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American Journalism Historians Association )0 40 a AMERICAIV Journalism The publication of the American Journalism Historians Association B^ U^t^^ ^' oc^ PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE ASSOCIATION VOLUME V (1988), NUMBER 1 AMERICAN JOURNALISM solicits manuscripts throughout the year. Ar- ticles are "blind" judged by three readers chosen from the Editorial Board of American Journalism for their expertise in the particular subject matter of the articles. On matters of documentation and style, American Journalism follows the MLA Handbook. Authors are asked to do the same. Four copies of a manu- script should be mailed to the following address: Wm, David Sloan Editor, American Journalism School of Communication P.O.Box 1482 University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 If the author wishes to have the manuscript returned, he or she should include a self-addressed manila envelope with adequate postage. AMERICAN Journalism The publication of the American Journalism Historians Association PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE ASSCX:iATION VOLUME V (1988) NUMBER 1 AMERICAN JOURNALISM EDITOR: Wm. David Sloan, Alabama ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Gary Whitby, Southern Illinois. and James D. Startt, Valparaiso ASSISTANT EDITOR: Kelly Saxton, Alabama BOOK REVIEW EDITOR: Edward Nickerson, Delaware GRAPHICS AND DESIGN EDITOR: Sharon M.W. Bass, Kansas EDITORIAL BOARD Dave Anderson, Northern Colorado; Douglas A. Anderson, Arizona Slate; Edd Applegate. Mid- dle Tennessee State; Donald Avery, Southern Mississippi; Warren E. Bamard, Indiana State; Ralph D. Barney, Brigham Young; Maurine Beasley, Maryland; John Behrens, Utica ofSy- racuse; Elaine Prostak Berland; Margaret A. Blanchard, North Carolina; Roy E. Blackwood, Bemidji State; James Bow; Patricia Bradley, Temple; John C. Bromley, Northern Colorado; James A. Brown, Alabama; Karen Brown, South Florida; Pamela A. Brown, Rider; Michael Buchholz, Texas A<!cM; Lucy Shelton Caswell, Ohio State; Ed Caudill, Tennessee; Linda Cobb-Reiley, Denver; Earl L. Conn, Ball State; Alfred Comebise, Northern Colorado; Harold Davis, Georgia State; John DeMott, Memphis State; Wallace B. Eberhard, Georgia; Ralph Engleman, Long Island; Douglas Ferdon, Baylor; Donald Fishman, Boston College; Robert S. Fortner, George Washington; David M. Guerra, Arkansas-Little Rock; Jake Highton, Neva- da-Reno; Robert Hudson, Michigan State; Willaim Huntzicker, Emest C. Hynds, Georgia; Phillip Jeter, Florida A&M; Myron K. Jordan, Washington; Arthur J. Kaul, Southern Missis- sippi; Samuel V. Kennedy IH, Syracuse; Sidney Kobre; Peggy Jean Kreshel, Georgia; Frank Krompak, Toledo; Philip J. Lane, California State, Fresno; Richard Lentz, Arizona State; Charles H. Marler, Abilene (Tex.) Christian; Claudia Martino, Wichita State; William Matsen, Bemidji State; 2^na Beth McGlashan, North Dakota; Florida; Joseph P. McKems, Southern Il- linois; William McReynolds, Colorado-Boulder; William Ray Mofield, Murray State; Roy L. Moore, Kentucky; Patricia A. Muller, Wisconsin-La Crosse; Sharon M. Muiphy, Marquette; Michael Murray, Missouri-St. Louis; Patricia Neils, U.S. International; Jack A. Nelson, Brig- ham Young; Richard Alan Nelson, Houston; Edward A. Nickerson, Delaware; Marvin Olasky, Texas; Howard S. Pactor, Florida; John Pauly, Tulsa; Steven P. Phipps, Indiana; Stephen Ponder, Oregon; Alf Pratle, Brigham Young; Barbara Straus Reed, Rutgers; Sam G. Riley, Vir- ginia Tech; Nancy L. Roberts, Minnesota; Bruce Roche, Alabama; Richard Scheidenhelm; Thomas A. Schwartz, Ohio State; Arthur Se&gRr,Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Michael D. Sherer, Ne- braska-Omaha; Kim Smith, Bowling Geen State; MaryAnn Yodelis Smith; Minnesota; Zoe Smith, Marquette; Robert Spellman, Southern Illinois; Harlan Stensaas, Mercer; Ralph J. Tur- ner, Marshall; Thomas W. Volek, Minnesota AMERICAN JOURNALISM aSSN 0882-1127) Editorial and Business Offices: School of Communication, P.O. Box 1482, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. AMERICAN Journalism Volume V (1988) Number 1 5 The Hololulu Star-Bulletin and the "Day of Infamy" ByAlfPratte 14 The Shaping of a Southern Opinion Leader: Ralph McGill and Freedom of Information By Leonard Ray Teel 28 Historiographical Essay Historians and the American Frontier Press By William E. Huntzicker 46 Book Reviews MacKinnon and Friesen, CHINA Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s & 1940s Brasch and UUoth, The Press and The State: Sociohistorical and Contemporary Interpretations Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media: A Public Quest for SelfFulfillment Claiborne, The Charlotte Observer: Its Time and Place, 1869-1986 Hudson, Mass Media: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Television, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines. Newspapers, and Books in the United States Taft, Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Journalists Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US. News People and Their Work Douglas, Labor's New Voice: Unions and the Mass Media Hixon, Privacy in a Public Society: Human Rights in Conflict : EditorFROM THE : In this issue, American Journalism begins a series of essays on mass commu- nication historiography. It is projected as a seven-year project covering the most important subjects that historians have addressed. William Huntzicker inaugu- rates the series with an essay on the frontier press. American Journalism will publish three essays each year. When the series is completed, we believe it will comprise one of the most valuable research projects ever done on mass commu- nication history. Scholars interested in contributing essays to the series are invited to submit proposals to the editor. Proposals should briefly describe the topic and indicate the scope of the study and the author's credentials for doing the essay. Typical topics are the penny press. Civil War journalism, the press and government, women and the press, the black press, Gilded Age journalism and other major periods or subjects. Little work has been done previously on mass communication historiography, and most of that has been cursory. Analysis of historians' approaches and of the schools of historical interpretations has been accepted as an important tool in the study of most areas of history. In mass communication history, historiography has barely been touched. Historiography, defined in this series as the study of historical work, is vital if mass communication historians are seriously interest- ed in history as a discipline. It enables historians to understand the underlying concepts which other historians have applied to their narratives and explanations of past events. Without such understanding, historians may find that conflicting explanations often seem to be little more than confusing, or they may assume simplistically that one historian has the "facts" right, while another simply has been misled. We may also, as our discipline already has demonstrated, allow his- torians' opinions to become accepted as objective truth if we do not understand that their accounts of history have been influenced by their concepts about or ap- proaches to the media of the past. Their views become entrenched in historical thinking and lead to the conclusion that historical study explains how things were rather than how historians think they were. In the long run, a failure to un- derstand historiography results in our view of the past being fixed. At its worst, it leads to the stagnation of the study of history. This series is intended to analyze the schools of interpretation through which mass communication history has passed. It also will provide insightful over- views of the study that has been done on the major topics in mass communica- tion history. We believe it will provide a stimulus of immeasurable value to our field. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin and the "Day of Infamy" By Alf Pratte At dawn, the first of 353 Japanese warplanes took off from their carrier bases in the Pacific Ocean 200 miles north of Oahu. At 7:55 a.m. they caught their target. Pearl Harbor, and the surrounding area still sleepy. Only Sunday church services on some of the American battleships, lying quietly at anchor, broke the morning drowsiness of December 7, 1941. The Japanese pilots, thoroughly briefed on the location of ships in the harbor and the airbases on the islands, struck at each. Surprise was complete. Few American airplanes ever got into the air. In less than two hours, the attackers sank or damaged eighteen ships and de- stroyed 188 planes. They left 2,403 dead and hundreds wounded. Confusion reigned in Honolulu. Like the military, the city's newspapers found themselves reeling from the attack and attempted to respond as quickly as possible. How one newspaper, the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, responded provides one of the more dramatic illustrations in American history of the press' performance in a major, fast-breaking crisis. Although overlooked in most journalism histories' the Honolulu Star-Bulletin was the first newspaper in the world to publish de- tails of what President Franklin D. Roosevelt the next day called a "Day of Infa- my." Faced with a crisis of expansive proportions with events moving at a fren- zied pace, the newspaper had to gather facts about a surprise military attack and rapidly disseminate raw information throughout an island community, while at the same time it also contributed as a cooperative source in getting facts sent to the mainland United States. Its ability to perform those tasks was complicated by the military exigencies of the situation. The success of the coverage of the attack may be attributed in great part to the skill, commitment, and journalistic ability of a single individual
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