THE NAQSHBANDIYYA-MUJADDIDIYYA IN THE OTTOMAN LANDS IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY*

BY

BUTRUS ABU-MANNEH

Haifa

The Khalidiyya is a sub-order of the -Mujaddidi order. It spread from to the Ottoman lands of western Asia and Istanbul in the early decades of the nineteenth century on the hands of Shaikh Diya' al-Din Khalid al-Shahrazuri, after whom it came to be known. It is believed that the expansion of the Khalidiyya, along with an earlier wave of the Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya, which spread to Istanbul in the eighteenth century, had left an impact, perhaps a far-reaching one, upon the social and political life of these lands. We shall try in this paper to assess this impact and to find whether it also influenced the organs of the central government in Istanbul, or contributed to a renewed emphasis upon the orthodox-Islamic character of society and state.

Part One : Shaikh Khdlid & the KhdlidT Sub-Order

1. The Early L(fè of M awlänä Khalid The first biography of Shaikh Khalid (1190/1776-1242/1827) was written by a disciple of his, Muhammad ibn Sulaiman of Baghdad

* This paper was originally a chapter in a Ph.D. thesis written at the University of Oxford under the supervision of Mr. A. H. Hourani to whom my thanks are due. My thanks are due as well to the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftungof the Federal Republic of Germany for their grant; and to the director and staff of the University Library in Istanbul for their help kindly extended during the research for this paper. 2

in 1233/1817-18.1 It was written at the prime of Khdlld's life about ten years before his death. There is an evidence that it might have been dictated by Khalid himself.2 At least large extracts are evidently his.3 This. biography appears to have served as the basis of the other bio- graphies on Shaikh Khalid concerning the formative years of his life. It should be added that all these biographies were written by his disciples and relatives, or by followers of the order.4 Diya' al-Din Khalid was born in Qaradagh, a town in the district of Shahrizur in Iraqi-Kurdistan. His family belonged to the Jaf tribe that claimed descent from the 3rd Caliph '. Hence the attri- bution al-'Uthmdni is sometimes added to his name. He acquired his education in Kurdistan, the first stage of which included Qur an, texts in law according to the Shäfi ï school and some grammar. In the second stage he studied some arithmetic, geometry, logic and astronomy. His only study outside Kurdistan was when he went to Baghdad to read a summary of al-Murztaha the .shafi `i book of law. He was well enough versed in Arabic to attempt, before he had

' Entitled: al-Hadiqa al-Nadiyyali Addb al- al-Nagshbandiyyawal-hahja al- Khdlicliyya.Two manuscripts of this book are found in the Istanbul University Library, the first in a collection of Kh5lidi literature, folios 83b-126a and numbered AY2404. It was copied by Sayyid ' Ratib in 1237, four years after the original was finished. The second ms. was copied two years later, in 1239; it has 109 folios and carries the number AY5467. Both manuscripts are identical. In this paper reference was made to the first, i.e. AY2404.This book is composed of three sections. The first two sections were printed on the margin of 'UTHMANIBN SANAD AL-WAILI, Asfa al-Mawärid min Silsil Ahit,dlul-Irrtam Khälid (Cairo A.H. 1313),pp. 1-45. The third section which deals with the rules (ädõb) of the order is still in ms. form. The printed version brings the story as mentioned up to A.H. 1233. A little later Ibn Sulaiman died (see IBNSANAD p. 45 n. 1 The biography of Shaikh Khalid was however completed in the early 1890's by his nephew As.ADSAHiB and added to the version of al-Hadiqa al-Nadiyya and published on the margin of al-Mawärid from p. 45 onwards. 2 IBN SLILAINIANopens the biography of Shaikh Kh5lid in section 2 with the statement "according ... to a brother" (in the order) (ahad al-Ikhit,dn), see fol. 98b. See also a note on fol. 5a in Ms. AY5467 in which it is stated that it was dictated by Shaikh Khalid, min imla'ihi. ' al-Hadiqa al-Nadiyya, folios 100a-IOla. 4 Other biographies of Shaikh Khdlid and the Khdlidi sub-order: MUHAMMAD AL-KHANT,al-Bahja al-Saniyya (Cairo A.H. 1303),pp. 82-99; IBRÃIIÏMFASIH al-Majd ?/-7a//? /< Manäqih al-Shaikh Khälid (Istanbul A.H. 1292). This book has more information on the Baghdad branch of the suborder than other biographies, hereafter aI-Maid al-Tdlid; and °ABDt>LMAJIDAL-KHÃNÏ, al-HadC7'iq al-Wardiyya '17 Haqa'iq ajilld' al-Naqshbandiyyu(Cairo A.H. 1308), pp. 326ff.Shorter biographies of Shaikh Khdlid are found in all the biographical dictionaries on the 13th muslim century. A recent essay about him has been written by A. H. HOURANISqfism : and Modern : Mawlänä Khalid and the Naqshbandi Order in IDEM,The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (London, 1981), pp. 75-89.