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Textile Wastes TEXTILE WASTES - A Bibliography Charles D. Livengood Instructor Department of Textile Chemistry School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina The work upon which this report is based was supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. INTRODUCTION Pollution from industrial wastes is one of the most challenging phases of the National program for water pollution control today. The textile industry, cognizant of this serious problem, has long been concerned about its stream pollution potential due to the prodigious quantities of water used in its processes. To alleviate this problem, many mills have built treatment facilities which are quite costly. Others are using municipal sewage treatment systems. These latter systems, in many instances, have become dangerously overloaded due to a steadily increasing population and industrial growth. Consequently, the industry is turning more and more to in- plant control systems to reduce its total effluent. Surveys have indicated that more than half of the stream pollution potential in textile finishing plants effluent is produced by the fabric desizing operation. Based on this survey data, in May 1965 a feasibility study concerning the recovery of wastes from the desizing of fabric as an approach to the alleviation of stream pollu- tion by textile processing operations was initiated at North Carolina State University, School of Textiles. 1 The study was spon- sored by the United States Department of the Interior through the Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, Public Law 88- 379. The objectives initially were to examine the possibilities of recovering existing sizing agents and to examine the possibilities of using materials of known ease of recovery from aqueous solution as possible sizes. At the same time, a search of the chemical literature concerning sources of pollution from textile mills, especially warp- size wastes, was made for the period 1954-1964.l It was found that l~hework was conducted by R. N. Berrier and H. Y. Jennings, Department of Textile Chemistry. -- essentially no effort had been made during this time in the field of recovery and reuse of chemicals as a means of abating stream pollution. In 1968, again under the sponsorship of the Water Resources Y Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, the School of Textiles undertook to correct, update, and publish a bibliography of literature references relative to textile wastes as stream pollutants. No effort was made to include abstracts of literature published prior to 1954 as these were already available in other publications. This study includes abstracts published in the Chemical Abstracts, Textile Technology Digest, Shirley Institute Abstracts, and Water Pollution Abstracts through June, 1968. This bibliography has been key-word coded in a limited way and z indexed to aid in the retrieval of information. The coding, wherever m possible, was done according to the Thesaurus of Enqineer ing Terms, published by the Engineers Joint Council, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York. The abstracts are listed alphabetically by author's last name and are numbered consecutively under each letter of the alphabet . Bleaching: Composition: A2, A22, A34, A47, A48, A50, B29, A2, A64, C13, Dl, G7, K10, ~6,C12, Dl, D8, H7, H25, K10, K36, M12, N2, N13, N20, 06, L5, L9, N1, N17, P19, R14, S53, 07, VL. S63, V1, V4, W16, 23. Contamination: Blending: A40, A63, B12, B33, H12, 829, C2, C3, F7, D8, J5, M32, M17, V4, W3. Wl6. Control System: Butylacetate: C13, F8, (36, H10, H27. K32. Cost Analysis: Calcium Chloride: A26, A29, A40, B40, F7, He, A35, A54, A65, C5, F7, M2, M17, H11, H28, H30, K18, L7, L9, M38, N8, P7, S35, T6. ~3,02, Pl8, R8, S6, 57, S37, S41, 542, S53, S55, Tl, @arboxymethylcellulose: W13, W18. A23, B36, C12, D5, H92, M4, S31. Cotton: Centrifugal Filtration: ~17,A22, A2.3, 2434, A48, A57, All, F6, F7, 11, 13, K38, L15, B1, B39, CZS C3, C12, D5-9 D6, P7, T6. H7, H30, 36, K6, KlO, L5, L8, M17, M20, M21, M24, N1, N3, characteristics: N4, N6, N12, N15, 02, P19, A17, B13, 814, B17, C13, Dl, H7, R10, 529, 531, S38, S46, S52, C 17, K10, K13, K18, K40, L4, L5, S53, W11, Yl, 23. K15, 02, 06, V4, W14, 24. Counter Current Washing: Chemical Process: K38, SIP. A3, A34, G7, K6, K17, K19, M17, M20. Data: All, B8, B34, H7, 13, K26, M29 Chlorides: M20, M24, N20, P7, S4, S30, C4, K11, M39, P15, S17, S19, 1.2. S37, S46, Y1. Clarification: Decolor fng : B33, C14, F3, F4, I K11, K17, A24, D8, H7, I J5, M3, M17, K18, K19, K40, M15, M29, N14, M33, N2, N7, N14, N17, S7, N16, 07, P2, P13, S15, S19, S20, S37, S41. S55, V6, Z1, 22. ~egradation: Color : A29, 38, B10, B11, B23, B38, H8, H30, 36, 58, K34, M17, M47, B40, H30, K17, S64. N6, R13, S63. Desizing: Colorimetry: A23, A34, A45, B32, B339 B39, 11, 13. D5, M21, M36, 02, R7, ~15. coagulation: Detergents: C4, F6, H7, H89 H30j Llj L6, M29 A20, A40, B8, B26, (29, fl1, t M3, M38, M39, R1, R12, R133 S499 C12, D9, H26, H30, 15, J6, S55, W11. K3, K11, K21, K24, K30, K37, M9, M25, M37, R13, 513, S44, S57, S63, S64, V4, W6, W8, 25. Diagrams, Tables, Illustrations: Effluents (continued): AO, A25, A45, A47, A64, Bl, ~16,~ M14, M15, M17, M18, M20, M21, C10, D10, G4, H2',': K10, K33, L5, M22, M24, M25, M29, M32, M33, M17, P18, R3, R8, W3. M37, M38, M40, M42, M45, N8s N11, N14, N15, N16, N17, N19, Dialysis: N20, 01, 02, 03, 06, P9, P11, H7, N6. P14, P20, P22, R4, R11, R12, Sl, S7, Sl0, Sll, Sl2, ,514, Drainage Systems: 522, S28, S30, 532, 546, S47, El. S56, S61, 563, T6, V2, V3, V8, W7, W9, W11, W17, 23. Drum Vacuum Filters: A54. Engineering Economy : A9, A26, B29, B39, D10, H26, Dyeing: S28, S41, S53, W13, 26. A2, A24, A27, A48, A60, B1, B25, B29, C2, C3, C7, Dl. D8, E4, E5, Enzymes : F2, G3, G7, G8, H7, H9, H12, H24, A29, A34, D5, M36, W15. H30, 14, K4, K10, K26, K27, L3, L5, L9, M3, M45, N15, N17, P9, Equilization: P19, S29, 536, T11, V2, V3, W11, B24, (212, N21, P19, W12, 530. Equipment : A32, A34, El, G4, H9, H10, H31, K11, K18, K26, K27, P11, S21, Experimentation: A9, All, A24, B26, B29, B34, B39, D5, D10, H7, H30, 13, K10, K41, L5, L7, L15, M2, M17, M37, M39, N14, N21, 07, P7, P18, R3, Economic Factors: R11, S37, S46, S55, Vl, Y1. A30, B14, K15, T1, W2, W18. Extraction: Efficiency : A40, M36, P11, V4. A9, All, A29, N3, R3, 537, W13, Fibers : A26, A32, A36, A52, B40, F3, f luents: 15, M32, S23, T4, T10, V4, Al, A10, All, A13, A21, A22, A24, A26, A27, A28, A29, A34, A26, A39, A40, A41, A45, A46, A47, A52, A53, Itration: A57, A58, A60, A61, A62, A63, A67, A3, A7, A2 A68, B1, B6, B7, B13, B15, B16, B33, c2, C B24, B27, 332, B33, B34, B38, C2, P6, H7, K9 C3, C5, C6, C9, C10, C13, D3, D4, N18, P19, D8, El, E2, E4, E5, F1, F2, F6, S30. S36, F7, G7, G8, H2, H7, H8, H9, H10, H12, H13, H15, H16, H17, H19, H21, H22, H23, H24, H28, H32, 15, J19 Finishing: J2, J5, J6, K1, K5, K6, K8, K9, A22, A34, A57, B10, B11, B24, K10, K11, K12, K13, K14, K16, K17, B34, C2, C3, C12, D10, G8, K18, K19, K23, K26, K29, K34, K35, G9. H9, H24, K4, K13, K19, K36, K37, K38, K40, L3, L4, L8, L9, L10, L15, M3, M4, M5, M8, M13, Finishing (continued): Lagoons: R11, R13, S10, 527, S29, S36, All, A13, A14, S52, T11, V3, W8, W11, 24. Lanolin: A59. Flotation: 'v Legislation: A14, A34, A37, A41, A48, B30, E3, G6. G8, H8, 17, K37, L9, M7, 02, P10, R2, R6, S1, S21, S44, S63, T1, T7, W1. Gassification: Lime : W18. D8, N21, 02, P18. Greases: Magnesium: N14, 02. Measurement : B9. Ion Exchangers: A3, A31, A40, A68, K37, M35, R10, W9, W17, W18. I. Nitrogen : dustrial Wastes: Al, A2, A3, A189 A259 A333 A379 Organic Acids: ~38,A40, A48, A53, A61, 2466, B2, A66, R3, W18. B5, B16, B17, B18, Bl9, B20, B21, $28, ~38,~41, Cl, C7, c8, D.2, Organic Chemicals: G2, H4, H17, 129 16, J1- J2, 93, A13, A14, A39, A663 B12, B35, J4, K18, K27, K36, L19 L2, L5, B36, C10, J3, K3, K37, M11, L12, M26, M30, N2, N5, P1, R2, M47, S5, S50, S55, V4, W3, 26 R4, R9, S2, S8, Sl8, T1, W3, W12. Oxidation: ~nstalling: A29, A41, B38, D5, J8, K40, A3, A26, A57. M38, R11, S42, W13, 26. Iron: Oxygen : K16. A13, A14, A53, D9, G2, J8, K17, L3, M26, M30, M41, P3, Iron Compounds : S22, v1. 62, C3, D8, 11, 13, K10, K17, K18, K26, M33, M39, N16, N21, Paper : Wl6. A41, H29, K18, K29, M9. Perculating Filters: Pur,if ica A21, A54, A57, C12, C14, D5, A31, H7, N17, S37. B 3 3, H28, peroxide: K38, A34, C6. Ml6, M38, N20, R14, S49, T10, Qualitative Analysis: B14, C8, K31, M6, M7, N16. Pilot Plant: Radio-Active Wastes: A9, A21, A35, B29, C12, C14, D5, A13, A14, H18. H11, H30, J5, K41, L7, M17, N4, P18, R3, 525, S28, S30, S37, W11, Rag Pulp: Pollution: Rayon : A8, A14, A15, A17, A49, A53, A55 A2, HI, L2J L8, L11, P18, S4, A56, 2468, B5, B14, B27, B30, C6, D8, G1, H8, H32, J2, J9, K30, K3 L5, L9, L14, M8, M12, M20, M23, ~ecoverin~: M33, P20, R9, S4, S15, 543, S47, A9, All, A40, A41, A48, A54, A65, C12, F7, G10, H7, H30, M32, K38, L4, L8, M25, N1, Pollution Abatement: N8.
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