DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental & Social Management Framework

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental & Social Management Framework ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK SECOND PHASE OF THE ADAPTABLE PROGRAM LOAN ON STRENGTHENING REGIONAL COOPERATION FOR WILDLIFE PROTECTION IN ASIA APRIL, 2011 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank IP Indigenous People APL Adaptive Policy Lending IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan ASEAN-WEN Association of South East Asian IUCN International Union for the Nations – Wildlife Enforcement Conservation of Nattier Network M&E Monitoring and Evaluation CA Competent Authority masl meters above sea level CBD Convention of Biological MDGs Millennium Development Goals Diversity MOAF Ministry of Agriculture and CBO Community Based Organization Forests CFO Chief Forest Officer NEC National Environmental CITES Convention on International Commission Trade in Endangered Species NEPA National Environmental DANIDA Danish International Protection Act Development Agency NGO Non-Governmental DOFPS Department of Forests and Park Organization Services NLC National Land Commission DYT Dzongkhag Yarge Tshogdu OP Operational Policy EA Environmental Assessment PA Protected Area EAA Environmental Assessment Act PAF Project Affected Families EC Environmental Clearance PAP Project Affected Person EMF Environmental Management PDO Project Development Objective Framework PIU Project Implementation Unit EMP Environmental Management PSIA Poverty and Social Impact Plan Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social RECOP Regulation for Environmental Management Framework Clearance of Projects FNCA Forest and Nature Conservation RGOB Royal Government of Bhutan Act ROSC Regional Operational Steering FNCR Forest and Nature Conservation Committee Rules RP Resettlement Plan FY Fiscal Year SAARC South Asia Association for GAP Gender Action Plan Regional Cooperation GDP Gross Domestic Product SACEP South Asia Cooperative GEF Global Environment Facility Environment Programme GFR Government Forest Reserve SA-WEN South Asian Wildlife GRC Grievance Resolution Enforcement Network Committee SAWTI South Asia Wildlife Trade GTI Global Tiger Initiative Initiative GYT Geog Yaege Tshonchung SMF Social Management Framework HH Household SPAF Serious Project Affected HWC Human Wildlife Conflict Families ICT Information Communication STD Sexually Transmitted Disease Technology TA Technical Assistance IDA International Development TOR Terms of Reference Association TRAFFIC Wildlife Trade Monitoring INR Indian Rupee Network INTERPOL International Criminal Police UNDP United Nations Development Organization Programme i UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNODC UN Office of Drugs and Crime VRCE Virtual Regional Center of Excellence WCD Wildlife Conservation Division WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas World Bank International Development Association WWF World Wildlife Fund 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Need for an Environmental and Social Management Framework ................................................ 1 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Project Development Objective .................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Project Descriptions ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.1 Landscape approach for regional cooperation in wildlife conservation and protection ........ 3 2.2.2 Project components ............................................................................................................... 4 3. RELEVANT SAFEGUARDS POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ..................................................... 8 3.1 Royal Government of Bhutan’s Applicable Policies and Regulations ......................................... 8 3.1.1 Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (2008) .................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Bhutan 2020 .......................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.3 National Environment Strategy (1998) ................................................................................. 8 3.1.4 National Environmental Protection Act of Bhutan, 2007 ..................................................... 8 3.1.6 Regulation for Environmental Clearance of Projects (RECOP) ........................................... 9 3.1.7 Environmental Monitoring .................................................................................................... 9 3.1.8 Forest and Nature Conservation Act, 1995 ......................................................................... 11 3.1.9 Forest Policy ....................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.10 Forest and Nature Conservation Rules, 2006 ...................................................................... 13 3.1.11 Biodiversity Act of Bhutan, 2003 ....................................................................................... 13 3.1.12 Land Act, 2007 .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 World Bank Operational Policies and Procedures Applicable to the Project ............................. 14 3.2.1 Compliance with OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment .................................................... 14 3.2.2 Compliance with OP 4.01 Annex C Environmental Action Plans (or Environmental Management Plans) ............................................................................................................................. 15 3.2.3 Compliance with OP 4.04 Natural Habitats ........................................................................ 16 3.2.4 Compliance with OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement .......................................................... 16 3.3.5 Application of OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples ....................................................................... 17 3.3.6 Adequacy of National Environmental and Social Clearances of RGOB ............................ 18 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ................................................................. 19 4.1 Environmental Management Tools ..................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1 Environmental Screening .................................................................................................... 19 ii 4.1.2 Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................. 19 4.1.3 Environmental Management Plan ....................................................................................... 20 Guidelines for Developing EMPs ....................................................................................................... 21 4.1.4 Environmental Audits ......................................................................................................... 22 4.1.5 Environmental Codes and Best Management Practices ...................................................... 23 4.2 Preliminary Assessment of Environment, Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .... 23 4.2.1 Country Environment .......................................................................................................... 23 4.2.2 Preliminary Assessment of Project Impacts ........................................................................ 25 4.2.3 Environmental Mitigation Measures ................................................................................... 28 5. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 31 5.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1 General Definitions ............................................................................................................. 31 5.1.2 Social Assessment ............................................................................................................... 32 5.2 Assessments and Documentation ................................................................................................ 37 5.2.1 Preliminary Screening ......................................................................................................... 37 5.2.2 Activity Preparation ............................................................................................................ 38 5.2.3 Poverty and Social Impact Assessment (PSIA) .................................................................. 38 5.2.4 Resettlement Plan (RP) ....................................................................................................... 38 5.2.5 Social Safeguards Monitoring and Evaluation Approach ................................................... 39 5.3 Grievance Redressal Mechanism ................................................................................................ 39 5.4 Public Consultation and Participation ......................................................................................... 40 5.4.1 Consultation Strategy .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Life Zone Ecology of the Bhutan Himalaya
    LIFE ZONE ECOLOGY OF THE BHUTAN HIMALAYA Edited by M. OHSAWA Laboratory of Ecology, Chiba University 1987 Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soil.isrictawur.nl indicating the item reference number concerned. Life Zone Ecology of the Bhutan Himalaya Published March 1987 Editor: Dr. M. Ohsawa, Associate Professor of Ecology Laboratory of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Chiba 260, Japan Published with The financial support of the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(Grant-in- Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. Project No. 60041009 and 61043007. CORRECTION 193 16-17 "To the contrary" should read "On the contrary". OHSAWA, M. VEGETATION ZONES IN THE BHUTAN HIMALAYA ITINERARY Page Line Fig. 2: in climate diagram below left, place name 312 6 "24: Dali( 1 500m;U:30)" should read "SHRBHANG" should read "SARBHANG". "24.: Nagor(7:45)-Dali(1500m;14:30)". 16-17 "Abies densa (in 52 plots) and Quercus griffithii (4.8)" should read: Abies densa (in 48 plots) and Quercus griffithii (46). Fig. 5: legend line 3, "upper(shaded) or lower limit" should read "upper or lower(shaded) limit". 19 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo
    Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder Manfred Gerner Translated from German by Gregor Verhufen དཔལ་འག་ཞབ་འག་ི ེ་བ། Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder Copyright ©2007 the Centre for Bhutan Studies First Published: 2007 The Centre for Bhutan Studies PO Box No. 1111 Thimphu, Bhutan Tel: 975-2-321005, 321111 Fax: 975-2-321001 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt ISBN 99936-14-39-4 Cover photo: Statue of Drupthob Thangtong Gyalpo, believed to have been made by Drupthob himself, is housed in a private lhakhang of Tsheringmo, Pangkhar village, Ura, Bumthang. Photo by Karma Ura, 2007. Block print of Thangtong Gyalpo in title page by Lauf, 1972. To His Majesty, the Druk Gyalpo of the Royal Kingdom of Bhutan, the Bhutanese people and the Incarnation Line of Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo. ནད་མ་འོངམ་ལས་རིམ་ོ། ་མ་འོངམ་ལས་ཟམ། Appease the spirits before they turn foes Build a bridge before the river swells Contents Preface ......................................................................................i I. Biographical notes on Thangtong Gyalpo ...................... 1 The King of the Empty Plains.............................................................. 1 Tibet of his times.................................................................................... 6 Thangtong Gyalpo’s journeys to Bhutan ........................................... 8 Fragments from his life’s work.......................................................... 12 Incarnation lineage.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook
    CLIMATE + CHANGE handbook BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook 131 BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook Acknowledgement We thank the following organizations for their support in publishing this book: • EU for funding the project • The Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Society for Protection of Nature, National Environment Commission, World Wildlife Fund and Tarayana Foundation for information and suggestions Copyright © 2016 Bhutan Media and Communications Institute (BMCI) All rights reserved ISBN 978-99936-738-0-4 BICMA Registration No: 100000415 Published by Bhutan Media and Communications Institute Post Box: 1790 Dhondrup Lam Thimphu, Bhutan International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development G.P.O. Box 3226 Kathmandu, Nepal This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational pur- poses without prior permission from the copyright holder. However, the source must be ac- knowledged clearly. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other com- mercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Bhutan Media & Communications Institute and ICIMOD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Table of Contents Message from Hon’ble Lyonpo Yeshey Dorji, Minister of Agriculture and Forests 9 Foreword from Dr. David Molden, ICIMOD 10 Chapter 1 Basics of Climate Science 12 What is global climate change? 13 Climate change overview – climate change and its impact 14 The earth is warming up 15 How do we know that the climate is changing? 15 Humans are largely responsible for climate change 17 Climate change is happening 18 Climate change affects everyone 18 Key concepts i.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers of Asia— GLACIERS of BHUTAN—An Overview
    Glaciers of Asia— GLACIERS OF BHUTAN—An Overview By Shuji Iwata SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–F–7 CONTENTS Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------321 Glacier Distribution and Types of Glaciers -------------------------------------------------322 Figure 1. Map showing river basins and glacier distribution of the Bhutan Himalaya --------------------------------------------------------------------323 Table 1. Total number, area, volume, and average thickness of each glacier type in Bhutan --------------------------------------------------------------323 Figure 2. Photograph showing small debris-free plateau glacier with glacial lakes at the Gangrinchemzoe La in 1998 ----------------------------------------324 Figure 3. Graph showing distribution of the lowest elevations of debris-free glaciers and debris-mantled glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya ------------325 Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) and Climate ----------------------------------325 Figure 4. Diagram showing variation of annual precipitation along the Himalaya -------------------------------------------------------------------------326 Glacier Variations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------327 Figure 5. Diagram showing horizontal distance of glacier-front retreat in the Bhutan Himalaya compared with latitude between 1963 and 1993 -----------------------------------------------------------------------327
    [Show full text]
  • A Road Map for Bhutan Public Disclosure Authorized
    Modernizing Public Disclosure Authorized Weather, Water, and Climate Services: A Road Map for Bhutan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared in Collaboration between the Royal Government of Bhutan and the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Modernizing Weather, Water and Climate Services: A Road Map for Bhutan Prepared in Collaboration between the Royal Government of Bhutan and the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA May 2015 Disclaimer This report is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. Design: Miki Fernández | ULTRA Designs, Inc. Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Acronyms ix Executive Summary 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9 Objective 12 Approach and Methodology
    [Show full text]
  • Bhutan: Birds, Culture, and Natural History
    Bhutan: Birds, Culture, and Natural History March 16-April 3, 2015 Price: $6,950 from Bangkok, Thailand Single Supplement: $450 High in the majestic eastern Himalayas and nestled between Tibet and India, sits the small Kingdom of Bhutan, increasingly renowned as one of Earth’s precious, unspoiled spots. In this mountain Kingdom, an intact Buddhist culture is integrated into every aspect of daily life set amid spectacular mountain scenery, pristine forests and picturesque valleys. The breathtaking landscape is dotted with fluttering prayer flags, colorful farmhouses amidst terraced fields, and impressive monasteries clinging to impossible cliffs. This shining cultural gem is also a birder’s paradise. Over 60 percent of the country is forested, and unlike other Himalayan countries, much of Bhutan’s original forest remains intact. As a result, Bhutan lies in an area designated as one of the world’s ten biodiversity hotspots. Its wide altitudinal range—from sub-tropical lowlands to alpine peaks—provides an array of climatic conditions and habitats, from sub-tropical jungles to temperate forests and tundra that support over 650 bird species. The diversity of bird life in Bhutan is further augmented by numerous migrating species that pass through Bhutan on their travels north and south. For these reasons, Bhutan’s bird list includes some of the rarest and most sought after species in the eastern Himalayas. Thirty-four species of birds classed as threatened or near threatened are found in Bhutan, including the critically endangered White-bellied Heron. Because of Bhutan’s progressive forest conservation practices many of these species still thrive in Bhutan and can be found easier here than elsewhere in their range.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernizing Weather, Water, and Climate Services: a Road Map for Bhutan
    Modernizing Weather, Water, and Climate Services: A Road Map for Bhutan Prepared in Collaboration between the Royal Government of Bhutan and the World Bank Modernizing Weather, Water and Climate Services: A Road Map for Bhutan Prepared in Collaboration between the Royal Government of Bhutan and the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA May 2015 Disclaimer This report is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. Design: Miki Fernández | ULTRA Designs, Inc. Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Acronyms ix Executive Summary 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9 Objective 12 Approach and Methodology 12 Process of preparation and consultation 13 Organization of the report 14 CHAPTER 2 RISK CONTEXT AND THE DEMAND
    [Show full text]
  • National Irrigation Master Plan
    National Environment Commission & Department of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan Adapting to Climate Change through IWRM Contract No. CDTA 8623-BHU NATIONAL IRRIGATION MASTER PLAN March 2016 █ Egis Eau & Royal Society for Protection of Nature & Bhutan Water Partnership Doc title: National Irrigation Master Plan Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AMC Agriculture Machinery Centre BDBL Bhutan Development Bank Limited BWSI Bhutan Water Security Index CIMF Central Irrigation Maintenance Fund CMIS Community Managed Irrigation System CDTA Capacity Development Technical Assistance DHMS Department of Hydrological and Meteorological Services DLIDP Dry Land Irrigation Development Project DMF Design and monitoring framework DOA Department of Agriculture DRDP Decentralized Rural Development Project EDP Economic Development Policy EIIP Existing Irrigation Improvement Project FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDI Foreign Direct Investment FMS Farm Mechanization Strategy FNS Food and Nutrition Security FYP Five Year Plan GDP Gross Domestic Production GNHCS Gross National Happiness Commission Secretariat ICWMP Integrated Crop and Water Management Project IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IWMS Irrigation and Water Management Section IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KPI Key Performance Indicators KRA Key Result Area MCA Multi Criteria Analysis M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MCM Million Cubic Meters MIS Management Information System Mt Metric Ton NECS National Environment
    [Show full text]
  • A Glacial Lake Study in the Bhutan Himalaya
    FEATURE ARTICLES ● JIRO KOMORI A Glacial Lake Study and Recent Mountaineering Conditions in the Bhutan Himalaya 1. Introduction Most of the Bhutanese being Tibetan Buddhist adore “Tsho” as a religious place, as well as the mountain, megalith, water fall, and so on. The word “Tsho” means “lake” in Tibetan language. After the Little Ice Age, most of the glaciers have shrunk, and glacial lakes have appeared and expanded due to the global warming. Abrupt appearance of such natural dammed lakes in unstable conditions, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) have occurred from many mountain glaciers in the world. As shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, there are several GLOF events after the termination of Little Ice Age in the Bhutan Himalaya. Bhutanese, then fear the glacial lakes because impounded water will be able to significant sources of the flood. This reason is different from original meaning as religious awe. Appropriate evaluation for glacial lakes should be therefore implemented. In order to study for correct glacier/glacial lake condition and provide technical cooperation with Bhutanese researchers, ە ە ە ە ە ە Po Ku Mo Ch Ma Fig. 1 Topographical map of Bhutan. The map was created by Mr. Tatsuro Chiba (Asia Air Survey Co., LTD.) on Google Earth using Red Relief Image Map method (RRIM, Chiba et al., 2008) with SRTM DEM. The map expresses regional difference in geomorphological condition, such as deep valley in the great Himalaya, dendritic valleys and erosion fronts in southern half of Bhutan. M: Mangde Chhu. C: Chamkhar Chhu. Solid circle: Outbursted glacier lakes after the little ice age termination (see Table.
    [Show full text]
  • Some New and Interesting Bird Records from Bhutan
    Some new and interesting bird records from Bhutan Anwaruddin U. Choudhury Choudhury, A. U. 2006. Some new and interesting birds records from Bhutan. Indian Birds 3 (2): 51–53. Anwaruddin U. Choudhury, 7 Islampur Road, Guwahati 781007, Assam. Email: [email protected] Mss received on 24.xii.2006. A number of threatened birds were observed in the Kingdom of Bhutan during visits to that country between October 1985 and December 2006 (41 field days). At least nine threatened species were observed that included Lesser Adjutant-Stork Leptoptilos javanicus, White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata and Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis. In addition, near-threatened species such as the White-tailed Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus albicollis was also recorded. The Lesser Adjutant-Stork, White-winged Duck, Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus, and Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar are new to Bhutan. he Kingdom of Bhutan (27°35’–27°45’N 95°10’– The annual rainfall is between 2,300–3,800mm. The 95°40’E) has been fairly well covered by ornithological temperature ranges from -0°C–35°C. T surveys (Ludlow & Kinnear 1937a, b, c; Ali 1977; Saha Although I had visited, on and off, parts of southern Bhutan 1981; Gole 1989; Ali et al. 1996; Pradhan 1999; Bishop 1999; since 1985, from September 2004 to November 2006 I was able Inskipp et al. 2004 and Spierenburg 2005). The entire country to make frequent visits as part of my official work. During forms part of Eastern Himalaya Endemic Bird Area these visits, totaling 41 field days, I had the opportunity to (Stattersfield et al.
    [Show full text]
  • 12128740.Pdf
    Data Collection Survey on Renewable Energy in the Kingdom of Bhutan Executive Summary 1. Objectives of the Survey The objective of Data Collection Survey on Renewable Energy in the Kingdom of Bhutan (hereafter “the Survey”) is to review the significance of the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP , which was on the request of RGoB to the GoJ in September 2012), and also to conduct potential survey of the renewable energy sector including economic and technical feasibility. The objective of the REMP is to promote diversification of energy resources to enhance energy security in Bhutan. 2. National Energy Strategy With regard to the national strategy of the country under the national philosophy of GNH, various policies such as visions and roadmaps have been proposed up to now. Regarding hydropower development, the “Sustainable Hydro Power Development Policy 2008” acts as a roadmap, and the Five-year Plan functions as the Action Plan to embody the roadmap. Alternative Renewable Energy Policy 2013 (AREP2013) is the roadmap for renewable energy in particular. Philosophy GNH; Gross National Happiness National Bhutan 2020-A Vision for Peace, Prosperity and Happiness Strategy Vision Economic Development Policy 2010 Rural Rural Electrification Master Plan 2005 Hydro Sustainable Hydro Power Development Policy 2008 Energy Roadmap Strategy Energy Integrated Energy Management Master Plan 2010 RE Alternative Renewable Energy Policy 2013 Action Plan Five-Year Plan Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 1 National Energy Strategy Framework 3. Current Power Supply and Demand Situation The peak power demand recorded 280MW in November 2012. There exists approximately 1,500MW of hydropower generation, and it seems that there is sufficient supply capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Whitewater Ecotourism Development in Bhutan: Opportunities and Challenges for Local Communities Kira E
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Graduate School Professional Papers 2019 Whitewater Ecotourism Development In Bhutan: Opportunities And Challenges for Local Communities Kira E. Tenney Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Education Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Nature and Society Relations Commons Recommended Citation Tenney, Kira E., "Whitewater Ecotourism Development In Bhutan: Opportunities And Challenges for Local Communities" (2019). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11440. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11440 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHITEWATER ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN BHUTAN: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR LOCAL COMMUNITIES By KIRA ELIZABETH TENNEY B.A. Environmental Studies, Focus: Policy, Middlebury College Middlebury, VT, January 2009 Thesis Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Resource Conservation The University of Montana Missoula, MT Official Graduation Date: August 2019 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. Jennifer Thomsen, Chair W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation Dr. Keith Bosak, Committee Member W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation Dr. Sarah J. Halvorson, Committee Member Department of Geography ABSTRACT Tenney, Kira, M.S., August 2019 Resource Conservation Whitewater Ecotourism Development in Bhutan: Opportunities and Challenges for Local Communities Chairperson: Dr.
    [Show full text]