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W[Dp2gq October Lvqqv Public Disclosure Authorized W[DP2Gq October lVqqV Public Disclosure Authorized 2 64 1=1WorldE Bank Discussion Papers Public Disclosure Authorized Schooling and Cognitive Achievements of Children in Morocco Can the Government Improve Outcomes? Public Disclosure Authorized Shahidur R. Khandker Victor Lavy Deon Filmer Public Disclosure Authorized Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 207 Proceedingsof a Cortfererzceon Curretny Substitutiontand Curreticy Boards. Edited by Nissan Liviatan No. 208 Developing Effective Etnployment Services.David Fretwell and Susan Goldberg No. 209 EvolvingLegal Frameworksfor Private Sector Development in Central and EastertnEurope. Cheryl W. Gray and Associates No. 210 Marine Biotechnologyand Developing Counltries.Raymond A. Zilinskas and Carl Gustaf Lundin No. 211 Revitalizing Agricultural Research itn the Sahel: A Proposed Frameworkfor Action. 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Umali and Lisa Schwartz (Contintied on the inside back cover.) 264 121 World Bank Discussion Papers Schooling and Cognitive Achievements of Children in Morocco Can the Government Improve Outcomes? Shahidur R. Khandker Victor Lavy Deon Filmer The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright C 1994 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing October 1994 Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encourage discussion and comment within the development community. To present these results with the least possible delay, the typescript of this paper has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-210X Shahidur R. Khandker is an economist in the Education and Social Policy Department of the World Bank. Victor Lavy is a professor of economics at the University ofJerusalem, Israel. Deon Filmer is a consultant in the Bank working for the World Development Report, 1995. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Khandker, Shahidur R. Schooling and cognitive achievements of children in Morocco: can the government improve outcomes? / Shahidur R. Khandker, Victor Lavy, Deon Filmer. p. cm. - (World Bank discussion papers; 264) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-3046-2 1. Education-Economic aspects-Morocco. 2. Academic achievement- Morocco. 3. Education, Rural-Morocco. 4. Educational equalization-Morocco. 5. Education and state-Morocco. I. Lavy, Victor. 11. Filmer, Deon. Ill. Tide. IV. Series. LC67.M8K53 1994 370'.964-dc2O 94-33983 CIP CONTENTS Foreword ............................................... v Acknowledgment ................................................... vi Executive Sunnary .................. .vii I. Introduction ................................................ 1 II. The Living Standard Measurement and Literacy Surveys .................... 4 HI. School Performance Indicators: A Descriptive Analysis ..................... 5 Schooling Outcomes............................................. 6 Ever Attended School ............................................ 6 Schooling Attainment ............................................ 7 School Completionand Transition Rates................................. 7 Overall School Experience ......................................... .8 AchievementTest Scores .......................................... 9 Summary of Schooling OutcomePatterns ............................... 10 Demand Factors and SchoolingOutcomes ............................... 10 HouseholdIncome ............................................. 10 Parental Education ............................................. 11 Supply-SideFactors and SchoolingOutcomes ............................ 12 IV. The Role of Demand- and Supply-Side Factors in Determining School Outcomes: A Theoretical Framework ........................... 13 V. The Results ............................................... 17 VI. Policy Simulations ............................................. 21 VI. Conclusions .............................................. 22 Bibliography .................... .. ........................ 25 Statistical Appendix .............................................. 27 -iii- FOREWORD Althougheducation plays an importantrole in economicdevelopment, many low incomecountries are failing to develop their education systems fast enoughto reap the benefits of an educatedworkforce. In many countries, two-thirds of school-agedchildren are not being educated at all or receiving a poor quality education. As part of its commitmentsto improve education, the World Bank is supporting various educationprojects in many developingcountries. This paper examinesthe potential contribution of such projects in Morocco. The study observes that although the recent educationalreforms and other education projects have
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