A Tenth-Century Fragment of a Metrical Calendar
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Fragmentology is published annually at the University of Fribourg. For further information, inquiries may be addressed to [email protected]. Editorial Address: Fragmentology University of Fribourg Rue de l’Hôpital 4 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. tel: +41 26 300 90 50 Funded by: Fragmentology III (2020), DOI: 10.24446/gfma Fragmentology ISSN 2624-9340 Volume III, 2020 Articles Reconstructing a Ninth-Century Sacramentary-Lectionary from Saint-Victor 1–49 Laura Albiero A Tenth-Century Fragment of the Metrical Calendar of Gambera from the Lake Constance Region 51–71 Farley P. Katz Collections, Compilations, and Convolutes of Medieval and Re- naissance Manuscript Fragments in North America before ca. 1900 73–139 Scott Gwara Research Note The Bull in the Book: A 1308 Witness to the Career of Francesco Caracciolo, Chancellor of Paris 141–148 William Duba Reviews Czagány Zsuzsa, éd., Antiphonale Varadinense s. XV, i. Proprium de tempore, ii. Proprium de sanctis et commune sanctorum, iii. Essays 149–154 Laura Albiero Gaudenz Freuler (with contributions by Georgi Parpulov), The McCarthy Collection, Volume i: Italian and Byzantine Miniatures 155–159 Nicholas Herman Erik Kwakkel, Books Before Print 161–175 Scott Gwara Kathryn M. Rudy, Image, Knife, and Gluepot: Early Assemblage in Manuscript and Print 177–182 Hanno Wijsman Indices Index of Manuscripts 183–189 http://fragmentology.ms/issues/3-2020/ http://fragmentology.ms/issues/3-2020/ A Tenth-Century Fragment of the Metrical Calendar of Gambera from the Lake Constance Region Farley P. Katz* [email protected] Abstract: The Gambera Missal is an illustrated missal written around 1500, now in the Archivio Capitolare at Casale Monferra- to. The manuscript includes the text of a Latin metrical calendar (the “Metrical Calendar of Gambera” or MCG) which, based on the feasts included, was suggested to have been composed some 450 years earlier and had a connection to the Abbey of St. Gall. This article discusses a second witness to the MCG, a single leaf that was used as a binding for a seventeenth-century book. The fragment has metrical text and computistical data virtually identical to that in the Gambera manuscript, and a large Ottonian painted KL (for “Kalends”). Based on the handwriting and style of the initials, the fragment dates to the second-half of the tenth century, likely from the Lake Constance area. Keywords: metrical calendar, missals, Lake Constance, tenth cen- tury. In 2005, Elena Rampi drew attention to a verse calendar in a late-fifteenth-century missal currently held in the Archivio Capi- tolare at Casale Monferrato.1 The missal is known as the Gambera Missal after its former owner, Casale Monferrato native Bernardi- no Gambera (1456–1506), who became bishop of Cavaillon (near * I owe thanks to Elena Rampi, Immo Warntjes, Michael Lapidge, David Ganz, Fabrizio Crivello, P. Justinus Pagnamenta OSB, librarian of Einsiedeln Abbey, Manuela Meni, archivist of the Archivio Capitolare, Casale Monferrato, Vanes- sa Ramos, UTSA Library, and others unknown. Thanks also to my son, Farley T. Katz, for help on images. All translations here are the author’s. 1 E. Rampi, “Il martirologio in versi del messale gambera: un testo di provenien- za sangallese nell’Archivio Capitolare di Casale Monferrato”, Monferrato Arte e Storia 17 (2005), 53–90, http://www.artestoria.net/monfaesto/2005-001-120. pdf (accessed June 2020). Fragmentology III (2020), 51–71, DOI: 10.24446/o3ec 52 Farley P. Katz Avignon). Gambera’s nephew donated the manuscript to the cathe- dral in 1542.2 The missal begins with a medieval verse calendar con- taining about 370 hexameters praising some 195 saints, giving their status (martyr, bishop, virgin, etc.), their place of veneration and method of martyrdom. The corresponding feast dates are indicated by an adjacent column of dates in Roman format. Additional lines (not included in the above count) provide introductions to each month (e.g., “Maius habet dies xxxi. Luna xxx”), leitspruchen or “mottoes” (“Maius maiorum pandat nunc festa suorum”), seasonal information (“Initium veris”), paschal dates and lunar calendar cor- relations (“Embolismus ogdoadis/Prima incensio lune paschalis”), hours of light and dark (“Nox horarum xvi, dies horarum viii”), and and zodiac events (“Sol in Leonem”) [Figure 1]. The leaves are foliated in a later hand, the calendar comprising ff. Ir–XIr, XIv being blank. The missal begins on f. 1r, the leaf following the calendar, with a half page miniature of the Last Supper, surrounded by a gilt border with decorations and figures in roundels and, at bottom, the arms of Bernardino Gambera (likely a later addition) [Figure 2]. The text of the missal is in the same hand as the calendar. Rampi found the calendar remarkable because, although it was written around 1500, it belonged to a genre of versified martyrologies attested in the ninth to eleventh centuries.3 The “Latin metrical calendar” has been described as “one of the most curious genres of medieval Latin poetry”: As its name perhaps implies, it was a composition consisting of a num- ber of hexameter lines, each of which characteristically recorded the name of a saint and the day of the year (in Roman reckoning) on which the saint was commemorated. As such the metrical calendar was non-li- turgical in function; rather, it appears to have been intended as a sort of poetic martyrology whose function may have been purely mnemonic: to commit such a poem to memory would provide a concise and ready record of the various feast days commemorated in the church where 2 E. Rampi, “Il Messale ‘optime miniatum’ dell’Archivio Capitolare di Casale Monferrato: notizie storiche ed artistiche”, Monferrato Arte e Storia 10 (1998), 61–84, http://www.artestoria.net/monfaesto/1998-001-136.pdf (accessed June 2020). Rampi’s article also summarizes the previous bibliography on the Gam- bera Missal. 3 Rampi, “Il martirologio”, 55. https://fragmentology.ms/issues/3-2020/tenth-century-calendar A Tenth-Century Fragment 53 Figure 1: Metric Calendar, The Gambera Missal, ff. VIv-VIIr (Casale Mon- ferrato, Archivio Capitolare) the poem was composed. It is also conceivable that the metrical cal- endar was regarded by its practitioners primarily as a sort of scholastic exercise whereby the would-be poet was taxed with the problems of fitting intractable expressions of date reckoning into the framework of the hexameter.4 The earliest known example is the Metrical Calendar of York, consisting of 82 lines, composed in the second half of the eighth century. In the following centuries, these calendars spread to the Continent (and back to England) and were revised, expanded and adapted to fit local venerations, and new ones were composed. As they increased in length, their mnemonic function became less apparent. While these calendars originally included the dates as part of the verse, in a second phase, portions were interpolated into liturgical calendars, with the dates in a column next to the text. Finally, liturgical calendars were composed entirely in verse, 4 M. Lapidge, “A Tenth-Century Metrical Calendar from Ramsey”, in Anglo-Lat- in Literature, 900–1066, London, 1993 (reprinted from Revue Bénédictine 94 (1984), 326–369), at 343. https://fragmentology.ms/issues/3-2020/tenth-century-calendar 54 Farley P. Katz Figure 2: Incipit, The Gambera Missal, f. 1r (Casale Monfer- rato, Archivio Capitolare) as attested by the most recent witness, the metrical calendar of the Pembroke Psalter-Hours, produced, apparently in England, in the mid-fourteenth century.5 Although Lapidge cites redactions of 5 See M. Lapidge, “The Metrical Calendar in the ‘Pembroke Psalter Hours’”, Ana- lecta Bollandiana 129 (2011), 325–387, especially 326, n. 10 and 343–347; P. Mey- vaert, “A Metrical Calendar by Eugenius Vulgarius”, Analecta Bollandiana 84 (1966), 349–377.