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Maize Germplasm Global Strategy for the Ex situ Conservation and Utilization of Maize Germplasm Photo courtesy of Ing. Mario Fuentes, Maize Genebank Manager, Guatemala. Maize ear drying of highland landraces. September 2007 1 Table of contents DISCLAIMER................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 3. NETWORKS................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 4. OVERVIEW OF ‘MAJOR’ COLLECTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4.1 GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS....................................................................................................................................6 4.2 GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS ..............................................................................................................................8 5. THE IMPORTANCE - AND THE UNIQUENESS – OF THE INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS.......................................................................... 8 6. CONSERVATION STATUS...........................................................................................................................................................10 6.1 STORAGE FACILITIES, SEED EXCHANGE AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................10 6.2 SAMPLE SIZES ....................................................................................................................................................10 6.3 REGENERATION STATUS.......................................................................................................................................10 6.4 DUPLICATION STATUS..........................................................................................................................................10 6.5 DATA AVAILABLE ................................................................................................................................................10 7. COLLECTIONS THAT FAIL TO MEET ACCEPTED GUIDELINES CONCERNING CONSERVATION STANDARDS .................................... 11 7.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CORE SUBSETS.........................................................................................................................11 7.2 MOLECULAR DATA ..............................................................................................................................................12 7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF DNA SAMPLES ..........................................................................................................................12 7.4 GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING............................................................................................................12 7.5 MAIZE RACES IN THE REGIONS ..............................................................................................................................12 7.6 REGENERATION VS. RE-COLLECTION .....................................................................................................................13 8. DISTRIBUTION STATUS..............................................................................................................................................................13 8.1 AVAILABILITY OF SEEDSTOCKS .............................................................................................................................13 8.2 ACCESSIBILITY ...................................................................................................................................................13 8.3 PHYTOSANITARY REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................................................................................13 8.4 PAST EXPERIENCE...............................................................................................................................................14 9. ANALYSIS OF WHICH COLLECTION HOLDERS ARE UNABLE TO READILY MAKE MATERIAL AVAILABLE INTERNATIONALLY...........14 10. SYNTHESIS OF CONSERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................................14 11. MAJOR COLLECTIONS NOT MEETING STANDARDS...................................................................................................................15 11.1 EXTENT TO WHICH THE DIVERSITY WITHIN THE COLLECTION IS, OR IS NOT, ALREADY REPRESENTED WITHIN A COLLECTION THAT MEETS THE STANDARDS FOR CONSERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION.............................................................................15 11.2 IMPORTANCE OF ANY DIVERSITY NOT ALREADY REPRESENTED ................................................................................15 11.3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLLECTIONS TO BE ABLE TO MEET THE STANDARDS FOR CONSERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION ...........................................................................................................................................................15 12. IDENTIFY ANY OTHER COLLECTION THAT WAS NOT INCLUDED AMONG THE ORIGINAL SET OF ‘MAJOR’ COLLECTIONS BUT THAT NEVERTHELESS HAS IMPORTANT GENETIC DIVERSITY....................................................................................................................15 13. POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS FOR COLLECTIONS THAT MEET STANDARDS................................................................................16 13.1 SPECIFIC ACTIONS THAT COULD BE UNDERTAKEN IN THE SHORT TERM TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSERVATION COLLECTIVELY ..............................................................................................................................16 13.2 A PROCESS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR IDENTIFYING OTHER POTENTIAL AREAS OF NEED OR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY.............16 13.3 WAYS IN WHICH COOPERATION PER SE MIGHT BE ENHANCED, E.G. THROUGH A STRENGTHENING A SPECIFIC CROP OR OTHER NETWORK......................................................................................................................................................16 14. PLAN OF ACTION...............................................................................................................................................................18 14.1 GLOBAL ACCESSIONS MANAGEMENT: IDENTIFIERS, ESSENTIAL METADATA, AND STANDARDIZATION........................18 14.2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL COOPERATIVE NETWORKS AND AVAILABILITY OF SEED ACCESSIONS...................................19 14.3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL EX-SITU CONSERVATION NETWORK: REGENERATION AND SAFETY BACKUP .........................19 14.4 COLLABORATION ON MAIZE GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING OF MAIZE GERMPLASM SPECIALISTS ..............................................................................................................................................................................20 14.4 GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT NEED TO BE INTEGRATED TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY.20 14.5 IMPROVED ACCESS TO CONSERVED GERMPLASM .................................................................................................22 14.6 CONSERVATION OF WILD RELATIVES OF MAIZE: TEOSINTE AND TRIPSACUM ............................................................22 15. CONCLUSIONS AND CONSEQUENCES...................................................................................................................................... 22 15.1 ACCESS TO IMPROVED MATERIAL AND CROP IMPROVEMENT....................................................................................22 2 15.2 SAFETY DUPLICATION ........................................................................................................................................23 15.3 FILLING GAPS IN COLLECTIONS ...........................................................................................................................23 15.4 TRAINING IN MAIZE GENETIC RESOURCES..............................................................................................................23 15.5 MAIZE WILD RELATIVES......................................................................................................................................24 15.6 GLOBAL MAIZE GENETIC RESOURCES REGISTRY....................................................................................................24 LITERATURE CITED................................................................................................................................................................. 25 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................................................26 APPENDIX 1: SURVEY OF THE MAIZE COLLECTION INFORMATION IN MAIZE CROP STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT .....................26
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