Textile Wastes

A Bibliography

Charles D. Livengood Instructor Department of Textile Chemistry School of Textiles North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

The work upon which this report is based was supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964.

INTRODUCTION

Pollution from industrial wastes is one of the most challenging

phases of the National program for water pollution control today.

The textile industry, cognizant of this serious problem, has long

been concerned about its stream pollution potential due to the

prodigious quantities of water used in its processes. To alleviate

this problem, many mills have built treatment facilities which are

quite costly. Others are using municipal sewage treatment systems.

These latter systems, in many instances, have become dangerously

overloaded due to a steadily increasing population and industrial

growth. Consequently, the industry is turning more and more to in-

plant control systems to reduce its total effluent.

Surveys have indicated that more than half of the stream pollution

potential in textile finishing plants effluent is produced by the

fabric desizing operation. Based on this survey data, in May 1965 a

feasibility study concerning the recovery of wastes from the

desizing of fabric as an approach to the alleviation of stream pollu-

tion by textile processing operations was initiated at North

Carolina State University, School of Textiles. 1 The study was spon-

sored by the United States Department of the Interior through the

Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, Public Law 88-

379. The objectives initially were to examine the possibilities of recovering existing sizing agents and to examine the possibilities of using materials of known ease of recovery from aqueous solution as possible sizes. At the same time, a search of the chemical literature concerning sources of pollution from textile mills, especially warp- size wastes, was made for the period 1954-1964.l It was found that l~hework was conducted by R. N. Berrier and H. Y. Jennings, Department of Textile Chemistry.

-- essentially no effort had been made during this time in the field of recovery and reuse of chemicals as a means of abating stream pollution.

In 1968, again under the sponsorship of the Water Resources Y Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, the School of Textiles undertook to correct, update, and publish a bibliography of literature references relative to textile wastes as stream pollutants. No effort was made to include abstracts of literature published prior to 1954 as these were already available in other publications. This study includes abstracts published in the Chemical

Abstracts, Textile Technology Digest, Shirley Institute Abstracts, and Water Pollution Abstracts through June, 1968.

This bibliography has been key-word coded in a limited way and z indexed to aid in the retrieval of information. The coding, wherever

m possible, was done according to the Thesaurus of Enqineer ing Terms, published by the Engineers Joint Council, 345 East 47th Street, New

York, New York. The abstracts are listed alphabetically by author's last name and are numbered consecutively under each letter of the alphabet .

Bleaching: Composition: A2, A22, A34, A47, A48, A50, B29, A2, A64, C13, Dl, G7, K10, ~6,C12, Dl, D8, H7, H25, K10, K36, M12, N2, N13, N20, 06, L5, L9, N1, N17, P19, R14, S53, 07, VL. S63, V1, V4, W16, 23. Contamination: Blending: A40, A63, B12, B33, H12, 829, C2, C3, F7, D8, J5, M32, M17, V4, W3. Wl6. Control System: Butylacetate: C13, F8, (36, H10, H27. K32. Cost Analysis: Calcium Chloride: A26, A29, A40, B40, F7, He, A35, A54, A65, C5, F7, M2, M17, H11, H28, H30, K18, L7, L9, M38, N8, P7, S35, T6. ~3,02, Pl8, R8, S6, 57, S37, S41, 542, S53, S55, Tl, @arboxymethylcellulose: W13, W18. A23, B36, C12, D5, H92, M4, S31. Cotton: Centrifugal Filtration: ~17,A22, A2.3, 2434, A48, A57, All, F6, F7, 11, 13, K38, L15, B1, B39, CZS C3, C12, D5-9 D6, P7, T6. H7, H30, 36, K6, KlO, L5, L8, M17, M20, M21, M24, N1, N3, characteristics: N4, N6, N12, N15, 02, P19, A17, B13, 814, B17, C13, Dl, H7, R10, 529, 531, S38, S46, S52, C 17, K10, K13, K18, K40, L4, L5, S53, W11, Yl, 23. K15, 02, 06, V4, W14, 24. Counter Current Washing: Chemical Process: K38, SIP. A3, A34, G7, K6, K17, K19, M17, M20. Data: All, B8, B34, H7, 13, K26, M29 Chlorides: M20, M24, N20, P7, S4, S30, C4, K11, M39, P15, S17, S19, 1.2. S37, S46, Y1.

Clarification: Decolor fng : B33, C14, F3, F4, I K11, K17, A24, D8, H7, I J5, M3, M17, K18, K19, K40, M15, M29, N14, M33, N2, N7, N14, N17, S7, N16, 07, P2, P13, S15, S19, S20, S37, S41. S55, V6, Z1, 22. ~egradation: Color : A29, 38, B10, B11, B23, B38, H8, H30, 36, 58, K34, M17, M47, B40, H30, K17, S64. N6, R13, S63. Desizing: Colorimetry: A23, A34, A45, B32, B339 B39, 11, 13. D5, M21, M36, 02, R7, ~15.

coagulation: Detergents: C4, F6, H7, H89 H30j Llj L6, M29 A20, A40, B8, B26, (29, fl1, t M3, M38, M39, R1, R12, R133 S499 C12, D9, H26, H30, 15, J6, S55, W11. K3, K11, K21, K24, K30, K37, M9, M25, M37, R13, 513, S44, S57, S63, S64, V4, W6, W8, 25. Diagrams, Tables, Illustrations: Effluents (continued): AO, A25, A45, A47, A64, Bl, ~16,~ M14, M15, M17, M18, M20, M21, C10, D10, G4, H2',': K10, K33, L5, M22, M24, M25, M29, M32, M33, M17, P18, R3, R8, W3. M37, M38, M40, M42, M45, N8s N11, N14, N15, N16, N17, N19, Dialysis: N20, 01, 02, 03, 06, P9, P11, H7, N6. P14, P20, P22, R4, R11, R12, Sl, S7, Sl0, Sll, Sl2, ,514, Drainage Systems: 522, S28, S30, 532, 546, S47, El. S56, S61, 563, T6, V2, V3, V8, W7, W9, W11, W17, 23. Drum Vacuum Filters: A54. Engineering Economy : A9, A26, B29, B39, D10, H26, Dyeing: S28, S41, S53, W13, 26. A2, A24, A27, A48, A60, B1, B25, B29, C2, C3, C7, Dl. D8, E4, E5, Enzymes : F2, G3, G7, G8, H7, H9, H12, H24, A29, A34, D5, M36, W15. H30, 14, K4, K10, K26, K27, L3, L5, L9, M3, M45, N15, N17, P9, Equilization: P19, S29, 536, T11, V2, V3, W11, B24, (212, N21, P19, W12, 530.

Equipment : A32, A34, El, G4, H9, H10, H31, K11, K18, K26, K27, P11, S21,

Experimentation: A9, All, A24, B26, B29, B34, B39, D5, D10, H7, H30, 13, K10, K41, L5, L7, L15, M2, M17, M37, M39, N14, N21, 07, P7, P18, R3, Economic Factors: R11, S37, S46, S55, Vl, Y1. A30, B14, K15, T1, W2, W18. Extraction: Efficiency : A40, M36, P11, V4. A9, All, A29, N3, R3, 537, W13, Fibers : A26, A32, A36, A52, B40, F3, f luents: 15, M32, S23, T4, T10, V4, Al, A10, All, A13, A21, A22, A24, A26, A27, A28, A29, A34, A26, A39, A40, A41, A45, A46, A47, A52, A53, Itration: A57, A58, A60, A61, A62, A63, A67, A3, A7, A2 A68, B1, B6, B7, B13, B15, B16, B33, c2, C B24, B27, 332, B33, B34, B38, C2, P6, H7, K9 C3, C5, C6, C9, C10, C13, D3, D4, N18, P19, D8, El, E2, E4, E5, F1, F2, F6, S30. S36, F7, G7, G8, H2, H7, H8, H9, H10, H12, H13, H15, H16, H17, H19, H21, H22, H23, H24, H28, H32, 15, J19 Finishing: J2, J5, J6, K1, K5, K6, K8, K9, A22, A34, A57, B10, B11, B24, K10, K11, K12, K13, K14, K16, K17, B34, C2, C3, C12, D10, G8, K18, K19, K23, K26, K29, K34, K35, G9. H9, H24, K4, K13, K19, K36, K37, K38, K40, L3, L4, L8, L9, L10, L15, M3, M4, M5, M8, M13, Finishing (continued): Lagoons: R11, R13, S10, 527, S29, S36, All, A13, A14, S52, T11, V3, W8, W11, 24.

Lanolin: A59. Flotation: 'v Legislation: A14, A34, A37, A41, A48, B30, E3, G6. G8, H8, 17, K37, L9, M7, 02, P10, R2, R6, S1, S21, S44, S63, T1, T7, W1.

Gassification: Lime : W18. D8, N21, 02, P18.

Greases: Magnesium: N14, 02.

Measurement : B9. Ion Exchangers: A3, A31, A40, A68, K37, M35, R10, W9, W17, W18.

I. Nitrogen :

dustrial Wastes: Al, A2, A3, A189 A259 A333 A379 Organic Acids: ~38,A40, A48, A53, A61, 2466, B2, A66, R3, W18. B5, B16, B17, B18, Bl9, B20, B21, $28, ~38,~41, Cl, C7, c8, D.2, Organic Chemicals: G2, H4, H17, 129 16, J1- J2, 93, A13, A14, A39, A663 B12, B35, J4, K18, K27, K36, L19 L2, L5, B36, C10, J3, K3, K37, M11, L12, M26, M30, N2, N5, P1, R2, M47, S5, S50, S55, V4, W3, 26 R4, R9, S2, S8, Sl8, T1, W3, W12. Oxidation: ~nstalling: A29, A41, B38, D5, J8, K40, A3, A26, A57. M38, R11, S42, W13, 26.

Iron: Oxygen : K16. A13, A14, A53, D9, G2, J8, K17, L3, M26, M30, M41, P3, Iron Compounds : S22, v1. 62, C3, D8, 11, 13, K10, K17, K18, K26, M33, M39, N16, N21, Paper : Wl6. A41, H29, K18, K29, M9. Perculating Filters: Pur,if ica A21, A54, A57, C12, C14, D5, A31, H7, N17, S37. B 3 3, H28, peroxide: K38, A34, C6. Ml6, M38, N20, R14, S49, T10,

Qualitative Analysis: B14, C8, K31, M6, M7, N16.

Pilot Plant: Radio-Active Wastes: A9, A21, A35, B29, C12, C14, D5, A13, A14, H18. H11, H30, J5, K41, L7, M17, N4, P18, R3, 525, S28, S30, S37, W11, Rag Pulp:

Pollution: Rayon : A8, A14, A15, A17, A49, A53, A55 A2, HI, L2J L8, L11, P18, S4, A56, 2468, B5, B14, B27, B30, C6, D8, G1, H8, H32, J2, J9, K30, K3 L5, L9, L14, M8, M12, M20, M23, ~ecoverin~: M33, P20, R9, S4, S15, 543, S47, A9, All, A40, A41, A48, A54, A65, C12, F7, G10, H7, H30, M32, K38, L4, L8, M25, N1, Pollution Abatement: N8. R3, R6, S39, S43, S52, A8, A13, A14, A37, A40, A47, A48, A50, A68, '212, C13, G6, G10, H21, H29, K31, K36, MI, M6, M8, M9, Reduction: M20, M21, M22, M44, 01, 03, P5, B38, C14, N7. R6, S29, 531, 533, 535, 539, S41, S44, S53, T5, W1. Research: All, A24, B26, B29, B34, B39, Potassium: B40, D5, D9, H5, H7, H12, H30, B40, N8.

Precipitation: A29, A54, C2, C3, C6, C12, F7, H12, 111 13, K16, K17, K25, K40, R8, W16=

Procedures: Resins: H12, J5, R8, S8, S3g3 S39. A31, A38, A56, A68, R8, R10, S5. Processing: A17, A19, Results: A57, B14, A9, A24, B1, B12, B26, B29, D10, F7, B39, B40, H30, H32, 13, J5, K11, K18, K32, K33, L5, M17, M21, M23, M19, M20, M24, M37, M39, N9, N14, N21, N8, N15, 07, R3, R11, S25, S41, S46, S55, W1, w11. Sizing: Synthetic Resins: A32, E4, E5, G1, S27. K11, S29.

Sorption: Systems Engineering: A9, A34, A57, B16, B30, B31, B40, H8, H9, H27, H29, K11, K18, K26, L4, M8, M12, N18, Spinning: 01, P12, S10, 528, S32, T7, h L15, M17, P19, V4. W7, W11.

Starch: A23, A38, A45, B3, B4, , B13, 832, B33, B34, B36, B39, C12, D5, H30, 15, M4, M5, M20, M.21, M36, R7, S31, V4, 24.

Starch Derivatives: B13, H6, L7, M5.

Statistics: B8, D10.

Subsurface Drainage: 2422, A41, C2, C3, TI.

Substitute Chemicals: A48, B36, D5, H30, M5, mM.20, M21, M22, M25, 529, S31, 5.39, 24.

Sulfur Compounds:

Surfactants:

Tin Compounds: Symposium: A24, N7. A48, A50, A58, A64, M19, S27. Transferring: Synthetic Fibers: V1.

Tricklinq Filters:

Turofloc: K11. Toxicology: _ stes: Dl, L14, P19. A18, A26, A29, A36, A37, A38, A58, A61, B5, Bll, B17, B19, Fl~;ade fl Associations : B26, B27, B29, B30, B37, B38, S34. ~40,C6, Dl, D2, D5, D6, F7, GI, H7, H9, H10, H11, H12, Utilization: H20, H30, J2, J6, J8, K2, K17, H6, K12, L8, S18. K36, L8, M3, M16, M23, M38, M47, N1, N3, N4, N7, N16, N17, Rayon : N19, 05, 06, P7, P18, R10, A68, B2 R14, 53, 54, S8, SL2, S19, K4, K27, 522, 542, 547, 554, S61, T2, M14, M1 T7, T8, T11, V1, V5, W13, '26- M34, M4 P3, P13, Waste Waters: A2, A7, A8, A13, A14, A28, A33, A38, A39, A40, A46, A49, A53, was,te Disposal: A59, A64, A67, B1, B2, B3, B5, A6, A17, A25, ~30,~50, ~24, B22, B24, B25, B26, C1, C2, B29, B32, G10, H4, H8, H9, H12 C3, C9, D2, D7, F2, F3, F4, F5, H18, H19, H20, H31, 17, J6, K1 F6, F8, G2, G4, G5, G7, H6, K17, K18, K19, L9, M4, M9, N1, H8, H20, H22, H27, 11, J1, K2, N13, 01, P7, P12, R3, R5, 524, K3, K4, K7, K10, K16, K17, S34, 538, S38, 539, S41, S42, K19, K20, K21, K22, K24, K25, 543, T1, T7, W2, W3, Z6. K27, K32, K33, K37, K39, K40, K41, Lit L2, L3, L5, L13, L15, Was ,te Treatment: M8, M11, M12, M13, M16, M17, A3, A4, A7, A8, A13, A15, A19, M18, M19, M27, M28, M32, M34, A21, A22, A27, A28, A34, A35, M39, M41, M42, M43, M45, M47, A41, A46, A47, A50, A54, A57, N11, N12, N13, N15, N16, N18, A60, A67, Bl, B2, B6, B7, Bll, N21, 02, 03, 04, 05, 07, P1, B12, B15, B16, B20, B21, 822, P3, P13, P16, P20, R1, R2, R3, B26, B27, B30, B37, B39, B41, R11, R12, R14, 52, 55, 57, S9, C1, C2, C3, C4, D5, D7, D8, El, S11, 518, S19, 523, 530, 559, F1, F8, G5, G7, H10, H13, H15, T3, T4, T9, T10, V2, V3, V6, H16, H17, H21, H30, 15, 17, J1, V7, V8, W3, W5, W6, W10, W16, J5, J6, J7, J8, K6, K7, K10, K13, K15, K18, K19, K25, K26, K29, K32, K35, K37, L1, L3, L4, ter: L6, ~10,L11, M5, M8, M10, M12, A22, M17, M19, M22, M24, M26, M28, A56, M40, M44, N2, N5, N14, N21, 06, B15, 07, P1, P3, P4, P6, P9, P10, P16, C11, PZO, R1, R23 R6, R7, R8, R9, R11, H18, 56, 57, 53, S10, 512, S15, S16, 14, S18, S19, S21, 524, 525, S26, 528, K23, S33, 536, 540, 541, S47, 554, S55, M19, S56, S59, S60, S61, 563, T3, T4, P42 T6, V4, V5, V8, W2, W4, W5, W6, s4, W7, W8, Wll, W16, W17, 23, Z5, Z6. S57, v7, ter Pollution: A5, A13, A23.

Water Resources: A8, A37, A53, A58, B14, G6, T5.

Water Treatment:

Waxes: All, A19, B40, F7, Dl02 L153 M21, M25, N6.

Wool: A2, A10, A26, A35, A599 A629 B26, C5, C9, 04, E4, 56, K30, K389 L89 M2, M3, M17, M25, N21, 04, 07.

Wool Grease:

Wool Scouring: A9, A10, All, A19, A28, A54, A65, B19, B26, 84-09 C5, C9, E49 F6, ~15,H16, H17, H19, H20, H21, M2, 02, P7, S2, S56, 5579 S63, T2, T6, T9, V4, W12.

Zaremba: P11. Textile Waste Bibliography

1. Abson, 3. W. and M. H. Totihunter. "Biological Treatment of Hndustrfal Wastes"'. Effluent and Water Treat. J., p. 154-165, c 1962. Outline is given of biology, biochemfstry and bfoengineering pertinent to treatment of industr a1 wastes. 56 references.

2, Adam, F. ""The Present Position of the Effluent Problem in Switzerland." Text~B-Rdsch., 2 (PI), p. 563-569, 1954. In German. The author deals with the treatment of domestic sewage in biological plants and the effect of industrial waste waters on such plants, and discusses the composition and necessary preliminary treatment of waste waters from bleaching, wool washing, dyeing, and rayon man~facture.

3. Aftken, Ian M. E., and E. Leslie Streatfield. ""Plant Installations for Industrial Effluent Treatment". Effluent and Water Treat. -J., 2 (5& p. 253-256 and 320-324, 1965. A comprehensive report on the importance and necessity today of industries having an effl-dent treatment plant that carries out its functions. The article covers treatment methods: I - Sedimentation, 2 - FrStration, 3 - Flotation, 4 - Chemical reaction (including ion-exchange], 5 - B~obogicalaction; the sludge problem, . abstraction of sokf ds, recirculation, floation methods, fnstrrumentation and zsatomatfsn, and planning plant installations.

4. Akhmedov, K, M., and 1, M, Garibov. "Nethods for Removing Sulfur Dyes from Wastes fro Plant of the V, Lecin Bakin Textile Works. (513 p. 41-43> 1966. (In RusSfan) Experiments were made with wastes containing 600 rng./l. sulfur dyes. A 10% W2SD4 solution (250-750 mg.j/l.) and 0,1% solution of polyacrylamlde (2 mg,/l. 1 were added to the sewage, stirred 2 min~tes,and left to settle for 0.5 hr. The resfdaal concentration of sulfur dyes was 0-100 rng,/l.

5. Allen, E, ""Textile Industry Wars on Stream Waste PoPPutfon: An STN Industry Survey." Southern Textile News, 22, p. 1, 2, 10, 11, (August 1, 19661, Textile ~ndustryefforts to combat stream waste pollution are ~LPustratedwith specrfic examples.

6. Allen, L. A. ""Sludge Disposal-Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion - Basic Conceptsw\ Effluent and Water Treat. 3." $71 p. 388- 392, 1962. The basic princ~plesof aerobic an& anaerobic digestion are discussed and their application to sludge disposal is critically examined.

I 7. Alspaugh, T. A. ""Progress and evelopments in Treatment of Integrated Textile Mill Wastes." Proc. 12th sth. munic. industr. Waste Con£,, p. 46-62, 1963. Following studies on modi f ications of the activated-sludge process suitable for use with ~ntegratedtextile waste waters at the Cone Mills Corporation, Greensboro, N. C,, a f~ll-scaleplant was constructed to treat 21 mil. gal, per week by the 24-hour high-solids activated-sludge process in which the longer aeration period and the higher solids cone. in the aeratlon tank both assist in removing the highly- sol. BOD of textlle waste waters, buffering shock loads, and providing efficient treat. as regards removal of colour and BOD. As shown in a flow dragram, the textile waste waters pass through two storage lagoons ln series (to provlde equalization and some removal of lint and dye paste) and are mixed wfth 10% of screened and degritted domestic sewage before entry into the aeration

tank, which i s equipped with Vortair surface turbine aerators. fi After final sedimentation the effluent is chlorinated and re- aerated before discharge to a creek, while sludge is returned to the aeration tank, the excess being bled off to a gravity thickener id before charge to the city sewer. Operating data are tabulated, showing an average BOD removal of 89-90% and colour removal of 50- 75%. Further studies are in progress to solve the problems of foarnng in the aeration tanks; light, poorly-settling sludge; disposal of excess sludge; and removal of eolour. The problem of foaming is accentuated by the high conc. of synthetic detergents En textile waste waters, and of various methods of control tested tke most successful appear to be spraying with crude waste water, alone or with the additlon of anti-foaming agents (these agents being used in rotation to overcome loss of effectiveness) ; spraying wlth waste water combined with the dripping or spraying of antr-foaming agent on to the rotor blades; and possfbly the removal and destruction of foam by a vacuum pump (whfch might also permit the cone, and recovery of detergent). The poorly- settling sludge wklch occurred during certain perfods of operation was found to contain heavy growths of algae, similar to f ila- mentous forms of Sphaerotilus_, which were favoured by aerobic conditions in the return sludge. The problem could be overcome by allowing the sludge to become septic before return to the aeration tank, or by introducing a shock load of organic material (by cutting out some of the aeration rotors for a period) ; both these methods reduce the conc. of oxygen and destroy the algae. However, these algae have good characteristics for removal of BOD and colour, and it might be possible to desrgn the treat. plant to take advantage of this, although the sedimentation tanks would need to be very large. Excess sludge from the treat. of textile waste waters is difficult to settle and concentrate. Rates of vacuum filtration and centrf fugation axe low compared with sewage sludge and barge doses of chemleals are required. At present the sludge is discharged to the municipal sewer to study the effects lt w~llhave on the anaerobic digestion and vacuum filtration of domestks wastes. Okher promf smg methods of disposal appear to be vacuum filtration and centrifugation, in each case followed by lncrneration. En studies on methods for improving the removal of colour, trace amounts of ~e~(S0~)~were ineffective as a catalyst for removal of colour in the aeration process; further tests are to be carried out using chlorfnation.

8. Alspaugh, T. A. "Inter-relationships Among Water Resources, t Pollution ontrol and Growth of the Textile Industry in the Southeast." 'roc. 13th sth. munK ind. Waste Conf., p. 167- 283, 1964. After reviewing the water requirements, both qualita- ? tive and quantitative, of the textlle industry and the available water resomces of the southeastern states of U,S.A., the author df scusses the methods usually employed in cotton, wool, and synthetic-fibre plants to conserve water and prevent pollution by reducing the volume of the waste waters and by treatment. The need for improved management of water resources to provide adequate supplses for growmg industrial development is stressed.

Anderson, C. A. "Aeration Recovery of Lanolin from Wool Scour Lrquors"". (flow sheets and illustrations) Textile Res. J., -,30 p. 51-57, 1960. Investigation of the aerat~onprocess has resulted in an improved design for a contrnuous recovery plant. On a pllot scale the design has permitted throughput rates about 2% times greater than previous deslgns, with equal recovery eff lciencies.

Anderson, C. A, "Colloquium on Wool Scouring. Part 4. Wool Grease Recovery and Effluent Treatmenti3', Textile 9. Australia, LO, p, 11-14, 1965. Methods of grease recovery from aqueous wool scow liquors and solvent extraction liquors are compared.

Anderson, C. A. qsFactorsAffecting Recovery of Wax from Wool Scourfng Liquors". Textile Inst., 53, p. 401-409, 1962. In the centrifugal method for the recovery of wax from wool scourfng liquors, ylelds are usually low and experiments have therefore been earrFed out on factors affecting recovery of the wax. It was found that recovery, whrch is reduced wfth increased oxidation of the wax, is greater from the scouring of base portions of the fleece than from tip portions. More wax 1s recovered from liquors from the scourbng of lambs, locks and crutching wools than from the fleece wools. In many liquors, the larger drops in the disperse phase are not preferentially recovered by centrifuging; however, vigorous agftation, which reduces the drop size, also reduces recovery and in praetfce, care should be taken to avofd excessive pumprng and agftation of the liquors. Excessive use of soap in scourfng reduced the yield of wax; this appears to be due to alternatfons in the composition of the drops and not to any change ln srze distributions of the dbsperse phase. Storage of the l~quorswas found to have no adverse effect on wax yield, although rn some cases there is a change in the distribution of wax between the effluent and sludge phases. Anderson, 6. A. and G. F. Wood. "Investigations into the Centri- fuging of Wool-Scourlng Elquors for Wool-Grease Recovery. I. The Primary Centrifuge." JJ.Text. Pnst., 57, p. T55-T64, 1966. Centrifuges are frequently used for the recovery of grease from wool-scouring liquors, and experfments were carried out using an Alfa-Lava1 sludge-dfscharge centrifuge, type FVK4, to determine the effect of varrous factors on grease recovery. It was found that percentage recovery was independent of temp, in the range 57"-82'~. and of feed rate fn the range 1008-1400 gal./hr., but was inversely proportional to the gravlty-disk diameter. In general the centrifuge was fnefficient at settings that gave very low or very high conc. of grease in the product, the optimal conc. be~ngl5+5 %; procedure is described for adjusting the centrifuge for optizal production. Anon. "A Review of the Literature of 1963 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Controls'- CU.S. Water Pollution Control Federatron. J.- Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 36, p. 535-572, 659-711, and 791-863, 1964, In a review of ~fterzurepublfshed during 1963 on the treat. of sewage and waste waters, and on pollution, the following toplcs are discussed: methods of analysis, including determfn- ation of metals, nitrogen, oxygen, BOD, organic compounds, sulphur compounds and suspended solids; laboratory control of sewage treat.; treat. of sewage by physical and chemical methods, biological filtration, and activated-sludge process; disinfection of sewage; effects of detergents in water and sewage, and studies on degradation of detergents; sludge digestion; disposal and utllizatfon of sludge; lagoons for sewage and waste waters; re-use of sewage-works effluents; treat. of waste waters from canneries, sugar refineries, dairies, meat packing, fermentation, pharmaceutical and chemical works, coal mining and processing, metal pfckling, of 1 refineries, plating of metals, pulp and paper mills, tannerfes and textile and wool industry; methods of treat. and disposal of radioactive wastes; biology of polluted water; biological indicators of pollution, microbiology of polluted waters; pollution by chemicals; oxygen sag and self-purification; stream standards; surveys of surface waters; legislation and control of pollution; effects of pollution on water supply; and pollution of estuarine and sea water.

14. Anon, "A Review of the Literature of 1964 on Waste Water and

Water Pollution Control" '. U. S. Water Pollution Control Federation. J. Wat- Pollut. Control Fed., 37, p. 587-646, 735-799, and 887-979, 1965. In a review of literature published during 1964 on treat. of sewage and trade waste waters and on the control of water pollution, the following subjects are considered: general analytical methods; determination of organic carbon, pesticides, phenolfc compounds, organic compounds, metals, morganic anions, nitrogen compounds, and dissolved oxygen; laboratory control of sewage treat. ; biological filtration; the activated-sludge process; disinfection of sewage and water; effects of synthetic detergents and removal of detergents from waste waters; sludge digestion; disposal and utilization of sludge; lagoons; re-use of sewage effluents; composting of garbage; treat. of waste waters from canneries, starch and sugar factories, dairies, meat packing, fermentation, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, coal fndustry, metal pickling and plating, . of l fndustry, pulp and paper mills, tan- neries, and textile and wool industry; methods for treat. of radioactive waste waters and recovery of radionuclides; removal of radioact~vityfrom water and sewage; underground and marine disposal cf radioactive wastes; uptake of radioactivity by bottom deposits and aquatic organisms; measurement of radioactivity and methods for continuous monitoring; biology of polluted waters; water quality requirements for fish; biological effects of pollution by sewage, detergents, industrial waste waters, and pesticides and weedkillers; algae, fungi, and bacteria in polluted waters; methods for biological estimation of pollution; effects of radioactive pollution; microbiology and chemistry of polluted waters; the oxygen sag and self-purffication; use of stream standards; surveys of polluted waters; legislation and control of pollution; effects .of pallutwc on water supplies; pollntion of ground water and polizting effects of ground-water recharge; pollution of estuaries adsea waiter: 2nd disposal of waste waters at sea.

15. Anon. "A Simplbffzation of Textile Waste S~rveyand Treatment". ,, Hall Laboratory of

8 16, Anon, "Aerated Lagocn Handles 10-Mrliisn GPDm", Textfle World, w -116, p, 86-87, 1966. The aerated lagoon of Springs Cotton Mills"race Bleachery ss brsef ly descrsbed. Photos.

17, Anon, tLAn Hndustrlal Waste G~ideto the 0ttoT-l Textile Hndustr~"- AATCC, Eat. Stream Sanitation coma^, ar,d Nat, Tech, Task Corn, on PndustrsaP Wastes, Publ, Health Serv, pub. 677 - available from Supt. of Documents, Washington 25, D. C". This publication is intended primarily to assist the operators and managers of cotton textile processing plants to utilize, reduce and otherwise suitably dispose of their waste waters. Contents: introduction, description of process; sources; characteristics, and pollution effects of process wastes; remedial measures; the soiutfon of speclfic waste problems; summary and bibliography.

Anon, "An Ind trial Waste gide to the Synthetic Textile IndustryB3. TCC Corn. on Stream Sanitatioc Technol. Prepared ln cooperatlsn wrth the National Tech, Task Corm. on Industrial Wastes. 3. S. Publ. Health Serv., Washington, D. @. 1965. 23 pages. Pzb. So. P320, Available from Superintendent of Documents, U, - Governmerit Printing Office, Washfngton, D. C- 20402, 25$.

Anon. "2412 Industrial Waste Guide to the Wool Processing Industry". ., 44, pa 655-661, 1955. AATCC Stream Pollution Abatement Conmittee. S~marizesthe sources of pollutbon in the wool processing industry, the polluting effects of woolen-mill wastes, azd information oh the rnekhods of dealing with the waste problems of the industry. 58 references.

Anon, "Biodegradabbe Detergents: Recent Problems and Progress". Textile Mfr, pl, p, 472-4'73, 1965,

Anon, nJBlologPcal Treatment of Highly-Alkaline Textile Mill Waste-Sewage Msxture"". "4 -981 (450), 4 pages, 1955. P e on the biological treatment of a mixture of textibe manuf acture waste waters as;d sewage on percolating filters, without previous neutrakization of the high alkalinity. The waste waters, with a pM value of 10.5, were msxed with sewage in the proportion of 4 per eent waste water to 96 per cent sewage, the amount sf waste water gradually increased to 40 percent, and the mixture applied to the experimental filter at a BOD loading of 2-73 Ibs./sq. yd. Examination of the filter effluent showed a reduction xt BOD of 51. per cent, and in cobor of 42-5 per eent: the pH value was 9.1, A total reduction in BOD of 58 per cent was obtained after final sedimentation. Anon. "Bleachery Wastes Treated by Nutrients and High-Rate Filter Plant". Wastes Enq., 26, p, 452-453, 1955. A treatment plant was constructed fn 1948 at Mansfield Bleachery, Mansfield, Massachusetts, to provide treatment for the general mill wastes and the alkaline and acid process wastes that are discharged from the cotton-finishing mill. The plant is designed to treat

a maximum flow of f mgd by primary sedimentatior,, aeration, C high-rate biobogical f fltration and second sedimentation, recirculated to the aeration tank, The final effluent can be discharged to the rfver, or stored in a lagoon from which ft 1 seeps into the ground, It is necessary to add supplementary N and P to the waste waters. Sludge is dfsposed of in a lagoon.

23. Anon. 'TCMC! Kayoed Stream PollutfonKB'.Textile Hnd., a,(101, p. 161-162, 1960. At the Dan River Mihhs, Inc., Virginia, 50- 60% of the pollution load discharged to the Dan River resulted from the cotton desizing wastes, and particularly during the summer with low flows and high water temperatures, the oxygen concentration in the river was reduced below state standards. Experiments showed that the BOD of the waste waters could be reduced by .using @MC instead of starch in the sizing process, and this has now been used in full-scale operation for over a year.

24. Anon. "Color Removal from Azo Dye Works"". Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Enqrs., 84, bSA2ffi3Pap. No. 1611, 4 pages, 1958. In this report of the Sanitary Engineering Research Committee, Industrial Wastes Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the results are given of experiments on the treatment of ten typical azo dyes which are frequently used in the textile industry, with stannous chloride. The color of the dyes was completely des- troyed by heating at 212°F'. for 2 hours in the presence of a small amount of stannous chloride,

25. Anon. ""Disposal of Industrial Waste Materials". Soc. of Chem. Ind., London, 157 pages, 1957. Papers read at the conference at Sheffield University, April 17-19> 1956, with the discussions that followed. Xllustratfons, map, diagrams, and tables.

26. Anon. "Effluent Treatment at a Yorkshire Millm, Textile Weekly, 6$, (11, p. 509-510 and 533, 1964. The Flygt pumping installation descrfbed is said to be able to move water heavily laden with textile fibers and has been installed in Britain by a woolen and worsted manufacturer, dyer, and finisher. HnstaElation and running costs were found to be low. In 18 months of operation it is claimed that no repair or servfcing costs have occurred,

27, Anon. "Effluent Treatment in Dyeworks." Shirley Hnst. Intern. Dyer, 134, p, 871-873, 1965. A brief review of the work reported by the Shirley Institute in leaflets and at the open- days of the Cotton Silk & Man-Made Fibres Research Assoc. on effluent treatment studies, Anon. ""Effkuent Treatment Plants, Installation at Spinning Works in Devon." ,, 6%, p. 115, 1964. The important design and operating features of the new plant installed to treat waste waters from the scouring of woollen yarn and cloth at the works of the Buckfast Spinning Company Ltd., Devon, are described. The waste waters are discharged to a holding tank where the pH value is adjusted and the emulsion is then pumped to an autoclave where it is subjected to steam heating, pressxizing, and cracking. The discharge from the autoclave is collected in another tank, the oils, fats and greases rising to the top and being decanted, stored, and eventually reprocessed, The pH value of the remaining liquor is ad-justed before dilution with other waste waters and disckarge to the municipal sewer. Anon. "'How to Treat Textile Wastes'" Wastes Enq., -32 (11, p, 188-989, 1961. Remarks from two reports: 1) "A Sfmpliffcation of Textile Waste Survey and Treatment"', by N, England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission; otton Textile Industrya8, by Public Health Service, Factors to be considered to determine if wase treatment is necessary and which treatment is best.

Anon. *%atest Word on LOW-Cost Mrll-Waste Disposal" '. Textile World, G,(61, p. 71-75> 1960. Emphasis is on discharge of mill and dyehouse wastes into streams; suggestions are made for handlrng waste by cutting waste volume, changing process, separating wastes, building aeration system, or using bisorption system, Anon, "Mew Ion-Exchange Resins for Purifying Water". -Wool Record, 107, p. 35-36, 1965. Permutet Co., Ltd. New resins for use in anion-exchange systems for water purification are described briefly.

Anon. ""164 Textile Slashing Manual.". Auburn University, Department of Textile Technology, Auburn, Alabama, 194 pages, 1964, $5.00. Contents: Textile fibers; slashing equipment; materials for sizing; sf ze preparation, handling, and application; common siz~ngproblems.

Anon. 'I1966 Book of ASTM Standards. Part 23. Industrial Water; Atmospheric WnaLysisU", P 848 pages, 1966 (3-916 Race Street, Philadelphra, Pa., 33 $15.08), ASTM standards relating to industrial water, fndustrfal waste water, and atmospheric analysis are included.

ur Special Correspondent Reports on Water Supply and Effluentw". Effluent and Water Treat. J., 3, (1Ir p. 29, 1963. Under the effluent section a report of the conference organized by the Textile Finishing group of the Textile Institute on the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. Included are: 1, Southway - special problems in Britain. 2. A. R. h~ttle- An account of requirements of River Boards and local authorities receiving discharges into sewage system. Best place for textile effluent was in the local authority sewer although pretreatment might be necessary. Chesner and Roberts - "Effluent studies with bleaching liquorsu. 70 to 90% of BOD load from mill due to processfng chemicals and only 10 to 30% due to the fiber. Enzyme desizing followed by a caustic boil produced four times the BOD load of persulfate desizing followed by peroxide bleach. L. J. Smith - outline of plant type required for the purification of the effluent likely to be discharged from textile mills.

Anon. "Pretreatment Plane for Wool Factory Effluent; Wear and Tees River BoardtE, Enqfneer, 214, p. 601, 1962. A new technique usfng calcfum chlorfde as the reagent reduces the BOD load to about 1500 lb./day is described. In operation at Head Wr igntson rocesses Ltd., Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., and Patons and Baldwins Ltd.

Anon. "Problem of Sisal Effluent". Effluent and Water Treat. J., 3, p. 643, 1963. A new plant for separating liquid and solid sisal wastes is described.

Anon, "Proceedings of the Thfrteenth Southern Municipal and Industrial Waste Conferencerr. (April 16 and 17, 1964) Duke University, Durham, N. C. 212 pages, $5.00. Of textile interest are a symposium (an appraisal of regulatory statutes relating to control of pollution) and the following paper: "Inter- relat~onshipsAmong Water Resources, Pollution Control, and Growth of the Textile Industry in the Southeast (35 refs. ), by T. A. Alspaugh, p. 167-203.

Anon. "Proceedfngs of the 2lst Industrial Waste Conference". Parts l and 2. Sponsored by Purdue Univ, and Ind. State Board of Health. May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. P017 pages. Eng, Extension Series No. 121, $13.50. The following papers of particular interest to the textile industry are included: 1) "BiologicaB Treatment of Waste Water from Synthetic Resm ManufactureuBby K. 6. Singleton (Ciba (A,R,L,) Ltd.), p. 62-71. 2) "Mechanism of Starch Removal in Activated Sludge Process" by S. K,' Banerjf, B. B. Ewing, It. S. Engelbrecht, and R. E. Speece, p, 84-102. 3) "Sodium Hydroxide Recovery fn the Textile Industry" by @. S. Carrique and L, U. Jaurequi (Univ. of Buenos Afres], p. 861-868, 4) "Uti%fzation of Resfstant Proteins (e.g. Keratin) by Activated Sludge" by 6. J. Capestany (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle] and D. A. Carlson (Univ. of Washington), p. 943-952. 39. Anon. "'Process for Treating Water". British Patent 955,321 to " Esso Research and Engineering Company, A process is clafmed for removing water-soluble organic compounds from sewage-works effluents and trade waste waters which are free from suspended solids. High-molecular compounds, particularly low concentrations of non-biodegradable water-soluble compounds, such as synthetic detergents, are removed by foam fractionation, and low-molecular organic compounds are then removed by electro- dialysis or adsorption on activated carbon, A design is also claimed for a treatment plant incorporating an activated- sludge unit, foam-fractfonation column, and apparatus for collapse of foam by heating or agitation. Effluent from the activated-sludge tank is passed to the foam-fractionation column, or, alternatively, if foam is present in the activated- sludge tank it may be skimmed off and passed direct to the foam-collapsing apparatus. Gas is taken from the aeration tank and supplemented with air for use in foaming. Fine bubbles are used and the bubble size and acidity must be controlled carefully. The rate of gassing must be adjusted to maintain a distinct foam-liquid fnterface and a stable foam must also be maintained (by using a foam column of narrow diameter and, if necessary, adding a small amount of alkylbenzene-sulphonate to increase the foam stability of weakly surface-active contaminants). The collapsed foam can be recirculated to the foam-fractionation column to further concentrate the organic impurities which are subsequently oxidized to carbon dioxide and water at high temperature and pressure. Alternatively, organic compounds, such as phenol, could be recovered from the collapsed foam by solar evaporatfon, When used to treat secondary sewage effluents, the process removed 87 per cent of the alkylbenzenesulphonate (leaving a concentration of less than 0.1 mg. per litre) and 32 per cent of the chemical oxygen demand. The process has also been used to remove organic water-soluble dyes from textile industry waste waters.

40. Anon. "Removing Detergents from Waste Waters; New Low-Cost Methodss'. Mod. Textiles Maq,, -344 (lo$, p. 44, 1963. A new "liquid ion exchangem process developed by General Mills is described. Cook Machinery Company is to market the new system that makes possible the recovery of the reagent for continuous use. The principal chemfcals consumed are sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. This system can be adapted to many areas where removal of contaminants in discharge water is important.

41. Anon. "Review of Papers Presented at the 1965 Effluent and Water Treatment onv vent ion" , Effluent and Water Treat. J., 2, (31, p. 134-136, 1965. Reviewed are eight articles by the following persons: M. A, Kershaw, A. S. Wisdom, 6. Rhodes and & others, Pan M. Aitken, "I". G. Noble, S. E. Punt and W. J. M. Cook, l?. A, L. Northcott, and J. F. Wilkes and H. Kerst. These papers covered water controls, installations, and treatment pertaining to paper miPls, textile wastes and other water pollutants. 42. Anon. "Review of the Literature of 1964 on Waste-Water and Water Pollution Control". J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 37, p. 887-979, 1965. 43. Anon. ltReports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry". -Soc. of Chemical Industry, Vol. XLVIII, 800 pages, 1963. London. Progress in the various branches of applied chemistry is reviewed, with a comprehensive list of references appended to each chapter. The following are among the subjects considered. 1) "Sewage, Trade Wastes and River Pollution'\ J. McNicholas. p. 322-333. This review covers legislation to control pollution of surface waters and beaches, and studies on river pollution; effect of polluting materials on fish; storm sewage; percolating filters, activated-sludge process; sludge treatment; effects of synthetic detergents; treatment of trade waste waters; and instruments for the control and monitoring of sewage-treatment processes. 2) lrBiodegradability of Detergentsu. D. W. G. Dicker. p. 334-342. Current progress in the development of "biologically-soft" anionic detergent materials and the control of "hard" materials is outlined, followed by a review of work on the measurement of biological degradability and its relation to molecular structure; studies on nonionic detergents, since their relative contribution to pollution will increase as biologically-soft anionic detergents come into general use; and studies on the toxicity of surface-active agents and the removal of alkylbenzenesulphonates from waste waters. 3) microbiology of Water, Sewage and Industrial Effluentsm. L. A. Allen. p. 532-541. This chapter covers the microbiology of water, especially sewage-polluted water, and of waste-treatment process, particularly the various modifications of the activated-sludge process and the treatment of carbonization, cyanide, cellulose-manufacture and other trade waste waters. 4) "Sampling for Bacteriological Examination". B. M. Gibbs. p. 541-549. Included in this review are sampling devices and techniques for the microbiological examination of water and mud. Other chapters of the report contain information on the disinfection of water by chlorination (p. 566) or ozonation (p. 6021, deminer- alization of sea water using soluble phthalocyanine dyes to increase the rate of solar evaporation (p. 541, and the use of plastic pipes for drinking water (p. 622). 44. Anon. "Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry - 1963". -Soc. of Chemical Industry, 795 pages, 1964. Avail. from Gordon & a Breach, 150 Fifth Ave., New York 11, New York. $30.00. Contents include the following reviews: Dyestuff Intermediates and Fluorescent Brightening Agents, by M. C. Clark and E. Brunner, t p. 14-37; Dyestuffs, by C. V. Stead, p. 38-56; Synthetic Fibers (polyolefin fibers), by G. W. Taylor, p. 195-202; Synthetic Fibers (acrylic fibers), by V. Furness, p. 202-208; Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing, by 3. T. Marsh, p. 209-220; Sewage, Trade Wastes, and River Pollution, by J. McNfcholas, p. 322-333; and Biodegradability of Detergents, by D. W. 6. Dicker, p. 334-342.

Anon. "Simple Bio-Aeration Mills Strong Wastes Cheaply". Chem. Enq., 70, (11, p. 40 and 42, 1963. The prolonged aerobic stabilization process developed by R. M, Souther has now been installed at a plant at Haw River, North Carolina, to treat a mixture of textile waste waters and domestic sewage, and at several other plants in North Carolina and Georgia. The advantages of this process, which can treat strong starch desizing wastes along with dyes and other waste waters are indicated. The operation sf the process is described briefly, and a flow diagram of the plant is given. Anon. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Including Bottom Sediments and Sludgesm. Prepared and published jointly by American Public Health Assoc,, American Water Works Assoc., and Water Pollution Control Fed. 12th ed. American Public Health Assoc., Inc., 1790 Broadway, New York, New York. 10019. 1965, 769 pages. $15.00.

Anon. "Stream Pollution Reduction Program for Finishing Plant". Textile Hnd., 121, p. 41-73, 1957. Hohokus Bbeachery. A waste treatment plant and program designed for Hohokus Bleachery is described. Diagram and photographs.

Anon. "'Symposium on Waste-Disposal Problems of Southern Mills". Am. Dyestuff Reptr-, 44, (121, p. 379-400, 1966. Papers on Relation of Federal stream pollution to laws and industry; Cotton slashing with synthetic compounds as means toward pollution abatement; Bleaching and dyehouse waste studies; Textile waste treatment in Texas; Biological treatment of mixture of highly alkaline textile-mill waste and sewage; Classificatiorr of streams in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina; Pollutfon control by recovery of caustic soda.

Anon. "'Textile Effluent Treatment and DfsposaPw. Cotton Silk and Man-made Fibres Research Association, Manchester (Shirley Institute Pamphlet No. 92) 92 pages, 1966, Papers read at a conference on 17th November, 1965, are presented: '"Planning for Trade-Effluent Disposalw by P. C. G. Isaac (pp. 9-34), "'Treatment of Waste Waters from the Textile Indu~try'~by A. 3. Wheatland (pp. 35-59), "Pollution by Textile Effluents in the Mersey Basin" by C. Lumb (pp. 60-761, and usStratification in Sedimentation Tanksm9yA. W. Little (pp. 77-92).

Anon. "Textile Waste Disposal SymposiumB8. Am. Dyestuff Reptr ., -,47 (141, p. P473-B491, 1958. Papers presented on Disposal of combined textile f inishing wastes and domestic sewage; Pollution control of New England Interstate Waters.

Anon. 'The BOD of Textile Chemicals: Updated List - 1966". Am. Dyestuff Reptr,, 55, p. P685-P688, 1966. RA58 Stream 'Sanitation Technol. AATCC @oGfttee. The list qives (1) name of chemical, (21 5-day BOD, %, (3 references, (4j chemecal composition and use. 9 refs. 52. Anon. "The Second International Man-Made Fibre Symposium - 1965 in Berlin". Paserforsch. u. Textiltech., 16, (a, p. 363-371, 1965- In German. Short reports of the following papers are publf shed together: 'The polymerization of w- aminocarboxylic acid lactams" by P, Schlack; '%eaction mechanisms in polyethylene terephthalate melts" by H. Zfmmermann and others; ""Fibre formation from polypropylene and modf f ied 6 polypropylenew by F, Geleji and others; "A study of stretching processes in polypropy%eneKQy M. Jambrrch, I. Diacik, and P. Hravnak; "The influence of processing and finishing on f glass ffbre propertfes" by W. Bobeth, R. Barthel, and G. Wfedemann; "Two structural classes among man-made fibres" by N. V. Michajlov; "The paracrystalline ffbrillar structure in polyethylene which has been drawn and tempered by various methods" by R. Hosemann, F. J. Balta Celleja, and W. Wilke; "An invest igatfon of the supermolecular s tructure of man- made fibres" by A. B. Paksver and &, S. Gerasimova; "The state of solution of high polymers" by e. Wuscher; 'New studies on the solution state in cellulose solutfonsr~yJ. Schurz; "Physico-chemical studies of the supermolecular structure of high strength regenerated eelPulose fibres" by B. Philfpp and J. Baudisch; "Investigations of structural changes in cellulose during the viscose process, with the aid of deuterium exchange and infrared techniques" by G. Wlodarski; "Possible methods of structure formation in regenerated cellulose fibresw by H. Klare and others; "On the formation of viscose fibres" by VV. Beseda, M. Mozler, and F. Lauko; "Kinetic studies on the breakdown of xanthic acidsmby 2. Cichowski; "The normal solution properties of viscose with respect to ultra f iltratfon and flocculation behaviour" by A. Matthes, A. Grundling, and M, Roszberg; '"eeent trends in the development of modern cellulose chemistry" by Z. A. Rogovin; "Some results from the grafting of cellulose and cellulose derivatives with vinyl monomersu by C. Sfmfonescu; "Characterization of viscose and viscose solution" by E. Treiber; ""The origin of transverse periodic changes in inorganic, organic and synthetic fibre structures" by HH,Dolmetsch; "The chemical changes in cellulose and regenerated fibres caused by heat treatmentu by H, Sihtola and %. Nefmo; "Process water and effluent treatment in man-made fibre production unitse' by J. Kaeding; "Water and the regenerated cellulose industry" by W. Voss; "'The important properties of man-made ffbres and their test methodsw by H. Bohringer,

53. Anon. "The Somerset River Board. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Reports and Statements of the Accountsm. 72 pages, 4 plates (1st April 1962 to 3lst March 19631, 68 pages, 6 plates (1st April 1963 to 3Est March 1964). These reports contain information on water resources, fisheries, and It prevention of rfver pollution, with indivfdual consideration of the principal rivers including causes of pollution and q remedial acticn. Sewage fungus has agafn been found in various rivers in the area, particularly below the outfalls from small sewage works, a cheese factory, and a paper mill, and better maintenance of the small sewage works is recommended to produce better effluents. Mortality of fish in the river Brue was found to coincide with the occurrence of high salinity in the river resulting from infiltration of sea water at Highbrfdge. The fish died when the chloride concentration exceeded l1,000 p.p.m., and the river appeared to recover when the concentration of chloride decreased to below 7000 p.p.m. The standards applied to effluents take into account the flow and velocity of the river, the arnorint of water available for drlution, the self- purifying capacity, and the use made cf the river water down- stream of the outfall. For fully-treated sewage and trade waste waters receiving an adequate dilution of clean rfver water with sufficient purifying capacity, the standard is normally less than 20 p.p,m, BOB and 30 p.p.m. suspended matter, but where the river is slow-running and the dilution available is less than 8 times, a higher standard is required. In an attempt to determine the most suitable type and grade of medium for percolating filters treating cloth-manufacturing waste waters, the plant installed at the factory of Fox Bros., Wellington, to treat half the waste waters, includes a filter divided into four sections with three different media. In addition to detailed chemical and brologicah surveys of some non-tidal rivers in the area, a survey has been made of the tidal waters of the rlver Parrett to investigate the effects of untreated sewage and trade waste waters; in conjunction with the Water Pollution Research Laboratory measurements were made of the hydraulics of the river, the polluting load being discharged, and the chemical state of the water with particular reference to the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chloride. A large part of the tidal section of the river was found to be seriously polluted. Hydrographic surveys have also been made in connection with the location of outfalls for the proposed discharge of sewage from Burnham U.D.C. into the tidal waters of the rlver Parrett, from Nailsea New Town (Long Ashton R.D.C, $ and adjoining villages into the Bristol Channel west of Clevedon, from Portishead U,D,C, into Redc1i.f fe bay near Black Nore, and from Kewstoke (Axbridge R, DOC,1 into Woodspring bay.

54. Anon. 'Treatment of Wool Scour Effluent and the Recovery of

Wool Grease" ". -3 -S52 (25) p. P949, 1963. The basis of the -process used in the treatment of all the effluent with a solution of calcium chloride (brfne] in a suf f crent amount to precipitate the soap and sodium carbonate. This breaks the emulsion and the precipitated matter is filtered off by percoated rotary drum vacuum filters.

55. Anon. "Union abide% Biodegradable Surfactants Fight Pollution" '. Am, Textile Reptr., €30, (25) p, 60, 1966. Union CarbideDs

biodearadablea surfactants for the textile industry are discussed in relation to water pollution.

Problems" . -3 -80, p. 19, 21, and 61, 1966. (Farbenfabriken Bayer AG.] This paper reports on the treatment of raw textile waters using ion exchange resins. It considers economy of equipment installation in new or remodeled plants. Anon. "Wastes Treatment Plant for Cotton Finishing Industry, Saylesvflle, Rhode Islandw. Wastes Enq., 26, p. 397 and 414, 1955. The plant for treatment of the waste waters at a mill of the Sayles Finishing Plant, Hnc., at Saylesville, Rhode Island, has recently been greatly enlarged to treat more adequately the heavy mfll wastes, High-rate percolating filters now supplement the original low-rate percolating fllters. The extended plant consists of primary sedimentation tanks; low- rate percolating fflters, cinder filters and high-rate percolating filters; secondary sedimentation tanks; and sludge- drying beds. Maximum capacity is 3.3 m.g.d.

Anon. "Waste Water Control Symposium"", Am. Dyestuff Reptr.,

-951 (lo), p. 40 - 46, 1962. I. Factors causing pollution of rivers by wastes from the textile industry. 11, The feasibility of treating textile wastes in connection with domestic sewage. PHI, Problems of textfle chemical wastes. IV. Waste water control and water conservation,

Anon. "Waste Waters from the Washing of WoolLe. Bull. Mens. Centre Belge et Document. Eaux, (713 p. 432-434, 1956. In connection with the recent Commission dealing with the purffication of the River Vesdre, Belgium, and the problems of lanolin in this river, a brief summary is gfven of work on similar problems in New England and details are gfven of the method of treating wool scouring waste waters.

Anon. "Water and Effluents", Intern. Dyer, P, 916-917, 1966. Summaries are gfven of the following papers presented at a half-day symposium by the London Region of the Soc. of Dyers & Colourists on Nov. 4, 1966: (1) Water for the dyehouse, by T. H. Morton; (21 Water usage in rinsing, by G. J. Parish; (3) Surface-active agents fn processes and effluents, by W, V. Barnes and S, Dobson; and (41 Treatment of effluents, by A. H. Little.

Anon. "Water and Wastes System for an Ynstant factory"'. Wat. Sewage hTks., 111, p. 186-190, 1964. The new textile finishing plant of Pacolet Industries near Blacksburg, S. C., uses water from Buffalo Creek, a tributary of Broad River. A low diversion dam has been built at the fntake'pofnt and water passes to a 1.5-ml gal. storage tank. Water for emergency supply is stored in an artificial lake, enclosed by an earth dam, which receives storm drainage from the site. caustic chemicals are recirculated and concentrated before treatment. Industrial and sanitary wastes are treated separately In lagoons and effluent is dfscharged by a diffusing pipe to Broad RfLer.

Anon. "Water Pollut~on"". Lab. Essais Chambre Cornrn. Maqamet. 2, p. 16-22 1965. (In French) Results are reported from a simple installation of two decanting tanks for treating effluent in a Mazamet dewoolfng plant where water is supplied from a stream that is also the outlet for effluent. Anon. 'Water Pollution and Water Purification". Business and Defense Services Admfn. U. S. Department of Commerce O,T,S. selective bibliography SBC Series 30, 498, 1%pages, July 1962. Includes radioactfvfty contamination.

Anon. "Water, Waste Water, and Heat in Industry" '. Ciba Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 71 pages (In German) 24 report is given of papers and discussions at a CIBA conference held in Zurich in June, 1961. Subjects dealt with included the collection, composition and treatment of different types of water supply wfth special reference to the requirements of the textfle industry, and the composition and methods of treatment of waste waters from the various processes of the textfle industry. The report is illustrated wfth photographs, plans and diagrams of water supply plant and treatment plant for water waste. Anon. "Wool Scour Effluent Treatment and Wool Grease Recovery" . Woob Record, 106, p. 24 and 26, 1964, Brief details are given of the use of calcium chloride to break down wool scouring wastes in a British plant.

Asendorf, Erich. a'Purification of Industrial Wastes" '. Chemiker-Ztq., __,90 (161, p, 573-578, $966. (In ~erman) Thumbnail descriptions of processes for the foll~wingwastes are given: aldehydes, acetonitrile, acrylionftribe, amines, bisulfite, H S, HCN, chromic acid, tanning wastes, fibrous 2 materials, F compounds, carbon dust, dairy wastes, oil and petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, phenols, starch manufg., acids, metal ions, textiles? clay, and sugar.

Askew, M. W. "Plastics in Waste Treatment"". Process Biochem., Ls p. 483-486 and 492, 1966; 2, p. 31-34, 1967, The author dfscusses the standards for trade effluent imposed and expected fn Europe, Canada and U,S,A, As a result of these higher standards new methods of treatment have been devised using polyvinyl chlorfde corrugated-sheeting units which can be used in place of establnshed biological filtration media, where cost, space and technical problems make the use of activated-sludge tanks and other conventional methods impracticable. The characteristics of Flocor medium and its advantages over conventfonal filter media are described and examples are given of its use to treat waste waters from distfllerfes, breweries, fruit and vegetable processing, and textfle plants.

Aston, R, S. "Zinc Recovery from Viscose Rayon Effluent". -Ont. Hnd. Waste Conf ., Proc. No. 13, p* 215-230, 1966. The recovery of Zn, in the form of ZnSO by ion exchange was successfully applied to the treatment of'effluent liquors from a viscose rayon plant. The resin used was Permutit Q, a cation exchanger of the sulfonated polystyrene type, operating in the H cycle and regenerated with H2SQ4 The process is more effective than an evapn. process in reducfng the Zn pollution content, since large vols. contg. a low concn. may be treated. The tech. and economic feasibility is enhanced at plants that produce different types of viscose yarn. At the Cornwall plant of Courtaulds (Canada) Ltd,, the Zn discharge to the river was reduced by 80%.

Baetsle, R. "Study of Dyeworks Waste Watersn. Bull. Mens. Centre Belqe et Document., Eaux, (27 3 P- 16-29, 1955. French) Taking two examples of dye works associated with the cotton industry, results are shown in tables of physical and chemical analyses of water supply and waste waters in each case. The effects of discharge of waste waters on the receiving rivers are also illustrated by means of tables and possible methods of treatments are discussed.

Ballnus, Willi. l'Chemfcal Purification of Various Industrial

Waste Waters" ". Wasser Luft Betr,, 8, p. 201-204, 1964. (In German) Pptn. processes are described for the treatment of waste water from a paper and ceramic-producing industry and a textile plant. Good purification was obtained in the 1st case with A1 (SO l3 and activated SiO . Usable results were obtained wit4 ~e40in combination wigh Ca (OH) and with A12 (SO4I3 in the treagment of textile waste water. A so-called "waste water purification sulfate" gave the same result as A1 (SO ) but the usefulness of this product has not been co&p~e$e?~tested. Costs of chemicals for the individual pptn. processes are given.

Banerji, S. K., B. B. Ewing, R. S. Englebrecht, and R. E. Speece. "Mechanism of Starch Removal in the Activated Sludge Process". J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 40, p. 16-29, 1968. A laboratory experiment on the removal of colloidal wastes from wastewater (e-g., starch from textile desizing processes) is reported. An explanation of the mechanisms involved in removal of potato starch by activated sludge is offered.

Banerji, S. K., B. B. Ewing, R. S. Englebrecht, and R. E.

S~eece.& "Kinetics of Removal of Starch in Activated Sludge Systems"'. 5. Water Pollution Control Eed., 40, (21, Part 1, p. 161-173, 1968. A laboratory-scale study of the kinetics of starch removal in activated sludge systems revealed that first-order kinetics prevail during the initial aeration period, with the removal-rate constant dependent on food-to- microorganism ratio rather than on initial sludge concentration- Removal of total chemical oxygen demand follows zero-order kinetics and depends on initial mixed liquor suspended solids. The effect of temperature on both removal rates is significant. In aerobic systems, further breakdown of starch breakdown products occurs inside microbial cells. Anaerobiosfs has no effect on starch degradation under good mixing conditfons, but greatly retards total-COD and total-carbohydrate removals. 15 references.

Barlow, W. D, "Practical Aspects of the Design of Waste Stabilization Pondsu". Proe. 9th sth. munic. industr. Waste Conf ., p. 65-74, 1960. Lagoons can be designed to provide complete treatment for any waste water, domestic and/or industrial, provided it contains the necessary nutrients and is free from substances which are toxic to bacteria or algae. The author discusses the basic process6s involved; factors affecting the design and operation of the lagoon particularly under condit~onsIn North and South Carolina 1 ; performance of the lagoon, including methods of measurement; and precautions to be taken to avoid health hazards, pollution and other nuisance problems. In discussion, reference was made to lagoons used for treating mixed waste waters containing 70-80 per cent of textfke finishing waste waters and 20-30 per cent of domestic sewage, and especially to the problems encountered which appear to be caused by toxic metals in the waste water.

Barnes, W. V. and S. Dobson. ""Sfifactants in Textile Processes

and Their Effect on Effluents". 3 -383 p. 313-319, 1967, Various types of surfactants and their applications in textile processing are reviewed, Biodegrad- ability of the agents and their subsequent influence on effluents, waste treatment, and water pollution are discussed. 12 references.

Barnes, W. V. and S, Dobson. "'Swface-Active Agents in Textile Processes and Their Effect on Effluentsm, Colourists, -983 (81, p. 313-320, 196'7, Various types of surface-active agents and their applications in textile processing are reviewed, particular consideration being given, fn the choice of a product for a specific application, to factors such as the biodegradability of the agent and its subsequent fnf Puence on effluents, waste treatment, and water pollution.

Barnhart, E L. "Determination of the Degradabi Eity of Synthetic Detergents'" Wastes Enq,, -34, p. 646-648, 1963. Sufficient laboratory tests can be performed to define the degradabilfty of synthetic detergents. These tests may be used to determine the overall effect of the syndets on the treatment plants and the receiving streams, From such studies statestical data can be obtained and fnterpolatfon to a wide range of condftmns is possible,

Beak, T, W. '~iologfealMeasurement of Water Pollution", , 60, p= 39-43, 1964. Some of the attempts to quantify biological measures of stream pollution are described.

Beaumont, R, H, ""Finishing Chemicals for Knit Goods: Should They Really Be Biodegradable?" -3 a54

p. P667-P668, -1 1965,

Beaumont, R, R. "Knit Goods Finishers and Biodegradable Detergents", 02 -9 85 (l0), p, 39, 1965. If waste goes through a treatment system, the new detergents are desirable; if not, it may be better to keep biodegradability to a mlnimum,

b ekher, It, M., et aP. "Adsorptrve Removal of Aromatic Compounds From The Waste Waters of Aniline Dye Works3c". Ukrain. Mhim, Zhur., 27, p. 268-273, $961. (In ~ussian) An absorption method P for treating aniline dye manufacture waste waters with activated C (KAD) is described in which the mononitro-derivative of benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, phenol, and cresol, dinitrochloro-benzene,p-nitrophenol and 2,4,5 trichlorophenol are removed, Methods for regenerating the charcoal and separating the contaminants are discussed briefly and the adsorption capacity and required period of contact for each material are quoted, with details of results achieved,

13. ' Benninga, B. ""BioEogicai Oxygen Demand (BQD) of Starch and Starch Derivatives'" Es920, [I), p. 15-28, 1961. (In Dutch) It is shown that the BOD of starch products in textile effluents depends to a great extent upon the degree of chemical modif ication to which the products were sub jected. Etherification reduces the BOD of the starch derivatives.

14. Bernhard, P. 'Water in Textile Processing", Can. Textile J., 82, p. 45-52, 1965. Water resources, wlth particular reference to their characteristics and avahlability for textile processing operations, are discussed under the following headings: Water resources, qualitative requirements, characteristics of various water resources, water impurities, water economy (in textile plants), economic water distribution in textile plants and pollution. 5 references.

15. Biggs, A. 1. ""Biologicab Treatment of Text~leEffluents8'. Chem. Ind., 37, p. 1536-1538, 1967. A discussion is given of the treatment of wastes from the textile industry. A large number of factories were located to make use of available water supplies and in many cases are still distant from any large urban conurbation. To offset these dlf ficulties the factories concerned. have to undertake the very considerable cost of installing their own biol. treatment plant or become a major contributor to the capital cost of building a new sewage works. In the l~ghtof the present knowledge on the economics of biol. treatment the consequences to the textile industry are depressing.

16. Black, H. H. ""Treatment of Industrial Waste Waters in the United States"". BuE~. Mens, Centre Belge et Document, Eaux, 34, p. 246-262, 1956. Descriptions are given of the treatment in the U,S.A, of waste waters from oil refineries, motor car manufacture, milk trade, food processing, . textile industry, . . . Elow dnagrams and photographs of some of the plants are given. 6

17. Black, Eayse H. and Earl Devendorf. m"lindus-krial Pollution of International Boundary Waters Along the Niagara Frontier". Sewaqe and Indust. wastes, 26, p. E259-1285, 1954. Sources and types of pollution from the areas highly concentrated . industries are described in relation to the uses of the boundary waters, Despite tremendous flows in the rivers, there 1s a marked tendency in the upper Niagara River for

0 sewage and industrial wastes to follow and remain along the shore.

18. Blakebrough, N. nnBioS_ogicalTreatment of Industrial Effluents". Intern. Dyer, 135, p. 909 and 911, 1966. The Lubeck process i s described. Bloodgood, D. E., ed. "'Proceedings of the Eighteenth Industrial Waste Conference". Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., 774 pages, Engineering Extension Series No. 115, May 1964. $10-00. Texts are gfven of 60 papers presented at the conference. Included are the following: ""Hdustrial Wastes from Scouring Rug Wools and the Removal of Dieldrin" by ItW.D. Wilray, p. 413-417; and "Dew Surfpac Pilot Study on Textile Waste" by D. W. Snyder, p. 476-482.

Bloodgood, D. E., ed. ""Proceedincrs of the Nineteenth Industrial waste ~onference. Parts 1 and 5". Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., 1084 pages, Engineering Extension Series No. 117, 1964. $10.00. Texts are given of 78 papers presented at the conference. Included is "Treatment Studies of Combined Textile and Domestec Wastes" by D. T. kaurfa and @. A. WilPis (0"rfen & @ere), p. 45-58.

Bloodgood, Don E, "Treatment of Industrial Wastes in the United States". Inst. Sewage Purif. J. Proc,, p, 359-367, 1958. A review of some current developments,

Bogatyrev, O., and Rothschein, S, "Toxic Properties of Waste Waters from the Manufacture of Viscose"'. Chem. Zbl., 2, p. 1183, 1958. The results are gfven of experiments on the toxicity to fish, other water animals, and bacteria of water containing sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, and zinc. It 1s concluded that to prevent toxic effects of waste waters from the production of viscose fibre, very high dilutions, in most cases higher than are available, are necessary, Even with re-use of water, mechanical and chemical treatment of the waste waters fs necessary in many cases.

Booman, K. A., J. I3upr&, and E. S. Lashan, "Biodegradable Surfactants for the Textile Industryi'. Am. Dyestuff Reptr.,

-956 (31, p. P82-P88, 1967. Important biodegradability test methods are evaluated and the results obtained fn these laboratory tests wfth various surfactants are reviewed. The degradability of linear alkyl aryl sulphonates has been studied extensively and tests developed. Where data are available field and laboratory results are correlated.

Bogren, G. G. "Disposal of Combined Textile Finishing Wastes and Domestic Sewage". -9 -47, p. 6473-~475, 1958. Five yearso experience at Sayles Finishing Plants indicates that cotton-finishing wastes having a pH in excess of 10.5 may be treated on trfckling filters with a small admixture of domestic sewage, wfth BOD reductions averaging 50 to 60 per cent. Neutralization of wastes will enable the same trickling filters to reduce BOD 60 to 80 per cent, Mixtures of cotton ffnfshmg wastes with a small percentage of domestic sewage show a very small BOD fn one day, compared with domestic sewage, 3 references. I Borovickova, A., and V. Zahradka. "'Methodology of the Orientation Test for the Amenability of Waste Waters to Purification by the Activated-Sludge Process". Sb. Vysoke Skoly Chem-Technol. v Praze, Technol. Vod., 8, (1) p. 393- 416, 1964. After a comparative review of methods for assessing the effects of trade waste waters (or their toxic constituents) on the aerobic micro-organ1 sms involved in the treatment of municipal sewage by the activated-sludge process, the authors describe and explain a direct manometric method developed at the Hydraulic Research Institute, Prague, and based on determination of the oxygen demand in the given substrate using an apparatus of the Warburg-respirometer type. The method and formulae used for calculating the results are explained and experiments wfth synthetic waste waters are reported including graphical results showing the effect of copper and hexavalent chromium on the BOD curve for synthetic municipal sewage and the effects of cyanlde on the curve for phenolic waste waters. Further studies were also made with cotton-dyeing waste waters and with a mmfxture of municipal sewage and spent sulphite liquor. In all cases results were con£irmed by tests In a laboratory-scale activated-sludge plant. It was concluded that the manometric method gives reproducible biochemical results and indicates objectively the toxicity of the test material towards the aerobic micro- organisms.

Bovy, R. "Waste in Waters from Wool Washing'l. Proc. Intern. Conqr, PRO AQUA 1961 in Basle, p. 108-115, 1963 (In German with English Summary) Experiments are reported on methods for the removal of grease and suspended solfds, from waste waters produced in wool scouring with non-ionic detergents, before discharge to a sewage works or water course. The quantfty of water used in wool washing and its effect on waste treatment are also considered.

Brannock, P. "Water Pollution and Waste Control in the Textile Industry". Textile Forum, 2, p. 10-13 (Dee. 1967-Jan. 1968)- The treatment and disposal of textile effluents in North Carolina are briefly surveyed under the following headings: Evaluation of the pollution problem; Sources and types of textile process wastes; Characteristics and effects of pollution; Determination of a course of action; and Reduction of wastes by fn-plant process control. 5 references.

Breitig, Gottfried, Wolfgang Christ, etc, ""Literature Survey on the Present State of the Chemistry and Biology of Drinking, Industrial and Waste Waterv, Wasserwfrtschaft Wassertechnfk,

-2, p. 179-182, 220-226, 276-279, 318-321, and 364-368, 1959. A review wfth many references,

Brown, J. L., Jr. ""Bleachery and Dyehouse Waste Studies"'. Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 3,p. P385-P386,1955. A two-year study of the waste produced in the bleachery and dyehouse has been completed. Pilot plant operation is planned to determine the most economical treatment and design factors for construction purposes. The principles involved, based on analysis of the lab studies, will be: 1) Segregation of the waste into 3 components; 2) storage of 2 of these components; 3) blending of the 3 components and domestfc sewage in proportions that are suitable for bfologfcal treatment. The results of the two year study and the theoretfcal pilot-plant operation are discussed.

Brown, John 14. "'Combined Treatment of Textfke Waste and

Domestfc Sewage" '. Broc. Southern Munfc. Hnd. Waste Conf., p. 179-186, 1957, A description of steps taken by Cannon Mills 60. to treat plant waste to comply with state stream pollution laws. Their treatment plant consists of the following units: a storage lagoon for caustic waste, primary settling tanks, two-stage trf ckling filters, secondary settling tanks, a @lcontact tank, and sludge digestors. The combined waste being treated through the plant is about 60% textile waste and 40% domestic sewage,

Brown, J, L. "Textile Waste Treatment: What to do About It". Am. Soc. of Mech. Enqrs. Paper No, 60-Tex.-2. This paper discusses the textile-waste problem of the author" company and the methods employed to arrive at a solution. A brief descriptfon is given of the waste treatment facilfties and modffications that have been made fn the plant since its comple tion.

Brown, J. L. 'Waste Treatment at Cannon Millsu ". Textile Inds., -124, p. 78-81, 1960. The disposal of domestfc sewage from the mills and mill village, as well as certafn textile processing wastes-from the wet processing plant and slasher rooms, is described.

Brown, J. L. "Waste-Treatment Experience Reported". Southern Power and Ind., 79, (11, p. l8-20 and 44, 1961. For treatment of a textf le-mill effluent, existing meehods were too expensive and didn" solve the problem. The main fndustrial contaminants were starch and other components from the desizing operatfon, and a 3% NaOH solution from the cleaning operatfon. Other plant effluents contributed little to the contamination. A biological puriffcation system was already in use on the domestic sewage from the plant. It was found desirable to take the effluents from the desizing operation and the alkaline liquors separate to the treatment plant. Much of the starch was separated out in the primary clarifier, domestic sewage was treated in a similar unit, and the two effluents were mixed. Thewash effluent was stored for about a week in large tanks, and then allowed to flow at a regular rate into the domestic sewage so as to give a pH of 11.4. It was not desirable to add this alkalfne solution directly into the starch waste, as some of the starch was converted into solvent form. The effluent from the clarifier was then treated in 1st and 2nd stage filters. Separate digesters are provided for the sludge from the primary and secondary filters. Digestion of the primary filter sludge is very rapid owing to the high starch content. This plant removes 96-98% of the settleable solids; the BOD of approximately 1400-1600 was reduced by 81.2% in January and 98.3% in August. Brown, P. "Effects of Trade Effluents on Activated Sludge Treat- ment and Observations Upon- Residual Impurities- in Effluentsn. art 3, p. 267-271, 1963. Laboratory-scale studies of the effects of textile fin1shing process effluents (eontainxng starch) and other trade effluents are reported,

Bruk, E. S ., X. V. Klimkma, and. V,, A. Savelova. "Permissible Concentration of Hexamethylene Diamine Adfpate in Water Bodies".

Bubnoba, E. A, "'Size Substitutes"". Tekstil. Prom., 15, (12), p. 49-50, 1955. CMC, Ka alginate, pectin, and hide glue (1) can be considered as subs%itutes for starch in sizing. The dissolving time of I is six times shorter than that of gelatins in preparation of sizing; a size containing I 4.5, 40% soap 8 and glycerol 5% yield yarn of the same quality as in the case of gelatin size.

Burford, Berger, and Masselli. "Textile Wastes - A Review. 1936 - 1950". A sumnary of the literature concerning textile water use and waste disposal publashed from 1936 to 1958,

Busch, R. W. "BfochemfcaB Oxidation of Process Waste Water" ', Chem. Enq., -72, p. 91-76, 1965. Bio%ogical oxidation of industrial wastes in explained methods are compared and design factors are dfscussed. 16 references,

Buswell, A. M., Gaffney, P, E., and W. Ingols . "Anaerobic Digestion Treats Cotton Mill De-Size Wastesa\ Wastes Enq,, 33, (81, p. 482-4014, 1963. Study to determine digestibility of segregated de-size waste under anaerobic conditions; laboratory investfgatron of maxlmun feaslble loading of de-size starch in anaerobic d~gester;studies indicate that digestion is most economical method for BOD reduction of starch wastes in textile mills.

Buswell, A. M. and Mueller, ii. F. ""Treatment of Wool Wastes". roc .-11th Industr. waste conf., Purdue Univ:, Eng. Extn. Ser. No. 91, p. 160-165, $956. In the scourmg of raw wool wfth soap and alkali to remove foreign matter, the waste waters have an extremely high BOD and are very polluting, The usual method of treatment involves addition of H2S04 and sedimentatron to remove grease and sludge, but the sedimentation tank ef flaewt stiEL requires dilution before discharge to the sewers. Wool grease consists of the sufnt and fat (largely lanolin), Experiments were carrfed out wfth unprocessed wool and local sewage and the results showed many advantages.

Byrd, J. F. and J. H. Walter, "Joint Municipal-Industrial Treatment of Combined Wastes" . ., 60, p, 44- 48, 1964. The advantages and requirements of corrbined treatment are outlined, EO references.

1. Carrique, Carlos S., and Luis U. Jauresui,- "Sodium Hvdroxide Recovery in the Textile Industryug, Ext. Ser. KO. 121, p, 861-868, 6966. The NaOH recovery comprises a holding tank with perforated-pipe aerators connected to an air compressor-which allows-the mixing and equalizaticn of the waste in quantity varying between 60 to 120mm3/hr. with an average of 100me3/hr, and also reducing very effectively the high var~ationthat the raw flow has in color, therefore making this treatment easier, The alum dosifiers are of the dry volumetric type, The waste equalization in the holding tank permits the influent to the treatment to keep an adequate aLky. so as not to require pre- alkalinization. The sludge sepd. in the settling tank is drawn by gravity to drying beds, the drain system of which returns the unfiltered Iiq~idsinto the holding tank. Industrial wastes In the Castelar Textile Mill are discharged through a collecting system completely sepd. from the sewage and storm collector drains, The industrfal system collects the wastes of all the wetted processes of the mill. The requirements for discharge into storm drains are given.

Cerney, A. "Waste Waters of the Textile Industry"". Verlaq f. , 10 pages, 1956. fibers, the waste waters produced, and their treatment are described. The effect of local conditions on the type of treatment are described. The effect of local conditions on the type of treatment plant required, and the necessity for retention tanks and controlled discharge are explained. At a weaving plant, waste waters were settled, mixed, ar?d stored for regulated discharge over 24 hours; when the stream was low waste waters containing sodiurc sulf~tewere treated with ferrous sulfate for removal of sulfur; exceptionally dark dye baths were coagulated wbth aluminum sulfate. At a cotton weaving and dyeing plant using a ground water supply, mercerizing waste waters were treated by sedimentation and filtration and discharged to a seepage shaft 120 m. from the well.

3. Cerney, A. "'Waste Waters of the Textile Industry"". Lit. Ber. Wass. Abwass,, Luft a, Boden, '7, p. 219-220, 1958. The preparation of nat~raland artiffcral fibers, the waste waters produced, and their treatment are described. The ef feet of local scnditfons on the type of treatment plant . required, and the necess~tyfor retention tanks and controlbed discharge are explained, At a weaving mill with dye works and finishing plank, waste waters were settled, mixed, and stored for regulated dlseharge over 24 hrs; when the stream was low, waste waters containing Ba2S were treated with FeS04 for removal of S; exceptionally dark dye baths were coagulated with A12(S04)3. At a cotton weaving and dyeing plant using a ground-water supply, mercerizing waste waters were treated by sedimentation and filtration and discharged to a seepage shaft 120 m, from the well. Phenolic tastes were caused in the water by a precipitation used for mercerizing and persisted for almost a year after use of the precipitation had been stopped. Chamberlain, N. S. '%pplication of Chlorine and Treatment of

Textile Wastesm'. Proc. Southern Munic. Ind. Waste Conf., 3rd, Raleiqh, N. C. p. 176-189, 1954. Additfon of coagulants is the pEeferred method for treating textile wastes. The mechanical and chemical factors of coagulation are discussed, Chlorine can be added directly to copperas ahead of coagulation, directly to the waste during coagulation, and as a polish treatment after coagulation.

Chandler, E. C. "Wool Grease Recovery from Scouring Effluentem (BP to Head Wrightson & Co., ~td).964 430, July 22, 1964. The effluent liquor is reacted wfth calcium chloride to cause precipitation, f fltered by means of a rotary vacuum filter, and extracted wfth solvent to recover the grease.

Chesner, L. and F. Fa. Roberts, "'Some Effluent Studies with Bleaching Liquorsm". Textile Inst. and Ind,, L, p, 10-12, 1963. A comparitive study of the pollutional character and purification of reducing kier liquors derived from the caustic kier boiling psacess and the oxidizing kier liquors derived from a bleaching process using H202 is presented.

Chipperfield, P. N. J. ""Peuformance of Plastic Filter Media in Industrial and Domestic Waste Treatmentu". J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 39, p. 1860-1874, 1963. In Great Britain, a plastic medium for packing trickling filters has been developed and tested with domestic and industrial wastes, including textile dyeing and finishing wastes, The medium (Flocor), consisting of alternate plain and corrugated sheets of polyvinyl chloride, is said to be inexpensive and efficient.

Clare, Herbert C. Water Quality Problems in the Columbia River

Basinm", -3 s85 (SA31, p. 1-34, 1959. Problems of water quality in the Columbia River Basin are caused by discharge of sewage and industrial wastes, return flow irrigation water and improper watershed practices. Radio- activity and other chemical components of the water are tabulated.

Clark, E. W., and 6. I?, Kitchen, "'Treatment of Wool Scouring Liquors"", (BP to Woolcorribers Ltd., and Westbrook Lanolin Co.) 1 029 114, May El, 196%. The invention covers a method for removing detergents from %he waste liquor to facf lftate recovery of wool grease and produce a purer effluent for disposal in public sewage systems.

Clough, 6. F. G., and J. W..Abson. ""Application of the Activated Sludge Process to the Treatment of Industrial Wastes" Effluent Water Treat. J., 5, (21, p. 64-70 and (5) p. 267-272, 1965. The article describes the activated sludge process, organfsms involved, a table showing the strength of various effluents amenable to the activated sludge process including type of waste, main pol$utants, BOD five days, P,V. four hours, and C.O,D. This table includes carbohydrates, soap, and chemicals related to the textile industry. 11. Cohn, M, M. $The Nation% Water Pollution Problem: Detergentss Rolea\ J. Am, 011 Chemists Soc., 40, (ll)p. 645-648, 1963.

12. Cook. L. B. ""Textile Wastes". Proc. Soc, West Pa., p, 49-51> 1954, An outline is glven of the processes carried out in cotton-finishing plants and of the characteristics and volune of waste water produced. Practices which would lead to the reduction fn volume of wastes and in their polluting gature are described. These include the installation of steel equipment and the use of hot water for bleaching processes in place of wooden wash-boxes and large volumes of cold water; the use of control valves to shut off water supplies when cloth travel is stopped; reduction of the BOD load of waste waters by the substitution of synthetic detergents for soaps or mineral acids or acid salts for acetic acid, and of @Me for starch; elimination of toxic chromium from the wastes by the use of agents other than sodium chromate for oxidizing vat dyes: the recovery of caustic soda used in the mercerizing process where practrcable; and the segregation of the more highly polluting waste waters from those which can be discharged to a stream without treatment. A method for the treatment of cotton-finishing waste waters is outlined which consists of storage in a Lagoon or retention tank for the purpose of balancing the wastes and ageing during which period a reduction in the BOD frequently occurs, followed by coagulation and sedimentatron, Application of the settled effluent, fortified by N and I", to percolating filters, has proved satisfactory on a pilot scale to effect a further reduction in BOD where primary treatment has not yielded an effluent suitable for discharge to surface waters,

13. Cook, N. E. "The Prevention of Water Pollution with Special Reference to Some Aspects of the Textile Industry"". E. Textile J., 81, p. 39-44, 1964. The foblowing are discussed: water purity standards, the nature of water-borne waste from a textile mill, methods of rendering these water wastes innocuous, control measures to prevent pollution, and pollution control measures at a polyester fiber producing plant. 11 references, H. 14, Culver, R. "Pilot-Plant- Treatment in Sewage-Textile Waste Mixtures". -3 45, p, 227-248, 195%. The North Buffalo sewage works of Greensboro, N. C., was designed as a conventional activated-sludge plant to treat 6.5 m.g,d, of mixed sewage and textile waste waters; chemical coagulating was aaso provided. As a result of a gradual increase in the volume of the textile waste waters, the plant became overloaded and since 1941 has operated as a chemncal precipitation plant only. The total volume received at the plant is abo~tll rr,.g.d,, of which about 40 per cent is textile waste. Before designing a new treatment plant, pilot-plant studies were carried out on treatment of the mixed sewage and waste waters by various biologfcal methods; some of the results of those experiments are described. It was concluded than an effluent with a BOD of about 50 mg/l. could be obtained by two-stage biological treatment lf the pH value of the influent was reduced to less than 9.5; this can be achieved satisfactorily by treatment with flue gas. First- stage biological treatment on a percolating filter operating with recirculation stabilizes the system and prevents shock loads affecting the subsequent activated-sludge process. The suspended solids in the mixed liquor from the activated-sludge units settle only slowly and coagulation before final sedimentation is necessary to give a well-clarified effluent. About 80 per cent of the indigo dye in the waste waters is adsorbed on the biological flocs during treatment. The amount of sludge produced is too small to be used as a source of gas for power production, and it is suggested that the process be operated so as to produce a minimum quantity of sludge and thus reduce sludge handling. David, J. and P. Roy, @%omeMeasurements of Toxicity of Tannery and Textile Wastes and Their Components to Fish by Bio-Assays". Indian J. Ffsh., Z, p. 423-442, 1960. During a study of pollution in the river Ganga at Kanpur, the toxicity of various tannery and textile waste waters were investigated by blo-assay techniques, using minor carp and cat fish as the test fish. Results are tabulated showing the physical and chemical characteristics of the fndlvidual waste waters (... and three textile waste waters, namely kier, dye, and bleach liquors) and the percentage of survfval and medfan tolerance limits for the test fish at dffferent concentrations of waste waters. The observed behavior of the f~shis also summarized. The results are analyzed statistically and discussed in relation to the composftfon of the waste waters. It is concluded that ... kier liquor is harmless above 19-25 times dilution and dye liquor is less harmless than kier liquor; but bleach liquor is very toxic owing to the presence of chlorine and was the only liquor which in minute concentration proved fatal to fish.

Dean, B. T. "The Design and Operation of a Deep-Well Disposal System (For Nylon Manufacturfng Wastes) 'I. J. Water Pollution Control Fed., -937 (21, p. 245-254, 1965. A report of the operation of a deep injection well for the dlsposal of aqueous process wastes from nylon manufacture is given. Reasons for the choice of this disposal method are discussed and detafls of the preliminary geological survey are given. The method is described as extremely satisfactory because of its simplicity, finality, and economy.

Deighton, K. A. "The Treatment of Kier Liquor in Admixture With Sewage'" Water Pollution Control, 66, (51, p. 484-491, 1967. It has been established that Greenfield (Eancaster- shire) sewage containing kier liquor and other trade effluents can be successfully purified by two-stage treatment using a partial-treatment activated-sludge plant followed by biological filtration. While no set of conditions ensured a 30:20 effluent at all times, departures from this were generally slight. On average, durmg the later stage of the experiment, effluents were withfn the 30~20standard.

Demina, A. T. and T. R. Shmulyann. 'lSimultaneous Purificatfon of Waste Water from Wool Washing and Municipal SewageK'

3 (21, p. 22-44, 1959. Sewage from washfng thin and semi-thin wool contains about 140 kg. of fat, and shows a 180-240 kg. five- day BOD. The content of sewage from 200-250 kg. wool fn 1000 cu. m/sq.m./hr. The amount of sewage from wool washfng added to municipal sewers is controlled according to BOD/~~X. 500 mg/l. The fat content is more signiffcant, and 120 mg./e may render purification difficult.

Dickerson, B. W. BtASolution of the Cotton Sizfnq Wastes Problem"'. Industr: Wastes, 1, p. 10-18, 1955. The BOD loads from cotton dyeing and finishing plants vary from 3000 to 30,000 lb/day and waste flows range from 2 mgd to 15 mgd, depending upon the mill's size, The major source of BOD from the plant comes from corn starch used in cotton" pprocessmg, and later washed away with hot water. Thrs waste water may be treated either by chemical precipitation or by bioEogical oxidation usmg a conbination of percolating filters and actrvated sludge. Studies were made on methods of reducing the strength of the desizing waste waters, by using a compound with a low BOD in place of starch. Experiments were made to determine comparable strengths of starch and CMC. It was found that CMC had a five-day BOD value of 11, whilst the five-day BOD of starch was 812. Also, the CMGdoesnY require an enzyme for desfzing and needs only 1/22 of the wash water. Studies were made at a mill to check on the lab results. Pilot-plant studies were made using percolating filters one unit being fed a mixture of sewage, one a mixture of CMC in sewage, and one a mixture of starch in sewage. As a result of these studies, it has been found that the use of a mixture with 65% starch and 35% CMC in place of starch alone, although being costly in the first instance, gives an appreciable decrease in cost of waste water treatment, while the cotton produced by this method s equal to or better than the previous product. Where over-all. reductions of BOD value of 30-40% are required, the use of the starch-GMC mixture may result in the elimination of any treatment plant.

6. Dickerson, B. W. "Unique Treatment System for Chemical Cotton n Wastes'" Proc. Ind. Water Waste Conf ., 5th, Dallas, p, 397- 427, 1965. Three methods of handling wastes from the processing of cotton linters have been investigated: evaporation, burning, and recaustizatfon for recovery of caustic soda; the Zimmermann process; and biological oxidation. The last method appeared to be the most feasible and details of its development through semi- and full pilot-plant stages to the design of full-scale plant are given,

7. Dietrfch, K. W. "Simplified Chemclal Treatment of Waste Water From Text11e Factories with Clarifymg, Flocculatrng, and

Precipitating Agents" ". Text,-Prax., 22, (21, p. 126-1227, 1967. (In German] ~fxt~ectrolytescontaining ~13+, Fe3+, Fef+, s14+, and caf+ are more effective flocculating agents than those containing only Fe3+ cations. Applied to textile plant sewage at 40 mg./l,, the mixtures drastically reduce the organic matter, ppt, or absorb dyes and P compounds, and improve the drying of the sludge; the effects are largely independent of pH. Thus, in 1 case, the treatment reduced the BooOD,-from 215 to 25 mg. 0/1. and the - - Wn04 consumption from 1805 to 320 mq./l., while the pH changed from 7-5 to 6-8 and the settling solids from 20 to 175 mg./l. This obviates further pH adjustment, rock filtration, or ion exchange treatment.

8. Divet, E. "Treatment of Waste Watersw'. Rev. Text.-Tiba, 55, (N.S. ) p. 25-29, 1956. Waste waters from bleaching and dyeing, 4 kept separate from unpolluted waste waters, are mixed, aeratecl, treated with lime, ferrous sulfate, and sulfuric acid, flocculated by stirring, and settled. The BOD fs reduced by 75% and the effluent is colorless. 9. Downing, A. L. and L. J. Scragg, "The Effect of Synthetic Detergents on the Rate of Aeration in Diffused-Air Activated- Sludge Plantsm". Wat. Waste Treat. J,, 1, p. 102-107, 1958. The absorption coefficient and performance of a laboratory scale continuous flow diffused air activated sludge plant were studLed in the presence and absence of detergents when oxygen supply was plentiful and when it was def icfent. Synthetic sewage was emphasized to which 10 ppm of anionic surface active agent was added. ., 10. Droszler, H. "Water Consumption Statistics in the Textile Industry with Special Ref erence to the Pinf shing Industry". IiZ&ukL. Textilteeh., l3, (a), p. 371-376, 1963. (In German) Flow diagrams and figures are published: these show the relative water consumption of each process. Extravagant open width washing is quoted as one possible opportunity for economy. Recirculation of process liquors in the wool industry is discussed.

1. Elock, C. R. "Inorganic Effluents - A Case History". Effl. and Wat. Treat. J., 5, [63, p. 314-318, 1965. This article describes the mvestigatzon and design and method of treatment of the effluent problem a nanufaeturer of motor accessories was faced w~th. The re-arrangement of the existing drainage system, bringing the effluent to a standard suxtable for re-use, is described prior to the treatmentoof wastes.

2, Englekrardt, H. ""Water Purifieatxon in the Textile Industrys6. Text.-Prax., I&,(21, p. 172-179, 1961. (In German) A discussion of water, purif isation and textile plant effluent.

3. Evans, J. S. "Legal Aspects of (~ater)PollutionB'. Chem. and -9Ind P- 1200-1203, 1955- An article on water pollution and legislation for control

4. Evers, D. "Carpet Manufacturing Effluents and Their Treatment". J. Broe. Inst. Sew. Purif., Part 5, p. 464-470, 1966. Carpet processfng effluent is divided into categorfes - effluent from (1) scouring of raw wool and yarn, (2) dyeing, (3) sizing, (4) latexing, (5) moth- and mildew-proofing. If a firm discharges all these effluents, the smaller volumes of effluent from latexing and proofing wilP be lost in the larger volumes from scouring and dyefng. If only dyeing and latexfng are carried out, acid dye liquors will precipitate latex and clog the sewers. Acidity in dye liquor could be used to reduce the acfd needed in treatment of fatty scouring effluent, but the increased volume of liquor to be treated would be uneconomic to process as scouring Liquor. The scouring liquors have a high bfologfca$ oxygen demand; dyeing l~quorscan be put. to better use as diluents for the outflow from the grease cracking plant.

5. Evers, D. E"EffluentControl in the Carpet Industry". Textile- Pnst, Ind., 3, p, 237-240, 1965, The characteristics of effluents resultfnq from scouring, dyeing, sf zing, latexing, mothproofing, and ~ildewproofing are discussed,

1. Fearn, R. 9. , W. H. Hetherington, S. M. Jaeckel and C. D. Ward. "A Reduced-Scale Method for the Determination of the Dichromate Value (Chemical Oxygen em and) of Sewage and Trade Effluents". J. So=, Dyers Colourists, 83, p. 146-151, 1967. A description is given of a convenient and reliable analytical method for the determination of the dichromate value of sewage and trade effluents. The method is more rapid than existing macro-scale procedures and 1s sufficiently analytically accurate and reproducible for the calculation of trade-waste treatment charges. Oxidation wf th potassium dichromate is carried out in boiling 50% (vol./vol,) sulfuric acid, with a total reagent volume of 30 ml. 8 references.

2. Felstead, J. E. "Biological Treatment Solves Dyeworks Effluent Problemsw. Wat. Waste Treat. J., ll, p. 127-129, 1966. A description is given of the development of treatment facilities for waste waters from the textile dyeing and finishing plant of Joshua Wardle Ltd. at Leek, Staffs., which involved preliminary chemical analyses of a considerable number of minor effluents and laboratory-scale trials on composite effluents. The waste waters were formerly passed over alumina ferric blocks and settled before discharge, but the effluent failed to comply with the standards laid down by the Trent River Authority. The waste waters from the 2 mills, in nature mainly organic, but also containing low concentrations of a variety of other compounds such as inorganic salts and bases, are now pumped first to a holding tank, and then to 2 activated-sludge tanks fitted with Simcar aerators. After secondary sedimentation, the final effluent is discharged to the river Churnett, a tributary of the river Dave,

3. Fenchel, U. "Filtration for the Recovery of Fibers from Waste Water". Wochbl. Papierfabrik., (l1/12), p. 422-426, 1965. (In German) Filtration was superior to flotation for the clarif fcation of waste water,

4. Fishman, G. I. "Clarification of Sewage During the Operations of Plasticization and Finishing of Rayon Fibre" . Water... . vses. Soveshch. Och- Stochn. Vod. Predpr. Khim. Volok., p. 125-138, 1962-1963. Zinc can be removed from rayon finishing waste waters by precipitation with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at pH: 8.3-9-4 and final removal of remaining zinc with sodium sulphide. The waste water is aerated intermittently to reduce the carbonate requirements, Zinc carbonate is removed by sedimentation and zinc sulphide is removed by filtration through diatomaceous earth. The precipitates are dewatered by vacuum filtration, dissolved in sulphuric acid, and re-used in the production process.

5. Fishman, G. I. "Removal of Zinc from Waste Waters from Viscose

Fiber Production" ". Mater . Soveshch. Molodykh Spets. Vses . Nauch. Pssled. Vodosnabzh, Kanalfz. Gidrotekh._Sooryzhenii Inzh. Gidroqeol. Ochistka Stochn. Bod., Moscow,-p. 9-15, 1966. (In Russian) A soda-sulfate method is recommended for local clarification of concd. Zn-contg, waste waters if complete Zn removal is necessary; if the latter is not required a soda method is recommended and regeneration of the Zn is not expedient. In the soda-sulfate method a Na2C03 soln. is added to the waste waters to pH 4-4.5; after blowing with CO in a degasifier the pH is brought to 8.5-9.5. The Zn3COj (OHf4 formed is pptd. in vertfcal settling tanks. Then the waste waters are subjected to final Zn removal with Na2S followed by filtration on sand filters (filtration rate 5 m./hr.). The ppt. is dehydrated on vacuum filters and dissolved in a soh. of a pptg. bath. The regeneration soh. is freed of mech. impurities and returned to the production line. To reduce the reagent consumption the waste water should be alk.

6 Fong, W. "Treatment of Wool Scouring- Wastes with Colloidal Bentonite"". Textile Research J., 25, p. 994-1000, 1955. After cooling and acidification of waste waters from wool scouring, the addition of 0.1-0.5% bentonite gives a bulky ppt, easily removed by filtration and centrifuging, leaving a clear light-yellow effluent. If the waste waters are not cooled before coagulation, more bentonite is required but the resulting sludge is more compact. Under optimum conditions the concentration of grease and the COD of the waste waters were reduced by 96% and 60% respectively, compared with reductions of 67% and 33% for acidification alone.

7. Franklin, J. S., E. Bowes, and J. F. Colville. 'Talcium Chloride in Processing of Woolen Yarn Works Wastes"'. Chem. Trade J., -154, p. 78-79, 1964. A review of the results of two year" operation of the waste treatment plant installed by Patons and Baldwins Ltd. at Darlington for recovery of grease by treatment with calcium chloride. The plant has been slightly modified since it was first put in operation. The mixed waste waters are first screened to remove wool fibers and treated in a hydrocyclone to remove most of the suspended solids. They are then centrifuged to recover neutral wool grease before cracking with CaC12 and filtration, The cost of the precoating material for the vacuum filters has been reduced by blending suitably graded wood flour with expanded perlite. Direct application of the CaC12 to the filter bowls has been successful in pre- venting the slow after precipitation of calcium chloride which had been causing difficulties in the filters.

8. Fromke, Erich. lBFundamentals of Waste-Water Treatment and Analysis". Ber . Getreidechemiker-Taqung9 Detmold, p. 177-18 0, 1960. A discussion of different types of waste-water treatment and its analytical control. Ganapati, S. V. "In-Plant Process Control for Abatement of Pollution Load of Textile Wastesw. Environ. Health (India),

-38 (31, p. 169-173, 1966. (In English) The redn. of waste production procedures at a textile msll is discussed. It is possible to reduce the vol. and strength of the waste by recovery of certain salvageable substances. It is also possible to recover much waste heat durfng the processes. A significant quantity of pollution results from the waste of the sizing process. This can be reduced by utilizing chemicals with a lower BOD, such as synthetic sizing agents which produce wastes with a much lower BOD than those from natural sizing agents.

Gantsmakher, "L. "Composition and Clariffcation of Waste Waters From a Synthetic Fiber Factoryrr. Dokl . Nef tekhim. Sekts ., Bashkir, Respub. Pravl. Vses. Khim. Obshchest., 2, p. 143-145, 1966. (In ~ussian)Industrial waste waters from the Cherni- govskii factory are fed to an aeration station for clarification of urban sewage. Before discharging into the river the clarified waste waters pass through 2-step bfol. ponds. The indexes of waste waters discharged from the clarifying equipment and of the river water 1 km. below the discharge point are: BOD 4.12, 6.03; oxfdizability 9.4$ 8.24; caprolactam concn. 0.9, 0.16: dissolved 0 11.39, 7.37 mg./l., resp.

Garda, C. "Use of Sulphite Waste Lye in the Dyeing of Viscose in the Mass with Sulphur Dyesm'. Przecjl. Papiern., l3, p. 219- 220, 1957. After an explanation of the dyeing process with vat dyes, a process is described in which sulphite waste lye, containing 6 per cent sulphur dioxide and with a pH value of 2, is used in combination with soda for preparation of the leuco compounds.

Genkin, N. D. and A. M. Koganovskii. "Purification and Decontamination of Waste Waters from Production of Organic Dyes and Intermediate Products", Vestn. Tekhn. i. Ekon. Inform. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Tekhn. Ekon. Issled. Gos. Kom. Sov. Min. SSSR po Khim., Esp. 21-34, 1961. A deLailed description of current methods (chiefly sorption m~thods) for purifying waste waters and diagrams of equipmen'c used are given. Examples of removal of Hg, As, sulfides, thiosulfates, nitrophenols, chlorophenols, and CS2 from waste waters are given.

Geyer, John C. and Wm. A. Perry. "'Textile Waste Treatment and

Recoveryw'. Textile F~undation, Washington, D. C., 120 pages, 1936. A survey of present knowledge (1936) concerning the treatment and disposal of waste waters produced in the textile industries.

Greeley, Samuel A. "Water Resources and Pollution Control LegislationH. Civil Eng., -31 (121, p. 60-64, 1961. 7, Griffe, J. "Water. I. Textile Industrial Effluent Watersas, Teinture et Apprets., p. 181-188, 196%. (In French) This is a review of the material to be found in effluent from dye works, and mechanical and chemical methods of treatment.

8. Griffe, M. "The Effluent Waters from Dyeing and FinishingRn. .9 p. 55-62, 1965, (In ~rench] The French concerning the disposal of effluent by three methods (a public sewage works, septic tanks, or by spreading over the ground) has been developed after many years of experience.

9. Gunther, H. "Mill Supply Water in Ffnish~ng"". Spinner Weber Textilvered., 84, (81, p. 858-863; dl11 p, 1255-1258, 1966. (1n ~erman) The required purity levels and test methods are summarized. Corrective measures and normal volume requirements in finishing are specified,

10. Gurnham, @. F. NsBisposalControl of Water Pollutionw", Chem. a.,70, (121, p. 190-204, 1963. Facets of typical plant program for prevention of water pollution; orfgins of pollution; wastes from industry; dfsposal of fndustral wastes; signif icance of stream pollution; significance of sewer pollution; recovery of reuse of material; spillage and cleaning problems; blending vs, segregatFon; physical> chemical and biological treatment; survey of plant; problems of con- tinuity; trends in pollution control, -H 1. Haake, G. "Electro1ytic Removal of Copper from Wash Waters from the Production of Rayon by the Cuprammonfum Process". Neue Huette, fI, $51, p. 272-278, 1966. (In German) Effects of copper concentration, sulphurlc acid concentration, and temperature have been investigated,

2. Hamburger, B. "The Pszriflcation of Textlle Effluent". Textil- Praxis, 21, (11, p. 39-41, 1966. $In German) A short survey of physical, chemical, and biological methods is made.

3. Haney, Paul D. "Water Pollution Control"". Water and Sewaqe Works; 106, p. 305-311, 9959. A review with 31 references.

4. Hann, R. W. Jr., and F. D. Callcott. "A Comprehensive Survey of Industrial Waste Pollut~onin South Carolinag\ Industrial Waste Conf. (Purdue), 20, p. 538-550, 1965. This study discusses the major industries (the text~leindustry is the largest) using the waters of South Carolina. Their processes are examined and the location and magnitude of their waste discharges noted. The scope of the various industries in relationship to their waste discharges as compared to one another and to the domestic population is calculated. 7 references.

5. Hanson, H. G. and B. B. Berger. '"ere Does Research Stand in Water [email protected] Pollution Control Federation, 33, p. 477-484, 1961. A review with recommendations for further research.

6. Harsveldt, A. "Industrial Applications of Starches in the Paper and Textile Industryw'. Chem. and Ind., (511, p. 2062-2070, 1961. The author describes the uses of various forms of starch in the paper and textile industries. The use of hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl ethers of starch lowers the BOD of the resulting waste waters, the reduction in BOD being greater the higher the degree of substitution of the starch product. A reduction in BOD of 70% could be obtained by a degree of substitution of 0-1.

7. Hart, W. B. 'Totton- leaching and -Dyeing Wastes - A Specific Solution and a General Prescription"". Hnd. Enq. Chem., 49, Q3), p. 81-82, 1957. The characteristics of waste waters from bleaching and dyeing of cotton that require correction are high alkalinity, suspended matter, color, and BOD. The pH value of the bleaching waste water is flrst adjusted wfth flue gas, which has previously been cleaned in a water scrubber tower. The waste water is then treated in an upward-flown sedimentation tank before filtration through a two-stage percolating filter with recirculation of effluent. Wask waters from the cleaning and decolorfng of foreign cotton goods by kiering with sodium peroxide are highly colored and strongly alkaline; these waste waters can be decolorized wfth C12 before mixing with other bleaching wastes. Waste waters from the kiering of cotton to remove oil and grease are strongly alkaline, contain suspended matter, are red-brown in color, and have a high BOD. One method of treatment of these waste waters involves adjustments of the pH value to 6.0-6.5 with a cheap acid, aeration, upward-flow sedimentation, and flow across a gently sloping soil treatment bed to reduce the BOD. NaBH can be recovered economfcably from mercerizing waste waters by dialysis; when the volume of waste is, large, it should first be concentrated. Waste waters from the dyefng process may contain suspended dye matter or true color. They can be , treated by chemf cal coagulation, upward-f low sedimentation, and biological ffltration. w Harwood, J. H. '"Legal and Practical Problems of Effluent Disposal". J. SOC. Dyers Col., 77, all), p. 537-543, 1961. The current legal position affecting the disposal of trade effluent in sewers, rivers, and estuaries is reviewed. General types of treatment plants are described, and the use of coagulants and of biological treatment for removing polluting matter from trade wastes is discussed. Examples of the treatment of trade wastes from color-using industries are given in approximate cost.

Harwood, 9. "Problems of Effluent DisposalP\ Textile Mfr ., 89, p. 33-34, 1963. Factors to be considered in selecting appropriate methods and equipment of dyefng and finishing wastes are discussed.

Harwood, J. H. '"Effluent Treatment: Legal and Practical ProblemstE. Effl. 'and Wat. Treat. J., 3, p. 369-372 and 475-479, 1963. Included under the fourth subdivision is "Treatment Plants" - minimum equipment for treating effluent is balancing tanks, pH adjustment and sedimentation tanks.

Hazen, Richard. "The Treatment of Textile Wastes and Domestfc Sewage". Proc. Southern Munic. Ind. Waste Conf., p. 161-1718, 1957. A description of pilot-plant studies at the North Buffalo Creek, Greensboro, M. C., sewage treatment plant to determine the applicability of available methods to the waste from this plant, allowable loadfngs for plant design, effect of toxic dye wastes on treatment processes, the need for nutritfon above that provided by sewage to maintain biological activity, and the relative cost of providing corribined treatment as compared with the treatment of sewage alone,

Herla, W. "Dyehouse Effluents". Textil 7-Praxis, l4, (51, p. 509-510, 1959. (1n ~erman) A precipitation process is described in whlch the dyehouse effluents are purified and neutralized so as to eliminate contamination of river waters.

Hess, I?. E. "Treatment of Waste Waters of the Textile Works Hermann Windel G.M,B.H. in Windelsbleiche near Bielefeldm. Wass. u. Bochen, 2, p. 474-475, 1957. As the dilution available for the waste waters of a textile factory at Windelsbleiche is small, the waste waters are treated by irrigation and as artificial rain after sedimentation for 8-10 hours. The area used for disposal is drained and the drains discharge into a pond with a retention time of about 3 days from which the effluent flows to the stream. Baffles and cascades at the inlet and outlet of the pond ensure intensive aeration. Efforts are being made to reduce the load on the land and improve results by separate preliminary treatment of waste waters from different processes,

14. Hess, R. W, "'Challenge to Research by Water and Air Pollution Problems". . 45, p. 441-444, and 459, 1956. The need for research in determ~ningwater and atmospheric indices as well as for control and analytical methods is pointed out.

15. Heukelekian, H., and others, "A Critical Review of the Literature of 1954 on Sewage, Waste Treatment, and H20 Pollution - Part 1". Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 27, p. 515-571, 1955. This first of two sections of the reviz deals with analytical methods (100 references), sewage 9212 references) and a radioactivf ty (116 references). Part 2 p. 633-688, 1955, industrial wastes (258 references) including sectlons on textile wastes (10 references) and wool scouring wastes (4 references) and water pollution (264 references) are covered. Part 3 p. 727-756, 1957, water pollution.

16. Heukelekian, H., and others. "A Critical Review of the Literature of 1955 on Sewage, Waste Treatment and Water Pollution - Parts 1 and 2". Sewaqe and Ind, Wastes, 28, p, 595-636, and 707-764, 19.56. Part 1: Analytical methods (113 references), sewage (144 references), radioactivity (149 references) . Part 2: Industrial wastes (292 references), textile wastes (31 references), wool scouring (10 references) and water pollution (221 references).

17. Heukelekian, H., and others, "Review of the Literature of 1956 on Sewage, Waste Treatment and Water Pollution"", Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 29, p. 497-523, 613-6133 and 727-756, 1957. Part 1: Analytical methods (86 references) and sewage (161 references). Part 2: Industrial wastes (284 references) including sections on textile and wool scouring wastes (24 references), and radioactfvity (156 references) . Part 3: Water pollution (251 references),

18. Heukelekian, H., and others. "'Review of the Literature of 1957 on Sewage, Waste Treatment and Water Pollutionm\ Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, a p. 601-633, 717-756 and 839-873, 1958. Part 1: Analytleal methods and sewage (157 references), fndustrial wastes, including radioactivity (236 references). Part 2: Textile and wool scouring wastes, Part 3: Water pollution (211 references).

19. Heukelekian, H., and others. It eview of the Literature of 1958 on Sewage, Waste Treatment and Water Pollutfonn'. Sewaqe and Pnd. Wastes, a, p. 501-541, 615-661, and 763-803, 1959. Part 1: Analytical methods (41 references) and sewage (149 references). Part 2: Pndustrfal wastes (309 references), textile and wool scouring wastes. Part 3: Water pollution (23% references). Heukelekian, H., and others, "Review of the Literature of 1959 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Control". J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 32, p, 443-481, 545-593, and 681-720, 1960, Part 1: ~nal~ticzmethods (35 references) and sewage (146 references), Part 2: Industrial wastes.( Part 3: Water pollution (239 references] .

Heukehekian, H., and others. "Review of the Literature of 11960 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Controlw, J. Water Pollution Control Fed,, 33, p. 445-476, 549-584 and 681-690, 1961. Part l: ~nakyticxmethods 651 references) and sewage (129 references). Bart 2: Industrial wastes (202 references), textile and wool scouring wastes, Part 3: Water pollution (201 references] .

Heukelekian, H. "The BOD Test in Textile Mil1 Waste Problems". Textile Hnds., G,$71, p, 74-77, 1957. The author describes the BOD test and its applications and limitations, with particular reference to its use for the analysis of waste waters from textile mills. It is pointed out that the test is a measure of the amount of oxidizable material, without interference from extraneous inhibiting inf luenees.

Heynemann, W., and H. J, Bradke. C%cfd Protection and Effluent Treatment in the Textile IndustryB3. Spinner Weber Textilver., (81, p. 850-857, 11966, (In ~erman)Special treatments to prevent attack by acid on floors of workshops are described; ff lms of polyisobutylene offer short-term protection but bitumen or acid-resistant tiles are needed for permanent protection, A short survey of small-scale effluent treatment tanks is given.

Hill, D, W. "Disposal of Effluentm". 3 -365 (21, p. 841-842, 1965. The activated sludqe method of bfoloqfcal treatment of disposing of dyeing and fin~shfngwastes, 2s applied by the Shirley Institute, is outlined, Mkntion is also made of the use of water-conserving washing procedures to reduce both the amount of water used and the volume of effluent.

Hflliard, A, '%ecovery of Heat from EffluentBB. Fibres Synthet., 20, (P2), p. 1127-1138, 1964. (In French) The polybloc heat exchanger units are shown to be suitable for effluent liquors. The units are build up from perforated cylfndrfcal metal discs, with polytetrafluoroethylene or graphite seals, Heat recovery units which embody this Bolybloc exchanger are described with diagrams: one installation, Ln which heat from hot washing liquor effluent is used to preheat the bleaching bath in a viscose spinning plant, is described in partfcular detail.

Huddleston, R. L. ""Biodegradable Detergents for the Textile Industry", - J -955 (2), p- B52-B54,, 1966. Biodegradatfon studies carried out in commOnly accepted test systems and by three analytical methods, including foam and surface tension measurements, demonstrated the biodegradability of primary straight-chafn alcohol nonionic structures and the bio-resistance of straight- and branched-chain alkyl phenol nonronsc structures. Although baodegradable detergents by their very nature mast have a biological oxygen demand (BOD], studies indicated that BOD values required by primary straight-chain alcohol, nonisnlc prod~ctsshould not noticeably affect total BOD requirements of textile plant effluent waters.

27. Husmann, W. ""bew Methods for Waste-Water Pur~ffcationand Water Control in the Emscher Cooperative Society and Lipp Union". 22, p. 461-474, 1960. (In German) New "3 - methods for waste-water purifacation and water control are described and illustrations of equipment used are given.

28. Husmann, W. "Water Economy in the Textxle Industry". Textfl- f2raxis,, 3AJ (11, p, 59-66, 1961. (In German] Problems of water supply and effluent purification are reviewed.

29, Mutchfnson, 0. F. "Stream-Pollution Abatement" '. Paper Mill

-9News --",78 (32), p, 11 and 13, 1955, A description of the applicatfon of the Sween-Pederson flotation separator to reduction of stream poHl,utisn,

30. Hutto, George A,, Jr,, and Sarslueb W. Wfllkams, Jr, "Pilot- Plant Studses of Processing Wastes of Cotton Textiles"'. Broeo g-cIlad,~~f., p. 31-43, 1960, At the MooresvilPe Mills, Moores~~kEle,3. C,, pslot plant studies were run to study the problem of stream pollution by developing special waste-treatment methods standardized against the partbcular situation In large cotton textile manufactur~ng. It was desired to reduce both the volume and pol%uts_onalload of the waste and to make at more susceptible to biological purlffcation, To veduce BOD, pH, alky and the like, a pilot plant: system was equapped with lagoons, aeration, chemical preparation, and trackling f~lters, urfng manufacture, in-plant changes were made to prepare for the reduction of the poll~tioraload of the waste, e.g., by substitutizg CMC for starch sizes in the m~lloperation, detergents for soap in t3e clean~ngand dyeing operations, and similar changes in regard to certaan dyes and finfshfng agents whenever practicable, The most important part of these preparations m the future wrlP be a caustic recovery unbt reducing alky. of mercerizer waste, Experiments proved the cost of chemcal treatment was too h~ghwhen compared with b~ologbcalmethods, Results of the s%e;dies proved that the cost sf full-scale ~ndastrialwaste treatment was cut to less than one-fourth of the previous estimates.

31. Myden, WaIPiam L .s Douglas F. Becknehl and Telford E. Elders. "Survey of the Nature and Magnitzde of the Water Research Needs of the Textile Industry of Georgia". Water Resources Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Aaanta, Georgia, 1966. The investigation described in this report consisted of a field survey of 48 representative wet-processing textile mills in the State of Georgia for the purpose of determining the kbnds and frequency of occurrence of serious problems related to water use and waste disposal. The report includes a brief discussion of each of the l2 most frequently encountered problems. Possible solutions are suggested and recommendations regarding research needs are made, An additional list of possible research projects, suggested by industry representatives, is included in the report. Many of these are concerned with the development of more efficient processing equipment and management techniques.

Hynes, H. B. N. "The Biology of Polluted Waters"", Univ. Press, 123 Grove Street, Liverpool 7. 202 pages, 1963. A general outline of the biology of unpolluted inland waters is followed by a general account of the various types of effluents and their chemical and physical effects upon streams. Biological results of pollution is described and future prospects are considered. Dyes by Ferric Chloride". Inst., Tokyo, 58, (31, p. 137-144, 1963. (Engllsh summary) In studies on the hetero fbucculation of 5 direct dyes by ferric chloride from aqueous solutions, the precipitates were removed by centrifuging and the amount of unprecipitated dye was est~matedcolorlmetrically, Precipitation was increased when the pH value was less than 5, and 95-100% of the dye was precfpftated frcm a solxtion with 10 parts per million at pH 5 by the addition of 60-lOQ parts per million ferric chloride. Precipitation varied with the dye; some dyes precipitated in amounts less than 30% and others preciprtated completely under the saqe conditions, Wlth some dyes, precipitation was reduced by addition of sodium sulfate,

Iida, H., and M. Endo. "Precipitation of Direct Dyes and Acid Dyes by Iron Saltsg6. 70, p. 403-404, 1967. In order to obtain basic data for the clarification of industrial waste water containing dye, 18 direct dyes and slx acid dyes were precipitated from each aqueous solution by the addition of ferric chloride or ferrous sulfate, and the amounts of precipitated dyes were determined, From the results it was found that ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate were excellent for the precip~tationof direct dye, but were not useful for acid dye. It was dlfficult to precipitate acid dyes from their aqueous solution containing sodium sulfate by the above method. 4 references,

Ifda, EI. and others, ""Precipitation of Direct Dye by Ferrous

Sulfatew". -67, p, 210-213, 1964. {English summary) In order to obtain basic data for the clarification of waste water containing dyes, experiments on the precipitation of five direct dyes in aqueous solution were carried out by the addition of ferrous sulfate. The purified dye was dissolved in water and ferrous sulfate solution was added to the solution under various conditions. The precipitate formed was separated by centrifugation and the remalnfng dye in the filtrate was determined by colorimetry.

Ingols, R. S. "Manganese in Process Water of the Textlle Industrym. Tribune EBEDEAU, 20, p. 271-272, 1966. (1n French) Hazards arising in text~leplant from the presence, usually seasonal, of manganese In surface water used as a water supply, are discussed. Accurr,ulated deposits of manganese oxides in heat exchangers and distribution systems can be released by pressure surges and result in staining of white cloth and in shade changes in some dyes, Five methods of treating the water supply are suggested. .

Ingols, Robert S. ""Textile Waste Problems". Wastes, ,=, p. 1293-1279, E958, Starch, textile fibers, sulfides, and dyes are components of the wastes whfch should be reduced by biological treatment, High pH values, high salt concentrations, mildew depressants, chromates, bleach solutions, and synthetic detergents are components which may interfere with biologfcal treatment. Through desfgn, ft f s possible to provide treatment of textile wastes by lagoonfng, trickling fflters, or actfvated sludge.

Ingram, Wm. M., and W. W. Towne, "Stream Life Below Industrial OutfallsB5 Public Health Repts,, (U,S,), -74, p. 1059-1070, 1959. 25 references.

Isaac, Peter C. 6. 'Vrinciples of Waste-Water Treatmentmn. Effluent and Water Treat. J., 3, p. 480, 1963. This material is divided into the following eight parts: Disposal of liquid wastes, Waste characteristics, Legal control of liquid wastes, Treatment of liqufd wastes, Preliminary and primary treatment, Biological treatment, Treatment and disposal of sludge, Sludge drying. James, 6. V. ""Water Treatment, A Guide to the Treatment of Water and Effluents Purification". The Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editron, 320 pages, l plate, 1965. 63s. This is the third, revised and enlarged edition of a book first published in 1940 and revised in l949 and dealing with the treatment of water for domestic and industrial use, the treatment of trade effluents, and the treatment of sewage. Chapters are included on varfsus processes of water treatment; types and effects of pollution caused by industrial waste waters; treatment of waste waters from speciffc industries; treatment of water supplies for specrffc industries; design of municipal sewerage systems; and various methods of sewage treatment. RelatFve references are appended to each chapter, and author and subject indexes are fncluded.

Jenkins, S, H. "Sewage, Trade Wastes and River Pollution"". ., 44, p. 244-255, 1959 (Pub. 1960). Water pollution, effluents, fndustrial wastes.

Jenkins, S. H., and others, "Some Analytical Methods Used in the Examination of Sewage and Trade Wastesm. Purff., Part 6, p. 533-565, 1965. The methods reviewed are divided into six sections as follows: suspended solids; chemical oxygen demand or dichromate value; organic carbon; extraction and fractionatfon of oils and greases; preparation of samples for metal analysis and sorting tests for metals and cyanide; extractfon apparatus for metals, etc,, and zinc determination by dxthizonate,

Jensen, Emil C. "Sewage and Industrial Wastes in 1956", Water and Sewaqe Works, a,p. 49-61, 1957. Review with 33 references.

Jones, E. L., T. A. Abspaugh and H. B. Stokes, "Aerobfc Treatment of Textile Mill Waste1L, J. Water Pollution Control Fed 9 34, p. 495-512, 1962. This paper reports on a full- scale, single-stage rnodlf i cation of the conventional activated sludge process to the contact stabibf zation process. The results of further pliot-plant studies on the bfologf cal treatment of textile waste waters in admixture with sewage at Greensboro, N. C., are glven and discussed. Two modxffcatfons of the activated sludge process were ~nvestigated,namely contact stabilization and prolonged. aerobic stabilizatfon. The contact stabilization was found to give good results with mixtures in which about half the BOD load was contributed by textile wastes and red-xtions in BOD of 85-90% were obtained without chlorlnatfow; good color removals were also obtained.

Jones, Leonard D., and William L. Hyden. "The State of the Art of Water Use and Waste Disposal in the Textile Industry 1950-1966)"'. Water Resources Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966. his report provides a comprehensive listing and a general review of the technical literature of textile mil% processes related to liquid waste production, treatment, and disposal, It covers the period from 1950 to 1966. Thus, ft complements two similar surveys which cover the literature published prior to 1950. Processes related to the manufacture of cotton, wool, sflk, flax, and man- made fiber products are discussed. Problems such as excessive color fn plant effluents, the effects of synthetic detergents on waste treatment, and waste-heat recovery are high-lfghted. Special emphasis is placed on problems which are fn need of accelerated research effort.

7. Jones, L. L., Jr., "Textile Waste Treatment at Canton Cotton Millst@. Am. Dyestuff Reptr.: 54, p. 915-916, 1965.

8, Jones, L. L., Jr. "Textfle Waste Treatment at Canton Cotton Mills"". J. Water Pollution Control Fed,, 37, (121, p. 1693- 1695, 1961tocheck fnto the problem of treating textile wastes about 1958. All waste was turned into the same effluent pipes and for 1.5 years tests were conducted on the combined wastes for B,O,D,, pH, dissolved 0, color, solids, and percent removals due to treatment. The qua1,ity of air and plant size were calculated on the basis of volume of waste and all the factors involved. Several methods were examined, but ft was concluded that a prolonged biol. aeration process appeared to gfve the best results. Construction of a plant for waste treatment was decided, and the plant was completed fn November, 1960. The process is called a bfol. waste tank process. Sixtem to 22 hours aeration are requfred to complete oxidation. Details of the process are given.

9. Jones, L. L., Jr. "Water Pollution: Challense to Industrial Leadership". Textile Bull ., 92, p. 68-69, 1966. Industrial

responsibility for effective pollution- control is emphasized, 1. Kaeding, J. "The Economics of Process Water and the Treatment of Effluent in Man-made Fibre FactoriesE*. Abh. Dt. Akad. Wfss. Berl., Xl. Chem. Geol. Biol., (31, p. 213, 1965. (In ~erman) A short summary is given, with the four references on which this paper from the 2nd International Man-made Fibre Symposium is based.

2. Ka~ding, %. , and L. Erdtel, "The if icatron Of 'IPiscose- Containing Wastes by the Activated Sludge Process". Fortschr. Wasserchem. Ihrer Grenzqeb., 3, p. 212-216, i965. (In German) Neutralization and pptn. of dissolved org, material in cellulose waste water leaves behind about SMpopdtatism- equivs. (5-day B.O.D.)/ton. Preliminary expts. show that it is possible to reduce this 90% by further biol. treatment.

3. Kaeding, J. "The Purification of Waste Water in the Production

of Polyamide-Fiber" ". 5, p, 258-283, 1967, of polyamide fibers by the steeping and direct spinning processes was contaminated with org. substances, such as c-aminocaprolactam oligomers, products, and detergents, Further knowledge concerning the amt. (55-7 rn.3/ton) and kinds of impurities and how they can be treated was sought. Waste water purification by the activated sludge process was studied. Lab. scale tests were carried out on a 2-stage blol. treatment followed by flocculation. The purif fcation depended on the conc. of the influx and on the load. The conversion rate increased with the influx concn. with optfmurn process contro'l. Holding times of 6-8 hrs. sufflced for the decompn., which was effected with more certainty and greater capacity at 30' than at 20". The water contg. only lactam was more readily purified than the waste water from Dederon (GDW polyamide fiber) production. The lactarn M was consumed by the mfcroorganfsms, so that only phosphates had to be added for microbial decompn. Substances not easily biodegradable were removed from the waste water by adsorption with coagulants {Al2 (SO4) 3. 18H20; FeC13 .- 6H20; PeS04.7H20; CaD) and the decompn. capacity was then approx. that of lactam-eqntg. water. A treatment with coagulants after the biol. purification removed nondegraded products and nonsedimented b~ornassesformed with large loads in the biol. stage, 13 references.

4. Kashiwaya, M. "Activated-Sludge Treatment of Textile and Dyeing

Mills Waste" ". Tokyo, , p. 63-84, 1965. In the region of Ichmomlya, Besal, and Kisogawa, Af chi Prefecture, Japan, waste waters from 129 factories processing, dyeing, and f inf shing textiles have caused serious pollution of the Mikko River and many irrigation channels. After discussing the sources and characteristics of of these waste waters, the author reports pilot-scale studies, with tabulated and graphical results, which showed that the waste waters could be treated effectively by a conventional activated-sludge or contact-stabilization process. 5. Kazymov, A., A. A, Litvak, ,M,' G. V~lkov, S. A. Tairov, I. Z. Guslitser, S. L. Zak, S. L. Dfch, and M. Yu. Lurae. ?Methad of Purifying Effluents from the Manufacture of Viscose Rayon

Fibres'" Russian P. 156,647: Abstr, 9 -34, p. 1427, 1964, A process for the treatment of waste- waters from the manufacture of viscose rayon fibres by two- stage evaporation is claimed. The plasticizing bath is first heated at 80"-95°@. untfl the sodium sulphate content is raised to 150-170 g per litre, and the concentrated solution is then evaporated, together with the contents of the coagulating bath, at a lower temperature, resulting in crystallization of sodium sulphate and regeneration of the plasticizing liquor.

6. Kehr, D. 'Tontributfon to the Biological Treatment of Waste Waters from the Textile Industry - An Institute Report".

and describes investigations at mechanical, chemical, and biologioal treatment plants. Biological treatment was efficient for dealing wfth cottbn mill waste, the activated sludge process being the most suitable.

7, Kehr, B., and P. Pflanz. "The Sewage-Treatment Plant at I Nordhornm'. Gas- u. WassFach., 107, p, 260-266, 1966. An , - I illustrated account is given of the design and operation of the activated-sludge plant at Nordhorn, Germany, designed for . treatment of both sewage and textile industry waste waters. Extensive pilot-plant experiments carried out to prevent putrescible matter from inhibiting sludge digestion led to

replacement of the anaerobic sludge digestion unit by a I specially developed aerobic sludge-stabilization plant which

is odourless, f s less costly, and has proved most successful. I Results showed removal of 70 per cent of the permanganate demand and 93.5 perlccent of the 5-day BOD, leaving the effluent free from solids and reducing its turbidity.

8. Kehren, Me "Effluent-Water Problems in the Textile Finishing

Industry". Mellfand Textilber., J43 (111, p. 1217-1222, I 1962. (In German] An outline of the scale of the problems mentions that some of the largest finfshers may use up to 1 16,000 m3 of water, which is discharged without clarf f ication. Methods of purifying this effluent are crftfcal%y examined.

9. Kehren, M. ""Idustrial Measures for the Purification of Air

and Waterw. 9 -21 (51, p. 219-227, 1966. (In German) The large-scale developments and the plant at Farbwerke Hoechst are described. Mechanical f i ltration and electrostatic precipitation are used in air cleaners. A I pilot-scale water treatment plant has been used to develo a rnS full-scale effluent and water plant dealing wfth 24,000 I per day.

10. Kehren, M, "Iron Treatment of Waste Waters Containing Dyesrr. Ber AbwassTechn. Verein., (81, p, 110-119, 1957. The author glves a table showing the composition of waste waters from the dyeing of wool and the bleaching and dyeing of cotton and discusses the properties of the various types of dyes used. He then gives the results of mvestigations into the treatment of aqueous solutions of dyes wfth rnetallEc iron and iron salts,

11. Kehren, M. ""Problems of Waste-Water Disposal in the Textile Industryu. Part 3. MePliand Textilber., IJ, p. 1274-1276 and -12, p. 1391-1395, 1963. (In ~errnan] This article discusses the problem of detergents in effluent, En particular the & limiting quantities which can interfere with biological purification systems. The recent Swfss Turofloc process is described. This can produce clarf f ieation and removal of dyestuffs and detergents by direct flotation with aluminum chloride; thfs i s followed by sludge removal and clarification over a synthetfc resin, which is regenerated with caustic soda.

12. Kehren, M. 'Turrification of Plant Water in the Textile Industry". 2. qes Textil-Pnd., 63, (31, p. 187-190, (41, p, 283-285, (51, p. 374-383, (61, p. 484-489, and (71, 540-553, 1961. (In German) In this review, the author discusses the supply, consumption and pur f ication of water in the textile industry.

13. Kehren, M. "Purification of Waste Waters from the Textile ~fnishin~Industryn". 2. ges Textrl-Ind., -364 $61, pa 509- 517, 1962. (In German d physical properties of textile finishing effluents and their purification by biological and sedimentation methods are discussed,

14. Kehren, M. ""Srfactants in Effluents from the Textile Industry". Tenside, 1, p. 109-111, 1964,

15. Kehren, M. 'Technology and Economi cs of Sewage Treatment". CPBA-Rundschau, (1301, pa 2-34, 1957. In a series of short illustrated articles the author deals wfth requirements with regard to the condition of sewage and waste waters discharged to streams; processes of self-purification and the organisms concerned; amount and chemical composition of waste waters from textile, leather, and paper works; processes and plant for the treatment of waste waters; the use of iron and iron salts in the treatment of waste waters containing dyestuffs; the design of modern plants for the treatment of very polluted waste waters by the Niers process and the Pista process; and plant and operation costs.

16. Kehren, M. "The Chemical Condition of Waste Waters from the Textile Industry3\ Gas-U. WasserPach., 99, p, 544-545, 1958. Report of a paper presented at a meeting of the ATU Landes- gruppe Mordrhein-Westfalen in April 1958, Alkaline rinsing water from the textile fndustry contains, in additfon to comparatively easily removed f i lrous and other insoluble matter, colloidally dissolved wetting and washing agents which cannot be biologically treated. Chemfcal precipitation wfth Fe is the only successful method although foaming, which is comparatively harmless, cannot be completely avoided. Kehren, M. "Waste Disposal in the Textile Industryr6. Textil- Rundschau, l6, p. 372-390, 1961; cf. Wasser und Abwasser in der Textil Industrie, 1951. A summary of the present status of the clarification of waste waters is given. Each process & disposal has to be adapted to the specific waste. All auxilf aries used should be suitable for biological decomposf tion, similar to soap. Trials made for this purpose showed that the fatty acid condensation product Ultrafon W is suitable. For chemical flocculation, Fe or Al salts prepared by bases or Fe shavings and O2 can be used. Fe salts are preferred in amounts I of 50 4 200 mg. Fe/l waste. The optimum pH for Fe el3 is 6.2 and for FeS04 a range of 6.8 + 7.5. Fifteen references.

Kehren, M. "Waste Disposal In the Textile, Leather, and Paper IndustriesB\ Ciba Rev., (121]., p. 3-32, 1957. "'Some differences between Brit1sh, American, and Continental practicegB",y E. Klefn, p. 3; "Problems of waste water treatment", p. 4-7; "Chemical nature of effluents from the textile, leather, and paper industrfes", p. 8-12; '9isposal and clarification of liquid wastesMdp.13-22; "'Flocculation of trade wastes with iron compoundsm, p. 22-24; "Treatment of strong industrial wastes on the C~ntinent"",~ 25-27; "Building and operating costs of modern treakment plants"', Bibliography p. 31-32.

Kehren, M. "Waste Water in the Textile Industrys\ Melliand Textilber., 43, p. 1217-1222, 1962. The chemical and mechanical means of achieving biological purification and clarification of textile waste water by the following methods are discussed: by settling media, by activated sludge, and by the Niers and Turicit Methods of mechanical clarification preceeding biological treatment.

Kehren, M. "Water and Waste Water. Part 1"". Z. qes. Textil- Industrie, -967 (51, p. 361-364, 1965. The natural cycle of water is discussed. Purfffcation methods are summarized.

Kehren, M. "Water and Waste Water. Part 2". 2. qes. Textil- Industrie, -967 (101, p. 807-811, 1965. (In German) This article supplements information on the biodegradability of detergents and surface active agents.

Kehren, M. "Water and Waste Water, Part 3. The Occurrence and Behaviour of Phosphates in Surface Water and Waste Water and Their ~lirnination". Z. qes. Textil-Industrie, 68, (11, p. 25-28, 1966. (1n German] .

Kehren, M. "Water and Effluent. Part 4"". 2;. qes. Textil-. Pndustrie, 68, (81, p. 602-606, 1966. (In German) This supplementary article publishes recent statistics on the consumption of water by industries in Germany, and the most recent news of surface-active agents which are biologically degradable, Four recent publications on fatty-acid sugar esters are summarized,

Kehren, M. "Water and Waste Water1\ Z. qes. Textil-Industrie, 69, (129, p. 937-942, 1967. (In German) This article is a supplement to an earlier series with the same title. The information relates specifically to cpnsumption figures and recent legislat~onin W. Germany, There are notes on the poisoning of river life by detergents.

Kehren, M., and H. Denks. ""Behavkor of Sulfides and Sulfur Dyes in Waste Water9', J -12, p. 138- 153 and 492-498, 1957. The treatment of waste waters containing sulfides and sulfur dyes i s discussed. Sodium sulflde is removed by treatment wfth hydrochloric acid or a mixture of carbon dioxide and air, followed by aeration. Almost insoluble sulfur dyes cannot be precipitated by aeration or carbon dioxide alone, but can be removed by treatment with mixtures of carbon dioxide and air. Soluble sulfur dyes can only be precipitated with salts of heavy metals at pH 5.5.

Kehren, M., and H. Denks. ""Problems Associated with Effluent Purification" . ZZ.qes. Textil-Hndustrfe, 58, (221, p. 879- 883 and (249, p. 958-959, 1956. $In German) The detailed and complete review comprises a comprehensive discussion on the technical purification of waste waters, with detailed data concerning the construction and performance of installations for biological purification and the treatment of effluents from dyeing plants with Fe salts.

Kennedy, J. G, mKaevelopmentsand Equipment in Effluent

Treatmentwa Dyer 133, (l2), p. 939-947, 1965. Developments in effluent disposal methods now adopted by the larger firms in the textile and dyeing industry are described. The separation of wool grease by precipf tation with calcium chloride is chosen as one example. Methods employed to prevent pollution of the Danube by viscose manufacturing waste .are mentioned. A complete system to treat dye manufacturing effluent has been recently installed (the Water Engineering Ltd three-stage process). Several other recent schemes are given brief mention,

Klein, L. "River Pollution in Industrial Areas: An Insoluble Problem?" Inst. Sewaqe Purif ., J. Proq., p. 503-11, 1961, A review of current expeeience wfth 16 references,

Mlein, L. ""Stream Pollution and Effluent Treatment, with

S~ecial- L Reference to Textrle and Paper Mill Effluents". Chemy. Hnd., p. 866-873, 1964. After discussing- the polluted condition of the river Prwell and other rivers in Laneashire and recent legislation to control pollution, the author indicates general measures that can be taken by fndustry to reduce the volume and strength of waste waters, including process changes, re-use of waste waters, and recovery of by- products. He then deals with the polluting materials present in waste waters from pulp and paper mills and from textile mills, the effects of the waste waters on receiving streams, and methods of treating these waste waters by physical, .chemical and biological processes. A bibliography of 29 references is appended. Kline, W. A. "Effects of Detergents on Surface and Ground Water J. Problems". Am. Oil Chemists Soc., -340 (ll),p. 656-659, 1963. 14 references.

J. Knox, C. 'Water Pollution Control in the New Enaland2 CompactA Area'" Purdue Univ., Enq. Bull, Ext. Series No. 94, Proc. Hnd. Waste Conf., 12th, p. 560-571, 1958. A review on suitability and standards.

Koganovskii, A. M., and P. N. Sarane. a@Useof Butyl Acetate for the Treatment of Waste Waters from the Aniline Dye %ndustryl'. J. Chim. Ukr., 22, p. 401-404, 1956. A study has been made of the recovery of by-products, such as aniline and toluidnic, from waste waters from aniline dye manufacture, by treatment of the waste waters with butyl acetate,

Kononova, E. F., N. M. Kabanov and I. K. Lysogorova. "Sanitary and Hygienic Investigation of Deep Discharge of Industrial Effluents into a Reservoir"'. Hyq. and Sanit. Moscow, €3, p. 13-18, 1960. (English summary) The authors describe a study carried out to determine the effect of deep discharge of aniline dye manufacture waste waters on the quality of water in the Gorky reservoir. The waste waters were discharged through pipes with multiple holes laid at a depth of 50 cam. below the bottom of the reservoir. Results of chemical, bacterialogical, biological, and other tests, which are given in tables and diagrams, reveal that discharge of the waste waters have no adverse sanitary effect on the reservoir water owing primarily to the high dilution factor.

Krasovski i, L. V. "Experience in Decontamination of Effluents from the- ~odnikovsk~-~pinnin~Mill'. Giq.. Sanit., 32, (71,

-p. 98-99, 1967. (In Russian] A table is crfven showincr the d d change in color, pH, suspended solids, B,O,D,, etc., produced by a purification plant involving sand. traps, settling basins, and aero-tanks. The coli-index requfred chlorination and a graph of residual C1 vs, dosage is included. Promising redns. of coli-index and no. of colonies were obtained with irradn. by using a low-pressure Ar-Hg lamp. The lamp was 55 mm. above the surface of the water, the depth was 75 mm., and the width of stream 140 mm, At 0.14 l./sec. this resulted in a 30-sec. exposure.

Krasovskii, L. V. 'Wechanical Treatment of Effluent". Tekstil. Prom,, 27, (101, p, 61-62, 1967. (In Russian) The use of screens, sand traps, and settling tanks in the treatment of textile-processing effluent containing fibre, bits of fabric, insoluble particles of dye, and chemical auxiliaries is discussed.

Mubelka, Vaclav. ""The Pollution Problem from Industrial Waste Water, with Particular Reference to Tannery Wastesg'. Rev. Tech. Hnds. Cuir,. 0,p, 147-154, 1958. Kubelka discusses the pollution of water from industries and states that it is 20 to 50 times more severe than that from city sewage systems. The industrial waste water may contain materials with/without the same quality composition, and having the same or different concentration. The tannery wastes are fundamentally different in composition ar,d concentration a% various times of the day, and thefr properties vary accordingly. Mubebka suggests some ways to minimize water pollution in industrial areas,

37. Kuisel, H. F. "Waste Water Treatment in Modern Textile Operationsw. ,, -3Il (51, pm80-84, 1966, (In German) Utilita%Eon of Lake Constance as a drinking water reservoir, and an agreement between Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, place limitations an waste water into the lake to: suspended solids 60,3, org, solvents and extractable matter by petroleum ether 40, B03,D, -35, RMnO4 consurnp%ion <80 mg./l,, and absence of toxic matter, and temp, e303, Activated sludge is paisoned by chemicals xsed in the textile mdustry (phenol, urea-formaldehyde, or mineral oils) as these are liberated in biol. treatment, ColBeeti~nand mixkcg of a11 effluents of a textile plant is a partial solution to this problem, having excess el decolorfzing dyes En soln. The tempo can be controlled by a heat exchanger, which also results in a fuel savings. The water is clarified and treated by activated sludge, to be used as an org. fertilizer, High pH and B,O,D, are reduced by aeration for 48 hems; hard detergents are to be excluded either by Beg~sBatfonor voluntarilyo Phenol is to be removed in the plant by Lon exchange, and may be recovered, Examples are given of tre2trr.en.t in variorrs textile plan%s,

38. Kulakov, E, A, 'Waste Waters from Factories of Primary Treatment of Wool, Their Parif icatxac, and wool rease (Lanolin) ~ecovery~'. 9 (21, p, 4-21, 1959, Countercurrent washing of one ton of wool gives an average of 30-43 cu, rn, of sewage, whereas periodic washing gkves 20-5 cu. m. with a eoctent of approximately 200 kg, of wool grease and 700 kgm, of dry substance, Discharge of sewage into municipal sewers causes d~st~rbances,For purification of the sewage, aeration is perfor~ed,and the collected foam (up to 94% of grease] twice centrifuged; the second centrifuging is done at 90-5"- Total recovery of fat contamed in sewage 1s 52-61%,

39. Kulakov, E. A., and I, K. gayasniksv, ""Pur~flcationof Waste Waters from the Vfseose Rayon In&~stry"c. Zh. Vses, Mhim. Obshchest., , (61, p. 638-644, 1967, (In Russian) The purif fcation of waste waters obtained from production of viscose silk (900 rn,3/ton), viscose reinforced staple (580 m, 3/ ton), viscose cord (700 rnO3/ton), and cellophane (750 m. 3/ton) fs described, Sep, processes are suggested for removing all impurities, mcLuding ac~dlty4-83 meq,/l,, pH 2-5-2.8, CS2 20-100, 32s 5-25, Zn 28-75, suspended maserial 120-470, dry residue 2700-6500, and calcined residue 2200-3500 mg./l,

40, Kiimlsk~i, Lo Aeg and A, M, Koganavsk~, ctAdsorptionPurificatmn of Waste Waters from AnlEfne Dye Factories", Vestn, Tekhn, i - a

aniline dye a;e among the most polluted and toxic waste waters in the chemical industry. In addition to a high content of salts of alkalnne metals and inorganic acids, they also con-in salts of Al, Pe, Cu, Cr, and other non-ferrous metals and arsenites and arsenates. The organic impurities are also very varied. For purification of these waste waters, the following process carried out at a centralized station, is recommended. There are three stages: 1) precipitation of organic substances and inorganic impurities settling out of solution when the pH falls below 5 (precipitation is accomplished in two series-connected clarifiers; the oxidizability is reduced 60-80%) ; 2) adsorption of molecularly dissolved impurities in countercurrent two-stage adsorbers with a suspended continuously renewable adsorbent layer; fine fractions (10.2 -+ 0.5 mm.) of activated anthracite are used as adsorbent; 3) heat regeneration of the adsorbent in a current of 0- less mfxture of steam and combustion products af natural gas (700-5Q0, 40-60 mm.). The waste waters have the following characteristics: solid particles 6000 -+ 1000 mg/l., pH 2.5, oxidizability 1125 mg/l.Q; after purification solid particles- none, pH-7.8, oxidizability - 39.5 mg/l. 0, Cl absorbability 4 mg/l. Cl, phenols 0.27 mg/l.

Kulskii, L. A., A. M. Koganovskif, et. al. 'Troduction of Acti- vated Anthracite Suitable for Treatment of Waste-Waters from the Aniline Dye Industry". Ukrain. Khim. zhur., 23, p. 117- 121, 1957. (In ~ussian) The authors describe lagratory and semi-scale experiments on the activation of anthracite by steam, and a mixture of the con-bustion products of carburated benzole and steam, and flue gas and steam. The adsorptive capacity of the activated anthracite for phenol and methylene blue was studied. Anthracfte thus activated is suitable for the treatment of waste waters from aniline dye factories. Lamb, J, C., and A. B. Cherry. 'Qiscusshon of Chemical Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Wastesm. Prod. 8th Sth. Munic. industr. Waste Conf., p. 103-188, 1959. In discussing the paper by Ockershausen, R. W., the authors emphasize the need for considering the fndfvidual characterfstics of each trade waste water when planning a coagulation or other chemical treatment process, and making the necessary laboratory and pilot-plant studies. With regard to coagulation, particular attention is given to the rmportance of determining the best order of addition of coagulant and coagulant aid, which varies according to the nature of the waste water. An example is also given of the factors to be ccns~deredin designing a process for the neutralization of acid waste waters, and a description and flow diagram are given of the neutralization process used at the Bound Brook plant of the American Cyanamid Company.

Lapshin, M. I. "Contemporary Problems rn the Treatment of Industrial Waste Waters". D. I, Mendeleeva, 6, p. 122-129, 1961. Discussion. Seventy- five references.

Lauria, D. T., and @. A. Willrs. "Treatment Stadies of Combined Textile and Domestic Wastes". Proc. 19th. ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Engng Extn Ser. 117, p. 45-58, 1964. At Valdese, N. C., more than 80 per cent of the total waste flow consists of waste waters from the dyeing and finishing operations at textile mills. The existing sewage works are overloaded and, since the effluents are discharged to a creek flowing into a lake used for recreational and water-supply purposes, it was decided to carry out pilot-plant experiments to obtain data for the design of a new plant for biological treatment of combined domestic sewage and textile waste waters. Some results of operation of the pihot plant are summarized in tables and graphs. The method of treatment chosen was a low-loading completely-mixed. )process, and results showed that reductions in BOD of 90 per cent could be obtafned with BOD loadings of at least 2 hb. of BOD per ib. of sludge per day. The oxygen requirements of the process were estimated to determfne the capacity of aeration equ~pmentrequrred. The proposed new plant, which wrll have a capacity of 3.2 m.g.d., will comprf se facilities for screenkg and grit removal, lagoons with mechanical surface aerators, sedimentation tanks, facilities for chlorination of effluents, and a solid-bowl centrifuge for thickenrng excess sl~dgebefore disposal as landfill.

Lawton, E. "Textf le Mill Effluent Conkrol" ", Textile Forum, 23, p. 8-14, 47-57, 1965. The varied character of textile wastes, waste recovery systems, analysis of waste waters, and methods of waste treatment are described. Sixteen references. 5. Lecherc, E. "Study of Waste Waters from Dyeworks'" Bull. Centre Belqe Etude Doc. Eaux, (231, p. 39-51, 1954. The characteristics of the various types of waste waters from the textile industry are described and methods of treatment are reviewed with reference to previous studies as described in the literature. Preliminary studies of the waste waters for works engaged in the bleaching and sizing of cotton and linen are reported. The effluent is settled in five sedimentation tanks in series before discharge at a rate of 550 cu. m./hr. to the river Lys. Analysis of samples taken from the spillway to the river revealed no significant variations in the character of the effluent. During the day the effluent satisfies the condensation for discharge to a third-class (industrial) river in everything except amount of settleable solids which slightly exceed the limit. The waste waters become reoxygenated in the first sedimentation tank. Sedi- mentation reduces the B.O.D. of the waste waters from 270 mg. to 111 mg./liter. The B.O.D. of the river H20 is increased by 20% by the discharge of the effluent; it 1s already heavily polluted at this point by other trade waste waters. Results of experiments on the harmfulness of the waste waters to fish are given in tables.

6. Lerczynski, S., J. Mokry, S. Ramotowski, and J. Stepien. "Purification of Sewage from the Production of Vf scose Rayonv. Przemysl. Chem., 43, (71, p. 389-394, 1964. Methods of purification such as coagulation, sedimentation, and flocculation and difficulties encountered are discussed. Aluminium sulphate coagulants in amounts of 50-80 mg/l are shown to give a 30% higher purification than other methods such as precipitation in an acid medium or with milk of lime. Additional biological purification is unnecessary.

7. Ling, Joseph T. "Pilot Investigation of Starch-Gluten Waste Treatment"'. Purdue Unfv., Enq. Bull., Ext. Ser. No. 109, p. 217-231, 1962. The principal waste involved had a five- day BOD of 12,000 parts per million, consisting of 800 parts per million suspended solids and 15,000 parts per million total solids, of whfch 14 per cent was protein, 7 per cent starch, and 79 per cent carbohydrate. Of the carbohydrates, 62 per cent was reducing sugar. A pilot scale anaerobic digestor was tested during a three-week period. Eighty per cent removal of volatile solids was accomplished at a loading of 0.1 lbs. volatile/cu. ft. digestor vol./day. The maximum allowable loading was not reached. Anaerobic lagoonfng was simulated in 55-gal. drums, and was successful if seeding was included. A minimum of 50 per cent removal of volatile solids was observed in seeded lagoons when they were operated at 32-43'~. for 11 weeks. The loading applied to the lagoons was 0.022 lbs. volatile solids/cu. ft./day. No objectionable odor was observed in the seeded lagoons within four weeks. Settling of the wastes for 2.5 hrs. was most economical, and this by itself removed 35 per cent of the suspended solids. 8. Lipsett, C. 8, Hndustr Lzi W.st~s~~;td.SeLieqg: Conser~raticn- and Utilization. SecorLd ~d,Atlas Pzb, Co,, 230 W, 42cd" Street, N. Ye,N. "Z, 1CC369 4C6 pges, 13650 Concents include the following chapters: Text]-ie Wzstes: Cotton Waste; Cotton Linters, Cotton Rags and Cuttings; Woolen Waste and Rags; Woolen Oils Reprocessing: Rags for Papermaking; Chemical Waste Recovery in Viscose Rayon Industry; Rayon and Other Man-Made Fibers; Miscellaneous Textile Wastes.

9. Little, A. H. "'Textile Works Effluent Treatment"". Textile Inst. and Hnd., 2, p. 9-11, 1963, The author discusses the effect of recent British LegisZztion concerning pollution on the textile industry, and ind-icates typical requirements for the discharge of waste wafers to municipal sewers and to surface waters. He outlines possible methods of treatment for textile waste waters and indicates some of the costs of treatment and disposal.

10. Little, A. H. 'Treatment of Textile Waste LiquorsbL. J- Soc. Dyers Col., 83, (71, p, 268-273, 1967. The character of textile waste Llquors and methods that can be employed for their purification are discussed. Although the examples are based largely on cotton processing, the methods are applicable generally. The need for mixfng and balancing waste liquors is emphasized. Methods of biochemical treatment are described with some indicatron of the relative costs, The method usually used to remove suspended solids is described briefly, and the effects of oxidizing and reduc~ngsubstances on the biochemical treatment are discussed, The ease of treatment of effluents containfng surface-active agents depends on whether the agent is "hardu or "soft"', i,e., whether the agent has a high or low BOD. If the waste is discharged to a sewer, the treatment costs depend on the size of the community in which the works is situated. The re-use of part of the effluent from textile processes and the analyt~ealtests made an the effluent are discussed brf efly .

11. Lftvak, A. A. and G. I. Flshman. ""Treatment of Waste Water in the Rayon Industrya1. Zhur, Vsesoyuz. Khim, Obshchestra im. D.I. Mendeleeva, 6, pax-150, 1961-, Twenty-four references,

12. Loehr, R. 6. and R. E, MeK~nney, "Aerated Lagoon System Treats Roofing Felt MiEP Waste"", Water and-- Wastes- Eng., 3, p, 91-93, 1966.

13. Lotoshnikov, Yu,Fm and 8, N, Kukisheva. ""The Volumetric ~eterminakionof Sulfate in Waste Waters". Xhim. Volokna, (l),p. 72, 1968, (12 ~ussian) sag2- in cextlle waste water was detd. with a relative error of <2% by a rapid volumetric procedure, Frve drops of 0.2% aq. alizarin red was added to a waste water sample contg. 0,1-15 g. of ~8~2'/1., and the sample was acldiffed by addn, of HBAc. If an inorg. acid was present it was first neutralized wxth NaOH, EtOH was added, and the sample was titrated with 0.1 N Bacl2. The anal. took 45min. The presence of S20-5 g, of ~1-a2+/1., 2100 mg. of ~e3+/1., or 510 rag, of 813+/P, did not hterfere. 14, Ludemann, D. 'The Effect of the Dyestuff Luxantholschwarz G on Fish. A Contribution to the Harmfulness of Coloured Waste Waters". Z. anqew. Zool., 44, p. 97-102, 1957. (English summary) Luxantholschwarz G (I), frequently occurring in coloured wastes of the textile industry, is a special dye used for viscose and cuoxam. I was toxic to guppies and bitterlings at concentrations of 5 and 75 ppm., respiratory gills of affected fish were blocked by particles of I, frequently resulting in gill distruction.

15. Lukinych, N. A. "Waste Water from the Wool Industry". Sanit. Tech. U.S.S.R., 3, p. 137-160, 1954. An investigation is described of the waste waters from a number of works of the wool industry; these are divided into three groups, those dealing with crude wool, spinning and weaving works, and works treating the prepared material. The water demand of 15 processes and analyses of their waste waters are given. Waste washing waters are alkaline, have high contents of suspended matter and grease, and have a high BOD. Waste waters from factories dealing with crude wool must be treated for removal of fibrous material and grease. Processes for removal of grease are described and a combination of centrifuging with acid treatment is recommended. 1. Mceallum, Gordon E,, zcd Harry A, Faber. "Action to Meet Today's

Problems of Water-FoLLaklan Control" ". La. State Univ., Enq. p. 1-8, 1961. Stream pollution in Louisiana and aid under tke Federal Water Pollution Control Act are drscussed,

McCarthy, La. A. "A Study on Treatment of Wool Scouring Liquors", Sanitalk, 2, (31, p. 13-l8? 195%. Studies on the treatment of wool scouring waste waters made by the Lawrence Experiment Station, Massack?,usetts, have shown that coagulation with CaC12, usually 2% by weight, with t5e introduction of live steam and adjustment of pH value gfves up to 98% reduction in concentratior) of grease and 66% reduction in SO The treated waste waters still contain about 500-800 ppm grease and have a BOD of 4000- 7000 ppm. To assess the permissible loading and probable removal of BOD in treatment of the waste waters by biological filtration, several series of f Pters were operated, the liquor being applied in a mixture wfth rinsing waters, which are usually available in volumes 3 to 10 times greater than those of scourfng waste waters and have a relatively low BOD and grease content. The loading applred to the filters was usually 2000#/acre-ft. and the proportion of liquor to rinsing waters applied to two recirculating filters in series varied from 25% to 10% scouring liquor, the corresponding reduction in BOD of the mixture increasing from 60 to 83%. The grease content was reduced by 90%. These results indicate that wool scouring liquors with a BOD of 16,000 pprn before coagulation can be treated by two-stage bfological filtration after dilution with 90% rinsing waters.

3. McCarthy, J. A. ""Characterrstrcs of Wool Dyeing Wastes and Experimental Treatmentg'. Sanitalk, 1, p. 8-11, 1952. A report on the rase of experimental trickling filters for treating the two types of wool dyeing wastes. The top dyeing waste contains Little suspended matter and much of the BOD is in solution. Ordinary coagulants are generally ineffective and even prolonged sedimentation gfves little improvement. Storage in lagoons may result in some reduction in color, but little reduction in BOD. With stmdard trickling filters it was found that loadings of EOOO to 1500 pounds of BOD per acre foot resulted in a BOD reduction of 90%. Recirculating the wastes through the filters with a ratio of 5 to 1 showed that BOB loading could be gradually increased to 5000 lbs./acre ft. with an 89% reductron fc BOD, Vat dyeing wastes while lower in BOD, required a reductron in filter loading to 1000 lbs. of BOD per acre foot in order to obtain a 90% reduction. Recirculation of this waste thvough the filters increased the loading only 30 to 40 per cent. As both types of dye wastes are customarily found En the same mill corrbininy these two wastes gave satisfactory effluent through trickling filters wfth loadings of 1200 kbs. of BOD per acre foot. McCarthy, J. A. "Effect of Starch Substitutes on Textile Wastesm". Sanftalk, 4, 1 p 23-25, 1955. The extensive use of starch in the processing of textiles, the processes involved, and the high BOD of textile waste waters resulting from its use are outlined, Investigations made at the Lawrence Experiment Station, Massachusetts, on the BOD of starch solutions and solutions of starch substitutes made up to 0.1% solutions, as used in fextfle milks, showed that whereas the BOD of starch solutions averaged from 600 to 1000 ppm, figures for substitutes were considerably lower, and that in mixtures of starch and CMC exertion of the BOD was retarded. The efficiency of treatment of starch and CMC mixtures on percolating filters was also studied. It was concluded that a reduction in the BOD of textile waste waters could be effected by the use of starch substitutes, giving a reduction in the pollutional load discharge to streams and a reduction in the cost of textile waste treatment.

McCarthy, J. A. ""Reducing Textile Waste Problems Using Starch Substitutes", 28, p. 334-336, 1956. Use of substitute for some or all of starch used in textile plants would give sufficient reduction in BOD load to justify its use.

McKee, J. E., et. al. "Water Quality Criteria"". Calff. State

' Wafnr auLLuL~~~~Dnl 1 rl+;r\n /ann~wnlburrLLur DU~LUT~---A ~UIJI,PI..L~ L~V.T J97 kiuueIlaUm,n - LAO.r-r- I,1 164 pages, 1954. A review for 1952 and 1953, with 371 references

McKee, J. E., Richard H, Gilman, 111, et. al. "Water-Quality Criteria". Calff, State Water Pollution Control Board Publ. No. 3, 512 pages, 1952. The technical and legal literature pertaining to water-quality criteria for the various beneficial uses of water s reviewed and critically evaluated. Judicial expressions have been examined to determine court rulings and decisions that have dealt with the reasonableness or unreasonableness of water-quality standards established by public agencies. The bulk of the report surveys potential pollution whether chemi ca19 physical, biological, radiological, or mixed. 1369 references.

McKinney, R. E. ""Good Housekeeping is Best Solution to Stream

Pollution Problem" ". 2,p. 71-74, 1957. With greater emphasis on water conservation and water pollution, the textfle industry is faced with an ever-increasing waste water problem. To afd the plant managers in evaluating the work of plant personnel or consultants, ten steps in evaluating and solving the waste water problems are outlined.

McKlnney, R. E. 38Syndetsand Waste Disposal". Sewacre and Ind. Wastes, 29, p. 6.54-666, 1957. Sewage and water treatment problems due to synthetic detergents are examined and research efforts to solve these problems are noted. Forty-one references.

MacFarlane, H. M. "Waste Treatment and Stream Improvement'" A Revfew of the literature publfshed during 1960. Pulp Paper 62, T515-518, 1961. A review with sixty-ei6lit -9 - p. - references. Mackowiak, Jacek. "Comparison of Determination of Organic Compounds in Retting Waste Waters by Chemical and Biochemical Oxygen Demand Methods". 9 -912 p. 141-152, 1965. (In Po most appropriate method for detg. the chem, 0 demand (C,O,D.) of retting waste waters and its correlation with B,O,D, as detd, by the diln. method, expts. were carried out on detn. of C,O,D, of pure compds, contained in the waste waters and of the waste waters themselves. Among chem. methods, the dichromate standard method involving Ag2SO4 as catalyst gave most satisfactory results. Statistical treatment of results led to a correlation formula between B.0, and @,O-DQ in the form: y = 0,6386~~where y is B.O,D. in mg. O/L and x is C,Q,D, in mg. 0/1. (21' ions in concns. found in retting waste waters have no influence on the detn. of e,O,B, by the standard

dichromate method. @

Maddox, T. "Unique Treatment Plant for North Georgia". Water and Sewaqe Works, 109, p. 325, 1962. An industrial wastes treatment ~lanthas been constructed for the Chicopee Manufac- turing Corporation" textile factory at Gainesville, Georgia. Waste waters from this factory were discharged into Bafles Creek before pollution was increased by the construction of Lake Lanier. The new plant wrll provide single-stage biological treatment with aeration for up to 40 hours to enable the micro-organisms to become adapted to variations in the composition of the waste water, thus avoiding the need for further treatment.

Ma1 "ov, V. A. ""Choice of the Type of Mixing Unit for Purification of Viscose-Production Waste Waters"". Mhfm. Volok., (51, p. 57-59, 1966. (In Russian) The design of mixing chambers for the combination of milk of lime and effluent is discussed.

Ma1 'kov, V. A. "'Function of Sedimentation Tanks in Semi-Industrial

Plant for Effluent Purification" ". Khim, Volok., (31, p. 64-66, 1967, (In Russian) Experimental work on the use of vertical and horizontal settling tanks In the purification of vfscose- production effluent is reported. The vertical tanks are shown to have three times the capacity of the horizontal tanks in achieving the same degree of purification but the problem of removal of the sediment is more complex.

Ma1 "ov, V. A. "Use of Clarifiers with Fluidized Layer zone/ Sediment Condenser for Purrf ication of Effluent from Viscose Fibre Productionk\ Sanft. Tekhn., Pokl. k Nauchn. Konf. , lst, Sb,, Leningrad, p. 77-88, 1965. (In Russian) .

Malqov, V. A. "'Use of Clarifying Agents for Purifying Waste Waters from Rayon ProductionsB. Vodosnabzh. Sanit. Tekh, (1) p. 7-11, 1968. (In Russian) Waste waters from rayon production contain H2S04 .21-2000, %n2+ 10-150, Fe 1-8, and suspended material 27-300 mg./l. $pH 1-7-2.8)- Preliminary clarification by liming with 3-5% @a(OH) 2 was very satisfactory, and the most efficient continuous clar~fferwas the slot type. At a settling rate of 1.4 mm./sec,, 89% of the deposit could be removed, and 87% of the Zn removed (znSO4 was converted to insol. Z~~OH]2 at pH 9.5-11). The treated wastes then contained suspension 56 and Zn 4.6 mg,/l, At a settling rate of 0.4-0.5 mm./sec. somewhat better results were obtained. The sludge carried off had 98-9% mofsture, and the dry deposit averaged 3-4% of the waste vol.

Mambet, E., E. Cute and L, Weiner. "Studres on the Treatment of Waste Waters from the Textile PndustryEu. Apel., Bucharest, 2, p. 307-332, 1962. (French summary] The waste waters from different processes in the textile industry are highly variable in volume and composition, and the Instftutul de Studei sf Cercetari hfdrotechnice of Roumania has carried out tests on the types which are most difficult to treat; namely, those from the washing of wool, spinning of natural silk, and finishing of cotton, wool, and artificial silk fabrfcs. Data on the physxo-chemical characteristics of the waste waters are reported in tables and graphs, and pilot-plant studies are described on possfble methods of treatment for waste waters from the finishing of wool and artificial silk. The wool fi-nishing waste waters were generally alkaline, with a five-day BOD of 390-317-0 mg/l. and a highly variable color which disappeared at dilutions between l/5 and l/500, With the artificfal-silk fmishing waste waters, the color disappeared at dilutions between l/7 and 1/10, the pH value was 6-5-9.8, and the five-day BOD was 85.0-E30.0 mg,/l. The studies showed that in treating these waste waters, particular attention should be glven to the removal of color, The best color removal, wf th simultaneous Fmprovement of pH value, was obtained by treating the wool-finishing waste waters with Caelz and aluminum sulfate in doses of 1.0-2-0 kg. and -2 kge/m3, respectively. These treatments also reduce the quantity of sludge produced by chemical treatment of the waste waters, After this treatment for color removal, both wool and artificial silk finfshfng waste waters resemble domestic sewage and can be treated biologically at the municipal sewage works.

Marinich, V. M., N. 14. Shevehenko, and 0. V. F~rsova, "The Use of Weak-Acid Cationic Asents to Remove Zinc from Hfahlv Mineralized Waste Waters". Khim, Volok., (25, p. 63-65, 1961. (In Russfan] Zinc compounds can be almost completely removed from waste waters with the aid of weak-acid eatfonic-agents MB-4 and KB-4P-2. On average, the consumption of agents normally used in effluent purif ication (soda, caustic soda] is reduced by 30% the method is less cumbersome in application, and less equipment and plant is requfred, The method is suitable for the removal of zinc from highly minerallzed effluent from viscose cord and staple fibre production.

Marshall, James Re "Today" Wastes: Tomorrows Drinking Water?" Chem. Enq., -,69 (161, p, 107-110, 196%. Review of a symposium on improved methods for treating waste waters, Masselli, M. W, and M, Go Surford, "Cotton Processing and Stream PollutionB\ Textile Inds,, G,(120), p, 122-128, 1961. The data included fa this report indicate that pollution reduction through substituting how BOD prccess chemicals is feasible. The high BOD starch used for slashing must be replaced.

MasselEf, Joseph W. and M. Gilbert Burford. "Pollution Reduction in Cotton Finishing Wastes Through Process Chemical Changes". Sewage and End. Wastes, 253, p. 1109-1116, 1954. Results of an effluent survey of a cotton finishing plant were compared with data derived from an fnventory of the BOD values of process chemicals used. We former indicated a discharge of 123 pounds and the latter 155 pounds BOD per 1,000 pounds of cloth. Process chemfcals were shown to contribute 70-80% of the total BOD wfth starch, soap, and ACOH the major sources; 20-30% of the BOD was attrfbuted to the natural waxes and pectins extracted from the cotton fiber dur ing scourmg. The possibilf ties are indicated of pollution reductions of 50-75% by substitution of low BOD chemicals for those now used; cellulose ethers for starch. Desizing and scouring contribute 35 and 32% of the total BOD, respectively.

Masselli, J, W., and M. G. Burford. "Pollution Reduction Program for the Textile IndustryWB.Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 28, (lo), p. 1273-1293, 1956. Report on Mew England Interstate Water Pollution Control Comrn. program on textile wastes to determine sources of pollution and possibility of using package treatment unit for them; considerable reduction in pollution may be obtained by substitution of low BOD for high BOD chemfcals; process chemical fnventory and BOD survey is aid in pin-pointing source of pollution.

Masselli, 9. W, and M. 6. B~~rford,"Pollution Sources from Finishing of Synthetic Fibers'" Avaf lable from New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commfssion, 73 Tremont Street, Boston 8, Massachusetts, 24 pages, 1956. This report records the research conducted for the Commission by Wesleyan University on wastes resulting from the finishing of synthetic fibers, and provides a companfon report to those previously published by the Commfssion on cotton and wool mill wastes. Result of all three studies. 19 references.

MasselEi, J. W., N. W, Masselli, and M, G. Burford. "A ~im~liiicatfohof Textile waste Survey and Treatment". Report to New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Boston, Massach~setts, 68 pages, 1959. This report contains an outline of the processmg methods and sources of pollution in the f inishfng of cotton, wool, and synthetic fibres; advice on the simpl~ficationof pollution survey methods in the textile industry; an assessment of the range of pbllution load from specific processes; and suggestfons on the reduction of pollution load and simplfficaticn of methods for treating the waste waters. In cotton mills, most of the pollution results from desizing and kierfng operations, and in woolen mills, from scouring and washing after fulling; and it is emphasized that the first step towards pollution control should be the modification of processes to segregate these wastes as a single concentrated waste water which would require only small storage capacity to permit equalizatfon of the discharge of BOD over 24 hours instead of shock loads and would also separate the toxic and other troublesome constituents of the weaker effluents, normally responsible for the great variability in textile waste waters and preventfng adequate treatment, The segregated concentraded waste water could be treated by evaporation and incineration, or the woolen mill waste could be treated by chemical coagulation with calcium chloride and the cotton mill waste, after dilution, by biological filtration or the activated-sludge process. The pollution loads of the remaining weaker effluents, and also of the waste waters from the finishing of synthetic fibres, are entirely due to chemicals used in processing; suitable chemicals should therefore be developed which have lower BOD values or are easily removed from the waste waters. Other research should include the development of methods for recovering materials from the waste waters or utilizing the waste waters; the collection of data on the BOD of processing chemicals; and basic research on the reactions of substances primarily responsible for the BOD of the waste waters (principally glucose, soap, and natural impurities) . Numerical data are appended on the compositfon and BOD of the various processing chemicals, the analysis and pollution potential of typical waste waters, and the removal of BOD by chemical coagulation.

Masselli, J. W., N. W. Masselli, and M. G. Burford. 'Wool Processing and Stream Pollution"". Textile Inds., -125, p. 121, 128, 132, 137, and 142-144, 1961. It is shown that natural impurfties extracted from the wool (wool wax and suint), soap, carding oils, and acetic acid produce practically all of the BOD from the wool industry. The natural impurities may be removed through solvent recovery and soap may be replaced by low BOD detergent or sulfuric acid. Acetic acid may be replaced by ammonium sulfate and low-BOD carding oils may replace the high-BOD oils usually used, These changes can reduce BOD loads by 60 to 90%.

Mathews, L, A. "Application of the Dfssolved Oxygen Electrode to the Treatment of Industrial Wastes". Proc. S. Munic. Pnd. Waste Conf., 13, p. 89-96, 1964. Determination of oxygen uptake and respiration by aerated sludges of textile and dyeing wastes treated by the activated sludge process is discussed.

Matov, B. M. ""Electric Flotation of Suspended Particles with the

Use of Flotation Reagents" ". Elektron. Obrab. Mater., Akad. Nauk Mold. SSR, (31, p. 80-82, 1966. (In Russian) Waste water from a silk production plant has been clarified by flotation of suspended particles in an electric field. Varfous flotation reagents were used; optimum conditions were obtained with 0.4 g/l of ferric chloride.

Matsnev, A. I. ""Certain Problems in the Technology of Purification of Wastes from Rayon Production". Peredov. Metod. Khim. Tekhn. Profzv. Sb., p. 6-11, 1964. A method for the treatment of rayon production waste waters containing low concentrations of zinc is described. Matuskov, Yu. E. u'Use of Contact Clarifiers for Complete Clarification of Viscose-Production Effluent Containing

Mazaev, V. T., and I. N. Skachkova.. ""Discharge of Industrial Wastes Containing Urea Into Water ReservoirsEK. , p. 7-12, 1966. (In Russian] Urea is toxic, rats receiving 50 mg./kg. showed practically no increase in blood urea concn. The threshold for detection by taste is 10 mg./l. Urea does not affect B,O,D,, but after hydrolysis the NH3 formed consumes 0 on being oxidized to NO2- and NO3-. The discharge of urea into a stream should be based on this consumption of 0.

Megregian, S. "Recent Developments in the Federal Water

Pollution Control Programw". ,,55, p. P573-P576, 1966,

Mejstrik, B., F. Sillfnger, and N. Sebkova. "Purification of Waste Water from Dye Prod~ct~on~~ textfl., 5, p. 105-111, 1958. Different methods of purifying waste waters are described. The proposal is %o dfazotize waste waters of one plant and couple them with inactive components from the waste water of another plant.

Merkel,:~. ""Treatment of Waste Waters from the Textile Flnas'rsing Industrym. Melliand Textilber, 36, p. 293-294, 1955. About 2/3 of the waste waters produced in a textile finishing factory are relatively unpolluted and are kept separate from the polluted waters. Heavily polluted waters are mixed in sedimentation tanks holding about 3-5 hours output. By the mixing of different types of waste waters flocculatlon is encouraged and is completed by addition of FeS04, other iron solutions, or sludge from water softening. Final biological treatment usually takes place in sewage works. Sufficient dilution for reduction of color is important.

Mikhailov, A. Z. Ioffe, N. I. Zubkova, and V, I. I Maiboroda, ""Pur ifyfng Alkaline Waste Waters of the Viscose IndustryTD. Leningrad Branch of the All-U3ion Scientific-Research Institute of Synthetic Fibers. USSR P. 201,984, (el. 6 82b1, September 8, 1967, Appl. June 29, 1964. A1k. waste waters of the viscose industry are purified with the aid of thermo- hydrolysis. To intensify the process, the purif ication is conducted in the presence of metal oxides as catalysts.

Mindler, A. B. 'The Economics of Base Metal Recovery by Eon Exchange". Soc. Conf ,, 24, p. 851-859, 1963. Data are presented to demonstrate that industry producing base metals may profit by ion exchange, esp, where the metal conen. is low, The examples are taken from the textile rndustry in which 5,000 tons Cu and Zn, as oxides, are recovered each year from waste solns. Costs are given for the Zn circuit, but the costs should be similar for a Cu circuit, Also a new process (Abiperm) is described for recovering Na from sulfite pulp waste liquors. Mfyaoka, Uichiro and Mfnorui Masunaga. ""Evaluation Method of Commercial Enzymic Desizfng Agents*. , 53, p. 605-608, 1953. The starch size was detected in order to estimate the transftfon of a sizing agent into a soluble state. This simple method was applied to compare commercial enzymic desfzing agents and also to detect the residual starch on fabrics within --k 5% error. Mokrzychf, J. "'Investigation of Sewage Purification by the Actfvated Sludge Process'" Pmac Inst. Wlok., 11, p. 116-127, 196%. (In Polish) Some results of experiment~carrfedout on sewage from the city of Lodz, which consists of 80-85% industrial effluent (50% of textile orfgfn) and 10-15% domestic effluent, and is high in Cr, Cu, Zn, and detergent content, are reported.

Mokrycki, J., and J. Stasfak. "'Studies on the Purfficatfon of Strongly Alkaline Effluents"". Praee Pnst. Wlok., 9, p. 19-28, 1959. A method is described for the treatment of concentrated alkaline waste waters from the textfle industry, especially those containfng vat dyes, by oxidation with a l: l mixture of air and carbon dioxide- and coagulatfon with calcium chloride,

Mokrzycki, J-, J, Zawadzki and K. Kielar, 'Turif~ca%ionof Waste Waters Containing Latex"". Praee Inst. Wlok,, 13, p. 149- 162, 1963. (In Polish) A study, has been made on thrpurf- f ication of sewage ccntainfng textile binding materf als of the latex type, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, and iron chloride are suitable coagulants; optimum doses of coagulant have been determined.

Moncrieff, W. W. ""Water and Effluentsw". Textfle Mfr., -393 p. 11-13> 1967. Lectures presented at a half-day symposium by the London Region of the Soc. of Dyers & eolourfsts on November 4, 1966, are summarfzed: (1) Water for the Dye- house, by T, H. Morton; 621 Water Usage in Rinsing, by G, J. Parish; (3) Surface Actfve Agents fn Processes and Effluents, by W. V. Barnes and S, Dobson; ($1 Treatment of Effluents, by A. M. Little,

Mordvfntseva, G. M. P., V, V. Grabovskaya, V, M. Marinich, and M. Nafgau "'Use of Vnicelkular Algae for Purifying Waste aters from ynthetfc Fibre Undertakings". Khfm. Volokna, 3, p. 61-62, 1966. Laboratory and pilot-plant experiments are reported on the use of unicellular green algae (Chlorella and Ankfstrodesmus) to treat waste waters from the manufacture of synthetic fibres (Kaplon and viscose) . Growth of the algae could be stimulated by addition of nutrients%such as urea, magnesium sulphate, and potassium phosphate. It was found that treatment, which was complete within 6 days under laboratory conditions and 3 days in the open air, effected complete removal of zinc, f ron, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disukphi.de, and sulphides, reduced the BOD by 90 per cent, and increased the dissolved-oxygen concentration by 100-400 per cent, but had no effect on calcium and sulphates. 42. Morgenshtern, V. S., and V. A, Mal "ov. "A Method of Calculating the Size of Neutralizer Tanks for Waste Waters". Khim. Volok., 5, p. 51-54, 1964. (In Russian) A method of designmg neutralizer tanks for waste waters (includmg vf scose production effluent) is glven; the sizes of the tanks thus calculated are smaller than those generally recommended in the literature.

43. Morgenshtern, V. S., Ya. Z. Sorokm, Yu. E. Matuskov, and V. A. Ma1 "ov. "Purification of Waste Water from Viscose Production" . Khim. Volok., 66, p. 44-47, 1966. (In Russian).

44. Morris, 9. Carrell and Walter J, Weber, Jr. "Preliminary Appraisal of Advance Waste Treatment Processes". Public Health Service, Health, Educatfon, and Welfare Department. Dfvisfon of Engineering and Applied Physics, Harvard University, for Advanced Waste Treatment Research Program. September 1962.

45. Morton, T. 8. "Water for the Dyeru\ J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 83, (51, p. 177-184, 1967. The dye industry of England and Wales uses approxfmately 10% of the annual surface water run-off. Increasing use, uneven distribution, and water management problems are discussed in terms of the dyeworks water supply and effluent disposal. Water quality required and processes used to produce satisfactory waters for the dyeworks are discussed in relation to surface, impounded or subsurface supplies. Effluent disposal for dyehouse waste waters are under contvol of local or river authority by prearrangement. Diln. in municipal waste waters may simplify treatment where biol. processes are acceptable. On-site treatment is likely to be more complex. Certain surfactants, dyes, and auxiliary agents may correspond to alkylbenzenesulfonate in treatabilf ty . Process modification to prov~deeffluents more ameanable to treatment include substitution of dyes with more favorable color removal, recovery of grease and fatty acids, and re- selection of surfactants and auxiliary agents. These alter- ations increase costs but are essential under present and anticipated conditfons.

46. Munteanu, A. "An Exper~mentalStation for the Treatment of Waste Waters from the kanufacture of Cellulose and Viscose Artf f icial Fibresrr, Enst. hydrotech. Res. SCL. Sess. Bucharest, Sect. 4, p. 51-54, 1964.

47. Mytelka, A. I., and W. Manganellf. "Energy-Induced Changes in

an Azo Dyestuff Waste" ". J. Water Pollution Control Fed,, 40, (21, I, p. 260-268, 1968. Sterilization of water and waste- water by means of rad~atfonis based on energy fnduced changes fn the waste and the effect of these changes on subsequent biological oxidation, The industrial waste selected for testing was an azo dyestuff mother liquor with low biodegradability and intense color, The ionizing radiation source was cobalt-60 gamma rays. Parameters investigated include total organic carbon (TO@], COD, BOD, dye concentration, color, solids, and pH. Results show a decrease in the above variables, and a waste more amenable to biological oxidation as radiation dosages increased. 28 references,

Nathan, V. S. "Profitable Use of Waste Materials in Cotton Mills". Indian Textile J., 64, p. 763-764, 1954. Recovery of bleaching, scouring, tin we~ghtingand mercerizing wastes is summarized.

Nemerow, N. L. "Color in Industrial Wastes'" Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Enqrs., 83, (SAl), p, 1180-1 - 1180-15, 1957. With a view to finding a means to remove color from waste waters, the possf- billties of altermg the color of a dye by methods based on theoretical considerations of the chemical structure of the dye were investigated.

Nemerow, N. L. "Dispersed Growth Aeration of Cotton Finishing Wastes. 11. Effect of High pH and Lowered Air Rate". Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 46, (163, p. 575-576, 1957. Data on thFeffect of neutralization and dispersed growth aeration on cost and efficiency of cotton mill finishing waste treatment are presented.

Nemerow, Nelson L. ""Holding and Aeration of Cotton Mill Finishing Waste1'. Proc. Southern Munic. Ind. Waste Conf., 5th, Chapel Hill, N. C., p. 149-156, 1956. Methods of removing dissolved organic matter from wastes are discussed, Pilot plant holding and aeration results are presented, discussed, and evaluated.

Nemerow, N. L. Theories and Practices of Industrial Waste Treatment. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co ., 557 pages, 1963. Industrial waste treatment discussed.

Nemerow, N. L. and W. R. Steele. '"Dialysis of Caustic Textile Wastesn. Proc. 10th Pndustr, Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Eng. Extn. Ser,, (891, p. 74-81, 1955. In processing ofcotton goods the waste waters from the mercerizing, kiering, and vat dyeing of the cotton are all. strongly alkaline, with high BOD and excessive mmeral content, and are colored. Dialysis of the waste waters to separate pure NaOH from the impurities, such as hemicelluloses, pectins, waxes, and dyes, has been successful. The Solvay-Brosftes dialyser has been developed to treat textile waste waters after concentration to about 38-40 per cent caustic soda in vacuum evaporators, cooling, and filtration.

Nemerow, N. E, and W. L. WlLson. ""Color Removal from Azo Dye Wastes". ., $9, p. 7724-78A, 1957. Stannous chloride is an effective reducing agent for removing color from azo dyes.

Neubart, S . "'Reclamation of By-Products in Wool Scouringrc Industrie Textile, p. 615-620, 1964. (In French] The author describes the extraction of wool grease from scouring effluent by the methods of acid1fication, f loatation, calcium chloride treatment, and centrifuging. The chemical treatment of the grease and its uses are discussed. There is a description of the traditional method of reclaiming potassium, and details of a method developed by the author are given. 9. Niemioja, Teuvo. "Stream Pollution on Fox River in the U,S,A," Suomen Kemistilehti, s,p. 226-232, 1958. The results, techniques, and analytical methods of the study of stream pollution of the Pox River in Wisconsin are reviewed. 10. Nordell, Eskel. 'Water TreatmentL\ Food Enq., -,27 (41, p. 89- 99, 1955. A discussion of water impurities and methods of treatment,

11, Nosek, J. "Purification of Waste Water in the Textile IndustryuB. ~eut.Textiltech, 2, (31, p. 145-219, 1964. (1n ~erman) The usual impurities in effluent from the main textile wet processes are discussed. Three methods of treating the effluent (mechanical settling, chemical treatment and biological methods) and the application of these are described brfefly.

12. Nosek, Jaromir. 'Waste Liquors from the Mercerization of Cotton Fabrics and Limiting of Waste Water Alkalinity" . Vodni Hospodarstvi, l6, (71, p. 288-291, 1966. (In Czech.) In the rnereerization process, the consumption of mercerization lye depends mainly on the humldity of the fabric entering and leaving the mercerizatfon machine. To reduce the lye consumption, increased wringing by the machine and use of waste liquor for the dissoln. of the fresh lye are suggested. The economics of the neutralization of the was+te liquor by H2SQ4, HC1, PeS04.7H28, and CO2 (flue gases) and the salt content of the neutralized waste water are discussed.

13 Nosek, J. "Waste Water Purification in the Textile Industry". Deut. Textiltech, . 914 (39, p. 145-149, 1964. Treatments designed to purify waste waters of various compounds are given. These treatments include mechanical, chemical, and biological methods,

14. Nosek, J. and J. Mrepelka. 'Tlarification sf Textile Wastes by Means of Magnesium Chlorfder\ Vodni Hospodarstvi, 2, p. 556- 557, 3.959. Full-scale tests of clarff icatfon of textile wastes by means of Mg@12 showed that, in a highly alkaline medium, it is a very effective clarification agent. The use of MgCl2 is especially advisable for laboratory tests, as the color of the originally white Mg{0Hl2 may be a good indicator of the quantity of dye removed.

15 Mosek, Z. and 8. Nosek. "'The Problem of Dye-Works Waste Watersa'. Vo da , 33, p. 52-54, 1953. A general survey is given of the processes of dyeing of cotton and of the amounts and problems of the waste waters.

16. Nosek, J. and others. "'Clarification of Textile Waste Water Through the Use of Wet Transfer of Slag and Ash from Steam Boilers". Vodni Hospodarstvi, 11, (81, p. 358-359, 1961. (In Czech.) The quality of textile waste water, clarified by wet transfer, is approximately 40% as compared with the clarification of almcst 50% obtained with ferrous sulfate and calcium hydroxide. 17. Nosek, J. and V. Vondrlik. "Experiences in the Treatment of Textile Waste Waters on a Percolating Filterw. JVoda -332 p. 226-228, 1953. The waste waters from a dyeing, printing, and bleaching works are treated successfully by filtration through a 1-m. layer of brown coal slag. The BOD is reduced by 35-45% and color is reduced by 80-90% and frequently completely removed.

18, Nosek, J. and V. Vondrlik. '"lag as Filter Material for Treat- ment of Textile Waste Water"'. Voda, 3, p, 14-15, 1953, Information is given on the operation and maintenance of the slag filter for the treatment of textile waste waters. The upper layer of medium, to a depth of about 20 cm., must be loosened every 14 days.

It 19. Nosel, H. "Rational Control of the pH at the Catchment Area of a Sewage System". Spinner Weber Textilver., -983 (3 251, 1965. (In German and English) The application and inter- pretation of the results from a continuously recording pH meter are discussed. Details of the electrode assembly are omitted; it is claimed that a satisfactory record is obtained for several days ' operation in flowing effluent which contains fibrous waste. The equipment is designated the pH 200 meter by the makers, W1ssenschaftlich-Technische Werkstatten G.m.b.H.

20. Nowacki, Jerzy. "'The Problem of Sewage Water of the Textile Industrygr. Przemyst Wtokienniczy, 10, (lo], p. 462-468, 1956; and 11 (41, p. 176-179, 1957. Data on the discharge rate and the composition of sewage and its effects on municipal sewage systems and biochemical purification plants are presented. Possible methods of purification (mechanical, physfochemical, and biochemical) of sewage and its utilization are considered.

21. Nowacki, 9. "Wool Industry Waste Waters"'. Gaz, Woda i Tech Sanit., (31, p. 65-90, 1956. Laboratory experiments have been carried out at the Silesian Technological Institution on the preliminary treatment of waste waters from the wool industry before discharge to the municipal sewers. Waste waters containing acid chrome and metachrome dyes can be treated with H2SO4 and FeS04 and mixed in an equalization tank with waste waters from the washing houses and with dye wastes previously treated by coagulation with lime and ferrous sulfate. Finally the mixed waste waters are settled before discharge.

1, Okun, et al. '" Aewlew of tke Eitesatare of 1961 on Waste Water and Water PoPPztion Control.. Research Committee of Water Pollution Coctrol Federation". 3. Water ollution Control Federation, 4, p. 419-458, 1962. bibliography. Textile and Wool Scouring Wastes, p, 541-542. Includes waste treatment plant construction, various methods of waste disposal, waste and sewage mixture, dispasa: of wastes from blanket manu- facturers, effects of textile waste water on municipal systems.

2. Okun, et al. "A Review of the Literature of 1962 on Waste Water

and Water PoPlution Controi" ". J, Water Pollution Control Federation, 35, p, 553-586 and 687-727, 1962. bibliography. Textile and Kol Scourinq,-- -p, 701-702. Includes discussion of various waste characteristics from materials and waste waters from finishing industrfes, feasibility of treating textile wastes with domestic sewage, various kinds of textile wastes and ways of reducing treatment cost, textile wastes in Germany, cotton waste, viscose-lime neutralism, U. S,S.R, - treatment of synthetic fibers waste, begal position.

3. Okun, D. A. and others. ""A Review of the Literature of 1963 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Control". J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 36, p. 535-572, May 1964; p. 659-711, June 1964; and p. 791-863, July 1964. Textile wastes are covered on pa 687-693. (61 references).

4. Okun, D. A. and others, ''Review of the Literature of 1964 on Waste Water and Water IPoh3ution Control". J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 37, p. 587-646, May 1965 and p. 735-799, June 1965. Analytical methods are covered on p. 587-599 (118 references], and textile and wool scouring wastes are covered on p. 763-767 (46 references),

5. Okun, D. A, and others, "'~eviewof the Literature of 1965 on waste Water and Water Pollution Control"", 9. Water Pollution Control Federation, 38, p. 685-736, May 1966; p. 869-934, June 1966; and p, L049-1x3'7, July 1966. Analytical methods, p. 685-696 (93 referexes]; Textile wastes, p. 900-904 (39 references) .

6. OrPova, I. M, "Trade Waste Waters and Waste Waters from Light Industries". Sanit. tech., U.S.S.R., 3, p. 200-215, 1954. The author deskribes the type and composition of waste waters from various branches of metal-working industry, the textile industry, etc., and suggests methods of treatment required. 7. Osherelyava, Me N. "'Treatment of Waste Waters from the Wool Industry" Vodosn. i SanFt, Tekh., (12) p. 14-15, 1959. The composition and treatment of wool washing waste waters are discussed. Treatment with Elme and ferrous sulfate is insuffi- cient, Experiments wlth ferrlc chloride showed that this treatment increased clarfty, reduced suspended matter from 3043 mg to 435 mg/l a.nd reduced BOD by 50%. Addition of lime was necessaxy only rf the pH value required ad-justment before discharge to a stream,

1. Pais, G,, R. Mitroiu, and H, Weinberg, ""Present Status of Industrial Waste-Water Treatment HnstaLPationsH". Hfdroteh.

-3 9HI (31, p. 149-155, 1966. (In Rumanfan) Ffqures for sllk and wosff industries are incEuded in analytical data (pH values, total suspensions, and organic matter) on waste waters from various industries, Methods of waste water treatment are also discussed.

2. Palamar-Mordvintseva, G. Me: V. K. Marinich, V. V. Grabovsoka, and S. M. Neigauz. ""Clarlficatfon sf Sewage from Synthetic Fiber Factories with the Aid of Single-Cell Algae". -Ukr Botan. Bh., 23, (51, p. 56-61, 1966, (Ukrain) Expts. were conducted in open basins to confirm data obtained under lab, conditions on the possibility of cultivating Chlorella algae on sewage from synthetic fiber production for the purpose sf clarifying the sewage. Growth and development of algae and clarification of sewage were more rapid xnder natural conditions than in the lab. The main clarification was completed in 1 day in the presence of algae. A 3-day cultivation of the algae removed Zn, H2S, S, znd sulfides (100%) and CS2 &6O%), and decreased B,O,D, by 92.5%.

3. Palamar-Mordvintseva, G. M., V. V. Grabovskaya, V. K. Marinlch, and S. M. Naigauz. "Use of Unicellular Algae for Purifying

Waste Waters from Synthetic Fibre Undertakings" ", Khim, Volok., (31, p. 61-62, 1966. (In Russian) Experimental work (both in the laboratory and in the open air at effluent-treatment plants of factories producing Kapron and viscose) on the use of unicellular algae (Chlorella and Ankistrodesmus) rs reported, The growth of the algae in the waste waters can be stimulated by the addition of food" salts (ureag magnesium sulphate, and potassium phosphate) . Removal of zinc, iron, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, and sulph.ides is E00%, the quantity of free oxygen is increased by 100-400% and the B,O,D, is reduced by 90%; only the calcium and the sulphates remain unaffected. Complete purif icatron is achieved on the sixth day under laboratory conditions and on the third day in the open air, The work is regarded only as preliminary; no account of economic aspects has been taken. Further projected work on the possibility of cheapening the process by using by-products of the food and distilling industries is mentioned.

4, Pavia, E. H. and 6. S. Chiang. "Industrial Waste Treatmentq8 , p. 236- 248, 1960. Discusses waste treatment.

5. Pentelow, F. T. K. "River Purifi'cation"'. -347 p. 20-29, 1959. A revlew of the sources, effects and control of pollution of water supplies.

6. Petru, A. "'Combined Treatment of Cotton Mill and Dairy Wastes

with Sewage" ". Water Waste Treat., g,(121, p. 532-533, 196%. The conlbfned treatment of cotton msll and dairy wastes with sewage was evaluated by treating synthetic sewage made from dried milk and textile wastes from an operating cotton mill. The wastes were tested manometrically. These manometric tests were followed by tests in a laboratory model, two-stage activated sludge plant. The combined waste could be effectively treated (parameter, initial value, and percent reduction in primary and secondary stage, respectively): B.O,D, 330 mg./l., 70, 94; Chemical Oxygen Demand (dichromate) 606 mg./l., 60, 77; Chemical Oxygen Demand (permanganate) 178 mg./l., 75, 84. Initial pH was 8.8-9.6. Shock loading to alkaline pH was adequately handled. s2- 17, Cr 1.68 (as K2Cr204), and Cu (as CuS04) 41 mg./l. were without effect. Retention times of one hour in the primary and three hours in the secondary stage yielded acceptable results.

Petru, A. 'Tombined Treatment of Wool Scourinq Wastes and ~unici~alWastesm". J. Inst. Sew. Purif ., (5j p. 497-499, 1964. Pilot-plant experiments showed that, after pretreatment with calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride and a centrifugfng treatment to remove as much grease as possible, wool scouring wastes can be treated together with municipal wastes in a ratio of 1:lO. Reduction in BOD was of the order of 70 percent and that in COD of 40-60 percent. * Pettet, A. E. J. "Water Pollutiont\ Disposal Ind. Waste Materials Conf., Shelfield Univ., p. 153-155, 1956. A review with 12 references.

Peyron, E. "Effluents from Dyeing and Finishing Baths1\ Teintex,

-332 (61, p. 419, 421-422, and 425, 1967. (In French) The treatments of dyeing and sizing effluents used in the textile industry were discussed, The autoneutralization, pH regulation, flocculation, decolorization by C and decantation processes involved were described. The installation steps used for a textile printing plant were discussed. The various effluents were combined in an equilization bath provided with a surface skimming device and an aeration system by compressed air. Flocculation is carried out by A12 (SO+) and Na silicate in a special tank. CaC12 used for decolorlzation is distributed automatically and is controlled by a galvanometric device.

Pinault, R. W. "Textile Water Pollution Cleanup Picks Up Speed". Textile World, 117, p. 52-66, 1967. The problem of textile water pollution and what government regulations mean to the textile manufacturer are examined. Factors to be considered in the selection of an effluent treatment system are discussed and case studies of the waste treatment plants now in use at five different textile mills are cited.

Pinault, R, W. "Wash-Water Recovery Cuts Mercerizing Costs1". Textile World, 106, p. 107, 1956. A Zaremba evaporator to reconcentrate mEerizer wash-water put into operation by Fair- forest Finishing Division of Reeves Bros. Operation of this is described. The unit saves caustic, reduces alkalinity of finishing-plant effluent. Pinault, R. W. "Waste Disposal Systems - How They Shape Up Today". Textile World, 114, p. 100-110, 1964. Four methods of textile waste disposal (chemical treatment, forced aeration, activated sludge, and settling and cascading) are discussed.

Pleshakov, V. D., A. I, Matsnew, and 0. P. Sinev. "Chlorination of Waste Waters from Viscose Productionrt, and Sinev, 0. P. "Effect of Aeration on Clarification of Waste Waters from

Viscose Production" '. Dokl, W-o i Nauchn. Konf. Novocherk. Politekhn. Inst. Stroit, Sekts., Novockerkassk., p. 67-68 and 74-75, 1964. (In Russian).

Pleshakov, V. D., 0. I?. Sinev, V. S. Semenova, and L. F. Lupanova. "Settling of Sewage from Viscose Fibre Production at High pHK\ Tr. Novocherk. Politekhn. Inst., -157, p. 47-53, 1964, (In Russian) ~onditions'necessary for the effective settling of suspended solids and zinc from viscose fibre production effluent in horizontal settling tanks have been investigated. Both complete preliminary regeneration of cellulose hydrate from the viscose solution and intense mixing of the effluent with lime are shown to be necessary; the pH should be less than 9.0. Some comments on the design of the settling tank are also offered.

Popov, Kh. "Determination of Chloride Ions and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in Sewage from Sulfur Dye Production". -Khim. Ind. (Sofia), 37, (51, p. 164-168, 1965. (In Bulg.) In the absence of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (I), ClY is detd. by dilg. a 5-10 ml. sample with distd. H20, in a sufficient amt. of 0.1N AgN03 is added for the complete pptn. of chlorides, sulfides, polysulf ides, sulf ites, and thiosulfates, plus 2-3 ml. excess, an amt. of HNO3 is added equal to 0.5 the vol. of the test soln., glass beads are added, and the mixt. is boiled for 4-5 min. If the soh. is not completely colorless, 20-30 ml. dil. HNO3 (1:2) is added, and the soh. reboiled. After cooling to room temperature, the soln. is filtered to remove AgC1, and the ppt. is washed to a neg. Ag reaction with very dil. (0.02- 0.05N) HN03. The filtrate and wash waters are combined, and the detn. is completed by using Folhards method, where the excess AgN03 is titrated with 0.1N NHgSCN, using FeNH4 (S04) as indicator to a rose-red color, Where I is present total Cl- is detd. by boiling the sample with 8% NaOH in order to transform molecular C1 in I to C1-, and the analyses completed as above. A sep. analysis for Cl- without this transformation gives C1' content without the mol. C1 from I and the amt. of I can therefore be calcd. by difference.

Popov, Kh. "Development of a Method for Treating Waste Waters Containing Sulphur Dyes from the 'Asen Zlatarov' Plant, Iskar Station, Sof ia'" Trud. nauchnoizsled. Inst. Vodosnab. Kanaliz. sanit. Tekh., Sofia, 2, p. 167-184, 1965. '(~nglishsummary) Laboratory tests showed that the most economical and effective method for the treatment of waste waters containing sulphur dyes was acidification with sulphuric acid to give a pH value of 3.5-4, followed by neutralization with lime to give a pH value of 8-8.5, the neutralization tanks being closed and slightly pressurized. The sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide which are evolved react together and become harmless, and the treated waste water is suitable for discharge to the municipal sewer. Based on the results of the tests, which are given in tables and graphs, a treatment plant was designed and is shown diagrammatically. The pH value during acidification and neutralization will be controlled automatically, A period of 2-2.5 hours is required for sedimentat~onand 1-1-5 hours far neutralization, Alkaline sludge can be re-used,

Popp, P. 'Methods for the Purification of Waste Water From Super- cord Rayon Proggction".. ~qserforsch.U. Textiltech., l3, $lo), p. 462-472, 1962. Laboratory and pilot-plant tests have been carried out on a method for purifying waste water from the production of supescord rayon, which is cheap and needs very little space; it is carried out at pH 10 using lime water. A flow diagram foa a plpnnec? purification unit is included.

Postnikov, I. S. "Waste Waters from Cotton Spinning and Weaving". Sanit. tech., U.S,S.R., 3, p. 113-136, 1954, he-author describes investiaations on the waste waters of two cotton factories which iicluded bleaching, dyeing, and color printing plants. Detailed analysis of waste waters from the different processes are given in tables. The investigation was especially concerned with the suitability of the waste waters for discharge to the sewers and recommendations made include the following: Waste cooling water from the spinning and weaving process should as a rule not be discharged but re-used as cooling water after mechanical treatment, Slightly polluted waters from bleaching and dyeing can generally be discharged to the sewers and serve to dilute concentrated dyefng wastes, Direct discharge of other waste waters is permissible. Washing water from the filters, I spinning, weaving, and bleach1ng, must be screened to remove fibers and other matter likely to block sewers, To prevent damage b sewers by high temperature, acidity or alkalinity, the flow should be equalized. The toxic action of waste waters containing H2SOg from dyefng should be removed by aeration or chlor ination. If the sewage works include biological treatment, the mixed sewage and waste waters should have a pH value of 6 =+ 9; the maximum permissible contents of toxic substances are (mg/E) Cr-2, zn-5, .Pb-1, Sb-t29 CN- =+ 1; As-. 2 The BOD must be controlled and attention paid to the pH,

tile Industry" ), p. 163-190, 196 r discusses the role of the textile industry rn the pollution of rivers; the various sources and characteristics of waste waters from different branches of the industry; physical; physico- chemical, and biological methods for treatfng the waste waters; and economic aspects to be considered in planning a treatment system to meet the regulations i~posedby public authorities.

Pree, W. "Process Water for the Textile Industrya'". Melliand Textilbex.:., 47, (l),p. 89-92, 1966. (In German) This brief survey of the necessity of water treatment and posslble methods covers de-acidif ication, iron and manganese removal, softening, and partial and full de-salting. 22. Prisley, F. A. "Use of Activated Silica in Water for Textile Finishing". J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 49, p. 459-463, 1957. Activated silica is described. Its use under proper conditions increases speed of formation, as well as size, density, and strength, of the alum floc. The prospect of increasing the density of the floc was the reason for the work described. C12 is used to activate the silica. The floc now settles rapfdby.

1. Qasim, S. H. "Industrial Water Softening". Pakistan Textile J., -18, p. 27-30, 1967. Commercial methods of conditioning boiler water via the lime soda, ion exchange and rnetaphosphate processes are discussed. The article includes a brief description of methods gener8lly used in softening process water especially in the textile industry.

Rao, V. Rama. "Treatment of Wastes from Cotton Textile Industry".

9 -93 (44, p. 56-58, 1966. ed from 87 cotton textile mills at Ahmedabad (India) varies between 10,000 and 3,000,000 gal./ day. Waste waters are ch~eflyfrom bleach and dyehouse and contain fibrous and suspended solids, Owing to great variations in the characteristics of the waste water, it is not appropriate to mlx it directly with sewage and to treat them in a combined treatment plant. The modifled pretreatment methods of waste treatment in each plant were worked out, which consists of coagulation by lime and gypsum followed sedimentation and filtration through a gypsum filter.

Rayet, R. "Some Reflections on the Purification of Industrial Waste Waters"". &fegel, (269, some of the problems that confront the specialist in waste water treatment, especially since the imposition of heavy restrictions on the communes by the Belgian legislation of 1950.

Remy, E. D. and D. T. Eauria. "D~sposaPof Nylon WastesL\ Purdue , p. 596-624, 1958= ion near PensacoEa, Florida, manufacturing nylon, the waste waters were fcrmerly stored in lagoons and discharged to the Eseambia River during periods of high flow, When the plant was expanded, however, treatment of the waste waters became necessary. The more concentrated waste waters were burned to recover heat, Of the remaining waste waters, about 90% come from the manufacture of adipic acid, a principal component of nylon salt, Detailed studies were made on the treatment of these waste waters; the results are discussed, and shown in tables and graphs. It was found that one stream of adipfc acid waste was best treated by solvent stripping, using a submerged corribustion process. The stripped waste water could then be rnlxed with the second stream for biological treatment by the activated sludge process. Sedimentation was found to be more effective than flotation for recovery of sludge. Based on the laboratory and pilot- plant studies, a full-scale treatment plant was put in operation in 1953 and has operated efficiently.

Reploh, H. and H. Kustermann. '"The Effect of Industrial Effluents on Soil Filtration"", -9149 $7/8&1, p. 627-635, 1965. (In Ge n of sewage was found to be affected, detrimentally, by textile- mill effluent, Tests showed that the i9hIy alkaxfne effluent reduced the filtering speed of the soil by dfssoLving humus substances, but that this could be overcome by neutralizing the effluent with sulfuric acid,

Richardson, R. W. "Supply, Treatment, and Dbsposal of Water in the Dyehousenh. , 93, p. 485-491, 1957, An attempt is made to review briefly the many aspects of water - its supply, treatment, and disposal - from the point of view of dyehouse management and the dyer, rAther than from that of the water-treatment speclalist. Rickles, R. N. "Waste Recovery and Pollution Abatement"'. Chem. x-272, p. 133-152, 1965. Many waste-recovery methods have been proposed and then rejected because it is cheaper to dump the wastes (thereby polluting the streams and air) than to process them. These recovery processes will make good economic sense, however, when anti-pollution regulations prohibit dumping. 112 refs.

Ridgway, F. "Simple Bio-Aeration Kills Strong Wastes Cheaply". Chem, Enq., -,70 (401, 1963. Textile mills in the outheast are trying out an attractive biological treatment that can effectively neutralize starch-desizing and other wastes. Developed by H. Souther, it helps textile finishing mills remove up to 95% BOD from streams contaming strong starch-desizing wastes.

Riemer, H. "New Process for the Treatment of Effluents in the Textile ~ndustry". 2. qes. Textil-Pnd., 64, (41, p. 299-304, 1962. (1n ~erman) The process, whfch dis~enseswfth the need for a large storage vessel, and*is thus paLticularly recommended for industrial concerns in highly built-up areas, consists in the addition of a flocculating agent to and intense aeration of the effluent with simultaneous pH correction. This precipitates solid and colloidal impurities as a surface skin which can be easily removed, whfle residues of dyes, surface-active agents, and organic compounds are removed by adsorption into artificial resins. Typical layouts for the treatment plant are shown and costs are discussed.

Rfgsbee, F. "For Lyman: A $2 Million Pollution Solution" ". Textile Bull., 93, p. 49-50, 1967. The industrial waste treatment plant at Lyman Printing & Finishing 60, is described.

Rizaev, N. U., P. Kh. Mansurov, Kh, R, Rustamov, and S. U. Nazarov. '@TheUse of Cation Exchanse Resins in Citric Acid d Extraction from Cotton Wastesss. -kh Uchebn. Zavedenf i, Pishchevaya Tekhnol., (l),p, 174-175, 1965. (In Russian) To increase the citric acid concn. in cotton waste exts., the latter is repeatedly extd.. with a 0.45% H2S04 by usihg a H cation exchange resin (KU-1, KU-2, and others]. After the 1st extn, the liquor contains 78.4 meq. citric acid/ 1. and is used for further extns. After 3 extns. the concn. rises to 235.0 meq./l. wfth a simultaneous decrease in the ash content from 222.0 to 13.4 meq./l. (Ca + Mg from 185 to 0.65). The ion exchanger can be regenerated with 2N HC1.

Rosenthal, Be L. and J. E, OBBrfen. "Bio-Oxidation of Textfle-

Finlshfng Waste" '. Santalk, . -3TI (11, p, 14-18 and 29, 1963, In laboratory studies on the treatment of waste waters from a textile finishing mill by the activated-sludge process, a BOD removal of 84% was achieved. Sfnce the waste water was deficient in nitrogen, supplementary ammonia was added. The density of the sludge simplified disposal, but intense aeration was necessary to keep it in suspension and sed~mentationwas slow.

Rusanovschi, M., E. Pliescu, and B. Zilbersteln. "Physical/ Chemical Characteristics of rwoollen Mill] Effluent and Purification Trialsu. ~ndustriatext ., 17, (31, p. 160-164, 1966. (In Rumanian) Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the waste waters from woollen mills -have been investgated and an attempt has been made to establish a purification technique whfeh will treat c5e efflz-ene to such an extent that final purifieat~onmay be ca~rredout at the domestic sewage plant. Two purffiearion techniques are s~ggested: chemical coagulat~onand absorptron,

E3. Rusanovschi, Maria, Elena Ilresc~,and Bathia Zilberstein. uPhysicochemieak characteristics of Residual Waters and Treat- ment Experiments at a Conplex Textile Manufacturer'" -Ind. Textila (~ucharest),G, (39, p. 160-165, 1966. (In Rumanian) Studies were carried out in 1965 at the Central Labo of the Ministry of Light 3ndastry (Bucharest) on residual waters comfng from the B~husiFelt Industry. The total vol. of resfdual waters is 5,000-6,000 m,3/24 hrs, and contains large amts, of residue. This 2s due to the multiple processes and the variety of raw materials used: vegetal, animal, and synthetic. There are 2 main categories of residual water: (1) coming from the preliminary treatments of the wool and (2) the ffnfshing waters, The former waters are dark colored, contain suspended matter and fats, and have an aEk. reaction, They represent 1.3% of the total resfdaab waters, but befng the dirtiest they influence the totah effluent. They analyze: pH 8.5-10, H S 42.5-56-1 mg./l., fi04 index 3700-4100, and B.O.D. (5-day? 1200-1500 mg,/l., total fats 1-9-2 -8 g./l. The f fnishing waters contain dye resadues, inorg. salts, detergents, H2S, Cr, etc, The waters from the coloring sectfon represent 57.6% of the total residual water; their characteristics are: pH 7.5, dark in color, H2S 23.4 mg./l., suspended matter (cellulose, short wool fibers) 354 mg./l., low KNnOq index and B.O.D. (5-day). The overall effluent characteristics are: pH 8-9, dark color, E2S 25-34 mg./E., suspended matter 235-300 mg./l. (org. matter remains suspended], toxic matter such as Cr = 1.7- 3 mg-./I,, and detergents = kl mgo/l. The chem. methods for the treatment of the total resrdual water are coaguPatfon and adsorption, For eoagulatnsn, the following were used: (a) FeS04, (b] A12 (S84'$33 (21 FeClg, (d] CaO, and (e) R2S04. For good results, the optimum amt, of (a) = E008-1500 and for (d) = 700-1000 mg./P. %he sludge resulting from the treatment contains 58% inorg, matter: N 1.4-2-0, M as M20 3.5-6-3, and P as P205 0.1-O,P5%. For adsorptron, the folEswing were used: actfvated charcoal, Irgnite slag, and residues of ion exchangers, The best resalts were obtained wfth activated charcoal. In general, adsorpt~onis too expensive,

14. Rutishauser, Max. "Waste Waters from Cellulose Factories and Their Possible Purification'\ Ber. Int, Vortraqstaq. PRO AQUA, BaseE, p. 349-355, 1965(P~b,19x6~ (In German) Improvements in the utilizatior, of waste waters from cellulose production are described. Thus, the utilszation of raw material was increased progressively from 48.5 to 91%, by working-up the fermentable sugars, the yeast-producf ng waste, and cone. and combustion of the residual swlffte lrquor. So far no advances have been possible rn the utilizatron of bleaching waste water.

Salquam, J. "The Biodegradability of Text~leAuxiliaries" l. Teintex, 30, (4), p. 233-259, 1965. (In French) This study of the behaviour of most classes of surface-active agents in biological effluent purification also includes notes on current legislation in Europe and 58 references.

Sastry, 6. A., and G. J. Mohanrao. "Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial WastesI1. Envir. Hlth, India, 5, p. 279-288, 1963. The anaerobic digestion of industrial wastes i s reviewed, with special reference to waste waters from slaughterhouses, dis- tilleries, yeast culture, paper mills, dairies, pea processing and wool scouring. A blbl~ographyof 57 references is appended.

Saxena, K. L. and R. N. Chakrabarty. "Viscose Rayon Wastes and

Zinc- Recovery Therefromu". ~echnolo~y(Sindrf) ,- Spec. Issue, -3 (4), p. 29-33, 1966. To avoid fouling and choking the sewers, acidic and alk. wastes are sepd. Most of the Zn in the spent spinning soln. can be recovered by neutralization, thus reducing the toxicity of the wastes.

Schaake, Ulrich. "The Water Requirements and Waste-Water Output in the Manufacture of Industrial Products". Wasser wirtsch Wassertechn., Id, p. 291-293, 1960. Data are given on the water requirements and waste-water output in East Germany of the following industries: elec. power, gas, coke, brown coal, K salts, crude Fe and steel, rolled steel, H2S04, Na2C03, rayon, Nylon, cast Fe, cement, yarns, fabrics, leather, . . .

Schmitz, Paul, Karl H. Krueger, Hans Havekoss, and Fritz Steinfatt. "Removal of Formaldehyde from Waste Waters". Farbenfabriken Bayer A.-G. Ger. P. 1,244,144 (61. C O7c) , July 13, 1967, Appl. Jan. 30, 1964; 3 pages. Acidified (ph <4) waste waters from resin manuf. are freed of HCHO by adding MeOH and heating. One 1. of waste water contg. HCHO 4, H2S04 12, HCO2H 15%, and other org. and inorg. compds. was treated with 50 ml. MeOH and heated. During heatfng, another 150 ml, of MeOH was added and the vapors were removed through a small column. The residual waste water contained <0,005% HCHO and had substantially less toxicity to Escherichia coli and Daphnia pulex.

Scholz, Herbert. "Waste Water Costs Money. Fundamentals to be Considered in the Treatment of Textile Waste Water". Spinner Weber Textilveredl., 80, p, 873-876, 1962. A review of ways to reduce costs of waste water treatment.

Schroder, J. and 9. Nosek. "The Present Condition of the Problem of Treatment of Colored Waste Waters in the Textile Industry". Textll, Praha, 12, p. 304-305, 1957. Textile waste waters are most economical^ treated along wlth municipal sewage after preliminary treatment of the very polluting wastes and dilution. A corribined vegetative-biological process of treatment is described, Schwameis, Weiner. "Household Questions Concerning Waste Water Purification" . Chemiker Ztq., __85, p. 149-151, 1961. Various methods employed in the purification of waste water are discussed with particular reference to water from industrfal wastes.

Sedova, G. P. "Hygienic Aspects of the Treatment of Textile Industry Waste Waters Containing Chromium Salts, Used for Irr$gationH. J. Hyq. Epidem. Mfcrobiol. Imrnun., 8, p. 281, 1964; and Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde, I, -200, Ref., p. 409, 1965. Details are given of experiments carrled out on the treatment of textile industry waste waters containing chromium salts for use in irrigation. Results showed that trivalent and hexavalent chromium, present in clay soil in amounts sf 0.1 mg per 100 g of soil, had no adverse effects on the nitrification process. Irrigation with undiluted waste waters containing chromium inhibited the formation of nitrate-nitrogen in the soil but had a growth-promoting effect on plants such as cabbage, carrots, and tomatoes. When using waste waters containing chromium for irrigation, the waste water must be drluted, so that the chromium content does not exceed 0-5 mg per litre and the amount of irrigation should not exceed 2000 m3 per ha.

Sell, R. "Means and Possibilftles of Solving the Effluent Problems in the Textile Finishing Planti\ Melliand Textilber,, 42, (31, p. 342-346, 1961, (In German) Mechanical, chemical and biological methods for effluent purifleation and respective installations are discussed,

Serkov, A. T., I. N. Kotomina, and V. A. Kolchin, "Recovery of'

zinc- sulphate in the ~anufactureof High-Tenacf ty Rayon ~iord"', Khim. Volokna, (51, p. 30-32, 1962. An economrcal method for recovering zinc from plastfcization and rayon fibre-finishing waste waters, based on the evaporation priiciple, is described. The process involves counter-current washing of the freshly- formed fibres so that a large proportion of zinc sulphate is removed from the fibres, thus substantially reducing the concentration of zinc sulphate in the plastic1zation bath and hence reducing the volume of water required for its dilution. The process reduces the loss of zinc su1phate to 0.83 kg per kg of fibres, the bulk of zinc sulphate recovered being returned to the spinning bath. A similar process can be applied to the recovery of zinc from effluents produced during the manufacture of other types of viscose rayon fibres.

Sharda, 6. P. and K. Manfvannan. "'Viscose Rayon Factory Wastes and Their Treatment". 3 -93 (49, p. 58-60, 1966, The process of vf scose rayon manuf. is briefly described. The effluents from the factory are classified as alkali, viscose, acid sulfide, and sanitary, The combined waste treatment may be difficult and sep. treatment is recommended. The process adopted includes neutralization and settlement, incfneratfon, neutralization with lime or limestone and trickling filter. The addnl, problem of Zn removal from viscose tire cord factory is mentioned. 13. Sheets, W. D. and G. W. Malaney. "'Synthetic Detergents and the BOD TestrE. Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 28, p. 10-17, 1956. This paper is a report of studies on the influence of selected synthetic detergents, surface-active agents, and detergent builders on the standard detergent BOD test.

14. Sherishev, V. M. "The ShW-2 Plant for Recovery of Wool Fibres [from ~ffluent]". Tekstil. Prom., 25, (lo], p. 12-13, 1965. (In Russian) .

15. Sherwood, P. W. "Polhution Factors and Treatment of Textile Waste Waterst'. Textile Mfr., 91, p, 235-238, 1965. A discussion of the methods adopted for removal of oily impuriticr in oil/water emulsions, electrical demulsif ication, clarification of oil-bearing waters, removal of chemical wastes, and control of biological growths.

16. Sherwood, P. W. "Recent Progress in Treatmenbf Textfle Waste Waters". Can. Textile J., 82, p. 40-43, 1965. The discussion considers oily wastes, chemzal wastes, and biological growths separately, but treatment of oil-bearing waters is emphasized.

17. Shkorbatova, T. L. and L. D. Pegusova. "Polaroqraphic- - Determina-

,ion of Triazine Azo Dyes". ~h.Anal. Khim., J22 (61, p. 918- 923, 1967. (In Russian) The polarographic behavior of some triazine azo dyes and amino azo dyes in certain universal buffer solutions (~ritton-Robinson)was studled. One of the dyes, Violet 4K, contained Cu and one C1 in the triazine group, all the others belong to the dichlorotriazine dyes. All dyes give polarographic waves in the pH range 2-10. Amino azo dyes and monochlorotr iazine azo dyes give 1 wave; dichlorotriazine azo dyes have 2 waves in acid solutions (pH 3). The first wave of all dyes appears in the same range of potentials, -0.3 to -0.43 v.; the appearance of the second wave is connected with the reduction of C1 in residual cyanuric chloride. The height of all polarographic waves of all dyes studied is linearly proportional to the concentration of the substance determined. The above properties can be used for the polarographic determination of dyes in stationary waters and sewage. The absence of a second wave on the polarograms proves that the active dyes are present in sewage in a hydrolyzed state. The accuracy of the method was studied by adding known amounts of dyes. The relative error is -+ 2,85%. 18. Sierp, Friedrich. "Trade and Industrial Waste Water; Origin, Harmfulness, Utilization, Purification, and Elimination". 3rd ed. Sprinqer-Verlaq: Berlin, 724 pages, 1967. (In German].

19. Sinev, 0. P. "Aeration, Settlincl, and Chlorination of the Combined Waste from a-viscose Fiber Plantu. Tr. Novccherk. Politekh. Inst., -162, p. 33-43, 1966. (In Russian) Treatment of waste waters in an aerator (1.1 mS3, height of liquid layer 1 m.$ with an air rate of 10-10.4 m.3/m.3 waste water (time 1.1-1.3 hrs.) reduced the CS2 concn. from 41.6-82.3 to 5.2-9.0 mg./l., and H2S from 13.7-26 to 1.45-3.1 mg./l. Combined pptn. of suspended solids at pH _> 10 ensured not only intensive floc- cule formation and pptn. o? hydrocellulose but also better conditions for extn. of Z~~OH)~.Chlorination was most effective for a supplementary clarification after lime treatment and removal of suspended solids. The Cl absorbabilfty of the waste waters after lime treatment, settling, and filtering through a sand filter was 46-73 mg./l. Residual CS2 and H2S concns. in the waste waters at 612 doses equal to C1 absorbabflity were 5.3-12.9 and 0-7.1 mg./l,, resp, A preliminary aeration of the waste waters at pH <3 considerably reduced Cl absorbability. At a specific air rate fn the aerator of 10 m,3/me3, the @labsorbabflity was 430 mg./l. Chlorination of aerated waste waters ensured complete oxfdn. of H2S and a decrease in CS concn. to 0.94-2.5 mg./l. and chem. 0 demand to 32-60 mg.fl.

20. Sfnev, 0. P. "Role of Hydroxides and Carbonates fn the Floc- culation and Sedimentation During the Clarificatfon of Sewage from Viscose Production. " Dokl. -XV-of Nauchn, Konf. Novocherk. Politekhn. Inst. Stroit. Sekts., Novocherkassk, p. 75-76> 1964. (In Russian) Hydroxides of iron, zinc, and magnesium, and dalcium carbonate are shown to improve flocculation and sedimentatfon of hydrated celEulose; optimum pH value is 10.5- 11.5.

21. Sbade, I?. H. "'Process Water and, Problems Assocfated with Textile Effluent". Textile Mfr., 94, p. 14-18, 196%. Trade effluents contain organic and inorganic substances, and the problems in various sections of industry must be assessed fndividually to ensure treatment whfch does not contravene the (~ritish]Public Health Acts or the Rivers (Pollution) Acts. Modern methods and equipment are discussed in this article,

22. SEade, F. H. "Process Water and Textile Effluent Problems". Part 2. Textile Mfr,, 94, p. 89-93 and 99, 1968. Biological treatment of effluent, oxygen transfer, continuous sludge removal, flocculation, difffcult wastes, and the Lubeck process are consfdered. 3 references.

23. Sluchocka, Z. and W. Terpilowska, "The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobfc Rettfng on the Quality and Amount of Waste Waters"'. 'Pr, Inst. Wlok. Lykowych, -12, p. 119-140, 1965, Results are aiven of pllot-scale and full-scale studies on the volume and 2 - composition of the waste waters from aerobic and anaerobic retting of flax and hemp. In the aerobic process the 5-day BOD of the waste waters was found to depend on the acidity of the liquor. After a single rettfng the oxygen demand of the liquor was similar for both processes, but after repeated use of the liquor the oxygen consumption increased considerably in the anaerobic process. Aerobfc retting increased the concentration of total and settleable solids in the waste water. 24. Smallhorst, D. F. "Textile-Waste Treatment in Texas". Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 44, p. 386-389, 1955. This paper a brief and condensed report on the activities of the Texas State Department of Health, Engineering Division, in studying the wastes of a textile mill in determining various methods of treating these wastes so as to render them suitable for discharge into the municipal sewage system. This work was done several years ago at the request of the industry since the mill wastes were reportedly havmg a detrimental effect upon the local domestic sewage treatment plant.

25. Smith, A, L. "Finding the Best Way to Treat Wastes from a Blanket Mill". Wastes Enq., -332 (51, p. 230-233 and 257. Four-year ~ilotstudy demonstrated the effectiveness of aeration on liquid wastes and sludge at Chatham Manufacturing Company plant. Discussion includes an analysis of the wastes present (dye wastes, fibrous materials, grease), aeration at pH 7.0-pilot flows proportioned, air-to-feed ratios studied, air-to-waste ratios 1:l used, sludge aerated in digester, sludge dried on sand beds.

26. Smith, A. L. 'Waste Disposal by Textile Plants". J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 37, (ll),p. 1607-1613, 1965. Progress made in waste disposal by the textile industry using synthetic fibers is discussed. Characteristics of synthetic textile wastes are tabulated, and some of the waste treatment methods applicable to textile mills are reviewed. Examples of disposal plants and the wastes treated are given. A table shows design and performance specifications on a waste disposal plant for a mill processing synthetic textile fibers.

27. Smith, J. B., ed. "Technology of Warp Sizing" '. Columbine Press, Manchester England, 1964, 262 pages. ($7.00) . A symposium based on a course of advanced lectures gfven at the Manchester College cf Science and Technology in 1962. Contents include: Sizing of spun yarns, Sizing of continuous filament yarns, Size application and its control, Measurement and control of warp tension and stretch, Drying of sized warps, Measurement and control of warp dryness, and Removal of size in finishing.

28. Smith, L. J. "Plant for Treatment of Textile Effluents". Textile Mfr., 89, p. 34, 1963. The factors to he considered in the designing of a waste treatment plant are discussed.

29. Snyder, D. W. "Cotton Slashing with Synthetic Compounds as a Means Toward Pollution Abatement". Am, Dyestuff Reptr., 44, p. 382-384, 1955. A discussion of the problem of stream pollution resulting from the discharge of process wastes from Crompton-Shenandoah8s dyeing and finishing plants and the steps taken toward solving the problem by substituting synthetic film-forming compounds for natural sizing materials. The possib~lityof reducing over-all pollution coming from cotton dyeing and finishing plants by as much as 70% may be possible through auxiliary chemical substitutions.

Snyder, D. W. "Dow Surfpac Pilot Study on Textile Waste'" Proc. 18th Industr. Waste Conf., Purdue Unfv. Enqnq Extn, Ser. No. 115, p, 476-482, 1963. At the Waynesboro, Va,, plant of Crompton-Shenandoah 60 ., Inc ., manufacturing corduroy, velvets and velveteens, measures have been taken to modify plant processes to reduce the strength of the waste waters, whfch are discharged to South rfver, a tributary of the Shenandoah River, In view of the need to reduce the B,O,D, of the effluent still further, various treatment processes were investigated, and pllot-plant studfes were made on biological ff ltration, using synthetic Surfpac medium; results are tabulated, showing that the process was stable to shock loadings and the B.O,D. was reduced by at least 50 per cent. The data obtained have been used to design a full-scale treatment plant whfch wfll also have an equalization pond, to permit operation over a 7-day period, and a final sedimentation tank; this should increase the reduction in B.O,D, to 60-70 per cent.

Snyder, D. W. "Pollution Abatement Resulting from the Practfcal Use of Synthetic Compounds fn Cotton Slashing"'. Proc. Southern Munic. Ind. Waste Conf., 5th, Chapel Hill, N. C., p. 157-161, 1956. Substituting a 65-35 mfxture of CMC-starch in cotton slashing reduced the BOD of the plant waste by 36.5% and the total solids by 31.1%-

Sonthefner, H. "A New Technical Viewpoint on the Purff icatfon of Textile Effluent Water". 2. qes. Textil-Ind-., -365 (lo),' p,. 840- 844, 1965. (~n~erman] This is a general'review of problems and methods of textile waste puriffcatfon. Equipment discussed includes Cyclator, the Aero-Accelerator, and the Bi-floc tanks.

Souther, R. H. ""Research in Waste Treatment at Southern Mills"'. Proc, 17th Industr. Waste Conf., Purdue Unfv. Enqnq.,Extn. Ser. No. 112, p. 630-636, 1962. The author outlines work which has been done by the textile industry in southern U.S.A, on the control of pollution by reducing the polluting load of the waste waters and developing adequate methods of treatment, and fndfcates aspects which should be considered in solving a waste treatment problem.

Souther, R. H. "Revfew of the Activities of the AATCC Committee on Stream Sanitation". Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 49, p, 744-745, 1960, Reviews waste disposal, textile plant zfluents, 'water pollution.

Souther, R. H. "Water Conservation and Pollution Abatement". Am. Dyestuff Reptr., .& (91, p. 41-44, 1962. Sources, characteristics, and pollution effects of textile process wastes and remedial measures for solving the problems are reviewed. 36. Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. 3%iologfcal Treatment of Mixtures of Highly Alkaline Textile-Mill Waste and Sewage8'- Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 44, p. 390-395, 1955. Pilot plant studies are being made on the treatment of mixtures of domestic sewage and textile-mill dye and finishing wastes by high-rate trickling filters, by actfvated sludge, and by chemical treatment to determine the most economical and most efficient method for treating such a mixture. Results indicate that pretreatment through a trickling filter and subsequent treatment through activated sludge is the most efficient method and can be satisfactorily used for treating highly alkaline textile wastes. An usually high removal of BOD and color is obtained. Certain process changes in the plant were also made to reduce the BOD loading through the treatment plant,

37. Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. flBioloyical Treatment of Mixtures of Textile Wastes and Domestic Sewage". Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 28, p. 166-176, 1956. In continuation of pilot- plant studies with experimental percolating filters 1.25 feet in dfameter on the treatment of a mixture of sewage and highly alkaline textile waste waters by biological methods, experiments were made to compare the efficiency of three different methods of treatment. The methods investigated were two-stage sedimentation and high-rate biological filtration, single-stage hfgh- rate ffltration followed by the activated-sludge process, and a two-stage high-rate filtration followed by the activated sludge process. A mixture of 40% waste water and 60% sewage was used, and applied at rates of 125, 150, 210 and 250 gal/day. The results, which are given in tables, showed that single-stage filtration followed by the actlvafed-sludge process gives an effluent suitable for discharge to a small stream, the reduction in BOD varying from 78% at a rate of flow of 125 gal/day to 66% at a rate of 250 gal/day. Except at a rate of flow of 125 gal/day with a recirculation ratio of 2:1, two-stage filtration and final sedimentation only did not give as satisfactory effluent as single-stage filtration and the activated-sludge process. Two-stage f iltratfon followed by the activated-sludge process gave excellent results, with reductions in BOD varying from 97.4% at a rate of 250 gal/day. Further studies are in progress to compare the efficiency of treatment of mixtures of textfEe waste waters and sewage without preliminary neutralization of the hfgh pH value and of the waste waters alone after neutralization with acfds.

38. Souther, R. EI. and T. A. APspaugh. ""Current Research on Textile Waste Treatment". Sewaqe and Hnd. Wastes, 3Q, p. 992-1011, 1958. This paper covers three phases of the research work at the Cone Mills Laboratory - (1) the various characteristics and pollutional effects from cotton processing; (2) research on some of the more practical treatment methods for textile wastes; and (3) the effect of various outside factors on satisfactory biological treatment.

39, Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. "'Textile Wastes - Recovery and Treatmentss. Sewaqe and Ind. Wastes, 29, p. 918-935, 1957. Methods used to reduce the liquid waste load from textile mills are discussed, including closer control of wet processes, process modification, recovery of usable products for reuse, substitution of low BOD chemicals for higher BOD ones, and good housekeeping practices. Physical, chemical, and biological means of treating textile wastes are also discussed. Tables, 15 references.

40, Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. "Textile Waste Treatment Studies". Ind. Waste Conf ., Purdue Univ., 13, p. 662-713, 1958. Textile plant effluent, waste treatment.

41. Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. "Treatfng Textile Wastes Economically" . Textile World, 108, p. 137, 1958. Research done at Cone Mills indicates that - (1) Practical to treat mixed domestic sewage and highly alkaline textile waste; (2) Highly alkaline textile-mill waste treated better by trickling filter and activated sludge when in combination with domestic sewage; (3) Corrbined domestic sewage and highly alkaline textile mill waste through treatment by trickling filter, and aeration process reduction of pollution of effluent enough to be acceptable to a small receiving stream; (49 Corrbined treatment of sewage and mill waste is preferable to single treatment in two plants because supervision, better and over-all cost less; (5) Some waste-reduction methods given; (6) Strong and weak wastes should be separated; (7) lagoon, used to reduce BOD, alkalinity, solids and color; (8%Chemical treatment used when biological not practical or economical; (9) The amount of hydroxide alkalinity limiting factor of amount of textile waste that can be treated without pretreatment.

42. Souther, R. H. and T. A. Alspaugh. "Treatment of Mixtures of Textile Waste and Domestic Sewage"'. Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 47, p. 480-488, and 490, 1958. This pape'r is a discussion of research at Cone Mills to evaluate combined treatment against separate treatment with and without pretreatment. The methods fnvestigated include physical, chemical and biological processes, particularly the effect of lagooning as an aid to waste treatment. Conclusions indicated that biological treatment of combined textile waste and domestic sewage without chemical pretreatment is practical and economical.

43. Southgate, B. A. "Disposal of Polluting Waste Liquors". Sci. Proqr., 47, p. 633-646, 1959. Discussed are the sources of pollution, the methods of treatment (physical, chemical, aerobic and anaerobic biological), the disposal of sludges, and the recovery of valuable materials.

44. Southgate, 3. A. "Prevention of Water Pollution - The Present Position1'. J. Roy. Soc. Arts, 112, (50921, p. 212-224, 1964. A lecture was presented that considered the recent changes in the law affecting pollution, treatment of sewage, synthetic detergents, and pollution of estuaries and rivers.

45. Southgate, B. A. "Water Pollution. General Introduction" . Chemistry and Industry, p. 1194-1199, 1955. An address. 13 references. Stack, Vernon T., Jr., et al. "'Biological Treatment of Textile Wastes". Purdue Univ., Enq, Bull, Ext. Ser, No. 109, p. 387- 422, 1962. Laboratory and pflot-scale data are given to establish design data for activated sludge treatment of 3 mgd of waste from cotton goods processing.

Stafford, W. and AATCC. c%lossary on Waste Treatment and Water

Pollution" ". Am, Dyestuff Reptr., 42, p. 695-706, 1953. Terms used in connection with the treatmGt of waste waters and the pollution of water are defined.

Stafford, W, and H. J. Northrup, ""The BOD of Textile Chemicals". Am, Dyestuff Reptr., $4, p. 355-459, 1955. As an aid to textile mills interested ln careful and controlled disposal of chemical wastes to minimize streat pollution, the R. I. AATCC subcommittee has determined and collected figures for the five-day biochemical 02 demand of about 154 textile chemicals. Table. Eight references.

Stanescu, N. and V. Sirbu, "Pilot Station for the Purification of the Residual Water in the Pulp, Paper, and Artificial Fiber

Industries". Celuloza Hirtfe, -914 (11, p. 27-30, 1965. (In Rom) . A pilot station for the puriffcatfon of the residual water in the pulp, paper, and artiffcia1 fiber industries in Roumania s described. The purfffcatfon is f frst performed phys. -chem. (neutralization, coagulation, decantation) and then biol. (strong agitatfng wrth compressed air, biofiltration) .

Stasiak, Miroslaw, s'Biochemical Decomposition of Anil ine and Some of Its Derivativessi, Gaz, Woda, Tech. Sanft., 41, (81, 1967. (~nPolish) PhNH2, m- and p-NH2C6H40H3 p-NH2C6H4CH0, m- and p-NH2Cgv4NO2, 0-NH2C6H4-Cl, and p-NH2C6H4S03H were subjected to blochem. decompn. controlled by detn. of concn. of the initral compds. 0, NH3, and NO5. Harmful effect of some compds. was studied by detn. of B,O,D, The highest rate of decompn. was observed in PhNH2 and p-aminobenzaldehyde, The decompn. of amino-phenols was much slower, and nitroanilfnes, chloroan~line,and s~bfanilicacid were not decompd. under the exptl. conditions. Nftroan~linesand sulfanflfc acid inhibited the self-purifxatron of anflines.

Steel, E. W., and E. P. Glayna. "'Oxidation Ponds, Radioactivity Uptake and Algae Concentration'" WU, S, Atomfc Energy Comm., WASH-275, p. 10-37, 1954.

Steele, W. R. " austic Recovery"'. Daily News Record, No. 190, -41, Sept, 29, 1961, The savings possible by the installation of caustic soda recovery and reutilf zatmn procedures fn cotton finishing plants are outlined, Paper presented at 40th AATCC meeting,

Steele, W. R, "Eeonomfca% Utilization of Caustic Soda in Cotton Bleacherfes" . "9 -951 (11, p. 29-30, 1962, Procedures have been developed for fncreasfng the quantity and concentration of the recovered lfquor to permit reusage of the maximum amount of caustic soda without recondftioning. If the caustic content of the used liquor fs not too low, it can be evaporated, purified and reused. Costs are thus reduced and stream pollution is alleviated. Solvay has also developed a patented flue gas process for reducing both causticity and BOD.

54. Steinle, E. C. "The Development of Biodegradable Surfactants as an Answer to a Water Pollution Problem'!. Am. Dyestuff Reptr.,

956 (111, p. 386-390, 1967. After briefly considering the nature of wastes, waste disposal, types of pollution and the nature of surfactant pollution, the author discusses the subject of biodegradability - its nature and its measurement - and, finally, examines the qualifications of commercially available types of biodegradable surfactants.

55. Sterbacek, Z., P. Tausk, and J. Trca. "Purification of Waste Waters from Dye Intermediates". Chem. Prumysl., _?,p. 127-130, 1957. Coagulation, adsorption, oxidation, and special chemical treatment were studied for the purification of waste water containing by-products from the production of benzidine and aromatic sulfonic acids. ~oodresults are reported on adsorption with active @ possibly combined with previous chlorination, and diazotization and coupling combined with A1 sulfate clarification and adsorption on active C. The latter method is considered more economical. No harm is seen to the treated water from a biological point of view.

56. Stewart, R. G. "Byproduct Recovery and Effluent Treatment in Wool Scouring". -Wool 9 -33 (31, p. 55-57, 1960-1961. Methods used in New Zealand for the recovery of various byproducts (wool wax, suint, and dirt) and suggested uses for these by- products recovered from wool scouring effluents are reported.

57. Strasser, P. H. A. "Colloquium on Wool Scouring. Part 5. Detergents - Today and Tomorrow". Textile 19. Australia, 40, p. 12-13, 38, and 41-42, 1965. Manufacture, properties, and problems with detergents which have been recommended for wool scouring are covered.

58. Streatf ield, E. L. "Recent Developments in the Economic Utilization and Purification of Water". Gazz. Chim. ital 89, p. 406-420, 1959. Methods adopted for reuse of water'in industry are indicated and new developments in water purification techniques described.

59. Strugaru, C. and G. Cristescu. "Purification of Waste Water in the Textile Industry". Industria Textila, 18, (121, p. 743- 746, 1967. (In Rumanian) Problems of the treatment of textile effluent prior to its discharge into a municipal drainage system are discussed.

60. Stump, C. W. "Method of and Apparatus for Purifying Sewage". U.S,P. 3,024,189; B.P. 921,407. In the apparatus claimed for the aerobic biological treatment of sewage, there is a tank with two compartments, for treatment and sedimentation, respectively, with a specially-designed hinged opening at the bottom of the dividing wall. The treatment compartment contains a bank of vertical media plates, correctly spaced, with means for aeration at the bottom, giving an upward current of air between the plates, A conveyor mechanism, with scrapers, removes sludge from the bottom of both sections of the tank, that under the media being carried under the dividing wall through the special opening which prohibits the flow of sewage. Through this same opening, a spr2y system projects a flow of liquid from the sedimentatfon chamber into the treatment chamber; this promotes turbulence and seeds the incoming sewage, As the expansion of the media plates would otherwise cause difficulty in their removal for inspection and repair, packing material in the form of inflatable rubber or plastic bags is fnserted between the plates and the walls of the tank.

Suchecki, S. M. "A Dyer k 'Operation Cleanup"' Textile Ind.,.

9130 (61, p. 113-122, I36 and 175, 1966, The effluent processing scheme used by the Northern Dyeing Company of Washington, N. J., comprf ses neutral1zation of raw waste, chemical treatment with alum and air and removal of solid sludge, aerated biochemical df gestion, final settling tank, and chlorination.

Suchecki, S. M. "Water: Industry Challenge - Today". Textile -Ind., 130, p. 108-110, 1966. The need for industry to conserve water, use it sensibly, and use it again after suitable treatment is discussed. Dumping of untreated waste or fnsufffcfently treated waste into streams can no longer be tolerated.

Summers, T. H. "Effluent Problems and Their Treatment in the

Textile Industry"'. I%. Soc, Dyers Colour., -983 (9), p. 373- 379, 1967. A lecture dealing with the progress of legislation in the U.K. in regard to prevention of pollution of rivers and local authority sewers, the natare of effluents from the textile industry, detn. of effluent characteristics such as measurement of flow, polluting characteris.kics of effluents, and the principles of their treatment. The main problems of removal of solids and oxfdn. of org, material are discussed. Recent developments by using plastic materials, such as the Flocor pretreatment unit, which have been able to overcome the lfmiting parameter of overloading of filitratfon media are pointed out. Results of pilot-scale traals with a Flocor pretreatment unft are given, The possibility of accelerating the process of solid-settlfng by the addn. of pdyelectrolytes, e,g, Alfloc 1l5X at E ppm. concn. is referred to. The installation in the U.M. of a full-scale plant for treatment of wool-scouring liquors by CaC12 and recovery of the greases and soaps by a precoated . rotary vacuum filter are discussed. Methods for the neutralization of effluents, redn, in the csncn. of detergents in effluents, removal of color and the segregation of effluents from bleaching and kier-bolling are discussed. The necessity for devising new processes for effluent treatment from newer types of textile processing is indicated,

Swisher, R. Dm ""The Chemi stry of Surfactant Bfodesradationtr - d . J. Am. Oil Chemists Soe,, 40, p. 648-656, 1963. 33 references.

Talbot, J. S. and P, Beardon. ""The Beep Well Method of Industrial Waste Disposal". --Che ., 60, p, 49-52, 1964. Subsurface disposal, of Ifq~idwaste is considered from legal, geological, and cost aspects,

Tanaka, M. and others, "Biological Treatment of Wool Finishing

Waste" '. aku Zassg, ___*67, (59, p, 770-776, 1964. (In Japanese) (~nglish-gummary) The method recommended f s to treat wool scouring waste by thermophilie methane fermentation, to mix this fluid and other wastes (i.e., from dyeing) temporarily in a lagoon, and then ", treat it by the activated-sludge process. The results of a successful bndustrlal trml are reported.

Tarcsay, F. 'Themical Treatment of Waste Waters in the Czechoslovak Textile Industry and Types of Treatment Plant8'. Maqyar Textiltech-3 ,,a 17 (71, p. 322-328, 1965. (In Hungarian].

Tarcsay, F. "Questrons on Waste Waters from the Textile Industry". Wasser U. Boden, a%, p. 276-280, 1966, (En ~erman) Textile industry waste waGrs containing acids, alkalies, dyes and fibers have a high oxygen demand, and therefore require preliminary treatment, Details are given of laboratory and pilot- plant experments which have to be carried out by the textile industry in planning the treatment necessary before the waste waters can be discharged to the manicfpal sewer to reduce the polluting load.

S"arzwell, 6. M. "Augmentation of Water Resources Through Pollution Abatement"", Ohio J. Sci,, 63, p. 45-82, 1963. The Ohio River Basin aspects of the g-enerz problem are discussed.

Taylor, Worthen He "Treatment of Wool Scouring Wastes". SanitaEk, 1, p, 13-14, 1952. This artrcle relates to the treatment of wool scouring wastes by the addition of CaCl2 and centrifuging in a sharples DG-2 centrifuge. This method resulted in a reductmn of the fats, turbidity, and suspended solrds by 98-99 percent. The amount of Ca 1% ased varied from 0.25 to 1-5 percent of the total weight of the wastes treated, the amount depending on the concentration of the wastes. However, wco9. scour mg wastes resulting from the use of a minrmum quantity of water in xeourmg required less chemicals, The success of the process is adding the solution of Ca@12 three seconds before cectrifaging and then holding the effluent in a skimming tank from 20 to 30 minutes. Temperature had IbttPe effect apon the process.

Teplrtz, I. "Waste Disposal, A Growmg Headacher\ Textile Bull ., 90, p. 70-74, 1964. The legal aspects of waste disposal and some of the newer methods of disposal of textile waste are discussed. 24 references, 8. Tobola, Stanislaw. "Problems of Technological Wastes in Chemical Industry". Chemik (Gliwice), l8, p. 121-124, 1965. (In polish) Technological wastes should be utilized either by reprocessing or by application to other industrial uses. Wastes of synthetic plastics should be cleaned, comminuted, washed, segregated, chem. dissolved, hydrolyzed, polymerized or depolymerized, etc. Rubber wastes must be divided into unvulcanized and vulcanized wastes and processed accordingly. The wastes from synthetic fibers industry must be divided into wastes from synthetic fibers plants, from garment and other plants, and from consumers of these products. Wastes from chem. plants (different metals, their salts, and oxides, alkalies, acids, alcs., polymers, gases, etc. ) and from petroleum refineries are also discussed.

9. Tokumoto, T. "Re-Use of Waste Water Produced After Wool Scouring". J. Text. Mach. Soc. Japan, l8, (8), p. P546-P549, 1965. ' (In Japanese)

10. Thonke, M. and W. Dittmann. "Dimethylformamide in Biological Purification of Waste Water". Fortschr. Wasserchem. Ihre Grenzqeb., 4, p. 272-277, 1966. (In ~erman) Dimethylformamide, present in the waste water from acrylic fiber production, is relatively quickly degraded by an activated sludge treatment and provides a source of carbon and nitrogen.

11. Turnbull, S. G., Jr. "Waste Problems Associated with Dyeing and Finishing of Synthetic Fibers". Proc. Southern Munic. Ind. Waste Conf., 5th, Chapel Hill, N. C, p. 170-178, 1956. The problems associated with synthetic fibers are similar to those associated with natural fibers, but are of less magnitude. van Achter, R. and others. '"leathery Waste Water Study"'. Tribune CEBEDEAU, -917 (2441, p, 116-132, 1964, (In Belgian) The volume and composition of a, bleachery waste and the results of oxygen transfer experiments are reported.

Vasil 'ev, G. V. "Purification of Waste Waters from Dyeing and Fmishing Factories". Tekstil. Prom., 26, (71, p, 52-54, 1966. (In Rassian) Problems associated with the ever-increasing use of new dyes, synthetic surface-active agents which cause excessive foaming, and of finishing agents such as dodecyl- benzenesulphonate, certain catfonie agents, and Karbozolin which can be oxidized biochemicalEy to only a small extent and are toxic to microflora used in effluent purification, are discussed.

Vasflkv, G. V. "Purification of Waste Waters from Dyeing and Finishing Works". Tekstil. Prom., &, (81, p. 77-80, 1961. (In ~ussian).

Vasil'ev, G. V. "Purification of Waste Waters of Textile Eac,toriesH. Ochfstka Prom. S$oc,hnykh Vod, Akad. Stroit.. i. Arkhftekt. U.S.S.R., Vses. Naqclan.-Issled. Hhst. Vodosnab,zh., Kanaliz, Gidrotekhn. Sqoruzhenii i Inzh, Gfdtoqeol., Tr. Soveshch., Moscow, 1958', 'p. 188-202, (Published 1960) . Characteristic water contaminants from fiber and textile processing, methods of water treatment, and tolerances of con- tammation are described. Water from the primary processing of linen fibers contains organic compounds, K, Ca, phosphates, and sometimes alkalis, acids, and detergents. Wool scouring contaminates the water with soap, Na2C03, and wool fat, which is extracted for the production of lanolin. Silk reeling causes biological contamination; spinning and weaving results in pollution with olein, oil, synthetic compounds, and starch; waste water from dyeing and bleaching contains dyes, salts, acids, alkalis, soap, detergents, r, and various organfc compounds. Tables of waste-water experiments and ratios of productiqn waste water are given, Tolerable amounts of con- taminations and required characteristics of waste water are: pH 4 4 8.5, temperature 10-25", BOD for biological filters 500-800 mg/l, BOD for aeration tanks 500-l,000 mg/l, etc. Dilution with city sewage is recommended if necessary; mixing with 25% sewage and treatment on biological fflters decreases the coloration of water from dyeing with sulfur dyes, lowering the BOD 65 + 90%.

Veir, Byron B. "Celanese Deep Well Disposal Practices"', Ind., Water Waste @on£., Proc-, 7th, Austhn, Tex,, p. 111-25 - 111-36, 1967. Plant waste characteristics, lab. testing of wastes, selection of a waste disposal system, and waste treatment are discussed. The treatment system consists of a waste neutralization tank, a gravity settling tank, filter feed pumps, Anthrafilt bed filters, cartridge filters, and a high-pressure injection pump. A 200-ft. blanket of hhghly permeable sand strata located at a depth of approx. 3500 ft. is suitable for deep well waste disposal. Results of the study indicate that deep well disposal is feasible for the plant. 6. Vezhnevets, T. I. "'Sanitary-Hygienic characteristics of Waste Waters from the Margelan Silk Enterprise". Ochfstka i Lspol 'z. Stochn. Vod i Prom. Vybrosov, Kiev, Sb. p. 212-215, 1964. (In Russfan) This enterprise disposes of 300 cu.m./hr. of sewage having the following properties (av. in mg./l. ) : oxidizability 133.8, 5-day B,O,D. 198.2, NH N 16.5, NO2 N 0.21, NO3 N 0.0, C1- 188.4, S04--209.6, PO4 3 -, 2.8, Cr 0.01, solid residue 484, suspended solids 89.7, coli titer 0.001- 0.0004, coli bacteria 1,647,000 in 1 ml. In the summer the sewage is used to irrigate gardens; in the winter it is dis- carded into the rfver. Nitrification and self-clarification of soil irrigated with this sewage were very active. Under natural conditions, nf trif ication and oxfdn. of org. substances took place intensively during the growing season. By the end of the growing season the coli titer in the lower horizon had decreased from 0.01 to 0.0001. Vegetables grown on gardens irrigated with the sewage developed normally and in organoleptic indexes did not differ from vegetables errigated with impound water. Vegetables in contact with the sewage had a coli titer of up to 0,00001; for those having no contact it was 2 0.1.

7. Vivier, P. "Effects of Waste Waters on Some Lakes and Rivers in Prance". Bull. Centre belqe Et. Document. Eaux, (431, p. 32- 37, 1959. A review.

8. Vogel, W. "Treatment and Dfsposal of the Sludge in Waste-Water Treatments". Melliand Textilber., 48, (81, p. 950-954, 1967. (In German) Sludge from textile effluent has a high water content, and before disposal must be treated to separate thfs water. Equipment for various methods of sludge treatment is reviewed. The methods include rotting and stabilizing, static and dynamic water separation, drying, conibustion, and conversion to compost .

9. Voss, W. "Water and the Regenerated Cellulose Fibre Industry". Abh. Dt. Akad. Wfss. Berl., K1. Chern. Geol. Biol., (31, p. 215-222, 1965. (In ~erman). 1, Wachter, I?. C. "Recent Federal Activities in Water ~ollution Abatement". Arch. Environ, Health, 5, (31, p, 441-443, 1963. A discussion,

2. Waddington, A. H, "The Practical Treatment of Liquid Wastes". Effl. Wat. Treat. J,, 4, p. 179 and 181, 1964. There are many practical methods by which suspended solids and biological oxygen demand can be reduced for disposal to water courses. However, it would and will have to be the object of all methods of waste treatment to render such waste liquors suitable for reuse. The reclamation of these Large volumes of various polluted liquors is necessary to the economy of this (England) and of many other countries. The newly developing countries especially present an opportunfty to install and develop an economical water reclamatfon system which could be made self- supporting.

3. Walker, R. F. "Disposal of Industrial Wastes at Maitland, Ontario, Works of DuBont of CanadaK8. Proc. 13th ~ndustr.Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Enqr, Extn. Ser. No. 96, p. 720-729, 1958. The Maitland, Ontario, plant of DuPont of Canada Ltd., manufac- tures nylon intermediates, "FreonBsfluorinated hydrocarbons, and "Orlon" acrylic fiber, The sources and nature of the principal contaminants in the waste waters are shown in a table, together with a method of disposal. Corribustible wastes are burned. Dilute chemical wastes are settled for removal of oil, neutralized if necessary, and discharged on the bed of the St- Lawrence River at a depth of 46 feet and a distance of 1,000 feet from the shore. Waste waters relatively free from contamf- nants are collected in an off-the-shore line. Sanitary wastes are digested in an dmhoff tank and chlorinated before discharge.

4. Weinberger, Leon W. ''Current Research on Industrial Waste Treat- ment". Louisiana State Unfv., Div. Eng. Res., Bull. No. 80, p. 43-47, 1965.

5. Wefner, L., A. Munteanu, and A. Iaccu. "6nvestigations on the Treatment of Waste Waters from the Dye Industry and from Intermediate Products in the Manufacture of Dyes". Stud. Prot. Epur. Apel., Bucharest, 3, p. 161-194, 1964.

6. Weiss, C. M. "A Review of the Literature of 1966 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Controls'. 9. Water Pollution Control Fed- eration, 39, (71, p, 1049-1154, 1967. A review of papers published during 1966 is presented, Material covered includes: biol. studies evaluatrng water pollution, causes of fish mortality, toxic nature of substances rn fresh water, water quality, detergents as related to algal growth and fish damage, domestic and industrial waste treatment, metal toxicity assay, effect of wastes from the pulping and forest industries, the potential hazards from pesticide and herbicide residues, effect of thermal discharges, physiol, and pathol. conditions in fish caused by toxrc compds., methodology and instrumentation, and estuarine and marine pollution. 917 references. Westbrook, F, A. "Treatment of Waste Effluent by An American Felt Manufacturer"'. Wat. Sanit. Enqr., 5, p. 502, 1956. The treatment system for waste waters at the Amerfcan Felt Company" factory at Glenville, Conn.

White, H. "For Hosiery Finishers: Why Biodegradable Detergents Help Solve Sewage Df sposal Problems" . Hosiery Underwear, 2, p, 56-58, and 64, 1966.

Wilhelm, J. "The Organization and Problems of Mill Water and Effluent Economy. Part l. The Water and Effluent Depot, Fresh Water Conservation and Water Treatment. Part 2. Ion Exchangers1\ Spinner Weber TextilveredL, 84, (81, pa 843-849, 1966; 85, (21, p. 12%-133, 1967. (1n ~erman).

Wilhelm. J. "Waste Water and Its Purfficatfon with Reference

To Methods of Biological Disintegration" '. Spinner Weber Textilveredl,, 84, (21, p, 145-150, 1966, (In @erman],

Williams. S, W. and G. A, Hutto. 'Treatment of Textile Mill Wastes fn Aerated Lagoons"". Proc. 16th Bndustr, Waste Conf., Purdue Unfv. Engr. Ext. Ser. No. 109, p, 518-529, 1961. The authors describe pilot-plant studies on treatment of waste waters from two textile mills of BurEmgton Industries, Inc. The plant at Mooresville, North Ca.rolfna, is an integrated cotton textile mill; various process mod~ficationswere made to reduce the volume strength of the waste waters, including installation of a caustic recovery unit and use of CMC instead of starch. Pilot-plant studies on treatment of the waste waters by chem~calcoagulation, biobogfcab f iltration, and lagooning showed that good results could be obtained in aerated lagoons, and full-scale plant is bemg constructed; it will consist of two aerated lagoons with detention periods of 48 hours, and two sedimentation lagoons with detention periods of 1%hours with provision for recirculation of effluent if required. Sludge from the lagoons will be discharged to the municipal sewers. Foaming in the aerated lagoons will be controlled by addition of antf foaming agents, but sprays can be installed later if required. The mill at Walce Forest, North Carolina, recelves synthetic. fabrics from other mills for dyeing and fmishing. In view of the successful results obtained with the aerated lagoons at the Mooresvi lle plant, similar pilot-plant lagoons have been constructed at Wake Forest and are giving good results, with reduetfons in BOD of 75-80%.

Wilroy, R, D. ""Idustrial Wastes from Scouring Rug Wools and the Removal of Dieldrin". Proc. 18th Ind, Waste Conf ., Purdue Unfv 9 Engr. Ext. Ser. No. 115, p. 413-417, 1963. when it was planned to construct a rug manufacturing plant fn southeast USA, detailed studies were made on the compos~tionof the waste waters, the condition of the reeeivfng stream, and the best type of treatment. The coarse heavy wool used in weaving rugs has a hngh concentration of grit and fnorganlc suspended solids and a low initial grease content. It was learned that the waste waters would also contain large amounts of dleldrfn, used for mothproofing the wool, and there would also be waste waters from the dyeing process. The treatment facilities constructed consisted of fine screens, a sedimentation tank, and a baffled equalization lagoon to provide a long detentfon perlod with automat~cdischarge of the effluent at a rate proportional to the flow Ln the river, Waste waters from the dyeing process are discharged to a small creek flowing into the river, except when the dyeing processes are deep red and black dyes are to be dumped, when the waste water is diverted to the lagoon, Effluent from the septic tank treatfng sanitary sewage is also discharged to the lagoon. Although the lagoon was designed only for equalization, there is evidence that active anaerobic decomposition f s occurring, with reductfons in BOD of 80-90%- The concentration of dieldrin in the final effluent is about 0.25 mg,/l, and when diluted with rfver water this should be reduced to 0.0005 mg,/l, which is much less than the mean tolerance limit for the fish in the river. Some difficulty was experienced in dewatering the sludge on the sand beds, smce the very fine wool and grease form an impervious layer on top of the sand and excess water collects on top of this. At present, the excess water fs removed by pumping and the sludge dries rapidly. Dewatering system to be installed.

Wf lson, I. S. "Concentration Ef fects in the Bioloaical Oxidation of TGade Wastes". Intern. J. Air Water Follut ., (2/3), p. 99-114, 1963. Methods of increasing the efficiency of bfologfcal treatment of trade wastes from comparatively small- scale undertakings at economic costs are studied,

Wincor, W. "Water fn the Textile Industry". Melliand Textf lber.

-943 (11, po 81-83, and (21, p, 189-193, 1962. Sources and qualities of water are surveyed, the dkleterious effects of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn salts are discussed, the role of mlcro-organisms is examined, and methods of purf f ication are described.

Windbichler, V. "Modern Enzymic Desizrng" ". Melliand Textilber , 37, p, 297-300, 1956. A discussion of continuous desizing processes and the prfneiples on whieh they are based,

Wittman, J. "Effluent Purification of a Bleaching and Dyeing Plant1\ Melliand Textilber., 38, $61, p. 679-680, 1957. After a discussion of the -problems of treatment of industrial waste waters, a process is described for the treatment of waste waters from bleaching and dyeing, The process fs based on chemical preeipitatlon by metallbc iron in the form of waste filings which are stirred, with aeratron, wlth the waste waters in a concrete-covered tank.

Wolnfewfcz, E. "Economy Results from Use of Ion Resins for Treatment of Raw Water"". Textile J. Australfa, 41, p. 38, 41, and 44, 1966.

Wolniewfcz, E. "Preparation of Process Water by Ion Exchanges, In Particular Those with a Macro-Porous Structure"'. Z, qes. Textfl-Ind., -,66 (91, p, 746-749, 1964. (In ~erman) Ion exchanges are useful in elimination of iron whlch water, once freed of iron by gasification and ffltratfon over Kieselguhr, can pick up rapidly from iron pipes. The exchangers are soon clogged by iron hydroxides, however. Ca and Mg can be removed more economically than iron by means of ion-exchangers. The use of Levatet in producing bicarbonate-free water for acid dyeing of wool is discussed. Finally, the removal of organic (humic) acid from water is shown to cost less when ion exchanger methods are used as compared with flocculation and flotation techniques.

Wuhrmann, K. "Effluent Purification with Particular Referen to Phosphate Elimination1'. SVF Fachorgan Textilver ., 20, p. 432-441, 1965. (In German) Nitrogen and phosphorus ar both part of the nutrient matter for microphyte organisms which multiply rapidly in effluent liquor. Methods for clearing nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing solutes from the effluent are described, and the records of one plant are discussed. 1. Yakovler, S. V., Yu, M. Laskovp and Yu-Lin Yo, "The Effect of Surface-Active Aqents on the Biochemical Purification of

Effluents from Textile Mills". Vodosnabzh i , Sanit, Tekhn. (9), p. 12-14, 1963. As a result of widespread- use of surface- active agents %I) in the textile industry, the effluents from textile mills contain 50-125 mg/l of such agents, and higher concentrations can be expected in the future, The effect of I on the biochemical purfficatlon of effluents was studied in laboratory models of aeratfon tanks. The experiments were conducted on effluents from a textile printing plant to which various amounts of the most widely used I (Sulfanoles) were added, and on effluents from a co tton-manufacturing mi11, containing P in a total concentration of 60-130 mg/l. As determined by the reduction of BOD and organic chemicals demand the addition of 20 mg/l of sulfanoles had no significant effect on the biochem purification process. Higher concentrations substantually reduced the purification efficiency. In experiments with the cotton-mill effluents, satisfactory purification was obtained when the effluents were diluted with 40-100% domestic sewage, the needed amount of the diluent being determined by the nature and concentration of I, their maximum permissible concentration for effective purification ranged from 35 to 70 mg/l.

Zakharfna, S. B. ""Combined Clarification of Waste Waters and Ventilation Exhausts in Viscose Fiber Production" , Mater . Soveshch, Molodykh Spets. Vses. Mauch.-Issled. Pnst. Vodosnabzh, KanaPiz, Gidrotekh, Sooruzhemi i Inzh. Gidroqeol., p. 79-83, 1966. (In Russian] A process for clariffcation of waste waters and vent~lationexhausts was developed. The latter, contg. H2S, enter a hollow steel scrubber wet with a soln. of calcmed soda (38-75 g=/l.). The time of residence of the gases in the scrubber is 15 sec.; the reflux rate with the fresh soda soln. is 2 rn.3/me2-hr.; total reflux rate with recirculation of the soda. soh. is 27 mm3/rn,2-hr.; the absorption coeff. 1500 mg./m.3-hr,-torr. The purified gases contg. 220 mg. ?12S/m.3 are released into the atm. Waste waters contg. ZnSO4 and H2S04 entered a mixer where the pH is brought to 4-5 with a soda-sulfide soh, To remove C02 formed the waste waters are passed to a packed degasif ication column to which air is fed (0.2 m./sec,), The reflux rate is 80-100 m,3/ m.2-hr. ZnS is removed, dehydrated in a vacuum filter, and calcined in the presence of atm. 0 (sulfatizing calcination furnace) to obtain ZnSOq.

Zakhorzhevskaya, A. G. "Clarif fcation of Waste Waters from Production of Active Triazine Dyesi'. Vodosnabzh. Kanaliz. Gidrotekh. Sooruzh. Mezhved, Resp. Nauch. Sb., (11, p. 37-46, 1966, (1n Russian) A flow sheet is proposed, After concn,, the waste waters enter the cathode space of an electrolytic bath where they are reduced for 12-14 hrs. at c.d. 8 amp./dm. 2 Dyes and org. impurities are decompd. and the decompn. products are pptd.; the waste water loses its color, NaOH formed by electrolysis is recovered.

Zawadzki, Jerzy. '%~lohgxaPPurification of Production Effluents

From Cotton Bleaching" ", BfuE. Inst. Wlok., 17, 421, p. 1-5, 1965. (In Polish) Investigations were made on a lab. scale on the possibility of purlfyfng waste waters from cotton bleachmg for further utilization, The av. content of 5-day B,O.D, in effluents was 219.2 mg. 0/1. Purifications were carried out by the act~vatedsludge method, Redn. of 5-day I3,O.D. was achieved at 20' In the range of 84-8% and the oxidizability was 70-80%. To ensure the development of micro- organisms, addn. of mineral nutrients was necessary in mfn. amts. of 1 g. X, P, and N (in form of NH3)/me3 of effluents. It was impossible to det, on the lab. scale the optimum amt. of air needed for decreasing 5-day B.Q.D. Fn effluents. The purified waste waters could be reused for rinsing raw cotton after bleaching*

Zhelobetskaya, M. F, "The Use of Spent Sulphite Liquor Extract

for Sizing Flax Warp Yarn" '. Text. Ind., MOSCOW, 2,(81, p. 48-49, 1962. Spent sulphfte liquor extract has been used successfully as a partial replacement for starch in flax yarn sizing mixtures. The warp threads are sized by the normal procedure with a mixture containing starch, chloramine, spent sulf ite liquor extract, surface-active agent, soap and water, sodium silicate, glycerol, cotton seed oil and sulfanol are omitted from the mixture. After sizing, the yarn is soft and dries more rapidly. The yellow color of the yarn disappears completely during finishing operations.

5. Zimmerman, H. "Biodegradable Detergents1'. Can. Textile J., 82, p. 43-45, 1965. Some of the problems of textile mill waste disposal are outlined and the impact of biodegradable detergents on such problems is discussed. The chemistry of detergents is reviewed briefly. C

6. Zimernan, F. J. "New Waste Disposal Process". Chem. Enqr .,

965 (171, p. 117-120, 1958. This process involves the wet combustion of the organic matter of the waste at very high pressure and high temperature. The organic matter is oxidized to carbon dioxide and an effluent containing only harmless mineral matter is produced. Sufficient heat is generated by the oxidation to the reaction to proceed without external sources of heat once initial heating has started the reaction. The surplus steam can be used for power. This process is useful for strong and difficult organic wastes and for sludges.