Ohbc Memory Verse – Week #22
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LXX Jeremiah 25 and 36 in the Light of Jewish Literature of the Time: on the Word Usage Related to Exile and Diaspora
HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 8 Original Research LXX Jeremiah 25 and 36 in the light of Jewish literature of the time: On the word usage related to exile and diaspora Author: This article is not meant to contribute to the debate on the textual history of the book of Jeremiah 1 Arie van der Kooij but intends to examine specific data in the Old Greek version (Septuagint [LXX] Jeremiah) in the Affiliation: light of Jewish literature at the time of the translator. The angle of approach concerns the word 1Faculty of Humanities, usage related to exile and diaspora in LXX Jeremiah 25 and 36, on the one hand, and 2 Maccabees Centre for the Study of 1–2 and Tobit 14, on the other hand. I shall argue that the latter two texts display a usage of the Religion, Leiden University, terminology involved that at the same time is related to a particular view of the post-exilic age. Leiden, The Netherlands After a brief discussion of the terminology involved from a broader perspective, LXX Jeremiah 25 Corresponding author: and 36 are looked at from a perspective obtained from the analysis of the two contemporary texts. Arie van der Kooij, [email protected] Contribution: This article fits within the scope of HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies since it contributes to research regarding historical thought (source interpretation, reception of Dates: and traditions about Jeremiah) and hermeneutics. Received: 05 Apr. 2021 Accepted: 12 May 2021 Keywords: LXX Jeremiah; exile; diaspora; 2 Maccabees; Tobit; reception of Jeremiah; traditions Published: 17 Aug. -
Ezra/Nehemiah: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Ezra/Nehemiah: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION Whoever is among you of all his people, may his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and rebuild the house of the LORD, the God of Israel—he is the God who is in Jerusalem. 1-3 Historical Background Author It is unknown who wrote Ezra and Nehemiah. Historically it was believed that Ezra and Nehemiah author each book that carries their names in the title. Primarily because of the memoires that exist in each book (Ezra 7-10; Neh. 8-9) and the first person pronouns that are included throughout each book. Setting ● Israel’s capital is Jerusalem which is a vassal state under the control of the Persian King. ● Most Jews were exiled to Babylon / Persia. Some were left behind and remained in the land. ● When the Jewish exiles returned to the land, they faced opposition from enemies, particularly the Samarians who lived there. ● When the exiles returned to the land, they discovered that the distinctiveness of the Jews who were not deported had been compromised. Many had intermarried with non-Jews, which was forbidden in the Law (Ezra 9-10, Nehemiah 13:23-29). ● God called Ezra (priest) to bring the community back to covenant faithfulness (Torah). ● God called Nehemiah (governor) to rebuild Jerusalem’s wall, to secure the city. ● The repopulation of the Promised Land was a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy (Isa. 40:1-11, Jer. 25:11-12, 29:10) Date The events in both books take place over a span of roughly 60yrs (Ezra 539-458; Neh. -
Ezra and Nehemiah
Ezra and Nehemiah by Daniel J. Lewis ©Copyright 1998 by Diakonos Troy, Michigan USA 2 Ezra-Nehemiah...........................................................................................................3 One Book or Two ..................................................................................................3 Languages ..............................................................................................................4 The Ezra-Nehemiah Chronology...........................................................................5 Authorship .............................................................................................................6 The Exile and the Promise of Restoration.............................................................6 Purpose...................................................................................................................7 Structure.................................................................................................................7 The Book of Ezra...............................................................................................7 The Book of Nehemiah......................................................................................7 The Book of Ezra.......................................................................................................8 The Return of Exiles with Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel (1-2).............................9 The Restoration of Worship and the Building of the Second Temple (3-6)...... 12 Building the Great Altar and -
Nehemiah 1 – Study Leader's Questions
Nehemiah 1 – Study Leader’s Questions 1. In what ways did Nehemiah show his concern for the captives who had returned to Jerusalem? 2. What was Nehemiah’s first response when faced with a seemingly hopeless predicament? 3. What does Nehemiah’s prayer reveal about his view of himself and of God? 4. How do you think prayer prepared Nehemiah to lead his people? 5. Why would Nehemiah’s position of authority be an asset in improving the situation? 6. If God knows all of our fears, desires, and needs, why does he want us to pray about them? 7. Based on this passage, what are some of the ingredients of effective prayer? 8. In what ways can prayer change a person’s attitude towards life’s difficulties? 9. In what ways does God bless those who continually turn to him in prayer? 2 Nehemiah 1 – Answers to Questions See Dr Ruckman’s commentary The Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther pp 181-198 and the Ruckman Reference Bible pp 675-688, 694-695, 1019 for detailed comments. 1. In what ways did Nehemiah show his concern for the captives who had returned to Jerusalem? “And it came to pass, when I heard these words, that I sat down and wept, and mourned cer- tain days, and fasted, and prayed before the God of heaven” Nehemiah 1:4. “Fasted and prayed” occurs once more in scripture, Acts 13:3, before another great enterprise, i.e. mission- ary work. “Fasting” with “prayer” occurs 5 times in scripture; Psalm 35:13, Daniel 9:3, Mat- thew 17:21, Mark 9:29, 1 Corinthians 7:5. -
Book of Nehemiah - Thorough
Book of Nehemiah - Thorough In the earliest form of the Hebrew canon known to us the books of Ezra and Nehemiah were united in one, under the name of "The Book of Ezra." After a while, a division was made, and the two books which we now recognize were distinguished as "the First Book of Ezra" and "the Second Book of Ezra" Later still - probably not until toward the close of the fourth century - the Second Book of Ezra came to be known as "the Book of Nehemiah." The Book of Nehemiah is composed of four quite distinct sections: (1) Neh. 1-7 containing the record of the 20th year of Artaxerxes (or 445-444 B.C.), but composed by Nehemiah at least twelve years later Neh 5:14. (2) the second section of the work consists of Neh. 8-10, and contains a narrative of some events belonging to the autumn of 444 B.C. In this portion Nehemiah is spoken of in the third person; פחה he is called the Tirshatha (Neh. 8:9)," whereas in the earlier chapters his title is always pechâh ("governor") (Neh. 5:14); and Ezra holds the first and most prominent position. The style of this portion of the book is markedly different from that of the earlier and later chapters; and critics are generally agreed that it is NOT from the hand of Nehemiah. Some assign it to Ezra; others conjecture Zadok (or Zidkijah), Nehemiah's scribe or secretary Neh 13:13, to have been the author. (3) Neh. 11-12:26, which consists of six important lists. -
Mission Accomplished Bible Study: Nehemiah 1-6 Historical Context Leader Comment
Mission Accomplished Bible Study: Nehemiah 1-6 Historical Context Leader Comment. Note: This information could be gleaned from Bible survey books and other Bible study helps. After the reigns of David and Solomon, the Kingdom of Israel divided into separate kingdoms—the Northern Kingdom, consisting of ten Tribes and the Southern Kingdom consisting of two Tribes. Jerusalem was in the Tribe of Judah, which was in the Southern Kingdom. Immediately and consistently, the Northern Kingdom began to drift from God, committing spiritual adultery and growing more and more evil. After about 250 years, God had had enough and finally allowed them to be conquered by Assyria in 722 B.C. Because of the manner in which Assyria controlled its conquered territory, specifically by importing foreigners to dilute any sense of residual nationalism which might rebel, intermarriages naturally took place. This practice was strictly forbidden by God and led to the formation of a group of “half Jews” known as Samaritans, which we encounter in the New Testament during the time of Jesus. The Southern Tribes survived about a century longer. They, too, committed spiritual adultery against God and committed evil practices, but had respites of reformation when good kings rediscovered God’s word and chose to live according to its laws and guidelines. However, in 605 B.C. the Babylonians, who had replaced Assyria as the regional power, began their conquest of the Southern Kingdom. It was during this period that young Daniel, of Daniel and the Lions Den fame, was taken off as a young captive. Eventually, most of Jerusalem and Judah were taken captive back to Babylon for the 70 years of captivity predicted by God. -
Eunuchs in the Bible 1. Introduction
Acta Theologica Supplementum 7 2005 EUNUCHS IN THE BIBLE ABSTRACT In the original texts of the Bible a “eunuch” is termed saris (Hebrew, Old Testament) or eunouchos (Greek, New Testament). However, both these words could apart from meaning a castrate, also refer to an official or a commander. This study therefore exa- mines the 38 original biblical references to saris and the two references to eunouchos in order to determine their meaning in context. In addition two concepts related to eunuchdom, namely congenital eunuchs and those who voluntarily renounce marriage (celibates), are also discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of a “eunuch” (a castrate) is described in the Bible prima- rily by two words, namely saris (Hebrew, Old Testament) and eunouchos (Greek, New Testament) (Hug 1918:449-455; Horstmanshoff 2000: 101-114). In addition to “eunuch”, however, both words can also mean “official” or “commander”, while castration is sometimes indirectly referred to without using these terms. This study therefore set out to determine the true appearance of eunuchism in the Bible. The aim was to use textual context and, in particular, any circum- stantial evidence to determine which of the two meanings is applic- able in each case where the word saris (O.T.) or eunouchos (N.T.) occurs in the Bible. All instances of the words saris and eunouchos were thus identified in the original Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and compared with the later Septuagint and Vulgate texts, as well as with Afrikaans and English Bible translations. The meanings of the words were determined with due cognisance of textual context, relevant histo- rical customs and attitudes relating to eunuchs (Hug 1918:449-455; Grey 1974:579-85; Horstmanshoff 2000:101-14). -
Nehemiah Ezra
RESTORATION & REFORM Week 26: Reestablishment of the Walls and Laws back in Jerusalem (Nehemiah; Ezra; Malachi) The books of Ezra and Nehemiah traces the story of the people of God returning to the land of Israel after the 70-year captivity in Babylon. The return under Zerubbabel (Ezra 1-6, covered in week 24) was the earliest return, dated 536BC. During the 60 year break between the dedication of the temple and the ministry of Ezra, the events of the book of Esther happened in far-off Persia as discussed in Week 25’s readings. Then, God called Ezra. Ezra had mastered the Scriptures of his day—the books of Moses—while in the land of captivity. With great skill as an interpreter of the old law for a new day, Ezra persuaded 2,000+ Jews to return to Jerusalem (Ezra 7-10). They arrived in 458BC. Once there, Ezra began to teach a new generation of Jews how to live according to God’s law. At this point in God’s Week Twenty-Six Reading Plan Story, Jerusalem had a temple and a prepared Ezra 7:1-10; 8:15-36 Ezra and the Second Return people but there was no Nehemiah 1:1-2:20 Nehemiah Returns to Jerusalem protection for the city Nehemiah 4:1-5:19; 6:15-7:3 Nehemiah Deals with Oppression Within and Without from further attack. It Nehemiah 8:1-9:3 Ezra Reads the Law is in this situation that Nehemiah 13:1-31 Nehemiah’s Reforms Nehemiah travels to Malachi 1:1-14 The Lord’s Love Given Unworthy Sacrifices Jerusalem and uses his leadership skills to rally Malachi 3:1-4:6 Great Day of God a citywide construction crew for the rebuilding of the walls. -
Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther
A Study Workbook for Teachers and Students Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther Revised June 6, 2015 1:43 PM Copyright © 2012 Mikeal R. Hughes, D.Min., Th.D., Ph.D. All Rights Reserved www.mikealrhughes.com Reproductions may be freely made and used, provided proper credit is given to the author and no charge is ever made in association with this material without the express written consent of the author. !48 Mikeal R. Hughes Printing Instructions 1. Download the booklet and open it in Adobe Reader 2. Print only the ODD pages. 3. Now FLIP THE PILE OVER so the blank sides are ready. 4. Print ONLY the EVEN pages. 5. Fold the pages in the middle and staple twice along the spine. Copyright © 2012, Mikeal R. Hughes, All Rights Reserved All scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. The Books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther !47 The Table of Contents: Books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Lesson 1 - Ezra 1-2 Edict of Cyrus \ Names of those who returned first with Zerrubbabel .......................................................5 Lesson 2 - Ezra 3-4:5 Altar rebuit \ Help offered and refused. ..................7 Lesson 3 - Ezra 4:6 - 5:17 Letter to Artaxerxes \ work stopped \ Haggai & Zechariah begin rebuilding Temple ..........................9 Lesson 4 - Ezra 6 Darius’ reply \ Temple completed \ Dedication \ Passover feast celebrated ......................................11 Lesson 5 - Ezra 7-8 Ezra’s genealogy \ commission from Artaxerxes \ arrival at Jerusalem ............................................13 Lesson 6 - Ezra 9-10 Ezra’s displeasure over mixed marriages \ Ezra’s prayer \ putting away strange wives .....................17 Lesson 7 - Nehemiah 1-3 Nehemiah’s sorrow \ Request to go to Jerusalem \ Nehemiah at Jerusalem \ Inspecting the walls \ Opposition of Sanballat & Tobiah \ Rebuilding the walls \workers and places they worked. -
Ezra and Nehemiah Violating the Spirit of the Law Lesson #5 for November 2, 2019 Scriptures: Nehemiah 5; Exodus 21:2-7; Micah 6:8; Deuteronomy 23:21-23
Ezra and Nehemiah Violating the Spirit of the Law Lesson #5 for November 2, 2019 Scriptures: Nehemiah 5; Exodus 21:2-7; Micah 6:8; Deuteronomy 23:21-23. 1. This lesson is based on the story recorded in Nehemiah 5. Have you ever been tempted to do something that was legal but not, strictly speaking, honest? Or, not ethical? 2. Almost from the beginning of time, humans have struggled with the question of wealth, poverty, and the gap between the rich and the poor. Jesus stated, “You have the poor with you always.” (Matthew 26:11, NKJV*) Does that give those who have more money or power the right to abuse them? That surely would not be a Christian thing to do. 3. Nehemiah 5, the main subject of our lesson for this week, follows a very clear structure: I. People’s troubles and complaints and Nehemiah’s decisive actions (Neh. 5:1-13) 1. People’s reasons for grievance (Neh. 5:1-5) 2. Nehemiah’s anger and rebuke (Neh. 5:6-7a) 3. Nehemiah’s call for a public assembly, and his charge against leaders (Neh. 5:7b-8a) 4. Leaders’ silence (Neh. 5:8b) 5. Nehemiah’s admonishment of leaders to walk in the fear of God and to return properties to people and repair the losses (Neh. 5:9-11) 6. Leaders’ positive response (Neh. 5:12a) 7. Oath of leaders, Nehemiah’s symbolic action, and people’s grateful praises to the Lord (Neh. 5:12b-13) II. Nehemiah’s 12 years of diligent and unselfish ministry (Neh. -
So the Wall Was Completed on the Twenty-Fifth of the Month Elul, in Fifty- Two Days
SO THE WALL WAS COMPLETED ON THE TWENTY-FIFTH OF THE MONTH ELUL, IN FIFTY- TWO DAYS. WHEN ALL OUR ENEMIES HEARD OF IT, AND ALL THE NATIONS SURROUNDING US SAW IT, THEY LOST THEIR CONFIDENCE; FOR THEY RECOGNIZED THAT THIS WORK HAD BEEN ACCOMPLISHED WITH THE HELP OF OUR GOD. NEHEMIAH 6:15-16 RENEWAL THROUGH LEADERSHIP DATE WEEK OVERVIEW KEY VERSES May 16 & 17 3 of 5 Nehemiah 5-6 Nehemiah 6:15-16 The book of Nehemiah is often viewed as a manual on biblical leadership. Essential elements of biblical leadership like prayer, faith, vision, planning, organization, team building, and perseverance are vividly displayed in Nehemiah’s life. He was a man of God who could weep over the condition of God’s people and city yet be proactive and decisive in responsive action. Nehemiah provides a model for God’s servants of every age. The central message of the book of Nehemiah is the restoration of Jerusalem as the city of God and the nation of Israel as the covenant people of God. From both the divine and the human viewpoints, the wall around Jerusalem was essential to the restoration and establishment of Judah in the land. Jerusalem would always remain vulnerable to attack and Yahweh’s name seemingly discredited until the wall was restored (1:1-3). Prayer was Nehemiah’s first approach to solving the problem (1:4-11), but prayer and action go hand in hand, so Nehemiah approached the Persian king with a plan and secured the support needed to do God’s work (2:1-9). -
Nehemiah 5: a Response to Philippe Guillaume
The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures ISSN 1203-1542 http://www.jhsonline.org and http://purl.org/jhs Articles in JHS are being indexed in the ATLA Religion Database, RAMBI, and BiBIL. Their abstracts appear in Reli- gious and Theological Abstracts. The journal is archived by Library and Archives Canada and is accessible for consultation and research at the Electronic Collection site maintained by Library and Archives Canada (for a direct link, click here). Volume 10, Article 13 MARVIN LLOYD MILLER, NEHEMIAH 5: A RESPONSE TO PHILIPPE GUILLAUME 1 2 JOURNAL OF HEBREW SCRIPTURES NEHEMIAH 5: A RESPONSE TO PHILIPPE GUILLAUME MARVIN LLOYD MILLER UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND Nehemiah 5 has traditionally been understood as a description of an acute social and economic crisis. Understood in this way, the chapter can be seen as an example of a community which endea- vored to overcome social stratification. Nehemiah is viewed by many scholars as a reformer who demands that the elite stop their predatory practices. Philippe Guillaume in his recent article “Ne- hemiah 5: No economic crisis”1 contends that the “crisis” in Ne- hemiah 5 was not due to social stratification, but was a “political crisis provoked by a change of local dynasties” (21). By setting out the socio-historical context, he draws the conclusion that the Ben- jaminite elite that had served the Neo-Babylonians lost its privileges to a new group that benefited from the backing of the Achaeme- nids (21). Guillaume’s proposal deserves serious consideration, for his landmark article will need to be responded to by all who treat this subject.