Translation Made Plain 2

Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний педагогічний університет ім. А.С. Макаренка М.М. ДУДЧЕНКО ПИТАННЯ ТЕОРІЇ ТА ПРАКТИКИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ (англійською мовою) Essentials of Theory and Practice of Translation Навчальний посібник для студентів філологів вищих навчальних закладів Видання друге, доповнене Суми Видавництво СумДПУ ім. А.С. Макаренка 2010 1 УДК 811.111 ’25 (075.8) ББК 81.43.21 – 923 Д 81 Рекомендовано до друку вченою радою Сумського державного педагогічного університету ім. А.С. Макаренка (протокол № 2 від 29.09.2008 р.) Рецензенти: Соколова І.В. – кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри іноземних мов Української академії банківської справи; Клочко Л.І. – кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри іноземних мов Сумського державного педагогічного університету ім. А.С.Макаренка Дудченко М. М. Д81 Питання теорії та практики перекладу. Навчальний посібник для студентів спеціальності “мова та література” вищих навчальних закладів (англійською мовою). – Суми : Видавництво СумДПУ ім. А.С. Макаренка, 2010. – 148 c. У пропонованому посібнику висвітлюються окремі питання теорії та практики перекладу. У теоретичний частині дохідливо викладаються питання розвитку суспільства і мови, даються відомості про типи і види перекладу та про історію розвитку принципів перекладу в цілому та в Україні зокрема. Основна частина посібника відведена розглядові способів відтворення лексикологічних труднощів англійської та української мов, зокрема, відтворення різних типів власних назв, фразеологічних одиниць, реалій суспільного життя країн, інтернаціоналізмів тощо. Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів філології вищих навчальних закладів, а також для всіх тих, хто цікавиться проблемами розвитку мови та перекладу з метою вдосконалити свої навички та вміння. УДК 811.111 ’25 (075.8) ББК 81.43.21 – 923 © Дудченко М.М., 2010 © Видавництво СумДПУ ім. А.С.Макаренка, 2010 2 CONTENTS The Author’s Preface ..................................................................................... 4 Part I. Language as a system of signs 1.1. What is language?......................................................................... 6 1.2. What language did primitive man use? ..................................... 6 1.3. How did language develop? ....................................................... 7 1.4. Is language a closed or open system? ......................................... 8 1.5. What is the purpose of language? ............................................... 9 Part II. Translation 2.1 What is translation? ..................................................................... 10 2.2. Two approaches to the ways of translating ............................. 12 2.3. History of translation in Western Europe ................................ 13 2.4. Ukrainian history of translation ................................................ 20 2.5. Principles of a faithful translation ............................................. 23 2.6. What is translator’s/interpreter’s duty? .................................. 24 2.7. What makes a good translator/interpreter? ............................ 25 2.8. Linguistic problems .................................................................... 29 Part III. Kinds and ways of translating/interpreting 3.1. Kinds of translating/interpreting ............................................. 44 3.2. Ways of translating ..................................................................... 46 Part IV. Lexicological aspects of translation 4.1. Ways of rendering of the contextual meaning of the definite and indefinite articles ......................................................... 53 4.2. Antonymic translation ............................................................... 56 4.3. Phraseology. Ways of rendering phraseology ......................... 58 4.4. Ways of rendering specific national words and phrases (realia) ................................................................................... 64 4.5. Ways of rendering proper names ............................................. 67 4.6. Ways of rendering asyndetic noun (substantival) clusters (word-groups)...................................................................... 76 4.7. Internationalisms ........................................................................ 77 4.8. Modals ......................................................................................... 81 Part V. Exercises ............................................................................................ 87 Part VI. Texts for translation .................................................................... 119 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 140 Index of Names ........................................................................................... 143 Literature ..................................................................................................... 146 3 THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE I address myself, as a teacher, to teachers of the English language and students of philology who might dedicate themselves to the mystery of teaching after they graduate from the university, all those who should have some basic awareness of the total linguistic process when two languages meet. We need to know the most efficient ways of learning and teaching other people’s languages. This book does not dig deep, and it is far from being highly scholarly. But it does contain the essentials, the irreducible minimum of information about language and translation. It suggests intuitive approach to the theoretical treatment of translation which undoubtedly is based on the theoretical knowledge of the basic rules and structures of both the source and the target languages. Translation and interpretation are becoming a common activity, a part of human interaction in this ever growing world. Human translation makes use of the context, situation and background information. The advantage of this book is that it is written in plain English, neither very difficult nor simplified, and gives the users an opportunity to learn the basic lexicological aspects of translation such as ways of translating proper names, phraseological expressions, realia of social and everyday life of nations (specific national words and phrases), international words, the articles of the English languages, etc., as well as history of translation in general and in Ukraine in particular. All these characteristics make Translation Made Plain a useful manual for students and teachers of language disciplines. I borrowed the title for this manual from Anthony Burgess’s book Language Made Plain and do not consider it plagiarism. I think this title gives the best understanding of what the book is about and how difficult language problems of translation are explained in it. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am eternally grateful to the Ukrainian scholars whose works are invaluable in understanding the extraordinarily complicated process of translation: I.V. Korunets’, my teacher and scientific supervisor to whom my gratitude is immense; Yu.O. Zhluktenko, my opponent at the defence of dissertation at Kyiv Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages (now Kyiv National Linguistic University), the scientist of great knowledge and of world recognition; V.V. Koptilov, the pioneer of Ukrainian theory and practice of translation, O. M. Morokhovskyi, the head of the Chair of Stylistics in Kyiv Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages and H.K. Sydorenko, professor of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, and also B.M. Zadorozhnyi. professor of L’viv Ivan Franko National University – who favourably appraised the true worth of my dissertation on the study of poetic metaphor and ways of its interpretation in Ukrainian translations of British and American poetry; K.T. Barantsev, my examiner in stylistics whose contribution to the study of English stylistics and phraseology was appreciable; O.I. Cherednychenko, V.I. Karaban, R.P. Zorivchak, with whom fate luckily brought me together in my life. All of them were and are experts in their fields who educated many generations of their followers. 5 PART I. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF SIGNS 1.1. What is language? A language is a system of communication used within a particular social group. It is a device for social contacts. No society can exist without communication. Thoughts, desires, appetites, orders – these have to be conveyed from one brain to another. There is, indeed, hardly any limit to the material devices we can use to express what is in our minds: we can wave our hands, screw up our faces, shrug our shoulders, write on walls, carve signs out of stone or wood, mould signs with clay or butter, etc. Human speech is essentially a system of conventional signs. Before written language appeared people exchanged information with the help of sings, carved on wood and stone, which transmitted thoughts of people, who lived a primitive life in separate communities. These symbols do not remind us of letters but are just carvings of man and animals which represent the scenes telling about hunting, relationship, worship, death and fight. Then there appeared the so called runes, the first ever written symbols, some of which distantly remind us of letter symbols of today’s language. Later there appeared the symbols intentionally invented by communities on the principle of accepted agreement what each of such symbols should mean. Most common symbols accepted by the world community today are, for example, traffic symbols which can be read and

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