DOCSLIB.ORG

Long Chain Acyl-Coa Dehydrogenase (LCHAD) Deficiency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Long Chain Acyl-Coa Dehydrogenase (LCHAD) Deficiency Version 4.5 (October 2011) NE THAMES REGIONAL MOLECULAR GENETICS SERVICE Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency Contact details Introduction Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency is an autosomal Molecular Genetics recessive disorder of fatty acid metabolism (MIM 201460), caused by a GOSH NHS Trust Level 6 deficiency of the long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) York House enzyme. Tandem mass spectrometry of organic acids in urine, and carnitines 37 Queen Square in blood spots, allows the diagnosis to be unequivocally determined due to the London accumulation of specific undegraded compounds. WC1N 3BH LCHAD deficiency is clinically heterogeneous but is often characterised by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, hypoglycemia, pigmentary retinopathy or Telephone +44 (0) 20 7762 6888 sudden infant death. An additional clinical complication can occur in the Fax pregnant mothers of affected fetuses; they may experience maternal acute +44 (0) 20 7813 8196 fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) syndrome or hypertension/haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. The gene encoding the HADHA enzyme is located at 2p23. The mutation, c.1528G>C, causes the replacement of the amino acid glutamic acid with glutamine at codon 510 (p.Glu510Gln), this results in loss of LCHAD activity and accounts for approximately 87% of mutant alleles. Samples required Referrals 5ml venous blood in • Clinically affected patients should have their diagnosis confirmed by plastic EDTA bottles biochemical analysis. Affected patients can then be referred for (>1ml from neonates) mutation testing. If the necessary patient samples are unavailable genetic testing can be undertaken in the parents of an affected child. Prenatals must be • Pregnant patients who have AFLP can be referred for carrier testing, arranged in advance, along with their partners. through a Clinical • Carrier testing can be offered to the adult relatives of affected patients Genetics department if possible. Amniotic fluid once a disease causing mutation has been identified and partner or CV samples should testing is offered to confirmed carriers. be sent to Cytogenetics for Prenatal testing dissecting and Prenatal testing, by genetic analysis, is available to couples that have both culturing, with previously been shown to be carriers of the common mutation. Prenatal instructions to forward diagnosis is also offered by biochemistry regardless of mutation. Please the sample to the contact the laboratory to discuss. Regional Molecular Genetics laboratory for analysis Service offered Testing for the presence of the common c.1528G>C mutation (p.Glu510Gln) in A completed DNA the HADHA gene by PCR & restriction enzyme digest. Screening of the request card should remainder of the gene is not available. accompany all samples. Target reporting time Routine analysis - 2 weeks. For urgent samples please contact the laboratory. Contact details for Biochemistry/ Enzyme Unit: Enzyme Unit, Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH Tel: +44 (0) 20 7405 9200 (x2509) Patient details To facilitate accurate testing and reporting please provide patient demographic details (full name, date of birth, address and ethnic origin), details of any relevant family history and full contact details for the referring clinician .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit (MAK062)
    Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit Catalog Number MAK062 Storage Temperature –20 C TECHNICAL BULLETIN Product Description Developer 1 vl Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the Catalog Number MAK062E conversion of isocitrate to -ketoglutarate. In eukaryotes, there are three isozymes of IDH, the IDH Positive Control (NADP+) 20 L mitochondrial IDH2 and IDH3, and the cytoplasmic/ Catalog Number MAK062F peroxisomal IDH1. All three IDH family members require the presence of a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+) NADH Standard, 0.5 mole 1 vl and either the electron-accepting cofactor NADP+ (IDH1 Catalog Number MAK062G and IDH2) or NAD+ (IDH3) for their enzymatic activity. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations resulting in neomorphic Reagents and Equipment Required but Not enzymatic activity are found in certain cancers such as Provided. glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and colon 96 well flat-bottom plate – It is recommended to use cancer. This neoactivity shows a change in the clear plates for colorimetric assays. substrate specificity resulting in the conversion of Spectrophotometric multiwell plate reader -ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. Mutations in IDH family members are also associated with Ollier disease Precautions and Disclaimer and Maffucci syndrome. This product is for R&D use only, not for drug, household, or other uses. Please consult the Material The Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay kit Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards provides a simple and direct procedure for measuring and safe handling practices. + + + NADP -dependent, NAD -dependent, or both NADP + and NAD -dependent IDH activity in a variety of Preparation Instructions samples. IDH activity is determined using isocitrate as Briefly centrifuge vials before opening.
    [Show full text]
  • Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+) (I5036)
    Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), human recombinant, expressed in Escherichia coli Catalog Number I5036 Storage Temperature –20 °C CAS RN 9028-48-2 IDH1 and IDH2 have frequent genetic alterations in EC 1.1.1.42 acute myeloid leukemia4 and better understanding of Systematic name: Isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase these mutations may lead to an improvement of (decarboxylating) individual cancer risk assessment.6 In addition other studies have shown loss of IDH1 in bladder cancer Synonyms: IDH1, cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent patients during tumor development suggesting this may isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate:NADP+ be involved in tumor progression and metastasis.7 oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), Isocitric Dehydrogenase, ICD1, PICD, IDPC, ICDC, This product is lyophilized from a solution containing oxalosuccinate decarboxylase Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, with trehalose, ammonium sulfate, and DTT. Product Description Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC 1.1.1.42] is a Purity: ³90% (SDS-PAGE) Krebs cycle enzyme, which converts isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate. The flow of isocitrate through the Specific activity: ³80 units/mg protein glyoxylate bypass is regulated by phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, which competes for a Unit definition: 1 unit corresponds to the amount of 1 common substrate (isocitrate) with isocitrate lyase. enzyme, which converts 1 mmole of DL-isocitrate to The activity of the enzyme is dependent on the a-ketoglutarate per minute at pH 7.4 and 37 °C (NADP formation of a magnesium or manganese-isocitrate as cofactor). The activity is measured by observing the 2 complex. reduction of NADP to NADPH at 340 nm in the 7 presence of 4 mM DL-isocitrate and 2 mM MnSO4.
    [Show full text]
  • (LCHAD) Deficiency / Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein (MTF) Deficiency
    Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency / Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTF) deficiency Contact details Introduction Regional Genetics Service Long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency / mitochondrial trifunctional Levels 4-6, Barclay House protein (MTF) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial beta- 37 Queen Square oxidation of fatty acids. The mitochondrial trifunctional protein is composed of 4 alpha London, WC1N 3BH and 4 beta subunits, which are encoded by the HADHA and HADHB genes, respectively. It is characterized by early-onset cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, T +44 (0) 20 7762 6888 neuropathy, and pigmentary retinopathy, and sudden death. There is also an infantile F +44 (0) 20 7813 8578 onset form with a hepatic Reye-like syndrome, and a late-adolescent onset form with primarily a skeletal myopathy. Tandem mass spectrometry of organic acids in urine, Samples required and carnitines in blood spots, allows the diagnosis to be unequivocally determined. An 5ml venous blood in plastic EDTA additional clinical complication can occur in the pregnant mothers of affected fetuses; bottles (>1ml from neonates) they may experience maternal acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) syndrome or Prenatal testing must be arranged hypertension/haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) in advance, through a Clinical syndrome. Genetics department if possible. The genes encoding the HADHA and HADHB subunits are located on chromosome Amniotic fluid or CV samples 2p23.3. The pathogenic
    [Show full text]
  • Is Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase a Central Redox Mediator?
    1 Is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase a central redox mediator? 2 Grace Russell, David Veal, John T. Hancock* 3 Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, 4 UK. 5 *Correspondence: 6 Prof. John T. Hancock 7 Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, 8 University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. 9 [email protected] 10 11 SHORT TITLE | Redox and GAPDH 12 13 ABSTRACT 14 D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an immensely important 15 enzyme carrying out a vital step in glycolysis and is found in all living organisms. 16 Although there are several isoforms identified in many species, it is now recognized 17 that cytosolic GAPDH has numerous moonlighting roles and is found in a variety of 18 intracellular locations, but also is associated with external membranes and the 19 extracellular environment. The switch of GAPDH function, from what would be 20 considered as its main metabolic role, to its alternate activities, is often under the 21 influence of redox active compounds. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as 22 hydrogen peroxide, along with reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide, 23 are produced by a variety of mechanisms in cells, including from metabolic 24 processes, with their accumulation in cells being dramatically increased under stress 25 conditions. Overall, such reactive compounds contribute to the redox signaling of the 26 cell. Commonly redox signaling leads to post-translational modification of proteins, 27 often on the thiol groups of cysteine residues. In GAPDH the active site cysteine can 28 be modified in a variety of ways, but of pertinence, can be altered by both ROS and 29 RNS, as well as hydrogen sulfide and glutathione.
    [Show full text]
  • How Is Alcohol Metabolized by the Body?
    Overview: How Is Alcohol Metabolized by the Body? Samir Zakhari, Ph.D. Alcohol is eliminated from the body by various metabolic mechanisms. The primary enzymes involved are aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), and catalase. Variations in the genes for these enzymes have been found to influence alcohol consumption, alcohol-related tissue damage, and alcohol dependence. The consequences of alcohol metabolism include oxygen deficits (i.e., hypoxia) in the liver; interaction between alcohol metabolism byproducts and other cell components, resulting in the formation of harmful compounds (i.e., adducts); formation of highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules (i.e., reactive oxygen species [ROS]) that can damage other cell components; changes in the ratio of NADH to NAD+ (i.e., the cell’s redox state); tissue damage; fetal damage; impairment of other metabolic processes; cancer; and medication interactions. Several issues related to alcohol metabolism require further research. KEY WORDS: Ethanol-to­ acetaldehyde metabolism; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH); aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH); acetaldehyde; acetate; cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1); catalase; reactive oxygen species (ROS); blood alcohol concentration (BAC); liver; stomach; brain; fetal alcohol effects; genetics and heredity; ethnic group; hypoxia The alcohol elimination rate varies state of liver cells. Chronic alcohol con- he effects of alcohol (i.e., ethanol) widely (i.e., three-fold) among individ- sumption and alcohol metabolism are on various tissues depend on its uals and is influenced by factors such as strongly linked to several pathological concentration in the blood T chronic alcohol consumption, diet, age, consequences and tissue damage. (blood alcohol concentration [BAC]) smoking, and time of day (Bennion and Understanding the balance of alcohol’s over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Dehydrogenase Classes
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 4980-4984, May 1994 Biochemistry Fundamental molecular differences between alcohol dehydrogenase classes (Drosophila octano dehydrogenase/class m alcohol dehydrogenase/mo ur patterns/zinc enyme famy) OLLE DANIELSSON*, SILVIA ATRIANt, TERESA LUQUEt, LARS HJELMQVIST*, ROSER GONZALEZ-DUARTEt, AND HANS J6RNVALL*f *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; tCenter for Biotechnology, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; and tDepartment of Genetics, University of Barcelona, E-08071 Barcelona, Spain Communicated by Sune Bergstrom, January 18, 1994 ABSTRACT Two types of alcohol dehydrogenase in sepa- ary patterns, with class III being "constant" and class I rate protein families are the "medium-chain" zinc enzymes "variable" (10), result in a consistent picture of the enzyme (including the classical liver and yeast forms) and the "short- system and place the classes of medium-chain alcohol dehy- chain" enzymes (including the insect form). Although the drogenases as separate enzymes in the cellular metabolism. medium-chain family has been characterized in prokaryotes Similarly, another protein family, short-chain dehydroge- and many eukaryotes (fungi, plants, cephalopods, and verte- nases, has also evolved into a family comprising many brates), insects have seemed to possess only the short-chain different enzyme activities, including an alcohol dehydroge- enzyme. We have now also characterized a medium-chain nase (11). This form operates by means of a completely alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila. The enzyme is identical different catalytic mechanism and is related to mammalian to insect octanol dehydrogenase. It Is a typical class m alcohol prostaglandin dehydrogenases/carbonyl reductase (12).
    [Show full text]
  • Moldx : BCKDHB Gene Test
    Local Coverage Article: Billing and Coding: MolDX: BCKDHB Gene Test (A55099) Links in PDF documents are not guaranteed to work. To follow a web link, please use the MCD Website. Contractor Information CONTRACTOR NAME CONTRACT TYPE CONTRACT JURISDICTION STATE(S) NUMBER Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01111 - MAC A J - E California - Entire State LLC Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01112 - MAC B J - E California - Northern LLC Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01182 - MAC B J - E California - Southern LLC Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01211 - MAC A J - E American Samoa LLC Guam Hawaii Northern Mariana Islands Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01212 - MAC B J - E American Samoa LLC Guam Hawaii Northern Mariana Islands Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01311 - MAC A J - E Nevada LLC Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01312 - MAC B J - E Nevada LLC Noridian Healthcare Solutions, A and B MAC 01911 - MAC A J - E American Samoa LLC California - Entire State Guam Hawaii Nevada Northern Mariana Islands Article Information General Information Article ID Original Effective Date Created on 12/19/2019. Page 1 of 6 A55099 10/17/2016 Article Title Revision Effective Date Billing and Coding: MolDX: BCKDHB Gene Test 12/01/2019 Article Type Revision Ending Date Billing and Coding N/A AMA CPT / ADA CDT / AHA NUBC Copyright Retirement Date Statement N/A CPT codes, descriptions and other data only are copyright 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/HHSARS apply. Current Dental Terminology © 2018 American Dental Association.
    [Show full text]
  • HADHB Gene Hydroxyacyl-Coa Dehydrogenase Trifunctional Multienzyme Complex Subunit Beta
    HADHB gene hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit beta Normal Function The HADHB gene provides instructions for making part of an enzyme complex called mitochondrial trifunctional protein. This enzyme complex functions in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein is made of eight parts (subunits). Four alpha subunits are produced from the HADHA gene, and four beta subunits are produced from the HADHB gene. As the name suggests, mitochondrial trifunctional protein contains three enzymes that each perform a different function. The beta subunits contain one of the enzymes, known as long-chain 3-keto- acyl-CoA thiolase. The alpha subunits contain the other two enzymes. These enzymes are essential for fatty acid oxidation, which is the multistep process that breaks down ( metabolizes) fats and converts them to energy. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein is required to metabolize a group of fats called long- chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are found in foods such as milk and certain oils. These fatty acids are stored in the body's fat tissues. Fatty acids are a major source of energy for the heart and muscles. During periods of fasting, fatty acids are also an important energy source for the liver and other tissues. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency Researchers have identified at least 26 mutations in the HADHB gene that cause mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. These mutations reduce all three enzyme activities of mitochondrial trifunctional protein. Most mutations change one of the protein building blocks (amino acids) used to make the beta subunit. A change in amino acids probably alters the subunit's structure, which disrupts all three activities of the enzyme complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Paroxysmal Spasticity of Lower Extremities As the Initial Symptom in Two Siblings with Maple Syrup Urine Disease
    4872 MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 19: 4872-4880, 2019 Paroxysmal spasticity of lower extremities as the initial symptom in two siblings with maple syrup urine disease YI-DAN LIU1*, XU CHU2*, RUI-HUA LIU3, YING SUN1, QING-XIA KONG2 and QIU-BO LI3 1Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012; Departments of 2Neurology and 3Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China Received July 31, 2018; Accepted April 1, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10133 Abstract. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare heterozygous mutations in the BCKDHB gene found in the autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by muta- Chinese family may be responsible for the phenotype of the tions in genes that encode subunits of the branched-chain two siblings with MSUD. α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex. Impairment of the BCKD complex results in an abnormal accumulation Introduction of branched-chain amino acids and their corresponding branched‑chain keto acids in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, In the wide array of inherited metabolic disorders, maple which are neurovirulent and may become life-threatening. An syrup urine disease (MSUD; Online Mendelian Inheritance 11-day-old boy was admitted to the hospital with paroxysmal in Man no. 248600; https://www.omim.org/entry/248600) has spasticity of lower extremities. Of note, his 10-year-old sister attracted increasing attention due to the potential neurological presented similar symptoms during the neonatal period, and damage caused by this disorder (1). MSUD was first reported her condition was diagnosed as MSUD when she was 1.5 years by Menkes et al (2) in 1954.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Novel HADHB Gene Mutations in a Korean Patient with Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiency
    Available online at www.annclinlabsci.org Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 39, no. 4, 2009 399 Case Report: Two Novel HADHB Gene Mutations in a Korean Patient with Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiency Hyung-Doo Park,1,a Suk Ran Kim,1,a Chang-Seok Ki,1 Soo-Youn Lee,1 Yun Sil Chang,2 Dong-Kyu Jin,2 and Won Soon Park2 Departments of 1Laboratory Medicine & Genetics and 2Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (aHyung-Doo Park and aSuk Ran Kim contributed equally to the work.) Abstract. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) is a heterocomplex composed of 4 α-subunits containing LCEH (long-chain 2,3-enoyl-CoA hydratase) and LCHAD (long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase) activity, and 4 b-subunits that harbor LCKT (long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) activity. MTP deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes a clinical spectrum of diseases ranging from severe infantile cardiomyopathy to mild chronic progressive polyneuropathy. Here, we report the case of a Korean male newborn who presented with severe lactic acidosis, seizures, and heart failure. A newborn screening test and plasma acylcarnitine profile analysis by tandem mass spectrometry showed an increase of 3-hydroxy species: 3-OH-palmitoylcarnitine, 0.44 nmol/ml (reference range, RR <0.07); 3-OH- linoleylcarnitine, 0.31 nmol/ml (RR <0.06); and 3-OH-oleylcarnitine, 0.51 nmol/ml (RR <0.04). These findings suggested either long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency or complete MTP deficiency. By molecular analysis of theHADHB gene, the patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for c.358dupT (p.A120CfsX8) and c.1364T>G (p.V455G) mutations.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Analogues of 2-Oxo Acids Discriminate Metabolic Contribution of the 2-Oxoglutarate and 2-Oxoadipate Dehydrogenases in Mammalian Cells and Tissues Artem V
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Synthetic analogues of 2-oxo acids discriminate metabolic contribution of the 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenases in mammalian cells and tissues Artem V. Artiukhov1,2, Aneta Grabarska3, Ewelina Gumbarewicz3, Vasily A. Aleshin1,2, Thilo Kähne4, Toshihiro Obata5,7, Alexey V. Kazantsev6, Nikolay V. Lukashev6, Andrzej Stepulak3, Alisdair R. Fernie5 & Victoria I. Bunik1,2* The biological signifcance of the DHTKD1-encoded 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (OADH) remains obscure due to its catalytic redundancy with the ubiquitous OGDH-encoded 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH). In this work, metabolic contributions of OADH and OGDH are discriminated by exposure of cells/tissues with diferent DHTKD1 expression to the synthesized phosphonate analogues of homologous 2-oxodicarboxylates. The saccharopine pathway intermediates and phosphorylated sugars are abundant when cellular expressions of DHTKD1 and OGDH are comparable, while nicotinate and non-phosphorylated sugars are when DHTKD1 expression is order(s) of magnitude lower than that of OGDH. Using succinyl, glutaryl and adipoyl phosphonates on the enzyme preparations from tissues with varied DHTKD1 expression reveals the contributions of OADH and OGDH to oxidation of 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate in vitro. In the phosphonates-treated cells with the high and low DHTKD1 expression, adipate or glutarate, correspondingly, are the most afected metabolites. The marker of fatty acid β-oxidation, adipate, is mostly decreased by the shorter, OGDH-preferring, phosphonate, in agreement with the known OGDH dependence of β-oxidation. The longest, OADH- preferring, phosphonate mostly afects the glutarate level. Coupled decreases in sugars and nicotinate upon the OADH inhibition link the perturbation in glucose homeostasis, known in OADH mutants, to the nicotinate-dependent NAD metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein (TFP) Subunit Alpha and Beta (HADHA/HADHB) Monoclonal Antibody Cat
    Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) subunit alpha and beta (HADHA/HADHB) monoclonal antibody Cat. no. A21991 Components: 100 µg monoclonal antibody Lot no.: See product label Clone/PAD: 4A8BG12 Isotype: Mouse IgG1 Gene ID: 3030, 3032 Gene Symbol: HADHA, HADHB Alternative Names: TFP sub alpha-beta, 78 kDa gastrin-binding protein, TP-alpha, Long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, Long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, GBP, ECHA, HADH, LCEH, MTPA, LCHAD, MGC1728, TP-ALPHA, ECHB, MTPB, MSTP029, TP-BETA, MGC87480 Concentration: 1 mg/mL in Hepes-Buffered Saline (HBS) with 0.02% sodium azide as a preservative mAb PURITY: Near homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. The antibody was produced in vitro using hybridomas grown in serum-free medium, and then purified by biochemical fractionation. Reactivity: Human, rat, bovine Immunogen: Human heart mitochondria Validated Applications: Immunoprecipitation, Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry Suggested Working 5 µg/mL for immunocytochemistry Concentration: (This is a starting working concentration. The optimal antibody concentration should be determined empirically for each specific application.) Storage: Store at 2–8°C. Do not freeze. Expiration Date: See product label. Target Background: These genes encode the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The mitochondrial membrane-bound heterocomplex is composed of four alpha and four beta subunits, with the alpha subunit catalyzing the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase activities. Mutations in this gene result in trifunctional protein deficiency or LCHAD deficiency. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.
    [Show full text]