire: Captain Cook Memorial Museum, with the Inughuit people. The questions are very acces- 2010. 65 p., maps, b&w and colour illus. Softbound. sible and include such things as, “Which songs did the £7.99 + s&h. women sing for small children? And the fathers?” or “Do you remember stories/myths about the origin of the songs?” It appears that the decision by the directors of the Cap- Section 5 proceeds to answer these questions in order, sum- tain Cook Memorial Museum in Whitby, North Yorkshire, marizing Hauser and Jensen’s findings, and in some cases, to mount an exhibition devoted to Captain Constantine photographs, diagrams, and other illustrations are included. John Phipps’s attempt to reach the North Pole in 1773 was The accompanying CD is an invaluable resource for this prompted by the fact that Lord Normanby, a direct descend- section as throat singing and traditional drumming patterns ant of Captain Phipps, had lent a substantial number of are rarely recorded commercially. paintings, maps, and documents to the exhibition, and by Most interesting is that through his detailed dissection the proximity to Whitby of Mulgrave Castle, the family of the recordings, Hauser found and exposed previously seat. Having taken this decision, the directors were inspired unrecognized forms and melody types.
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