DOCSLIB.ORG

Estimation of the Potential Feedstock Availability for Biogas Production in Eastern Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estimation of the Potential Feedstock Availability for Biogas Production in Eastern Europe Project: Big>East - (EIE/07/214) Project: BiG>East (EIE/07/214) Estimation of the potential feedstock availability for biogas production in Eastern Europe WP2 - Task 2.3 Dr. Florian BODESCU, MANGUS Dr. Mihai ADAMESCU, MANGUS Dr. Augustin OFITERU, MANGUS With contributions from the BiG>East consortium 20 February 2009 With the support of: The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Task 2.3. Report Task leader - MANGUS 1 Project: Big>East - (EIE/07/214) 1 Summary 1 Summary ....................................................................................................................2 2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................4 2.1 Aim of the study.............................................................................................. 4 2.2 Assumptions and methodology ....................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Conceptual design .......................................................................................4 2.2.2 Methods.......................................................................................................6 2.2.3 Nomenclature...............................................................................................7 2.2.4 Data set ........................................................................................................8 3 Assessment of national biomass potential ............................................................10 3.1 Assessment of biomass potential in Bulgaria (BG)....................................... 10 3.1.1 Regions analysis and special assumptions ................................................10 3.1.2 Primary production - Energy crops potential ............................................12 3.1.3 Agricultural waste......................................................................................13 3.1.4 Municipal waste.........................................................................................14 3.1.5 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................15 3.1.6 Food industry waste...................................................................................15 3.2 Assessment of biomass potential in Greece (GR) ......................................... 17 3.2.1 Regions analysis and special assumptions ................................................17 3.2.2 Energy crops potential...............................................................................17 3.2.3 Agricultural waste......................................................................................18 3.2.4 Municipal waste.........................................................................................20 3.2.5 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................21 3.3 Assessment of biomass potential in Croatia (HR)........................................ 22 3.3.1 Regions analysis ........................................................................................22 3.3.2 Energy crops potential...............................................................................25 3.3.3 Agricultural waste......................................................................................25 3.3.4 Municipal waste.........................................................................................26 3.3.5 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................27 3.3.6 Food industry waste...................................................................................28 3.4 Assessment of biomass potential in Latvia (LV)........................................... 29 3.4.1 Regions analysis ........................................................................................29 3.4.2 Energy crops potential...............................................................................30 3.4.3 Agricultural waste......................................................................................31 3.4.4 Municipal waste.........................................................................................32 3.4.5 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................33 3.4.6 Food industry waste...................................................................................33 3.5 Assessment of biomass potential in Romania (RO) ...................................... 35 3.5.1 Regions analysis ........................................................................................35 3.5.2 Energy crops potential...............................................................................36 3.5.3 Agricultural waste......................................................................................37 3.5.4 Municipal waste.........................................................................................38 3.5.5 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................40 3.5.6 Food industry waste...................................................................................40 3.6 Assessment of biomass potential in Slovenia (SI)......................................... 42 3.6.1 Regions analysis and special assumptions ................................................42 3.6.2 Agricultural and energy crops potential ....................................................42 Task 2.3. Report Task leader - MANGUS 2 Project: Big>East - (EIE/07/214) 3.6.3 Municipal waste.........................................................................................43 3.6.4 Sewage sludge ...........................................................................................44 3.6.5 Food industry waste...................................................................................45 4 Comparative assessment of national biogas potential.........................................46 4.1 Biogas potential based on different classes of organic matter....................... 46 5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................48 5.1 General conclusions....................................................................................... 48 5.2 “Real-life” biogas potential assessment ........................................................ 49 5.2.1 Theoretical potential..................................................................................49 5.2.2 Practical potential ......................................................................................52 6 Summary of graphical representations .................................................................54 6.1 Figures ........................................................................................................... 54 6.2 Tables ............................................................................................................ 55 Task 2.3. Report Task leader - MANGUS 3 Project: Big>East - (EIE/07/214) 2 Introduction This document depict the assumptions, analisys and results aiming to assess the potential feedstock availability for biogas production in several European countries. In each of the target countries (Bulgaria, Croatia 1, Greece, Latvia, Romania, Slovenia) a detailed study on biomass/biogas potential was elaborated. An important part of the Big East project is based on a realistic estimation of the biogas production potential. Any policy regarding the introduction of the biogas into the energy strategy of different countries should be based on the real (reported) feedstock availability. Nevertheless, total biomass production alone (in terms of quantities) is not a strong indicator of the real biogas potential. In order to identify the categories of biomass available in each region under study, and their potential to become feedstock for biogas production, indepth insight on the agro-ecosystems material fluxes will be presented. In order to estimate the feedstock availability in each target country different feedstock sources for biogas production like waste and energy crops have been evaluated. A template including a software application (database with a help file) was created for all the partners in the project, by Mangus, in order to collect all the necessary data for the evaluation of the biogas potential based on the total biomass and biomass classes, on each area studied. In many cases the data was then extracted from Eurostat and data provided by the partners. 2.1 Aim of the study This task assesses the feedstock availability in each target country. This includes the type of feedstock (e.g. municipal and agricultural waste, energy crops, and sewage sludge) and the distribution of feedstock in each target country. The results of this task are input data for other work packages. One of the main roles of this report is also to evaluate the potential areas suitable for the development of biogas facility. The highest density biomass areas are considered the most appropriate for the development of biogas plants. The database developed in order to fulfill the task could be further improved (and used) for the identification of these areas. 2.2 Assumptions and methodology 2.2.1 Conceptual design The availability and assessment of natural resources,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Treating Two 18Th Century Maps of the Danube in Association with Google-Provided Imagery
    ON THE DIGITAL REVIVAL OF HISTORIC CARTOGRAPHY: TREATING TWO 18TH CENTURY MAPS OF THE DANUBE IN ASSOCIATION WITH GOOGLE-PROVIDED IMAGERY Evangelos Livieratos Angeliki Tsorlini Maria Pazarli [email protected] Chrysoula Boutoura Myron Myridis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Surveying Engineering University Campus, Box 497 GRE - 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece Abstract The great navigable Danube River (known as the Istros River to the Ancient Greeks and as one of the crucial ends of the Roman Empire northern territories) is an emblematic fluvial feature of the overall European historic and cultural heritage in the large. Originating in the German Black Forest as two small rivers (Brigach and Breg) converging at the town of Donaueschingen, Danube is flowing for almost 2850 km mainly eastwards, passing through ten states (Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine) and four European capitals (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade) with embouchure in the west coasts of the Black Sea via the Danube Delta, mainly in Romania. Danube played a profound role in the European political, social, economic and cultural history influencing in a multifold manner the heritage of many European nations, some of those without even a physical connection with the River, as it is the case of the Greeks, to whom the Danube is a reference to their own 18th century Enlightenment movement. Due to Danube’s important role in History, the extensive emphasis to its cartographic depiction was obviously a conditio sine qua non especially in the 17th and 18th century European cartography. In this paper, taking advantage of the modern digital technologies as applied in the recently established domain of cartographic heritage, two important and historically significant 18th century maps of the Danube are comparatively discussed in view also to the reference possibilities available today in relevant studies by the digital maps offered by powerful providers as e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex A, Competitiveness and Economic Growth
    SIESTA Spatial Indicators for a ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ Territorial Analysis Applied Research 2013/1/18 Draft Scientific Report | Version 10/08/2012 Annex A Competitiveness and Economic Growth ESPON 2013 1 This report presents the draft final results of an Applied Research Project conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2012. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. ESPON 2013 2 List of authors: Lidia Mierzejewska Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Poland ESPON 2013 3 Table of contents 1. Introduction...................................................................... 5 2. Comments on maps.............................................................. 10 2.1. GDP per capita in PPS, 2009.......................................... 10 2.2. Gross Domestic Product per inhabitants in PPS of NUTS 3 regions, 2007-2009..................................................... 16 2.3. Growth measured as GDP variations, 2000-2008................. 24 2.4. Growth measured as GDP per capita. Change 2007-2011..... 30 2.5. Labour productivity at regional level, 2008......................
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Energy 1/73 Fifth
    REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA MINISTRY OF ENERGY FIFTH NATIONAL REPORT ON BULGARIA’S PROGRESS IN THE PROMOTION AND USE OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES Drafted in accordance with Article 22(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources on the basis of the model for Member State progress reports set out in Directive 2009/28/EC December 2019 1/73 REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA MINISTRY OF ENERGY TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS USED ..................................................................................................................................4 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................................5 1. Shares (sectoral and overall) and actual consumption of energy from renewable sources in the last 2 years (2017 and 2018) (Article 22(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ........................................................................6 2. Measures taken in the last 2 years (2017 and 2018) and/or planned at national level to promote the growth of energy from renewable sources, taking into account the indicative trajectory for achieving the national RES targets as outlined in your National Renewable Energy Action Plan. (Article 22(1)(a) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.a Please describe the support schemes and other measures currently in place that are applied to promote energy from renewable sources and report on any developments in the measures used with respect to those set out in your National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Article 22(1)(b) of Directive 2009/28/EC) ..................... 18 2.b Please describe the measures in ensuring the transmission and distribution of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and in improving the regulatory framework for bearing and sharing of costs related to grid connections and grid reinforcements (for accepting greater loads).
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Body Evaluation (IUCN)
    10 I WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION IUCN TECHNICAL REVI~~ I 1. IDENTIFICATION NUMBER AND NAME 219 SREBARNA NATURE AND BIOSPHERE RESERVE 2. LOCATION: Situated 16 km west of the town of Silistia and 1 km south of I the Danube, in the County of Silistra, village of Srebarna 3. NOMINATED BY: Research and Coordination Centre for Preservation and I Restoration of the Environment 4. DOCUMENTATION: I (i) Nomination form (ii) Supplementary documentation (IUCN) I a) Consultations: Dr. S. Nedialkov; Dr. Z. Kostova; Brian Groombridge. b) Committee on Environmental Protection. 1981. Protected Natural I Sites in1the People's Republic of Bulgaria. Sofia Press, Sofia. c) Institute of Cartography. 1979. Bulgaria Protected Natural Sites. I (Map) • 5. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY I Srebarna is a fresh-water lake adjacent to the Danube, covering an area of 600 ha. It provides nesting grounds to 99 species of birds and seasonal habitat to an additional 80 species of migratory birds; Srebarna is protected by international legislation, under the Convention on Wetlands of I International Importance (Ramsar Convention). The lake is surrounded by hills which provide a natural boundary and provide an ideal means for I observing the waterfowl (see attached data sheet for additional details). 6. INTEGRITY I The boundaries are clear and explicit; the area is strictly protected (with only carefully-controlled scientific research allowed). The site has been established as a biosphere reserve and a Ramsar site. The site is relatively small, so the quantities of breeding pairs are low and probably I insufficient in themselves to maintain any of the species; only if other areas are also protected can the species be expected to survive.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature's Art: Geodes from the Collection of Robert R. Wiener
    Nature’s Art: Geodes from the Collection of Robert R. Wiener The Rye Arts Center Spring - Summer 2021 Curated by Gail Harrison Roman, PhD A Tribute to Robert R. Wiener The Rye Arts Center extends its gratitude and love to Bob Wiener: Humanitarian, Connoisseur, Collector, Scholar, Educator, Cherished Friend Front cover: Vanadite, Morocco Back cover: Malachite, Congo 1 NATURE’S ART: GEODES FROM THE COLLECTION OF ROBERT R. WIENER Guiding Light of The Rye Arts Center Robert R. Wiener exemplifies the Mission of The Rye Arts Center. He is a supporter of cultural endeavors for all and a staunch believer in extending the educational value of the arts to underserved populations. His largesse currently extends to the Center by his sharing geodes with us. This is the latest chapter of his enduring support that began thirty-five years ago. Bob is responsible for saving 51 Milton Road by spearheading in 1986 the movement to prevent the city’s demolition of our home. He then led the effort to renovate the building that we now occupy. As a member of the RAC Board in the 1980s and 1990s, Bob helped guide the Center through its early years of expansion and success. His efforts have enabled RAC to become a beacon of the arts for the local community and beyond it. Bob has joined with RAC to place cases of his geodes in area schools, where they attract excited attention from children and adults alike. Bob’s maxim is “The purpose of life is to give back.” Led and inspired by Bob, The Wiener Family Philanthropy supports dozens of organizations devoted to the arts, community initiatives, education, health care, and positive youth empowerment.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Bulletin No. 1 Flash Floods in Europe
    Information bulletin no. 1 Flash floods in Europe Date of issue: 9 July 2018 Date of disaster: during June and July Point of contact: Seval Guzelkilinc, Disaster Management Coordinator, IFRC Regional Office for Europe Phone: +36 1 888 45 05; email: [email protected] Host National Societies: Bulgarian Red Cross, Georgia Red Cross Society, Hellenic Red Cross, Italian Red Cross, Red Cross of Serbia, Romanian Red Cross, Ukrainian Red Cross Society This bulletin is being issued for information only and reflects the current situation and details available at this time. The situation Floods and flash floods have been occurring throughout Eastern and Southern Europe in the last weeks of June and during the first week of July 2018. Severe weather has been forecasted by agencies, such as AccuWeather. Officials in Bulgaria reported that the provinces of Plovdiv, Pazardjik, Sofia, Smolyan, Bourgas have all been affected by floods on 29 June. Emergency services responded to 146 calls for assistance due to the flooding and storm damage. In Plovdiv Province, evacuation orders were issued for residents living along the Chaya River in Sadovo Municipality, after river embankments had been breached in two locations. Over 50 houses have been flooded in the province and the road between Plovdiv and Haskovo is closed. Over 30 homes were flooded in Smolyan province, where a state of emergency was declared in Chepelare and in the municipality of Smolyan where the Cherna River has overflowed. Around 26 homes were flooded or damaged by the storm in Pazardzhik province and 24 in Bourgas province. Homes and roads were damaged in Varna, Bourgas province, earlier this month after 71.5 mm of rain fell in 24 hours between 04 and early 05 June.
    [Show full text]
  • Fast Delivery
    Delivery and Returns Delivery rates: We strive to offer an unbeatable service and deliver our products safely and cost-effectively. Our main focus is serving our The delivery is performed by a third-party delivery service provider. customers’ needs with a combination of great design, quality products, value for money, respect for the environment and All orders under 20 kg are shipped by courier with door-to-door delivery service. outstanding service. Please read our Delivery terms and details before you complete your order. If you have any questions, we advise that you contact us at 080019889 and speak with one of our customer service associates. All orders over 20 kg are shipped by transport company with delivery to building address service. All orders are processed within 72 hours from the day following the day on which the order is confirmed and given to the courier or transport company for delivery. After the ordered goods are given to courier or transport company for delivery, we will send you a tracking number, which will allow you to check on their website for recent status. The delivery price is not included in the price of the goods. The transport and delivery cots depend on the weight and volume of the ordered items, the delivery area and any additional services (delivery to apartment entrance, etc.). The following delivery pricelist is applied. All prices are in Bulgarian Lev (BGN) with included VAT. 1. Delivery of samples and small 3. Additional service - Delivery to packages door-to-door up to 20 kg. apartment entrance. If you need assistance by us for delivering the goods to your apartment, Kilograms Zone 1 - Zone 11 this is additionaly paid handling service, which you can request by 0 - 1 kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Additions to the Lichenized and Lichenicolous Fungi in Bulgaria
    MYCOBIOTA 10: 39–62 (2020) RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 1314-7129 (print) http://dx.doi.org/10.12664/mycobiota.2020.10.04doi: 10.12664/mycobiota.2020.10.04 ISSN 1314-7781 (online) www.mycobiota.com Additions to the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Bulgaria Helmut Mayrhofer ¹*, Adriana Atanassova ¹, Siyka O. Nikolova ² & Cvetomir M. Denchev ² ¹ Institute of Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria ² Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin St., 1113 Sofi a, Bulgaria Received 28 July 2020 / Accepted 6 August 2020 / Published 7 August 2020 Mayrhofer, H., Atanassova, A., Nikolova, S.O. & Denchev, C.M. 2020. Additions to the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Bulgaria. – Mycobiota 10: 39–62. doi: 10.12664/mycobiota.2020.10.04 Abstract. Th irty-six taxa of lichenized fungi, Acarospora irregularis, Arthonia mediella, Caloplaca asserigena, C. atrofl ava, C. subpallida, Catillaria detractula, Diplotomma hedinii, Endohyalina insularis, Lecanora rouxii, L. rupicola subsp. subplanata, Lecidea berengeriana, L. sarcogynoides, Lepra leucosora, Lepraria borealis, L. diff usa, L. elobata, L. nylanderiana, L. vouauxii, Ochrolechia arborea, Pertusaria fl avicans, Protoparmeliopsis muralis var. dubyi, Pycnora praestabilis, Rinodina freyi, R. luridata var. immersa, R. occulta, R. roscida, R. sicula, R. teichophila, R. trevisanii, Rinodinella dubyanoides, Scoliciosporum umbrinum var. corticicolum, Solorina bispora var. macrospora, Strigula affi nis, Tephromela atra var. torulosa, Umbilicaria freyi, and U. maculata, are reported for the fi rst time from Bulgaria. Th e fi nding of Rinodina sicula represents the fi rst record for the Balkan Peninsula. Key words: biodiversity, Bulgaria, lichenicolous fungi, lichenized fungi, Rinodina, taxo nomy Introduction Th e present paper is a contribution to the lichen biota of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Disparities in Bulgaria Today: Economic, Social, and Demographic Challenges
    REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN BULGARIA TODAY: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES Sylvia S. Zarkova, PhD Student1 D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics – Svishtov, Department of Finance and Credit Abstract: To accelerate Bulgaria's economic development taking into account the specific characteristics of their regions is a serious challenge for the local governments in the country. The ongoing political and economic changes require a reassessment of the country's economic development. The aim of this study was to analyse the disparities among Bulgaria’s regions (de- fined in accordance with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)) by assessing the degree of economic, social and demographic chal- lenges they face and performing a multivariate comparative analysis with sets of statistically significant indicators. The analysis clearly outlines the bounda- ries of the regional disparities and the need to improve the country’s regional and cohesion policies. Key words: regional policy, differences, NUTS, taxonomic develop- ment measure. JEL: J11, O18, R11. * * * 1 Е-mail: [email protected] The author is a member of the target group of doctoral students who participated in activities and training within the implementation of project BG05M2OP001-2.009-0026-C01 ‘Capacity development of students, PhD students, post-doctoral students and young scientists from the Dimitar A. Tsenov Academy of Economics - Svishtov for innovative scientific and practical Research in the field of economics, administration and management’ funded by the Operational Program ‘Science and Education for Smart Growth’ co-financed by the Structural and Investment Funds of the European Union. The paper won first place in the ‘Doctoral Students’ category of the national competition ‘Young Economist 2018’.
    [Show full text]
  • Junipers of Various Origins As Potential Sources of the Anticancer Drug Precursor Podophyllotoxin
    molecules Article Junipers of Various Origins as Potential Sources of the Anticancer Drug Precursor Podophyllotoxin Diana I. Ivanova 1,*,† , Paraskev T. Nedialkov 2,† , Alexander N. Tashev 3, Marta Olech 4 , Renata Nowak 4,* , Yana E. Ilieva 2,5 , Zlatina K. Kokanova-Nedialkova 2, Teodora N. Atanasova 2, George Angelov 1 and Hristo M. Najdenski 5 1 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] (P.T.N.); [email protected] (Y.E.I.); [email protected] (Z.K.K.-N.); [email protected] (T.N.A.) 3 Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 5 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.I.I.); [email protected] (R.N.) † Both are considered first authors. Abstract: Juniper representatives are natural sources of plenty of bioactive metabolites and have been Citation: Ivanova, D.I.; Nedialkov, used since ancient times as folk remedies against tapeworms, warts, cancer, etc. The antiproliferative P.T.; Tashev, A.N.; Olech, M.; Nowak, activities of junipers are attributed to podophyllotoxin (PPT), which is a precursor for the synthesis R.; Ilieva, Y.E.; Kokanova-Nedialkova, of efficient anticancer drugs. However, the natural sources of PPT, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Z.K.; Atanasova, T.N.; Angelov, G.; T. S. Ying and Podophyllum peltatum L., are already endangered species because of their intensive Najdenski, H.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Historia Naturalis Bulgarica 38
    HISTORIA NATURALIS BULGARICA 38 Gemmological samples: rock crystal from two localities in the Rhodopes, Bulgaria by Stanislav Abadjiev National Museum of Natural History — Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia · 2019 Published online 28 January 2019 by: National Museum of Natural History Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria https://www.nmnhs.com/historia-naturalis-bulgarica/ ISSN 0205-3640 (print) ISSN 2603-3186 (online) Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) Historia naturalis bulgarica 38: 1–4 ISSN 0205-3640 (print) | ISSN 2603-3186 (online) • nmnhs.com/historia-naturalis-bulgarica https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.38.01001 Publication date [online]: 28 January 2019 Research article Gemmological samples: rock crystal from two localities in the Rhodopes, Bulgaria Stanislav Abadjiev National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria, [email protected] Abstract: The paper comprises gemmological and other data on several specimens of faceted rock crystal gemstones from two localities in the Madan ore field, Smolyan Province, and Krumovgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, of the Rho- dopes, Bulgaria. Keywords: gemstone, quartz, Rhodopes, rock crystal Introduction in the world. There are faceted specimens of 7000 car- ats recorded (Arem, 1987: 158–159). Quartz (SiO2) is extraordinarily common mineral on Faceted specimens of rock crystal or any crystal- Earth and occurs in a wide variety of rock types
    [Show full text]
  • Annex a Competitiveness and Economic Growth
    SIESTA Spatial Indicators for a ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ Territorial Analysis Applied Research 2013/1/18 Scientific Report | Version 24/12/2012 Annex A Competitiveness and Economic Growth ESPON 2013 1 This report presents the final results of an Applied Research Project conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2012. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. ESPON 2013 2 List of authors: Lidia Mierzejewska Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, Poland ESPON 2013 3 Table of contents 1. Introduction...............................................................................5 2. Comments on maps...................................................................9 2.1. GDP per capita in PPS, 2009....................................................9 2.2. Gross Domestic Product per inhabitants in PPS of NUTS3 regions, 2007-2009...............................................................................16 2.3. Growth measured as GDP variations, 2000-2008........................23 2.4. Growth measured as GDP per capita. Change 2007-2011............29 2.5. Labour productivity at regional level, 2008................................36 2.6.
    [Show full text]