Toxodont (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) Diversity in the Pleistocene: a New Viewpoint”
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The Relationships of the Arctostylopidae (Mammalia) New Data and Interpretation
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ARCTOSTYLOPIDAE (MAMMALIA) NEW DATA AND INTERPRETATION RICHARD L. CIFELLI,' CHARLES R. SCHAFF,- AND MALCOLM C. McKENNA CONTENTS Abstract. The dental morpholog steini, hitherto known onl) from pari Abstract cheek- tooth series is desi rilx-d on the ba Introduction collected specimen including .i near!) Acknowledgments per and lower dentition \U arctoMylopid • Abbreviations from North America principally from th Paleontology 5 Systematic Basin, Wyoming, are apparentl) referable l Order new 5 Arctostylopida, gle species, which therefore ranges from the lati 5 Family Arctostylopidae luiiian through the ( larklorkian Other an I 6 Matthew, 1915 to the \si.m Arctostylops genera are restricted I'.ileogi A. steini Matthew, 1915 6 A previously described 5pe< ies "l Matthew and Granger, Palaeostijlops sty/ops is placed in a new genus Gashal 1 1 1925 Arctostylopidae and its constituent subordii P. iturus Matthew and Granger, are diagnosed, and a h\ pothesis "I relationshi| 1925 1 5 in the family is presented B) comparison witl 15 new l>\ / Gashatostylops genus ungulate morphohpe as represented et .. 15 G. macrodon (Matthew al., 1929) latum, Asiostylops spumes is hypothesized 20 and 1976 ... Sinostylops Tang Yan, most primitive member ol the family; Both 1976 ... 20 S. promissus Tang and Yan, notios and B. progressus retain man) primitivi Bothriostylops Zheng and Huang, tures but clearK hear some ol the spec lalizatkx 22 other 1986 in Palaeostijlops, Arctostylops, and and 1986 ... North \mt B. notios Zheng Huang, genera. Of these derived taxa, and 1976) sister taxou to the n B. progressus (Tang Yan, tostylops may be the 1978 22 are in distributioi Anatolostylops Zhai, genera, all of which Vsiatfc 23 A. -
Evolutionary and Functional Implications of Incisor Enamel Microstructure Diversity in Notoungulata (Placentalia, Mammalia)
Journal of Mammalian Evolution https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09462-z ORIGINAL PAPER Evolutionary and Functional Implications of Incisor Enamel Microstructure Diversity in Notoungulata (Placentalia, Mammalia) Andréa Filippo1 & Daniela C. Kalthoff2 & Guillaume Billet1 & Helder Gomes Rodrigues1,3,4 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Notoungulates are an extinct clade of South American mammals, comprising a large diversity of body sizes and skeletal morphologies, and including taxa with highly specialized dentitions. The evolutionary history of notoungulates is characterized by numerous dental convergences, such as continuous growth of both molars and incisors, which repeatedly occurred in late- diverging families to counter the effects of abrasion. The main goal of this study is to determine if the acquisition of high-crowned incisors in different notoungulate families was accompanied by significant and repeated changes in their enamel microstructure. More generally, it aims at identifying evolutionary patterns of incisor enamel microstructure in notoungulates. Fifty-eight samples of incisors encompassing 21 genera of notoungulates were sectioned to study the enamel microstructure using a scanning electron microscope. We showed that most Eocene taxa were characterized by an incisor schmelzmuster involving only radial enamel. Interestingly, derived schmelzmusters involving the presence of Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and of modified radial enamel occurred in all four late-diverging families, mostly in parallel with morphological specializations, such as crown height increase. Despite a high degree of homoplasy, some characters detected at different levels of enamel complexity (e.g., labial versus lingual sides, upper versus lower incisors) might also be useful for phylogenetic reconstructions. Comparisons with perissodactyls showed that notoungulates paralleled equids in some aspects related to abrasion resistance, in having evolved transverse to oblique HSB combined with modified radial enamel and high-crowned incisors. -
Pleistocene Mammals and Paleoecology of the Western Amazon
PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE WESTERN AMAZON By ALCEU RANCY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1991 . To Cleusa, Bianca, Tiago, Thomas, and Nono Saul (Pistolin de Oro) . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work received strong support from John Eisenberg (chairman) and David Webb, both naturalists, humanists, and educators. Both were of special value, contributing more than the normal duties as members of my committee. Bruce MacFadden provided valuable insights at several periods of uncertainty. Ronald Labisky and Kent Redford also provided support and encouragement. My field work in the western Amazon was supported by several grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) , and the Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC) , Brazil. I also benefitted from grants awarded to Ken Campbell and Carl Frailey from the National Science Foundation (NSF) I thank Daryl Paul Domning, Jean Bocquentin Villanueva, Jonas Pereira de Souza Filho, Ken Campbell, Jose Carlos Rodrigues dos Santos, David Webb, Jorge Ferigolo, Carl Frailey, Ernesto Lavina, Michael Stokes, Marcondes Costa, and Ricardo Negri for sharing with me fruitful and adventurous field trips along the Amazonian rivers. The CNPq and the Universidade Federal do Acre, supported my visit to the. following institutions (and colleagues) to examine their vertebrate collections: iii . ; ; Universidade do Amazonas, Manaus -
The Great American Biotic Interchange: Patterns and Processes Author(S): S
The Great American Biotic Interchange: Patterns and Processes Author(s): S. David Webb Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Aug., 2006), pp. 245-257 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035724 . Accessed: 08/04/2014 23:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Missouri Botanical Garden Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 137.111.226.20 on Tue, 8 Apr 2014 23:14:05 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC S. David Webb2 INTERCHANGE: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES1 Abstract Whenthe Panamanianland bridgewas emplacedabout 2.7 Ma, it triggeredthe GreatAmerican Biotic Interchange(GABI), a major mingling of land mammal faunas between North and South America. Four families of northern immigrants (Procyonidae,Felidae, Tayassuidae,and Camelidae)diversified at moderaterates, while four others, Canidae, Mustelidae, Cervidae, and especially Muridae, evolved explosively. As a consequence, half of living South American genera are descendantsof northernimmigrants. The other major consequence of the interchangewas the conquest of tropical North Americaby immigrantsfrom Amazonia, an episode that justifies the term NeotropicalRealm. -
Michael O. Woodburne1,* Alberto L. Cione2,**, and Eduardo P. Tonni2,***
Woodburne, M.O.; Cione, A.L.; and Tonni, E.P., 2006, Central American provincialism and the 73 Great American Biotic Interchange, in Carranza-Castañeda, Óscar, and Lindsay, E.H., eds., Ad- vances in late Tertiary vertebrate paleontology in Mexico and the Great American Biotic In- terchange: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología and Centro de Geociencias, Publicación Especial 4, p. 73–101. CENTRAL AMERICAN PROVINCIALISM AND THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE Michael O. Woodburne1,* Alberto L. Cione2,**, and Eduardo P. Tonni2,*** ABSTRACT The age and phyletic context of mammals that dispersed between North and South America during the past 9 m.y. is summarized. The presence of a Central American province of cladogenesis and faunal differentiation is explored. One apparent aspect of such a province is to delay dispersals of some taxa northward from Mexico into the continental United States, largely during the Blancan. Examples are recognized among the various xenar- thrans, and cervid artiodactyls. Whereas the concept of a Central American province has been mentioned in past investigations it is upgraded here. Paratoceras (protoceratid artio- dactyl) and rhynchotheriine proboscideans provide perhaps the most compelling examples of Central American cladogenesis (late Arikareean to early Barstovian and Hemphillian to Rancholabrean, respectively), but this category includes Hemphillian sigmodontine rodents, and perhaps a variety of carnivores and ungulates from Honduras in the medial Miocene, as well as peccaries and equids from Mexico. For South America, Mexican canids and hy- drochoerid rodents may have had an earlier development in Mexico. Remarkably, the first South American immigrants to Mexico (after the Miocene heralds; the xenarthrans Plaina and Glossotherium) apparently dispersed northward at the same time as the first Holarctic taxa dispersed to South America (sigmodontine rodents and the tayassuid artiodactyls). -
From the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene of the Southern Central Andes, NW Argentina
Journal of Paleontology, 91(3), 2017, p. 566–576 Copyright © 2017, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/15/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2016.160 First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina Ricardo A. Bonini,1 Gabriela I. Schmidt,2 Marcelo A. Reguero,1 Esperanza Cerdeño,3 Adriana M. Candela,1 and Natalia Solís4 1División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina 〈[email protected]〉; 〈[email protected]〉; 〈[email protected]〉 2Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP- CONICET), Materi y España, 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina 〈[email protected]〉 3Paleontología, IANIGLA, CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina 〈[email protected]〉 4Museo de Geología, Minería y Paleontología, Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Avda. Bolivia 1661, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina 〈[email protected]〉 Abstract.—A new species of toxodontid notoungulate, Xotodon maimarensis n. sp., is described from the Maimará Formation (late Miocene–early Pliocene), Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. This is the first record of a tox- odontid from the Eastern Cordillera. The specimen is housed at the Museo de Geología, Mineralogía y Paleontología, Instituto de Geología y Minería de la Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. It consists of an incomplete mandible preser- ving the right mandibular ramus with part of the dental series, partially preserved symphysis with all the incisors, and a small portion of the left ramus without teeth. -
Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina Juan D. Carrillo and Robert J. Asher ABSTRACT We describe one of the oldest notoungulate skeletons with associated cranioden- tal and postcranial elements: Thomashuxleya externa (Isotemnidae) from Cañadón Vaca in Patagonia, Argentina (Vacan subage of the Casamayoran SALMA, middle Eocene). We provide body mass estimates given by different elements of the skeleton, describe the bone histology, and study its phylogenetic position. We note differences in the scapulae, humerii, ulnae, and radii of the new specimen in comparison with other specimens previously referred to this taxon. We estimate a body mass of 84 ± 24.2 kg, showing that notoungulates had acquired a large body mass by the middle Eocene. Bone histology shows that the new specimen was skeletally mature. The new material supports the placement of Thomashuxleya as an early, divergent member of Toxodon- tia. Among placentals, our phylogenetic analysis of a combined DNA, collagen, and morphology matrix favor only a limited number of possible phylogenetic relationships, but cannot yet arbitrate between potential affinities with Afrotheria or Laurasiatheria. With no constraint, maximum parsimony supports Thomashuxleya and Carodnia with Afrotheria. With Notoungulata and Litopterna constrained as monophyletic (including Macrauchenia and Toxodon known for collagens), these clades are reconstructed on the stem -
The Largest Fossil Rodent Andre´S Rinderknecht1 and R
Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1645 Published online The largest fossil rodent Andre´s Rinderknecht1 and R. Ernesto Blanco2,* 1Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologı´a, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay 2Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Instituto de Fı´sica, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay The discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved skull permits the description of the new South American fossil species of the rodent, Josephoartigasia monesi sp. nov. (family: Dinomyidae; Rodentia: Hystricognathi: Caviomorpha). This species with estimated body mass of nearly 1000 kg is the largest yet recorded. The skull sheds new light on the anatomy of the extinct giant rodents of the Dinomyidae, which are known mostly from isolated teeth and incomplete mandible remains. The fossil derives from San Jose´ Formation, Uruguay, usually assigned to the Pliocene–Pleistocene (4–2 Myr ago), and the proposed palaeoenviron- ment where this rodent lived was characterized as an estuarine or deltaic system with forest communities. Keywords: giant rodents; Dinomyidae; megamammals 1. INTRODUCTION 3. HOLOTYPE The order Rodentia is the most abundant group of living MNHN 921 (figures 1 and 2; Museo Nacional de Historia mammals with nearly 40% of the total number of Natural y Antropologı´a, Montevideo, Uruguay): almost mammalian species recorded (McKenna & Bell 1997; complete skull without left zygomatic arch, right incisor, Wilson & Reeder 2005). In general, rodents have left M2 and right P4-M1. body masses smaller than 1 kg with few exceptions. The largest living rodent, the carpincho or capybara 4. AGE AND LOCALITY (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), which lives in the Neotro- Uruguay, Departament of San Jose´, coast of Rı´odeLa pical region of South America, has a body mass of Plata, ‘Kiyu´’ beach (348440 S–568500 W). -
La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas
La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas Edited by John M. Harris Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 42 September 15, 2015 Cover Illustration: Pit 91 in 1915 An asphaltic bone mass in Pit 91 was discovered and exposed by the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art in the summer of 1915. The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History resumed excavation at this site in 1969. Retrieval of the “microfossils” from the asphaltic matrix has yielded a wealth of insect, mollusk, and plant remains, more than doubling the number of species recovered by earlier excavations. Today, the current excavation site is 900 square feet in extent, yielding fossils that range in age from about 15,000 to about 42,000 radiocarbon years. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Archives, RLB 347. LA BREA AND BEYOND: THE PALEONTOLOGY OF ASPHALT-PRESERVED BIOTAS Edited By John M. Harris NO. 42 SCIENCE SERIES NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Luis M. Chiappe, Vice President for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Joel W. Martin Gregory Pauly Christine Thacker Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor Go Online to www.nhm.org/scholarlypublications for open access to volumes of Science Series and Contributions in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, California 90007 ISSN 1-891276-27-1 Published on September 15, 2015 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas PREFACE Rancho La Brea was a Mexican land grant Basin during the Late Pleistocene—sagebrush located to the west of El Pueblo de Nuestra scrub dotted with groves of oak and juniper with Sen˜ora la Reina de los A´ ngeles del Rı´ode riparian woodland along the major stream courses Porciu´ncula, now better known as downtown and with chaparral vegetation on the surrounding Los Angeles. -
Redalyc.VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY in CENTRAL
Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Lucas, Spencer G. VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY IN CENTRAL AMERICA: 30 YEARS OF PROGRESS Revista Geológica de América Central, , 2014, pp. 139-155 Universidad de Costa Rica San José, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45433963013 Revista Geológica de América Central, ISSN (Printed Version): 0256-7024 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative Revista Geológica de América Central, Número Especial 2014: 30 Aniversario: 139-155, 2014 DOI: 10.15517/rgac.v0i0.16576 ISSN: 0256-7024 VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY IN CENTRAL AMERICA: 30 YEARS OF PROGRESS PALEONTOLOGÍA DE VERTEBRADOS EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL: 30 AÑOS DE PROGRESO Spencer G. Lucas New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road N. W., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104 USA [email protected] (Recibido: 7/08/2014; aceptado: 10/10/2014) ABSTRACT: Vertebrate paleontology began in Central America in 1858 with the first published records, but the last 30 years have seen remarkable advances. These advances range from new localities, to new taxa to new analyses of diverse data. Central American vertebrate fossils represent all of the major taxonomic groups of vertebrates—fishes, amphibians, reptiles (especially turtles), birds and mammals (mostly xenarthrans, carnivores and ungulates)—but co- verage is very uneven, with many groups (especially small vertebrates) poorly represented. The vertebrate fossils of Central America have long played an important role in understanding the great American biotic interchange. -
Amazonia: Landscape and Species Evolution a Look Into the Past
Amazonia: landscape and species evolution A look into the past Edited by C. Hoorn University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands F.P. Wesselingh Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands Editorial advisors H.B. Vonhof Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands S.B. Kroonenberg Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands H. Hooghiemstra University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands HHoorn_Fm_Final.inddoorn_Fm_Final.indd SSec1:iiiec1:iii 110/30/20090/30/2009 110:18:280:18:28 SShobhahobha HHoorn_Fm_Final.inddoorn_Fm_Final.indd SSec1:xivec1:xiv 110/30/20090/30/2009 110:18:300:18:30 SShobhahobha HHoorn_Frontispiece_Final.inddoorn_Frontispiece_Final.indd i 110/24/20090/24/2009 11:36:05:36:05 SShobhahobha MIDDLE TO LATE MIOCENE POACEAE Phoberomys Ceiba + Ludwigia Gryposuchus Anacardium Euterpe Anhinga Amanoa Humiriastrum Bactris Cariniana Terminalia Astrapotherium Terminalia Mauritia Mauritia Pachira Barinasuchus Pseudoprepotherium Purussaurus PAMPATHERIIDAE Anhinga + Pristobrycon Trigodon Calophyllum Mourasuchus Bairdemys PTERIDOPHYTA GASTROPODA Mauritia POACEAE + Ludwigia SERRASALMIDAE (Serrasalmus, MIDDLE TO Pygocentrus or Pristobrycon) Plicodontinia LATE SERRASALMIDAE (Serrasalmus, Carcharhinus Pygocentrus or Pristobrycon) MIOCENE Charactosuchus Arapaima Phractocephalus Ribodon Colossoma Cariniana Oxydoras Pseudopimelodus Corydoras Chelus Terminalia Hoplias CHAROPHYTA Potamotrygon GASTROPODA These plates show a reconstruction of the Middle to Late Miocene (16—7 million years ago) terrestrial and underwater landscape in Amazonia. Names for taxa are -
Late Cenozoic Large Mammal and Tortoise Extinction in South America
Cione et al: Late Cenozoic extinction Rev.in South Mus. America Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s.1 5(1): 000, 2003 Buenos Aires. ISSN 1514-5158 The Broken Zig-Zag: Late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extinction in South America Alberto L. CIONE1, Eduardo P. TONNI1, 2 & Leopoldo SOIBELZON1 1Departamento Científico Paleontología de Vertebrados, 'acultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. 2Laboratorio de Tritio y Radiocarbono, LATYR. 'acultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Corresponding author: Alberto L. CIONE Abstract: During the latest Pleistocene-earliest Holocene, South American terrestrial vertebrate faunas suffered one of the largest (and probably the youngest) extinction in the world for this lapse. Megamammals, most of the large mammals and a giant terrestrial tortoise became extinct in the continent, and several complete ecological guilds and their predators disappeared. This mammal extinction had been attributed mainly to overkill, climatic change or a combination of both. We agree with the idea that human overhunting was the main cause of the extinction in South America. However, according to our interpretation, the slaughtering of mammals was accom- plished in a particular climatic, ecological and biogeographical frame. During most of the middle and late Pleis- tocene, dry and cold climate and open areas predominated in South America. Nearly all of those megamammals and large mammals that became extinct were adapted to this kind of environments. The periodic, though rela- tively short, interglacial increases in temperature and humidity may have provoked the dramatic shrinking of open areas and extreme reduction of the biomass (albeit not in diversity) of mammals adapted to open habitats.