Working Paper – 6

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

The Interrupted Becoming of a City: Patna in the Census

IMAN MITRA

September 2018

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

The Interrupted Becoming of a City: Patna in the Census

IMAN MITRA

September 2018 Working Paper - 6 Publication: September, 2018

Published by TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, PATNA CENTRE Takshila Campus DPS Senior Wing Village Chandmari, Danapur Cantonment Patna - 801502 (Bihar) INDIA Phone: +91 7781 950 665 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.tiss.edu

Printed by KALA MUDRAN B/80, Narain Niwas, Buddha Colony, Patna 800 001 (Bihar) INDIA

This publication is supported by the Takshila Educational Society. bibliophilic consequence way It settlement….' part native's it storied fancy Indian which (1902), erection 'disgusting' not O'Malley his improvements…have years e houses towns former in of The A TIS draft 1 Dr xplain, was is . City the 1812, S Iman narrative The Inter P state British of not of atna about city of the 'undoubtedly later people's had emperors. the private superintendent with of Mitra the residences surprising of as a Centre. 'and wrote paper clearly is British town,' Mean , a such officials P it yearnings, to Bihar disagreeable ver in ser atna. did huge of the 7 was is building 'disappointing,' r ved at ine y 1907, the upted BecomingofaCity:P not difficult 5 which 'modern' he view

little presented one But gentleman. Str School xplicable as which F collection that the in informed, or start empire Assistant these been point, eets of public colonial L. and of them, best – 'great the obviously it to and on drew in the of S. buildings from made botanic were a colonisers private imagine riding desire a 'as Engineering national Professor works: S. of Royal disgusting,' improvements' positive the Even 'seems but his India India, 1901-31 it rare O'Malley's a mere since shows sequence distance attention one Iman Mitra to a on dwelling' sensibilities. Buchanan Botanic conference , lik 'European 'This have a books, TIS to settle e note its lik e the may more x S have ceptions P the e P F (1900), atna education predilection always atna Buchanan days rancis as is account in get belonged Garden of manuscripts, that P disgusting held risen alleviated mean.' such. atna mar from this 1 to house' urbanisation a of on In which he be Buchanan sense and been velled Buchanan in August city May College atna intheCensusof 'A that had of a policies, Buchanan, of consequence and to – closer city for the Calcutta, 25-26, harsh which of would the that the the place.' ever sense, at 2017 the O'Malley of 'unsightly and Oriental (1862), status the local (later view town 2018 mean he seen in city Hamilton.' on aesthetic made to catch 2 autographs

these elegance Almost August was a the was P at zamindars.' is would atna. botanist in Hamilton) of of assured, streets.' P would P disappointing,' Librar him atna the India. atna colony talking the aghast and the accounts 2018. 'The standards, occasional a 3 admit organised be

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1 Working Paper 2 Working Paper submitted one other Census. population miles, estimate the such amounted W Buchanan on the of and who Many censuses estimates. trade and significance the when quarters on similar Directors oftheEastIndiaCompanytoconduct'astatisticalsur Presidency]' roles of not ith the P the the calculations accounts, ver atna. such village 1924 its produced dismal in attempts their six District such and 'whereas y spot people sur 13 the tr different

8 in attempt of and Before ue

– people The an estimated vey to source statistical Suffice gazetteers the of 1907, commerce watchman.' by a in condition of estimates district 312,000. O'Malley estimate Gazetteers Government, ranging 153,739, two 1807. in importance a Buchanan's former at the were the competent Mysore, in in enumerating O'Malley is residing accounts it spirit, Banaras city finally countr 9 gazetteers

that not At mapping to in were as from referred of to 10 Though , of enumerated Lord

the as of part 'liable say 582,000 This but the or appraisal ywide the of inferred reached, the sur in composed obser topographical of now of early in in W the of this total that the vey each reports is of population newly to urban ellesley's language, 1801 to in the the defined, census ver British two Buchanan's not nineteenth P time any the people which atna number it that Bengal number from , house five where of not formed populations inaugurated coming the accounts by considerable submitted it district it artistic behest, operations India. was O'Malley months the an covered based from e place corresponded accounts xtends of District of Zulficar on seemed assessment, often centur province decades. going sur houses the the Buchanan (including lies an on Buchanan to advancements vey after , almost by in over city hardly other a Gazetteers discuss the the error y and average, to started Ali elsewhere civil , India. remarkably on district Buchanan in of be the same and Khan, only possibility descriptions many .' to contemporar P Bihar 12 ever 'a ser responsible atna by was the

an had While publication Bernard r in in its eal 9 vant an technique officials, y the the e city 1871, occasions, and ask square detail was and – xpanse already

aspect actual sur officer was vey ofthe[Bengal in and huge talking k posted ed total of the otwal vey Orissa. of around their Cohn there P by of confident y the statements atna) demographic miles' of latter , countr of but descriptions at for boundaries. conducted of agriculture, undertak the of population of the in about respective especially 20 historical the mentions the counting were 11 a derived, Court the 52,000. Bengal, in

In as square with city region ywide head- 1901 1907 both that part city this few en in of of a a , as days Cohn It an Master each the about crook streets' 'mean': r thoroughfare which room space inflated and and the cities.Buchananwrotethattherewasonlyone'tolerablywide' mak the enumeration It and described Banarasintermsoflargenumberspeople,crowdedconditions,noise plan brick andstonetenementswhichoftenseemedtotheobser even T This unning own is unplanned is appro number writings irregular tumult. es: difficult that sense of of edness points narrower or not and in the plans approaches of colonial the (O'Malley); 'the them. hidden estimate the from ximate road possible the incidental to comes sense of 15 city view out in ,' to of of and city east and deser 14 he contain houses was

paths the by substantiate the figure In that in both census added. , of of of the from overpopulated: dangers claimed houses to 1907: the a ving 'ver the nineteenth streets, P irritation [P the later west.' atna's colonialists' Buchanan that and leading of atna] limits y enormous the 'streets due 19 overestimation the 200,000. 'There much

Although and multiplying census 20 layout to of the population, to these

name The from necessar Cohn's walking have among off the shops. crowded.' are is centur suffocating word and scarcely them. of Europeans' of perception densely a of numbers used mean' O'Malley conjecture distance the Banaras a the The O'Malley y y on which them street, in he were towns of a In 18 them. British Chauk (F such couple a

city was personal 'Ever cities single orster), with thickness was of is of is featured warped with in population and corroborate still frequently about a dingy y mean' people. is officials 1827-28, the large k such of other building een the cities, the disturbed improved etc. descriptions average , the perception on overcrowded only as town; by (Buchanan); e of passage Apart x Most at correcting ception and link Banaras used many was urban James which open the the ver tobebuiltwithout number and by from technique between from recurrent European in congested other the narrow is space; of mak of there is Prinsep, this congestion there the narrow the urban not the 17 referring the paucity 'a roadinP of e point connection city architecture. Indian the is erroneously the one cramped residents main in to lanes were scarcely travellers , life. nature the the errors arrive of width crook wonder that of to street mean 16 cities is large early open Mint atna with

But the for he ed so in at in of of is a

3 Working Paper 4 Working Paper stratification, to would te encyclopaedic numbers their ways correspondence c thus presence. conducted objects, the cornerstone officialising and Cohn introduction poignantly Bankipore theroadissuburban incharacter;butfromtheBark the in an O'Malley was unpaved described prerogatives. the fle It o xts will u xibility 1924. entire contribute l Bankipore categorise colony narrative d selected colonised that objective argues of

be socialise e x , establishing terrains, streets, a chapter alone . Speaking who p The as made In l mistak 'on o palpable were of procedures the to r fact, that as e a As knowledge found to quest the changes these the maidan

was neutrality never his means the could the sense epitome a and on a we n e produced colonialism the sensibilities, colony spot' seminal d about numbers. to territorial sociological capital 'The

procedures for the unr this felt have in stor c assume mak of of o to n and according lik total uly city the Capital of producing them sufficient. with thus q y the Jafar correspondence in e e u haphazard of seen, of work people. through e the sur 'disappointing' the dense the On r knowledge,' main P as the that started

the produced as atna Khan's t and veys was unknown of the h inde well descriptions Colonialism acts social throughout province i increasing Bihar this s to essentialised The street

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and t sensor it Orissa' reliance translational the a and h census Bihar must the numbers colony by the great r is of – o started – Hence, its the of knowledge. of a city eventualities u a definitely Its some cr nineteenth these g drive strange mesh empirical stratification streets in y reflect unching h and narrative in – , e F was

of xample encounters he making or became but, his t to r had analytical the a ms to Orissa a of official wrote, 'the a n change P 'real' 'mean' in the knowable.' investigate, s as atna unattractive European model of a to l numbers fact. a nature of British which city Knowledge centur t power Cohn sur be a i and in erganj nalaeastof how o sur 'F district did accounts. tool n sometime in rom with accompanied The street, veyor's 1912. of narrative : vey

1907, was governmental and not suggests, y the the e believed visible. states , 22 s 'facts' – of Sherpore

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5 Working Paper 6 Working Paper opportunity activities the 1931 narratives r of 'methods systematic is, in humongous officials, information Col. E.T information detailed Rivers late sociology His W Risley Standardisation The caste The e . i the n W categories I paradigm v selection racial nineteenth . Census the their ascertain such the e believe, Hunter's are Preface n system who Thompson, t . Dalton'smaterialsonthe'jungletribesofChotaNagpurandAssam,' various s information science significant of

– points missionaries, in as framework i and research entered the t systematic for s volumes on of provided the the e was of to lik the and Statistical l as three f chronicling 1901 Eastern centur numbers,

enumeration race-stocks the e of which stature first b first migration made he the y classify the agreement first

sanctioned in disciplines of m is titled of on was y three Lieutenant- by Indian research' a . this attempt Bengal anthropometr seeks, probably Census k volume, Risley's easy planters the and Sur i 'a movement n the and The tr respect g now decades large vey

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by which he to traceable. command of his 'The c urban proportions best o Governor measuring staff and difference Ser the to and meant India r as apply types r k tribes xtualising e of following and een y s vice they and mak authority formed known p P was native of o the atna, within by as n the of interest to 27 fixity in Castes e d correspondents, contain over and James Assistant of cr e mankind, twentieth 1871 a Indian to n new ucial certain being of the Bengal for c this volumes gentlemen,' . correspondence e work sociology an these of

The the of 'science' core W b its in and European a to official e transition. ise, in Bengal t ethnography trajector head, anthropology w back Director censuses Risley's Commissioner subjects in leading and a of got e centur the e contain whirlpool 1885, colonial n of of appointed to

eventually

knowledge features, in Civil including e Risley anthropometr Bengal. x the anthropologists.' y y understanding of 1892. p physical , was ask of between e presents the Statistics – r Surgeon probable i transition knowledge e of ed , the a rewarded n linguistics produced results 25 c governmental Herbart on and him

Based translational e Risley by Government regime

methods characters, the a analysing 1901 n of a limbs, to origin in y: d of staff per Dacca,

on within collect stated 1875. in of when d Hope what 26 four that a and and fect the the the

t By to of of of a , marks lik where enumeration Gait 'Code multi-volume census 1920. administrator Census Risley and introduced people how scientific paved purpose, discourses Much phenomena remodelled physical foundation method 'spot' shift foundation to order a relationship desire e 'a se prepared migration secretar . from figment of has and The x the Gait was each in scientifically report or 'real'; Census Commissioner to attributes however the rigour way already caste religion. the recording e called by was on of xplain enumerator within the of – y respective no was their census Risley fact for earlier between of and for of became caste the Procedure,' the system, concept scientific into the , the upon a 'modernisation' been which the it the mark a own The marks caste , Commission Superintendent and is laborator we sur them and province. with its intolerant , future untimely important a race written to enumerators he codes edly need was he columns vey census ostensibly scientific his of system tak there a confirmation Risley on thought, got first-hand and major fact associates modality given Lieutenant- e different to in the y charge on He the space discuss concept caste. e is pride accordance where enquiring xistence and and to of basis Risley confirmed point methods also no a disorganised most census bear of was were book of of where the rearticulated This was point of from Census in co of he was the which measured of and the Governor not this the -authored the help which ticks of supposed of mentioned departure idea all activities changes confirm.' into needed. Census with caste the the the repeating merely sheets by 1901 histor Brahman;' would of that from were of anthropometric the 'fact' the the earlier local Bengal str in correspondence calculations. of census. y in was divided to provincial a the ucture. the Risley's in 28 some analysis working counted Edward in in Bihar in strive was that

social What 1899. enter specificities. the those India the mind, general abstraction need demanded in rather self the methods semblance A and to procedural 1901 into In is the phenomenon insistence fter During by and -evident: Albert map arguments. latter of for of important to superintendents order Orissa importing responses introduction 'it turn ser different the measurements study it and totalled was the 30 [rested] ving was of had his for

sheets to The Gait, of Indian of authored movement enumeration from dynamics. on premised going the understand stint drawn Risley calling the a as here method 29 the reducible headings scientific the with once

a member colonial 1915 F upon system 'social' police, or fellow as to to racial is same who up tick lik our the the the the the the the on to of of of It a a e

7 Working Paper 8 Working Paper not one nine conditions was Superintendents G finally reaching the enumeration maintaining and ingenuity city voluntarily the arrangements columns problem enumerators complete there the e census The tabulation the method,' and a (an whole a card i . t teaching match wild invention 35 each

slips replacement recite sorted x the administrative

w was ception oftheW book Risley coming containing done a tribes s of largest to Gait enumeration the

of of for the them a was t and making Orissa a offered was for staff the so risk s the of farthest this overzealous. by physical mentioned informed, ke a for tr of almost far the the the ue oriental repeatedly abstracted. d Georg large and the Mr of of and census

the . and the enthusiasm: and w 'It boat a most their . the final divisions kindling i Chota Gait wandering the 'ascetics t the covered corner a countr entirely h necessar and of Chota von number no

old 'the population, mind' t the senior ser heterogeneous most these schedule, h calculation. stands means ethnic Mayr While Nagpur e for 31 system vices

work

empire Nagpur of Risley tribal m – for dispensed under which y inBurmaandcertaintractsBaluchistanwhere learning y populous o five students of the incidents 'Special for 'deaf s should information diversity the a some t is to

persons Plateau class was disputes,' the made colony belonging . was c on more others 39 vows conduct first h would and

Gait a 'It the Bavarian l them of be inevitable l so with.' races.' of e care by and is time a easily n of dumb of with spared them network and obser Bombay's to forceful g change turn the were himself much the i silence.' n the by about wrote contain embraced 32 to has the 38 g other

region: operations tested, some ved lunatic' the heart, were Bengal Census 'Bengal r enumeration to whole tr e as less by to that g ,' of ying each achieve census Risley that i 34 Elphinstone remote o Risley this

rivers introducing the demanding 36 n be The amusement and

complicated it . of but in respond the

of proper the individual to made ' tak . was wildest A 33 1871) most 1901 the instr m by previously that

in informed. tracts.' Gait political most The think en o East the sorting Indian ,' n in some uctions enthusiastic g dream. two to was to in was High desire

a the population varied solution most t 37 Bengal, which of at all h plague-ridden obtain

was than The to e divisions of divided insistent 'slip empire

School at 'His the the alternative p Bihar known the into to e r dream prepared one xtensive physical o a system' the sixteen v have charge 'subtle and native to slip a i verse , n were with time who into was and c full the did old i on as or of of a a l remain The attributes stability produce stability choice mak and had Gait census were thoughttobepermanentandprovidedastablereferencepointforthefuture on temporar terms between and Nagpur (the Saran, Khulna Malda, Presidency of arrange In view T which Rajshahi the Commissionerships the administrative to h e eager binar Chota Orissa wrote e the analyse of greater r of Bhagalpur province operations.’ Kuch of e confined Division, the and appeared an and

the y: required appertains methods a y this of i to s Nagpur). in the subsidiar Division, Division, between orderly more

a Division political scientific Bihar pounce Hill n the region part complicated, the o political

into , n the in introduction, deductions.' in whims, profoundly , T P figures of a and 42 and ippera), urnea), 41 framework t both

the the were ‘A the y

on u e Sonthal which and If W e to x rigour r tables [the x fter a arrangement cluding division Sikkim), est we cluding form the supplementation l which permanent physically

himself more whereas the d all two South and look Bengal is raw i North v which in of P 43 physical/ethnic a epistemic i in arganas, d fundamental

while to divisions the One often the Angul), Census it was i material East Khulna), carefully all n in Bihar be formerly g the narrative Bihar racial would and (the

of respects the and a of l followed confusing, complaining Bengal i the provisional physical n Report (P absence ethnically the and e Angul, binar Burdwan in ,

foundation the atna, provided chief (Muzaffarpur transcend of b North this Bihar], belonged, figures, e indices the similar report t (the temporar the on w y is, in purposes Gaya, 'natural' features and e of layout between Chota the e years in Bengal Dacca political to n distribution 'professional that while Division), according for

of the was the to Chota immediate of sur t Shahabad, h referential and y them the Nagpur , of e caste, the to main, T and and face, division

of the (non-permanent) Darbhanga, to ributar the the Pa (the come. adjacent Nagpur divisions this the census ensure t latter ethnic at Chittagong n to empire, for and Central permanent a of a Rajshahi analysis, Plateau the Sonthal a statisticians political work

y Monghyr), Gait, constancy If planted space a 'natural' . States interpreted includes , 40 n superintendent Census, concentrations that districts for d by Gait of

Champaran, Bengal the B contingent Risley (the reference,' Divisions, there P h goals a including of Division, arganas, a physical a chose and division natural did . g Malda, 44 and binar Orissa Orissa Chota of a ready , l it was (the and p not the the the u in to to y r

9 Working Paper 10 Working Paper subsequent strategies However naturally said more succinctmannerthananyothercomparablecategor move census. categor the classifying division. evident of The the actualcultivators haveusuallyareser The character that maximum Though Sour T Chota Nag Orissa Bhag P Rajshahi Presidency Burdw able T atna road otal countr Di P classes ce: 'the about alpur atna back 1:Occur vision an y for from Census As , it of , e and In if y Division that the ever xtent number to pur we and 'migration' was censuses. and that it. we the fact, P density r atna shall city ence y of As the analysing to look following suffer two not to India, 124,372 other it part 23,686 26,963 20,511 17,356 12,066 13,949 had of colonial and of T 9,841 which ar of see miles otal mentioned proved closely of people ea P was most F one atna have 1901, of the now parts amines movement table: of one the relief of population state , , are lia a area) f did lik to 83,386 13,629 26,963 16,795 it amine even of the V 9,853 4,355 7,449 4,342 Ar look of ble to P ol. ely also the atna the be in ea clearly is not the best was VI, but at to the the landless needed the worldwide framed most of Chapter seem what Division require road-to it k P and ar brief een people. Differ opulation of also most 33,930,117 how 11,091,272 ea lia 5,702,598 5,143,794 2,565,241 3,130,634 4,900,429 1,396,149 f ingenious ve ofgrainsufficient tosavethemfrom amine the the to varies to the labourers showed note ent 1, -area relief they cr receive first develop ble to British nature administratively The p. statistical ucial Divisions 12 on considerably census ratios during codification arrived contributions a

of its empire technique any and ver per and r Maximum n the elief in population y y of sons lik concept . Butbeforethat,letus famines, the e high e of at neighbouring the x x the ceptional in insev ercise petty Bengal the 2,109,564 , province terms of 339,680 287,097 164,507 287,476 248,985 131,437 710,382 rate twentieth and according in of mobility el of figures Gait artizans in er y tor enumerating, the of revealed umber of 'normal' South of e f P all famines treatment. r decennial the (one esidency obser amine countr equir centur of within of to social Bihar [ their mile sic in ved the the the

e as y ]; a y . . the Although of an away the censusofP called statecraft nineteenth activities. immense possible dispersions from framework natural a present The 'entirely 134,785). from either afflicted calamity at star Mar T J March 1901 able ul city? people increase the y 1901 result: ch vation.' question Census of the and measuring 2: upon killing and possibility Ian time.' failed the sciences, Comparison by who such previous 46 not pool that the 'On So July

45 in centur of Hacking five 'The city from e

If that 47 them convinced xtrapolating had e about people power the to a we xplaining as atna. Thedegreeofdiscontentwassohighthata'freshcount' of of months of senior afford 1901. Census immediately y fled numerical whole, the the read there. P of the census or on atna 19000 ful argues had driving moving between famine. the average medicine, the theories administrator Sour a was of 48 after in human then,

once tr thus,' city This the sentence in 153,739 134,785 people what a ue T ce: that, massive the information the them 1891 otal during reasons indication to begs Another more e populations Census frequency x conceptualisation wrote of behaviour: influence general Hacking cept sociology the which with away our to carefully statistical settled plague. way 'neighbouring for lik of the of Gait attention the such was e of such census the to India, and amassed Gait calls , current of of erosion the down.’ other evolutionar of by , with loss less calamity we P decreased this anomaly any P opulation was working normal probability 1901, atna the 79,369 67,038 'when may is: Male than due places. an 49 one law of particular of what over by

'The 'avalanche countr to City obser V evidently an half the would , the population the was ol. of y Gait actual out whelmed the second The is biology 'average VI, average in plague deterministic of ve census y' a offered a population 18% had 'normal' the two Chapter fall that concept be once deaths behaviour of , tragic counting estimated to the (from in scare criminology by enumerations Gait of and numbers' throughout man' be there an the F 74,370 67,747 its plague the population 1, emale of from content was abr intonation, 165,192 had other population alternative p. absence 'normalcy' models city was was recorded 32. and uptly number plague, hinting passed which at – , such with only and any the the the the by in in to of of

11 Working Paper 12 Working Paper Socialisation reasonable the measurementandcontainmentofdeviation.WhenGaitdidnotfindanyother average disturbances, s down,' notion to which topic he population: accuracy Bengal the census Migration implications section correspondence of This witnessed also of commercialactivities)asonethemainreasonslosspopulation,but In t a this have demographic did b changes i was l normalised of i according t passage, not since of of almost I y regained lies prosperity population be for The the shall , also

of 1901 a by appeared a discuss e ascribed an

normal '(1) the in xplanation in decrease ne it the s two e the however incomplete t carried its xt the xplore lik – a the not censuses with first shifts t to the of its i technique chapter moment e consecutive it o absolute due the the n e only the population, Migration between normal to chapter x with by census a the how due cess in r , to but impact returns the y of do settling the calling

did , the sociological s to over return the some migration but when of t continued also not number a larger of strength of he causes on gradual t births missing 1881 e censuses, normalisation: 1872. of raised time, amounted

hint remain 'variation a conceptual therefore, migration a it of down migration f social politics t plague a e other over at and and was r Apart Gait decay at a

persons, operation 'continued categories migration t of random ver the h percentages an death 1891, phenomenon 'socialised' e than to4,688, in identified of dust deaths

from y is became of time event r in gravitas the census a important associated the the n great he deaths and d after the the population' for of of (people o lik river is concluded: ability which operation,' m the not the the (2) variations e knowledge. probably long. chief

in two detail, of in a d caste -borne from population the i migration.' which only second causes growth storm, s point the was to left t reasons with u The of census r deduce and plague as where a b second due trade. about not which a tool a which must due the power n enumeration.’ that it a in c family recurrent to would random e state for of the 52 of may s state to Gait 51 the which, the

3

led In be 1901 chapter was normalisation c the would per the population of e . normal this failing analysed a be reflected of to In be of the s increasing cent., growth anymore. e and declining assumed allowing a calmand the . 'settling the chapter practice

set loss law T of 50 what state h from

ne may 'The sole e the the on s in xt of of of of e , amongst obser contain migration) inthedistrictsof destination.'AlmostallthedistrictsofBengalProper registered provided byregistersofbirthanddeathatthedistrict levelsincetheirbirthswere frequent were treated integral enumerated the passage, binaries quite across the faulty As permanence the amount divisions. this political followed I rationale shall in class colonialists concept chapter 'usually ved,'who havenoeffecton the numberofbirths,whiledeathsthatoccur the e registration argue regions xpected similarly during commencement subdivided must F of a part together (temporar them those of from or of inter case at Secondly large attention , the 'permanent the which and as of that the of males,' vals.' be go the added of who the whole then variation part the . purpose over floating in district The to to considered the accurate y) said earlier would mechanisms the , 56 swell into arrive migrated district

to and of that distinction real divisions left the discourse: to They ne period. the migrants.' the two the of of of the xt 'their population notions problem more work epistemic at akin the enumeration the phenomenon origin this one, created of district difficulty groups, a mortality separately; before normal 53 colonial their wives decade of as importantly to enquir and track between the of a The but were the point adoption.' a of 1891, distinction those time cultural from behind ed region. rate of deaths first returns.' lot under y their scientifically state the the of having permanent was the of permanent and of of who and group, so Bihar birth- , reference movement origin variation. the them would consideration, discrepancies -called permanent differences to F (if 55 57 irst, age, those had

between ‘The attain a so whole and and Gait uniform and 54 the happened changed and

and tr non-permanent and endorsed after the second for y death-rates, the made of a As return discussion point to 'should stability the non-permanent natural movement non-permanent migrants between people , we United were actuarial merge in and their subsequent it group can during home of clear the notion segregated across be those devoting (permanent) see or abode the the Provinces,' of especially again , was vital considered themselves orderliness migrants of vision. should in the migration natives two of who the population the also before censuses. statistics migrants migrants period must physical natural a sets quoted among not It did great to with who Gait was and and the an be be be so at in in of of

13 Working Paper 14 Working Paper However South region were actual interplay borders.’ adding population 'the demographic the W emphatic at point variation intensity P earlier character this second that VI, This Table Natural P Emig Immig Actual P atna e the Chapter encounter district-born beginning discrepancy he chapter less: and 3: rants Division Bihar chapter populations was rate rants chapter the decided P , 59 P at opulation the of in of pointed opulation

and if The opulation number 2, opulation at , 36 sending of the immigration population the as point (the p. variations, two , reasons the percent. natural he in of 8.4 because 83. actual the to plague between or the passingly out interesting this third time of revealed of add percent. Distribution natural statistic more report this that persons population population of chapter of of a of epidemic. with he and the migration table separate the the its people each population…is remark recorded which defined The showed, vital terms usually region emigration. born a natural was where in simple census 846,303 804,583 decline 73,982 32,262 58 statistics off was was ed Male regions South

in in chapter also F with the recorded the ew on to this the was high division improvised Gait less the title natural the numbers other to pages Bihar among district 1901 respect table: A definitely were arrived establish rate than and on discrepancy discussed comparison immigrants 'Migrations') a 838,558 820,402 F . 68,334 50,178 regions migration of loss Sour later census emale of hosting actual the population who the to of South by out-migration at , of migrants ce: natural the one that by the immigrants while were 148,425 the and data than Census in deducting more Bengal Bihar between arithmetic of from ever in the effect natural mapped enumerated 883,276 868,026 these bothered taking 72,717 57,468 in one, receiving his Male in y , migrants vital other the of he persons region Presidency different report. it and India, of 'source' the was returned from populations. following 1891 statistics meant a induced the migration districts Gait stock the natural contained from even and from beyond 1901, 896,687 905,384 the While F direction, 69,327 78,024 districts, unusual so emale regions. that . to actual of which In them. much of by 1891 more way: this and and V the the the the the an on its ol. In a figures but as deeper more but tally population immobile, case attractions good, Bengal. Thepermanentmigrants,ontheotherhand, settled inthedestinationfor e look and different upcountr lik agricultural workduringhar p labour line denoted temporar permanent deliberations In xamples e r e if the i o living in between . the the 'the for d of This than driven , i following the c on to more ward

place natural migration returned as subsequently inhabitants The the y y from visits m reveal given , roads but reference elsewhere elaborate having during of i a and which periodic, g away 'accidental foundational alteration contagious 'to r repositor some of the a on these t paid tr the i non-permanent. the by work. or chapter o as uth border migration. n could by been the which railways, Gait

other time basic born to unchanged, groups o analytical indicates to 'overcrowding' semi-permanent, of c transferred y The the c cold of the born u , are movement Bengal of was when districts,' be outside locality facts r therefore, was r 'naturalness' understanding district connection e numbers; census 'naturally' curious: d winter in vesting seasons,orwhentherewasnoworkathome mobile: journeys in Before

beneath they d involuntar their an district supplements u .' by the but Now 64 e from epistemic temporar

could boundaries Gait [might] backwards months.' it the t limits in constant it o the he it

became on he with may associated their them. s district A and of did emerged Nunias e mentioned Englishmen not a and business, brok y of the of s not often again the y and o own the permanent. 62 be strategy district n migration which

to so number e imperative a The A forget leaves found and place l people it -and-fro

'fictitious,' and go district to happen as d live with down e semi-permanent pilgrimages district to for m only B. an would of other in to by in there a swell of 65 the wards that n it, origin analytical was 60 add the India or d to which movement people that

two for

While whatever actual induced f five B permanently it break impersonal labouring when o the that caused r Gait sought may across a and

was types l the man categories: number born and a there casual b residence down to the describe the o machine never by census u by between be the born to migrant e the of r in xtend

'the was Mar people castes 'demand enumerate, tables m the the .' migration: of lik the migration torn: 63 boundar a in

superior waris i The another persons e.' became himself n casual, district 'actual' with a on actual of l 61 home y only were were from tract they

two The the his f for o in a y r ,

15 Working Paper 16 Working Paper Bengal. T categor caste, The social migrants choosing to South former Bengal Presidency whose was going F the Muzaffarpur S emigration e 'is it trajectories definitive as Once again,thisobser x able rom Nor h South Bihar Bihar happened Di odus the a concentrate future metropolitan vision of h th sociological bir North a the 4: in great th and, phenomenon; Bihar b Proper y at natural a Sour 1891 1901 1891 1901 of quest Migration d the table, in at reference the

, framework Bengal,

Division. jobseek as of movement – to . a ce: went the this destination, 'The Beng n 29418 50291 13567 28136 within was migration W total we for d Bengal we Census est for

boundar destination. categor districts al M emigrants census to know work. greater ers, get whereas fr o number a into Central the 127104 Beng 112108 n for the 53826 66912 om Although, while. g vation putthepracticalityofusingadministrativedivisions for to from of h Proper North y from Chota that, al The – province. y y North question. know and India, but than under r which the classifying ) coincided

Bihar people 123900 128731 Beng of Nor from 22911 26601 most c what Geographical The especially our we direction , o Nagpur Bihar's that migrants, where m th and 1901, with al as made Risley's have i South previous to numbers n 'One popular the Gait from However Beng g from 18222 18640 30061 32707 South East Bengal

South the V the i with table Plateau n Gait's a Saran al of ol. of to Bihar noted,

South South recurrent s chiefly the 143901 111641 movement people leadership. Nor Calcutta. VI, migrant Bihar e destination Bihar discussion, … … alone does c pro Proper , the o Bihar's th supplementar Chapter ,' most this n recorded Gait where Bihar ximity Bengal, the d 152988 75434 , not administrative South from Bihar because to

… … do chapter a in noticeable appearance 67 migration groups, added, n Differ tell and chose not quest four d 3, mining Incidentally North definitely for

the it Orissa p. t the us 726 990 526 431 h the was , establish ent many people 148. e 'find latter districts is other y for n to identified highest and , sociological regularity what activities

Natural features,' from the go Chota Na work.' a in their t still more Plateau boundar

South to than from played 87888 90786 30105 16130 this , most s happened o migration North Central Gait (P m 66 surpassed way frequency gpur

atna, Divisions conte people In the e North

providing had with wrote Bihar discoursed

this d a made chiefly y analysis. Bihar i definite s started role Bengal 423135 390903 418072 360571 xt of t which T Gaya, to Bihar a great otal Gait, were from as n was the the the c no in in to to of e a a , people.' upon foreign glue As itwasrevealedinthene settlement. a reference articulated 'aboriginal people Gait upper and permanent as was e Caste xplaining unit an how to began in -caste as of instr and the the 70 of conditions: home countr lead there, place frequent But and home Provinces], accompanied him The aboriginalMundaorOraonhas,itwouldseem,nostrongtiestobind sociality

a But, Gait to Bihar ument migration sort his in social caste settlement family tribes' Risley's he it to migrants him an sometimes, where made in suffers or account y often finds his of anthropologised the and the and to and to and group , of outcaste home from 'If give therefore, [t]he anthropometric which land a he securing it normalisation induce as happens that communal from connection he the by ver tak with lik has a at up of and, the marries people even social e y his es the United home many the made difficult, all his xt fewpassagesthatitwascastewhichwork and the a him place of Chota caveat presence in wife thoughts the that appeared adoption. migrants phenomenon. permanent are of Brahmins the life, to and his disadvantages. rhetoric: between abroad home Provinces varies being send of the and theories Hindus, if case temporar that Nagpur an that not demographic of of visits organising moved 71 children. for belong,' to he the of debarred a impossible, a it going these employment large and great semi-permanent also his is of be and 'general was Plateau. y What to in caste; with home, wife the back two Rajputs He affected number his a danger he deal different […] man principle from is is variance. the most wrote concepts and home rather form to to 68 ingenious or cut according

migrant: [In or the enter who The the intercourse of children of his working from some of important , and harder gradually Bihar finding his acquisition from in of migration, leaves migration' life difference a 'The to his both his new caste e similar about present xplained in to that and narrative, and life old e as the one. himself movement xtent his circumstances with fellows become elements in social this mak priests among the unfamiliar cause, permanent of among 69 he was migration his ed asthe to property his that account e is United look native which a it group in often soon may own new was less and and the the the the ed in ,

17 Working Paper 18 Working Paper urban capital. province required mak Buchanan's Society 1920, During aside knowledge, framing its categorisation, c traditional mentioned police, whose to direction social/sociological W Bengal in and, thus,thenumberofpermanentsettlementsincreased,butnotever an entire government the socialscale,sweepercastesandChamars,'wereeitherimportedby their here, policemen o ith m the impose equal encyclopaedic p e families caste l but much metropolitan from family e conte he traditional which, t as his whose In e of rate: . of of an they founded

ver door the the did and M business tenure the writing xt the a Bihar reference account . agencies 73 i encore y and combination g of

to world 'The ne W retain not -k journal little r following family former other a ith an P eepers, xt t visit atna career i and model categor as o and bring proportion districts upcountr section, the census n restriction that and of enumeration. their for

to . the str them castes Orissa, w the and Gait coming remained P was the a per cooks atna. it their ucturally from settled of s Lieutenant- y Jour connection enumerated. of

see reports, ended and whither formance at I city f y total priesthood i shall historical lik n of man, inter wives the however As how nal of a on and started e l of women as l the the y we his modality occupation' the knowledge, corresponding of relate

vals.' P another is labourers The the even authored atna g with railways, Bihar r have of Governor account the president with o , T anthropology journey to u Gait now antis civic spent 72 amongst subsequent n the e least

as On channel them: x d already cept of their and e mode had work coolies d the duties discussion in a the with and

of considerable accessible the made i is of of volume once n Orissa always the other 'They the homes, to ed

an emigrants colonial of journey Bihar its the t the the seen, or h migration, socialisation as and big easy migrant e census and when way transformative moved hand,

remark may Bihar clerks, Goalas R f been cities. on i we and esear part remit day r the one, socialised with m census for its time the spend have

from 'those an and men. on 1901 s of Orissa reports labourers.' or ch and o that plague-ridden an family money Now the who i the histor e volition l 'as on

Society xpert had was which, Bihar Orissa 75 anthropological smallest o their at latter 'caste census Province.'

peons f The the the numbers

from forsook the energy became on so y s active regularly of o is of whole circle 76 c ywhere at

new Brahmins with bottom far as became reprinted Research seem[ed] this i

the or o greatest 1915 He Assam. did l in part o to in in in 74 g state state their their total easy and, East new also was i not the the the the life c to to of of a a l e accelerated Province P talking interested agricultural he province, Orissa.' work and provinces 'Preface' 1911, with fellow administrating round, couple done presented apeculiarproblemforthecensusadministrators.Theenumerationwas in geographical common with is The Nor of in see, census xtension atna British too inscribing P did atna. histor the the malisation ed the the before big Bengal reiterated not of Gait of 78 as about out figures already

the city 77 to of information Even India. one years people of and y of dismiss

regards in However of was afresh Bihar the by his Bengal countr Royal the the of lamenting features, had the thing how complicated amid both census two more, P separation established promoted report, his railways location atna separation on already and Bengal the Statistical of for they y' and remained earlier parallel happy of all and the the that, by the in concepts and Orissa, in the were Eastern that the the his of which and Bengal and e its issue Presidency to Urban census nature xperienced for in dissatisfaction: a P after decline categorial of be e P atna events: doing towns while moment Society x 1911, constant atna DistrictGazetteers the its is the citement Bihar the of Bengal time of a erstwhile was an never in of urbanity of scope decadent Census at of the differences but as the , people, e and 1911 the Bihar of already xtensive given the a was the sociality -ending – 'merely and statistical the partition Bengal results and of O'Malley's Orissa decline moment old and Commissioner parts it 'P was this and Assam, publication to a city….' atna, confusions for familiar new capitals L. of movement overgrown epidemic of and from urban paper no were between lik the S. in each in migration imagination province of the e 'the longer discontent S. 80 1905. the the his people the the

. The to

being O'Malley capital transformation. census W of lik repartition of new predecessor us Bengal e riverine census. of around e 1907. of the O'Malley the decadence by shall a villages,' P for plague. was India of atna part also prepared Province the designate since census his languages, Bihar , with of Between Presidency have civil born A making of had or trade and the intellectuals 'disappointment' was brief informed The 79 1872 Bengal. P Monghyr as

ser and atna. with colonial of to had he a the of for announced, As a role population due vant be of P account Bihar was 'distinctly 1901 atna had Orissa, charge of to a we the the culture, Though in content to capital In a to wait in and 1912 more shall state to than play new new was this and and and two the the be of of it a a

19 Working Paper 20 Working Paper between O'Malley's statistics casually present 17,384 1901. of factories, brok riverine terminus which Bihar Howrah, seek 180,000.' a the them. season obser discussions heroic' striding stick, thelong-bonedstalwartBhojpuri,withhisstaffinhand,isafamiliarobject former between – Gait's Bengal be In total racial 1911, the a two en jobs mere ved 86 81 and sociological city owed labour

superintendent and was 'During But of deaths provinces: ships trades over census Bihar a the character 87 in made of that flour in and Orissa

Bengali fever in 165,000, The reports, the the eight O'Malley's always its an of total fields 1911 force into and migration, the through lack mills, the development from most the East industrial and ver in among times number analysis, , 'in Orissa har and of last far at Bihar of y an although other climate, afraid India whereas plague, significant without cotton over Bengal nearly 136,153 industrial vest from of census a industrial ten P as its atna Bhojpuri the and and points of two 606,000, Railway town many residents. of years,' time O'Malley his mills, entirely Bengali linguistic industrial and and corresponds Bengal the – the the any Orissa, report, recorded points home. the development lik of obser at to the latter's O'Malley number was Bihari industrialisation. town jute e in consideration the railways 1,252,000. whereas the Howrah identified 88 evinced to emigrants 1850. 84 vation was loss making were established sur

mills, winter concerns 'The modern a qualitative bustling dar discussion loss vey with of ever of informed, 89 Bengalis, both – in

wans some was Ironically and which was emigrants population of turned 83 crops three the of ything Bihar

commerce' to Still that India: employing 17,586 made jute less forcing for with Bihar analytical by choice k difference recorded ept reasons in lacking and The an figure.' 'there on quoting on the presses that , poetic 'As on what Bengal engineering by and erstwhile from the from the Orissa its (17,586) 'difference of fond other since industrial P their have 20 people atna of 82 Orissa other in emigration ingenuity wreak 38,830 movement and

George so Bihar the hands between this This as rigour coincided the the factors many been zamindars. was an resting second racist. hand, recorded leave huge ed was number opening remark, and works, persons Irishman conditions in Grierson, or compared havoc no . not that more Gait's calculated difference home character' easier were of lik Orissa less O'Malley place with count – e is people people at 'a 85 to of sugar quite have from than

vital only 'less and and The of city the the the the the for for in in to to a P in landlords' which Incidentally movement Unlik census reasoning (and infrastr d from Gait transformation: The by and provinces: 'Morethantwo infrastr t their new opening infrastr P most amenities.' twenty represented enumerated started r atna e uri a n Chota 10,000, n s in s being huts, tried i census the backward f e migration) t sanitation o y the in had of r

uctural uctural uctural in to years m of Nagpur a earlier the to 1921 n last i opening statistics the and move the or 91 n of water not d ,

g relate in In to

his of nearly

nineteenth people, close f ten ago,' o municipal i previous the 1889, development. been growth and O'Malley n superintended activities , concept c 1911, account migration, there t it where u and works, o years s migration city up noted

second e badly 20 collected a d O'Malley tried it especially

drainage. of from per is h o and was therefore, the the of u n the regularisation censuses, mentioned that a double centur governance. managed b

had -thirds oftheinhabitantswerebornoutsidedistrict, before cent…The urbanity due

t number model described population infrastr h principal overcrowded Calcutta: o In to e in f Calcutta

e started by to a x the i p y 21 r n As what ural-to . claimed, r way – its P d e . O'Malley identified of villages s village u uctural municipality' of T social C. based popularity e a two s alents' , city n overnight t by those 'The element this T This it whole, r was c to alents inflow i of e -urban a was new the

is, l 'bastis' tak circumstances, i o the on was sur 'the s number still was development, f in born a in informed

Sanitar report in e t the techniques i the vey i drainage North for n it fact, from o also as of place migration, the d 1901….' city even n urban 92 gave in u by number

the a – analysis and three s b most the ceasing pilgrimage. t an a of tried y new y the r Bihar was i description

more in Commissioner province a that people attempt t a railway city l transformation. h system

neighbouring 90 the roads k favourite e picture of a to of

and , O'Malley eys

lacking But, c on 22 evident or m to a was t enumerating houses i diffuse last v a district lot be the born in i industrialisation. g to of and to 94 t more statistics. and i i political e a c South that of of socialise Bihar s decade

census the Bengali destination

in t in navigated improvement in and constr o a a municipal as importantly the u has n reminds the many Calcutta districts shanti c great d the Bihar h and

population 'Less

impact migration decreased e statistics. following including economic Based uction city o x urbanity 'dirtiest, f t Orissa.

e urban urban and n r .' away town us than with a 93 t and and and

p , on As o of of of of i it 3 d f

21 Working Paper 22 Working Paper decreased provincial Evidently devising number even required and conclusive seemed, travel inthedifferentpartsofprovinceasitispossible toget.' declared,'give on large, argued Bihar reached number 1919, once 1918 railway were P As Census T F Males P able atna. emales opulation dealtwith we an frequency in , in and practically 5: as average can 850,000 or T of December that, alents the tick then R and only of a to was , India, nearly esult August see, capital way again not estimate permanent ets lay postcolonial 19485 19354 1,500,000 compared one started no perhaps . bought came even of to tick tak much the 1921, It double 'immobile.' by in for 1920. a to longer map was en.' ets Village foundation the eleven to May of a eight to a 97 V of were conclude the little P the as number settlers

the ol. to railway rise It tick 153 The atna , the 18 times. satisfied then this was accurate years. the VII, previously persons Sur direction ets propensity 96 tak until less data numbers

Better total Chapter obser vey in movement were en of of in tick from If Between October than in Ga was people in 245 on Gait a in the 52 with an et population, ved May ya socio-economic of tak North confirmation North the Migration elusive ever , tak 1, collected twelve idea big migration, and and en that the p. sur migrated and 1920 en 1911 y was in cities, 3 Bihar Bihar month. O'Malley of 1499 1736 vey Puri the not in mere periodic November: North percent the the and Mig directed the in the for that sell the and and T a Bihar to relative numbers; highest was rants alents 1921, two 'These preceding numbers Bihar thorough of analysis Calcutta the Gaya absolute codified one movement 540,000 2179 at the 101 found years, people and towards 'for in 119,976. the and completed figures,' tick was point e thirteen xtent instance, Orissa, P would it that how idea ets atna other than December figures, 1,000,000 between in in greater in Calcutta Outside needed of of 165 rose South Bihar the 56 P to 99 would a of to the City atna, The the Thecensus,it in not 1921. proud which the its estimate 'statistics in periodically South than population. which period population and September .' consistent to Bihar; seem December trajector Any place 98 continue now circle in outside

Sour India T T have that people Orissa 29 alents alents South Bihar that was was the the the ce: by to of a y , V T 14,548 vicinity the epidemic industrial acquired decided in around 1901, romance Howrah, the astounding percent a Although population were towns, was In Class VIUnder5,000 Class V5,000-10,000 Class IV10,000-20,000 Class III20,000-50,000 to T Class II50,000-100,000 Class I100,000ando able otal of ol. wns in1911and1921 solid the different five whole VII, Class of a classified, 6: placestreatedas discourse the significant and and the Chapter of Urban towns to of increase of by T of P T township district alents the emigration atna's build size. the same villages, the this o districts the population plague, wns old in P twentieth New British opulation 2, v of for growth an er time per its went of city down p. contribution, urbanity Capital the and iron and that class. formance of of 82. Number almost 'a found T to government ecstatic the 73 31 20 12 increase 4 5 1 first o series from now not wns was centur and came Chota of 101 region with and

as Bihar mention While time, twenty a steel the afforded was of up part frequent y 1,349,957 over Nagpur 298,507 227,860 284,633 402,270 119,976 9,453 of .' urbanisation 16,711 for romantic 1921 102 previous around and and into 51,688 lacklustre, works O'Malley

at of W -two it Jamshedpur's e in a P the residents Orissa, a opulation have included six cost by the from visit P arsi general project percent. the out coincidences' decade. Jamshedpur groups report of already was 1,306,374 245,098 218,243 285,072 400,661 of 136,153 21,147 in factor South the businessman 1921. 1911 of Rs. cholera, as Bihar a the e at Class discussion x 46,332. – part separate on However meteoric However cited y Sakchi seen Bankipur Sour total Bihar evinced the and of Increase (+)ordecrease(-)1921o II led alone brought about that, ce: towns the 103 rise basis Orissa, Number +53,409 +43,583 was -16,177 +9,617 +1,609 , on -4,436 , to

named -439 T rise: chapter Census two lik Sadr alents' almost a with even discover of 3,564 which the e sense did quite of 53,409 before. new the 'Its Subdivision. the rapid their 1911 a in fairly Jamshedji of account on population population romance acres ninety the of towns 1921 high. India, recorded y The of the wonder among respective P growth census well +21.8 er cent -21.0 -11.9 +4.4 +0.4 +3.3 -0.2 iron of census -seven It towns 1921, cities, in of with land T was 100 is ata the the ore all an v at of of of of er a

23 Working Paper 24 Working Paper conditions. of unfazed industrialisation I acumen comprehensive O'Malley's a moved important T children sation company rates lik football, industrial autocrat.' governmental movement without in arrangements: t were seven differentEuropeancountries,fromtheUnitedStates,CanadaandAustralia Burma e modern. required the t h xtended alents'

carefully e smaller e cockfights.Notonlyweretheemployeesprovidedriceandclothatcontrolled unwholesome w

enormity a s enumerated through y s s to

had to t met 104 eyes c amid inter a started wrestling e 107 e see the to [provided]

m town houses account 'violent' r account: But

within t Even Unlik finally laid a its a liberal North- how t ference,' was i of all municipal the i n c high his diverse and

saw

to scale and this after n decadence, and e s in and cooperative easily not o e confrontation of the and the governmentality landed knock surprise W t w the uninterr this carefully officials t free Howrah clamour l

strictly est public e coolies becoming and too company of t m baseball demography: town. h efficiency such town authority; F a of e course on rontier t different n on the

charge t infrastr was upted t

a in 106 its h gave laid enforced in a over o at stores, earth city e

abr f diverse, mansions

towns The

'coolie replaced door the the , 'subject between not r t parks from of o h uptness a industrial as of 'the for a i from ucture and sense capital census.' and s . privately d new 'P limited they mean

it The

around ersons their towns' v Nepal, regime company t migrator and was a Haussmannian o to multitudes the the r

the with town of fair i could development. u of e of streets, certain recreation benefit.' 105 r d rapid in e earlier b east stor to

speed y A where born the xpansion,

the managed a What p -tale of electricity fghanistan, Jamshedpur n of o the y also [played] i y p province, and s tea planning population transformation, u a of Jamshedpur in restrictions,' epidemics, r 108 that l t clash of they impressed of a ustic i attend gardens o Howrah, ever the

t grounds The n i the men o vision. urbanisation. constant

, P was n the could west, m atna, people y of modes

whole paradise it China u i province and where the n part with s the was could unfolding in

t and

him 'live where e d the however did 'cinema North x b i zoning most with civilisations, f of cept in of and e still operation f their but

entrepreneurial e ancient be abject even their the its entertainment r p of not e of e the Ceylon, less it 'the n managed on T Bengal, b probably pale industriali- benevolent alents t India , b was wives in which

activities. have more remained own l games one h e sanitar home salaries front and d o miser which

not u from from w lives s ver was was this and any i but the the i n by as t of of of of h g y y y manufacturing r conducting spinning plain Hamilton Chandra between Economic remembered intellectual of of of transformation w captured officials inhabitants.' realising that the dwellings, petty direction orientalist street the It was the nomenclature Hamilton's e a s is the its s u economics city: west Bankipore

curious l previously the t appendices e that s scale trader a

from r o 'in England l to traveller about Dutt's in i was that f and e India argued,

Association small fact, perspective P r of t Gait's the report club

how atna h 109 in east a and e formal inspired he of

Maidan

weaving.' of

the potential noted the theor census T in was so c c shops the alents' an a formed Hamilton e is City and evaluation by P other s n to small artisans' 'A histor used atna u absence s passing 'economic never 'main u a economic y rail dispassionate India by in west. l s by

in to of and

of during o the mufassil 111 are Buchanan t description of the y College, by from b e the drain. 1917 the a

of a n thoroughfare s India. envisioned The (1600-1896) huge e east, d most British the great along and of Apart r economic term e of other development v d census the operations. P a distinction and

110 the atna same students t acreages t i whereas of towns,

a o o manufacturing and Calling autumn the 'bazaar'

n end and Indian from economist, the patchwork the study r , emanated

e City of c n dispassion boundar the thought the o of buildings O'Malley o author P , e n sought w atna published xtending the of f Dutt's to the the of direction towns Thus, of , i of between of

r members in m the cultivable r P the a i earlier P atna 1920

metaphorical d Bazaar' a atna y in new of h i the of from n to same theor the unique as i of as and countr facts…must s g India the must

for conceptualise government Junction a in the shift and 'overgrown of a city City' o census the accounts r n city so of y 1919 the g voluminous rather by college. the

land u as only 'one-sided y t e centre the 112 urban . have m sense, , the h in xtensive C. containing the e street

e anxiety e – x

as of n within J the spring proper cept has the association ex over Hamilton, t Chank founder

1921 always a revisited mak Hamilton's towards p a and villages.' rebuttal envisioning as buildings, e same b from some in urbanity r o seven is i and Trade the e u of e road of an respect included ya the the n t it

over described c Bankipore 1921, of the street t boundar e difficulty interpretive inaccurate,' abundantly Society h a the cultivation

miles r him to in the e But, ural, o R professor with

100,000 in f Ramesh name elations colonial the of l

west private a Indian as u which in of terms c while hand what from r k , best city b one y

the the the the a an o in in of of is n f .

25 Working Paper 26 Working Paper problem mode specific production the bazaar the ser things investigated Cooperation side character not a both customer base anddynamicsofownership, andnotfromtheclassical supply Hamilton products when manufacturing, entrepreneurial ambitionwherenodistinctioncouldbe madebetweensellingand countr operations, and potential from less between Indian fact groups Hamilton newly ves European sides clearly one e that the roads, xtend the of the y , that the bazaar – , as founded locale, of old in enquir wholesale wholesale . not many lik as beginning, Also, and of we bigger tried needs, the his mark are and the e city to a as is, Movement a have ,' even the representative population form prerogatives his y bought that a colony city of it Hamilton many and , commerce nevertheless, neither ed to P fr but fell sweetmeats, shops primarily atna them team ustrated noted than, traders, and of today rationalise thoroughfare. Bankipore part the short the 'the of was and Administrative retail per classified in were earlier for in confounding . his in of importance difficulty ensured P of , far sold, by was terms retail formed Hamilton atna e a 1921. of the study xample, his selling student large the behind sufficient his – even the , to this had the and original city traders, was, of prove own suppliers all the of resident On at However of moffusil New an the , and scale, to 'uneconomic' all is classification.' remark the the of least probably nature investigators Committee. top practicable urban a of the admission. retailers beyond the Capital to the between and plan less metropole enterprises course, of case nor two Indian give , Indian to station.' ed, study of manufacturers e connotation he that, of xtent the in of the in due under doubt 'the covering an were seemed selling Hamilton's an location the materiality population a non-industrial behaviour By lay it bazaar smaller 114 – accurate made, division left to 113 English classic under never indicated the that, mentioned

manufacturers grounding Hamilton's in its college and the municipal unperturbed: with Hamilton's in still strictly or in a shops. their – case of activities city manufacturing great idea a census, and terms and, logistics, of from its typical presented economic a .' amidst an 115 study activities. being mufassil the stumbled combination of of use manufacturing administrative secondarily In

As jurisdiction of the ethnographic however the this themselves. bazaar mind case bazaar even the of it located into especially 'The the was angle the kinds function to scale lacking towns, on of on 'In him in three is Non- -side clear term area , in that , the the the did far on an its of of of of of of a a V T and capital present P university Capital and lack In places.’ signs same obser English with not despair: opium town distance godown that specialisation particular “superior perspective, Industr Ag Professions andLiberalAr T able 7:TheworkingpopulationofP atna ol. VII,Chapter2,p.85. rade the ricultural andMark a absence of cynicism 'a single a vation of primitive of as conte y and of industrial as bookseller stock 119 Dinapore appearances 'It town failing a from trade ” a Enter the class.' manufacturing – is indigo province shop xt shop that of when both worthy or location of and abounding, good which of happened lines as prise mode 116 urbanisation, financed 'the but seemed growth, founded trade any and

he unusual their The et Gardening infrastr is of as industries will going, wrote, he not of of importance.' note publisher they centre. ts other product the a retailed management from going or difficulties resort and in P more ucture combination that atna offices managed and were 'A 1917 difficulties trading the He P humble of to , atna although frequented to comes the was conducted Number of seeing ended coal P and restore trope 118 – of atna the atna, 1921.Sour substitution

but of by the by centre This civic discredited imported comparable class classification into neighbouring of conducted his of European now a did local the of P decadence profitable atna trades. amenities. centre despair report a competition classification is , not lost of hundred 21,854 22,708 26,373 and government, peopleIn 7,339 in customers is forget population.' from fact of of the with as Hamilton enterprise even to to was trading the was -day opening, of gone ce: CensusofIndia,1921, a T capital shop that alents years Jharia.' to the the lost the new with reverberated now for add, v arose will or following the of olv which commercial than adjacent was cause and 120 ago, of the did at occupation 117 the associated a

had High ed hesitate 'The W a

least large from mention not surprised Not most ith Province the at output caters in started P occupation Court present hopelessness a once statement according ercenta cantonment much store single the the part in to activities, 18.2 22.0 18.9 6.1 of with of the for T famous and there enter lack census to alents' on a being in show other long- shop New that coal find ge the the the an in to of of is a

27 Working Paper 28 Working Paper population. universe roads streets, dangerous considering buildings Capital education terms city have mentionedearlier Gazetteers the government course fortified numbers andnarratives,notseparately and stratifications. social ponder paper itself numbers are scientific correspondence t my demographic The A o Happy t a . often earlier intention l industrialisation, Although, purpose

, will of k order to islands n as whenever over the by industrial o with argue Ending, lost themselves e in w tak

'the xpertise ailments by and a turnings New l itself the in 'the e how subtle e of in has changes d O'Malley an have seat 1931, in us g The that, the area the e this necessities Capital between the almost

is to Almost remained this necessar w activities and of combination designed obtuse correspondence still capital the been a and other therefore, caused rather paper e s the proved xist in objectivity

, wasver in statistical lighthouse a present. was non-e congratulated P b 1924. provincial constr atna chapters, , numbers, l as e y e to xpressions than town as .

and of and by to basking t pure In xistent show o we modern stated in be The

y differentintonefromhisearlieraccountsofthe ucted, old of The health s sustained the feeding reasoning. is the were o so find fle of entities c between chapter he produced government,' how encroachments.' i hints durable a xibility knowledge. categories, final capitalist in first before, l a complained which lik i the , butbytheirconjoinedabilitytosocialise, issues systems s glaringly sunny a e the to e

botanic were three designer in the correspondingly t all-India on h this The and because migration census e an have has continued within

picture 'manipulation the motivation strong n decades of nuances ideal force untainted It u opinions, O'Malley optimistic. glor not that Capital m was transport' been of 121 as e census they a r the that y of

of in i been the c one and No social an as a to P of the fenced objective of l capital atna, were of

allowed encyclopaedic town and well: listed persist, longer universe of the d by the caste, disciplinar only Bihar second a done of Describing – the order t way a normalised a albeit modality twentieth 'its numbers,' did

and 'At J. continued all objectives b to or a and F tr the y them of by roads . not trijunctions

P and the uth, Munnings which, chronicle city planted urbanisation atna with c the o chapters y the Orissa, improve n important to of how s objective model training, the one of centur have as t some District by change i census British loss t of left mean u if both with New may that t this as i the the for n no on in to of of of of y; g I of in to disappearance then, decadence satisfaction fromthecomebackstor from 9,453in1921to14,2581931. come 40,000, causes) the Cholera,' W increasing The the In confirmed a a city suitable of a super Not rate long sympathetic ith the this this 1935, lose third ways started surprisingly report the vision back twentieth of one time. growth: stor hope of immigrants and Bankipore. (a) 33.1 received 22,500 the shr the cause 'virtual of its day natural y unemployment hearing and to The Although ubs, of Bihar came of in reducing city schools, percent. healing recuperate , W of picture its revived (which gloom the rapid centur . were , which then, G. disappearance the even Lacey from past and growth all (b) Lacey committee, and epidemics, 123 process. development E. unemployment either the and y Orissa by of glor was more The eight the

Calling from – already pointed M. from settlers the , education. the good among in P y second the e F believed atna . xtension orster a fresh Sadly years attention Legislative the town colonial the precise this medical news. (1923) out, reinvigorated of published recorded from the ashes afflictions , cause , immigrants of later at the number plague most y ofanunderdogtown,desertedtosoakinits to was resident 126 the of language: among around state, the author have

127 from , The have college lik the of Council when New W happy brimming a mufassal. e the and 'phenomenal,' population e mayendonthishappynotewiththe population in University a that a discredited him. the grown population. Capital the of connection by growth phoenix, a or 1936, the in endings appointed A had new the educated 125 same former P particular

greatly assage with Out considerably (d) will marred area census of , summarised growth of with time, revitalised An have for the of 124 a of emigrants the with Lacey and a healthy classes to reduced the e the its city . its committee x its New India a was the (c) ceptionally of the the backwardness, twist, people associated reputation increase offered in 39,714 .' A official 122 adjacent Capital tak first the , in population, by large mortality did

the who Suddenly the and en third who the four and to not persons causes under of narrative province. high influx had also the look colleges for gradual ward refused portray second decade almost causes twist from such , now rose into rate and but the the at of of of

29 Working Paper 30 Working Paper 7 e Bankipore A of 8 6 religion' brick

5 4 is histories beginning forthenewprotocolsofcorrespondencewherewemaythinkwriting and by urbanisation become; argue desires is another impressed The Nos. Press, 1 3 2

Buchanan, Ibid xtraordinar H F

L. Ibid Ibid Ibid suspended rancis always the P . the Beveridge, assage S. unprecedented 3 , categories, , , bridges , 206-207. most 1907), & state 345. 213-14. that S, 344. that obstr it undue is r W ( 4 rather Buchanan, of ural ibid O'Malley beck is (1922), ith the limited. – these P intriguing to and On conspire 'P creating y…. atna the , in 207. uction in areas atna', the are 350). British oning, 'The India attraction its public the India its western always-already numbers The progress all 348. , could interr City interlocutors growth Government P opposite. will 346. in

'P atna: a the against but officials (1924) by streets atna', commentaries works, maladjustment the of flock upted never presenting public never e for P path xtension of Bengal of atna', and Jour our the are to which It the education he and becoming. of become fulfilled, ser the works to ser writes, narratives. boys. nal present. unfulfilled Calcutta mean, city the created ved District the towns vice of itself also , of development on the between the The effect that its Bihar the P the 'These an as and atna, The to resurgence describes an R although purpose city) system Gazetteer it eview increasing city I desires temples be of educated The have the thrives point & supply however dissected with normalisation as that Orissa , stereotyped V end, of of a seen; in ol. – of the the Chandrapore town

the ineffective, education by histories of the (Calcutta: the and this LXXVI middle number , scope R migration therefore, multiplication roads province. comes e and esear colonialists histor x demand. which twist cept diagnosed (1883), for class professions of of ch and of from is y those Bengal at certain and a their 'presents Society of also The young and city (a the 128 a marks proved migration E. few though 193-215. thinly wanted urban employment dedicated whose defective, end vitality of M. Secretariat tendencies repeatedly , miserable men futuristic V F have to is nothing another ol. orster's dream veiled not be a being , from it VIII, that One and few yet an as to to to 1 Knowledge 26 sociological for census 24 Thack 25 Bengal 27 British 21 22 23 10 13 18 20 Ber 14 19 from 16 Stoughton, all fine 17 15 12 1905), the 9 Edition Press, 11

Despatch

(Calcutta: O'Malley O'Malley O'Malley Buchanan, Buchanan, 'It Ibid Ibid W Ibid Ibid Ibid Risley Bernard H W L. Bernard. administrative . , nar but e Life is houses H Crook S. must the , , , , , . er my 1907); 4. xx. 347. 344. 234-35. d , xviii. Risley S, in operations , , the by xxvi. of Cohn 'Introductor city's Spink hypothesis,' India O'Malley Emphasis , , , e, Cohn, J. remember by Francis , P P P 2010), S. Bengal 8]. invited e 'Introduction' F atna atna atna 'P 'P facts xist , . L. the Omnibus 'Preface', 'native' W Cohn, atna', atna', &

(Princeton, . S. 'The James Co.,

they Court (1924), (1907), (1907), , purposes. 1. S. was of Hamilton Secretariat P guest' in 344. 347. y atna: Census, that O'Malley 'Introduction', 1915), k writes are Essay: India' the otwal.

the The of (New (New 186. 214. 207. the hidden Directors in original. [E. NJ: Bengal creation Tribes xiii. Herbart The Cohn, Delhi: [Cohn, Delhi: Social Caste gigantic (once , Princeton M. Press, P atna: British away and F District 'that in orster Logos Oxford of Buchanan) Str of Colonialism 'Introduction', Risley 1892), Relation estimate the Bihar Castes social ucture in what assumed University , East gardens Press, A University , Gazetteers The NA. and P categories of was and assage to India

of (Calcutta: Bengal P 2005 Orissa and Marriage', eople Banaras' that Objectification entailed or Press, Colonialism Company down

Its Press, [1924]). to (Calcutta: the , of by Ethnographic District India India F 1996), census Bengal or in which population alleys The 2004), ms the

quoted

(Calcutta (London: Tribes Gazetteers of constr 3-15. Bengal in and India reflected whose Secretariat 233-34. Knowledge: South in Glossar in Its and uction was A Secretariat filth 1801 and Hodder Asia', F Sk the , Castes or R ordered etch Simla: evised deters ms Press, y of came basic , V The The the ol. of of of &

31 Working Paper 32 Working Paper later Commissioner i about of R e been reser caste. 44 the 40 table 45 41 and 43 are 42 Moder 29 38 31 36 32 Bengal 37 34 Secretariat 30 35 28 33 Secretariat V 39 n xamination

Gait,'Chapter1:Distribution oftheP

I Risley Ibid Ibid Ibid H As Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Gait, F E. E. E. Gait h :

or . e going chapter oyal SocietyofArts T their H . A. r we A. A. vations, i did disputed h , . , , . . . . details . n t In the xv ii. 14. e Risley e was 'Introduction', Gait, and Gait, , Gait, shall

India d 'Introduction', . a not L F

discuss accuracy o eudatories paper b . Press, Press, their w not y 'Chapter , see, 'Introduction', have see of

'Introduction', e (Princeton 'The 'Introduction', r G in by

the much a F later P read the i here. Nicholas 1901), 1902), eudatories t various r the conclusions

o whole of v f ne r , , 1: i Census before o natural n v this convinced this xxiv . xt m c , V Distribution and e xiii-xiv 13.

s Census question' ol. 62,No.3211(1914),631].However 'natural' writers, R

B. . theor Census o i Census Census

Oxford: the s (Calcutta: f of Dirks, l

division e B . drawn India, y Royal e . y of of

n and S and g division of [E. 1911, of of Risley's Castes i a Princeton of n l India, India, c 1901,

is India, Society from E. Bengal opulation', 12.Oneofthereasons whythis e more the a a

that n Gait, strong G the d of P a was

opulation', [anthropometric] 1902 theor i V 1901, t about t 1902 the tradition Mind: h ol.

Secretariat University of 'The e s followed i u case r VI: Arts concept , y

c V , c F Indian V the about ol. e Colonialism V The e ol. e u ol. in has d d I, continued. e Census spirit VI: a 1914, L P d I, in Press, t was Press, art ower

o the been Census P R r The all art i i e I, s of not s measurements racial the l xviii. Gait

P of e 2001). L I 1902), made and ( scientific y r ower C (Calcutta: ovinces , thepointisless

yet India, censuses But of a a admitted l s c 1911', foundation the introduced

u more out P t t i. t h r a 1901, Making ovinces e of :

analysis

for Jour that C on B Bengal Bengal e of e n have a n that V s nal g his we re- ol. u in of a of of s l 71 72 49 46 62 70 69 57 56 55 68 65 52 67 66 Jour census, 55 64 59 58 63 61 60 53 51 50 1990). 48 47 73 Delhi: 76 Biharis: 77 74 75

Gait, Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Gait, Gait, Gait, Ibid Ibid Gait, Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ian F F or or nal , . . , , , , . , ...... , , . , , , . . . Hacking, details details Manohar 31. 42. 42-43. 127. 41. 32. 142. 129. 140. 128. 143. 'Chapter 'Chapter 'Chapter 'Chapter 'Chapter of see Colonialism, Inter T on on imothy disciplinar The , 1: 2: 2: 2: 3: 2012). the the Distribution V V V Migration', ariation ariation ariation T aming Bihar problems Alborn, P olitics y Movement, in in in Histor of 127-28. the the the Chance 'Age of and with the P P P y opulation', opulation', opulation', , and Cultur V P calculating

ol. opulation', (Cambridge, see Empire XXX, e Narendra in 41. 39. 41. No. Moder in birth- 31. I UK: the (1999), Jha n Cambridge Indian and India, , The 61-89. death-rates Making Census, c. 1870-1912 University of 1871-1931', in Bihar colonial Press, (New and

33 Working Paper 34 Working Paper 102 were 1921, 101 100 99 Superintendent, 94 93 86 82 84 Orissa the Saran, Bhagalpur partition. administrative Sikkim, 78 88 VI 79 92 89 91 87 90 83 V 80 81 97 95 85 98 96

, O'Malley O'Malley Se T P Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid O'Malley

,27. L. Gait, 33. T Ibid Ibid . alents, C. alents, x whole S. Gaya, . . , , , . , . . , , . . . was T , , V 169. 34. 168. 31. 32. 33-34. and alent, Champaran, 89. 34. S. 'Chapter ol. P art Census not , , , O'Malley The 'Chapter Chota and VII, province 'Chapter 'Chapter Bhagalpur 'Chapter 1, Census specified Bihar P R former divisions atna. Government eport 1: Nagpur of , 2: 1', 3: Distribution India, Muzaffarpur 1: Census of had and , The

Birthplace', A 32. (Calcutta: Cuttack, Distribution India, for Bihar third , in and five P Orissa, 1921, 141 opulation the of Printing, 1921, division Orissa Proper divisions, people. India, and new V Bengal of and

82. ol. 167-68. of P the V and VII, uri. ol. province of Darbhanga had The the 1911, named Bihar P Cities, VII, Secretariat Chota Bihar apart opulation' P other two opulation' Bihar and V T ol. went T and irhut Nagpur from owns divisions four Orissa, from V and : Orissa Press, in was through Bengal, the towns and in Orissa, the F Census eudator 1923), Census added three , Villages', or 1913), P 4. atna in Bihar few Commissionerships P the of art 3. in already y of Division. i. States. changes India, 1908 India, 1, Class As and Census R e eport xpected, by mentioned, Orissa II 1901, 1911, By breaking after categor of (P India, 1912, atna: and V V the the ol. ol. y – 122 113 Bazaar 112 115 (P 127 111 Government 128 118 108 126 125 Government India, 123 109 106 121 120 119 116 114 117 107 (Calcutta: 110 124 103 104 105

atna:

Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid W R C. W C. O'Malley T eport alents, . . G. J. J. G. . . . , , . , . , . , . . , . . , . . ,' 1931 v 97. 91. 84. 86. 96. 90. Hamilton, Superintendent, Hamilton, Lacey Census . Lacey of Thack 'Chapter , the , P Printing, Printing, , atna V , 'Chapter ol. of Census Unemployment er ,

India, 'Appendix VII, (1924) The Spink 2: Bihar Bihar The Bihar Trade 2: of Government 1921, and , The P India, 195. opulation and and to Co., and R P V elations opulations Committee, Orissa, Orissa, ol. Chapter 1919). 1931, Orissa, VII Printing, of , 95. 1936), 1933), Cities, V between II: ol. P of Note Bihar art VII, Cities, Bihar 25. 90. T owns 1, , on Bihar England 1935-36 R and T eport an owns and and Economic Orissa,

Villages', (P (P and and atna: Orissa, atna: 1933), Villages', India Census Superintendent, Superintendent, 85. P art (1600-1896) T able Census 2, of IV T P ables . atna of

35 Working Paper Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

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