1792 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 5

EXTENSIONS OF REMARI(S

Need fo.r Positive Progr~ms in power to light and heat a city of 10,000 on a licans believe in high wages for money-and. pack of enriched uranium that could be the Democratic Party, high wages for people. Atomic-Space Age sent in by air mail. "I do not accuse the Republicans of bring­ The Senator said there is much to be ing on a depression. But like the safety EXTENSION OF REMARKS done in the field of medical and agricul­ engineers say about workers who have re­ tural research. OP' peated accidents, -that they are 'accident "And we are not even across the threshold prone'-I do charge that the Republicans of the use of atomic power in tranSporta­ are depression prone." HON. STUART SYMINGTON tion," he added. OF MISSOURI MoNRONEY was introduced by former Pres­ Senator MoNRONEY also aimed some barbs ident Harry S Truman, who presented the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES at John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State, Senator as "an old friend who knows what Wednesday, February 5, 1958 and Ezra Taft Benson, Secretary of Agricul­ he's doing and where he's going; and who ture. never talks idly on any subject." Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, The Senator accused the Republicans of The dinner was opened by James L. Wil­ Missouri was most honored last Satur­ lack of imagination and lack of initiative in liams, Jackson County Democratic chair­ day night by the presence of the dis­ the field of foreign affairs. He said their man, who introduced Representative Rich­ tinguished junior Senator from Okla­ program consisted of one part massive rigid­ ard Bolling; Kansas City; Representative ity and the other part "a retread of all 4 George H. Christopher, Butler; Edward V. homa, Senator MONRONEY, when he made Democratic tries." a challenging address at a banquet spon­ Long, lieutenant governor; John M. Dalton, CHANGE THE TmES attorney general; Haskell Holman, State sored by the Jackson County Democratic auditor; M. E. Morris, State treasurer; Walter Committee. "While we appreciate the flattery of imi­ tation, I am sure that President Truman Toberman, secretary of state; Wilbur F. With rare clarity, Senator MoNRONEY would never expect to use the same worn Daniels, Fayette, State Democratic chairman; emphasized the need, for positive pro­ tires over a period of 10 years. A football Mark Holloran, St. Louis, Missouri's National grams in order to meet the problems of coach who would play the same ·plays in Democratic committeeman; county officials the atomic-space age. the same conference for 10 years would in­ and members of the Missouri General As­ His suggestions are worthy of the con­ sure his team of a cellar position. I'm afraid sembly. sideration of every Member of this body, the Russians are on to the Democratic and therefore I ask unanimous consent Statue of Liberty play after all these years­ yet Dulles is still calling all of the old ones. A Few Samples of So-Called Small that the story on his speech, published in "We need a foreign policy that has in­ the Kansas City Star of February 2, be spiration and imagination. We're being Struggling Farmer Co-ops printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. asked for b1llions in aid but not 1 cent for There being no objection, the article new ideas that can win the hearts and minds EXTENSION OF REMARKS was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, of the uncommitted billions of people around OF as follows: · the world. URGES A PLAN To TAME ATOM-SENATOR MoN- "While Russia is moving aggressively HON. NOAH M. MASON RONEY TELLS DEMOCRATIC DINERS WE NEED around the world with new programs, Dulles OF ILLINOIS warms over and waters down the Truman A PEACE FuND-AS KIND FACE FOR UNITED IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STATEs-NUCLEAR POWER CAN HOLD KEY TO ideas which he inherited 6 years ago." MANY WoRLD TROUBLES, HE SAYS HITS AT BENSON Wednesday, February 5, 1958 A billion-dollar atoms-for-peace program The speaker paused to aim another h~r­ Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, the Farm­ to march along with the Nation's $40 billion poon at Secretary Benson and has farm pro­ ers' Union Grain Terminal Association, of defense program so America can show its gram. The Senator said his statistics indi­ St. Paul, Minn., has had a startling kind face as well as its tough face to the cate that farm income is still dipping, while world was advocated here last night by Sen­ costs to the consumer of farm products rises. growth. It now handles more than 100 ator MIKE MONRONEY, of Oklahoma. "To sock the producer and the consumer million bushels of grain a year. It ha~ He spoke to a sell-out crowd of 650 Demo­ with the same rock, 2 birds with 1 stone, is about 650 affiliated local elevators, and crats at a fund-raising dinner at the Hotel quite a feat," the speaker continued. "But through a subsidiary operates 107 coal­ Muehlebach. Especially honored at the under Benson's richochet romance farm pol­ yards and lumberyards. On its 1956 event was Senator STUART SYMINGTON, Of icy he's able to do it not once but with earnings of $3,200,000 an ordinary corpo­ Missouri, who. is seeking reelection, and monotonous regularity." ration would have paid Federal income Harry S Truman, former President. Senator MoNRONEY said Benson programs have reduced the farm population, accord­ taxes of $1,650,000. This corporation WILL CATCH UP ing to the latest census figures, by 1%, mil­ paid none. Would you say the Farmers' "We are going to catch up with Russia lion persons in the last year. Since 1950 Union Grain Terminal Association is a in the missile race," Senator MoNRONEY as­ the exodus has totaled 4,800,000 persons, the small struggling farmer co-op? sured his listeners. "We will do it by put­ speaker said, adding: "Benson's target seems The Consumers Cooperative Associa­ ting a balanced defense ahead of a balanced to be 10 million off the farms by 1960." budget. The trick is to get the commander tion, of North Kansas City, Mo., drills in chief to take back the power he has sur­ BLASTS FISCAL POLICY oil wells, refines petroleum, and operates rendered to the Bureau of the Budget. A third target was the Republican fiscal more than 900 miles of pipeline. In addi­ The Senator predicted that with Russia policy. He said the increase in carrying tion, it sells tires, tubes, paints, spray, and the free world on equal terms in military the public debt from 1955 to 1958 totals feed, machinery, lumber, groceries, and power there would be no third world war. more than $2.8 billion. MoNRONEY said that many other . products through approxi­ He warned that our defense must not be sum was enough to finance the entire mis­ mately 1,700 -local cooperative retail permitted to go soft. He said that at this sile program, yet a Government-sponsored point there would still be the problem of high-interest rate policy has added that sum stores. It also sells petroleum and petro­ winning the confidence of the 1 billion un­ to the Government's budget. leum products to cooperatives in several committed people of the world, scattered in "Now at long last, the Federal Reserve foreign countries. In 1956, its income Africa, Asia, and the Near East. These peo­ bank, undoubtedly under Government pres­ amounted to $5,818,000 on total sales of ple, he said, are seeking a way of life. sure, has recognized the danger of this tight­ $97,622,000. Although it pays some Fed­ "They will not turn to a nation that can money policy and has launched timid action eral income tax, the amount paid falls show only how many millions of persons it to bring the interest charges, both for Uncle far short of the amount a regular com­ can cremate with its missiles," he said. Sam and John Q. Public, back toward Demo­ peting corporation would pay. Would "They will turn to the nation that is able to cratic levels," he continued. "This · wasted produce a better way of life." charge for extra interest costs could have you say the Consumers Cooperative As­ BOON FROM ATOM provided for the school construction pro­ sociation is a small struggling farmer co-op? Turning to his atoms for peace sugges­ gram, scientific scholarships and far more tion, the Senator said that within a year constructive uses. Instead it has given us Th~ Southern States Cooperative, Inc., there will be atomic reactors capable of the a record-breaking number of business fail­ of Richmond,· Va., is made up of several economic production of irrigation and ures, the ending of business expansion. subsidiary cooperatives primarily en­ drinking water from sea water. DEMOCRATS FOR PEOPLE gaged in feed and fertilizer manufactur­ In areas where cheap fuels are not avail­ "The major difference between the two ing. It does business in six States. It able $1 million reactors can turn out enough parties becomes thus apparent. The Repub- does business through 206 local affiliated ~ .95. 8 CONGRESSlQNAL _RECORD _"7': f!OUSE 179,3 cooperatives and 524 private dealers. In TON BRooKS, was honored by the Reserve sponsor hearings on the Reserve program as 1956 it did a $101 million business. Its Officers Association of the United States soon as Congress reconvenes in Washington January 7. At that time we will dig deeply profits of $5,151,000 were untouched by_ when he was presented with its highest into•the reasons for this change in our pro­ the Federal income-tax collector. Would award, the distinguished service citation gram calling for a reduction rather than a you say the Southern States Cooperative, for valued service to the Reserve compon- further increase in our military Reserve pro­ inc., is a· small st,ruggling farmer co-op? ents. · · · . . gram. I promise you this day that I will . The DairyJTien's League Cooperative During his more than 21 years in Con_. bend every effort to work out this program, Association, operating in the New York gress OVERTON BRooKs has become one of and when this is solved our program of giving milkshed, controls the complete process the Nation's most stalwart champions of the Nation the most efficient, well organized of milk marketing from farmer to con­ the cause of the citizen soldier. military Reserve program any country or any nation has ever maintained, will move sumer. -Over the past few years it has Under leave to extend my remarks in forward rapidly to completion. absorbed many taxpaying businesses. the RECORD, I include Congressman General Morrison, Colonel Carlton, and Its net worth has increased from $4,651,- BROOKs' speech made on that occasion:· friends, I want to thank you for this oppor­ 000 at the close of 1946 to $26,314,000 at Brigadier General Morrison, Colonel Carl­ tunity. I want to thank you for this occa­ the close of 1956. It has never paid ton, members of the Reserve Officers Asso­ sion, and I especially want to thank you for Federal income taxes. Would you say ciation of the United States, I am humbly this beautiful plaque and this fine award, the Dairymen's League Cooperative is a grateful . to all of you for this occasion. I which I promise you I will always cherish small struggling farmer co-op? am especially grateful to General Morrison, deeply. president of the Reserve Officers Association The Cotton Producers Association, of of the United States for his eloquent remarks Atlanta, Ga., owns several modern fer­ on this occasion. I am especially apprecia­ tilizer manufacturing plants, seed clean­ tive of the wonderful award presented to me Address at Dedication of the Jewish ing and processing plants, feed mills, by ·my friend, General Morrison, on behalf Synagogue at Ciudad Trujillo, Do­ poultry processing plants, pecan shelling of the ROA, and I shall ever remain proud minican Republic and processing plants, grain elevators, of this fine tribute. This is an event which and other miscellaneous manufacturing will remain with me as an outstanding one. ' General Morrison has been for many years plants. Its net worth has increased a most ardent worker on behalf of the ROA. EXTENSION OF REMARKS from $1,183,000 at the close of its 1946 He has shown his interest in promoting the OF fiscal year to nearly $8 million at the welfare of our military Reserves, and in doing close of the 1956 fiscal year. It has used so has shown an outstanding interest in our. HON. HERBERT ZELENKO its tax-free income to add to its facili­ Government and its people. I congratulate OF NEW YORK ties through the purchase of taxpaying him for the fine job which he is performing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES enterprise. Would you say the Cotton as president of the Reserve Officers Associa­ tion of the United States. Wednesday, February 5, 1958 Producers Association is a small strug­ ·This beautiful plaque is being given to me gling farmer co-op? in recognition of what I earnestly tried to Mr. ZELENKO. Mr. Speaker, it was Mr. Speaker, this growth means that, do for our Reserve forces. For many years in my privilege to attend the dedication of Increasingly, taxpaying businesses have the Congress I have labored upon legislation the Jewish Synagogue and Center at Ciu­ been absorbed by those which are tax­ to promote the organization of our Reserves dad Trujillo, -in the Dominican Republic, exempt. and build up a more efficient Reserve pro­ on December 27, 1957. Following are the And every time a taxpaying private enter­ gram for our Nation. It has not been an easy remarks I made upon that occasion: task. In one short moment here today all prise is absorbed by a cooperative-- of the trials, worries, and heartaches of many We-are all together sharing a deeply mov­ years' fighting for this program seem as ing, religious experience-the dedication of a -Says Senator· JOHN J. WILLIAMS Of house within which the spirit of God is in­ Delaw.are- nothing and are forgotten in the realization of the present. vited to dwell, is always such, whether the ~hose remaining in private industry must The Reserve program is nothing new to the proposed abode be a humble chapel, a mag­ make up the deficit. United States. As a matter of fact, our Re­ nificent cathedral, or a modern inspiring edifice such as this. - As a consequence of present tax in­ serve program predates the existence of our But there is a tremendously rich collateral equality between business competitors, Government by several hundred years. Our significance to this dedication ceremony. co-ops and the various so-called mutuals forefathers placed references to our military This is something special-historically and are able to use the major part of their reserves in the Constitution when they re­ sociologically, not only to those Jews here ferred to a well-organized and efficient assembled but to their friends of other reli­ profits for expansion, for buying up tax­ colonial militia. George Washington, the paying businesses that are in competi­ gions and faiths in this great Dominican first President of the United States, men..: Republic~ tion with them. Thus they keep on ex­ tioned the need of a reasonably small regular I am therefore deeply honored and moved panding year after year-increasing in establishment, backed up with the wen..: that the privilege of being heard on this size and momentum like a huge snow­ organized military reserve. Even before this, momentous occasion has been .granted to me. ball rolling down a mountainside-from our Thirteen Original Colonies possessed an As I stand here in this holy place and organized, and, although untrained in regi• look upon the faces of my Jewish brethren a $1 billion business in 1930 to over $20 mental warfare, a most efficient militia. billion in 1956. my thoughts are compelled to our history­ The years have passed and Congress did your history and· the history of this island~ little to pass legislation to build up our Re­ now somehow through divine providence serve program. It was not until 1903 that symbolically linked at this very time and the first act was passed which was specifi­ place. Speech Delivered by Congressman Over­ cally intended by Congress to organize our Our ,:r ewish ancestors were dispersed from Reserve program. Since 1941 the Congress Europe 465 years ago-in 1492, and began a ton Brooks, December 6, 1957, in has enacted numerous laws: to _provide for search for a home and refuge in the same New Orleans, La., on the Occasion of Reserve retirement, Reserve promotion, I?.e­ year that Christopher Columbus found this serve duty pay for field training of the Re-:­ beautiful island and cherished it. Presentation to Him of the Distin­ serves, and for a far more efficient Reserve Who but a loving Goc: could have planned guished Service Citation by the Reserve training program. Eighteen years ago I or even dreamed that there would come a began to work on a Reserve program in the time when the wheel of life would so turn Officers Association of the United United States Congress, and since this time that some of our Jewish brethren would later I have sponsored in one way or another be forced to seek and find refuge from reli­ States practically every piece of Reserve legislation gious persecution on the very island that was which the United States Congress passed and discovered in the same year that they were EXTENSION OF REMARKS has become law. originally dispersed. OF The Reserve program is in somewhat of a But the miraculous coincidence did occur. difficulty now. The leaders in the Pentagon Eighteen years ago they discovered their own HON. CARL VINSON have seen fit to issue a directive reducing the new world here. They were apprehensive, size of our Reserve Establishment and with­ ppqrly equipped, grateful for just the right OF GEORGIA holding some of the funds which Congress to live without fear and probably fearful as IN THE Hou:;;E OF REPRESENTATIVES had previously appropriated for this purpose. to whether they could enjoy even that right Wednesday, February 5, 1958 · As chairman of the Subcommittee on Re­ .here. serves in the House, I wish to say that I They had no way of knowing then how Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, on De­ intend, working in full cooperation with my secure they were in truth for they had re­ cember 6,1957, our colleague, Hon. OVER- able chairman, . CARL -VINSON of Georgia, to ceived only a promise·from the leader of this 1794 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 5 great country, Generalissimo Truijlllo, that My first words must be to acknowledge Seventh District, who has passed from among they would receive sanctuary and the right the generosity of your kind and courteous us. to worship God rn their own tradition. invitation to address you ag.ain this year. Judge Lanham, who won his spurs as a. This promise was fulfilled to the letter• and I think it is but. fair to tell you that any­ champion of the people inr this very hall, beyond, with an abundantly generous spirit. time you invite me I wfil be here, since I was one of the Nation's best Congressmen. so that by word, deed and money, the.· consider an invitation :from the sovereign He was devoted to his people and, signifi­ Generalissimo bas ever been a primary mov­ General Assembly of the State of Georgia. cantly, was going to attend a public meeting ing force in the erection of this structure. a cc.mmand which I cannot refuse. when a tragic and untimely accident ended I can well understand the affection and And nowhere, except in my own house and his life. My memory is warm for him, just prayerful thanks that the members of this :fireside, do I feel more at home than here on as are the memories of his constituents whom congregation will forever associate witb this rostrum speaking to men that I know, he served so well. All of us miss him very Generalissimo Truijillo's name and perscn. speaking to men that I respect, speaking to much. Beautiful though this structure is, it can men whose friendship r cherish and speaking Gentlemen of the general assembly, never never compare. wtth the precious spiTitual to men whom I honor as true Georgians and before in the annals of this country have beauty for whieh it is a setting. Beyond real Americans. we seen a time like this in our Nation's the clean and graceful architectural lines . To Gov. Marvin Griffin, I extend cordial history. there gleams and sparkles the beauty ot your greetings and my respects for his unwavering . It is a time of frustration, a time of un­ collective spirits which cherished the ideals stand in defense of Georgia's institutions. certainty, a time of anger, and a time when and traditions· of Judaism in your hearts and To Lt. Gov. Ernest Vandiver, I extend there is a gFOwlng lack of confidence. minds through the years in Europe, of op­ similar cordial greetings and respects for his It is a time of danger, both from within pression, hiding and running. Then, here, consistent, firm, and resolute stand to main­ and from without. through the developmental years of toil and tain the sovereignty of the States. This situation has been caused in varying struggle in Sosua. This I perceive. to be To Speaker Moate, to members o:fr the gen­ degrees by a lack of leadership, by a refusal priceless beauty. er(l>l assembly, to the attorney general andi to adhere to constitutional processes, by the The Ner Tomid-our eternal Ilght, is now his legal staff, to all of the elective and ap­ lag in our defenses despite the billions we lit for all to see. pointive State and local officials, to the press. have spent, by the unconstitutional armed It is plain that it was never extinguished of t4e State, to the radio, to the· television; invasion of a sovereign State, by the present in the hearts of the Sosuans. and to the great and overwhelming masses of decline in our economy, by the farm de­ This Jewish house of worship. must there­ the people of the State o:f Georgia, I salute pression, and by a host of other factors. fore be maintained as a symbol of the word you. I salute you for your resolution in It was on October 4 that Soviet Russia, a of God, of tolerance, of understanding, and being ready at all times to resist a. t all costs nation considered backward a:nd a third-rate of faith. As such, it becomes another out­ any attacks that may be hurled against our power 25> years ago, launched a missile con­ post in the struggle against Godless com­ homes, our families, and our children. taining in its head a satellite which was: munism, and you, I am sure, can maintain Last year, when I spoke to you, my service placed in an orbit arm,md this earth at a the trust and confidence placed in you many in the Senate had just begun. speed of 18,000 miles per hour. years ago by the Generalissimo, by utilizing Frankly, I do not mind telling you, that That accomplishment shocked the world. this structure to the utmost, for its divine I was a little bit homesick when I went to It told the American people that we have religious purposes and by being good citizens. Washington. been asleep. • Let me close, echoing that ageless Hebrew I said to you then that whenever any o:f It told the American people that many prayer composed thousands of years ago and you were in Washington that you had better of our leaders have been more interested in yet so apt to this occasion that it must be not miss coming by to. see us and visiting selfish political considerations than they in the heart of each of us here: with me, my staff and my family-making have been in defending the country. "Blessed art tho.u, 0 Lord, our God. King my office while you are in Washington, your Even though past failures and shortcom­ of the Universe who has guided us, main­ office and making my home while you are in ings in maintaining our defenses must be tained us. and preserv.ed us to this very day. Washington, your home. laid at the doors of both political parties, Amen." • I renew that inv.itation today. these failures and shortcomings are not tn Your visits have made it a lot easier for any instanc~that -I know of-the fault of Jne to be away from home and to carry on Congress. · · my duties as I would wish to do and that Congress consistently has been ahead o! Address by Hoa. Herman E. Talmadge, of yeu would have me to do. the Executive in recognizing and aetlng to Being in frequent touch with the senti­ meet the peril to our country. Our trouble Georgia, Before the General Assembly ment of the people back home is vitally neces­ pas been purely . and simply the result of of Georgia sary to any Senator or Congressman who maladministration, lack of leadership and. would maintain a proper perspective in indeed, even indifference on the part of the Washington's hectic and chaotic atmosphere. executive branch. In no instance has Con­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Let me remind you, and let. me remind gress failed to heed the :requests and recom­ OF the . people of Georgia, though HERMAN TAL­ mendations of the. Executive in an.y major ,MADGE is in Washington in attendance upon defense area. HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE the Senate, that he is as near to you as your Congress can appropriate money and can OF GEORGIA mailbox or your telephone. make the law8 but the major responsibility I would be remiss if. I did not tell you how must be fulfilled by the Executive and this IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES pleasant has been my service with the Mem­ it has not done. Wednesday, February 5,1958' bers of the Georgia delegation in Congress. The sad truth is that our defense effort They form a great team. has become mired ln its own sprawling bu­ Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, I I am proud to. be one of its Members. reaucracy. ask unanimous consent to have printed : I take this occasion to pay each and every Senator RussELL, chairman of the Senate in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD the text member of the Georgia delegation in the Armed Services Committee, has moved of · my remarks in addressing a joint House the highest t:ribute for their long and promptly. session of the General Assembly of Geor­ effective service to the people of Georgia and Prior to the session of Congress he desig-· gia on February 3, 1958. to thank them for their valuable help and nated a Special Preparedness Committee, There being no objection, the address cooperation they have extended me in my under the leadership of the resourceful Sen­ initial year's service as a freshman Senator. ator LYNDON B. JoHNSON, of Texas, to in­ was ordered to be printed in the REc­ No words can adequately describe my feel­ quire into the state of our defenses. ORD, as follows: ing of gratitude for the wise advice and What that committee has found is alarm­ ADDRESS OF UNITED STATES SENATOR HERMAN helpful counsel given me by my distinguished ing, indeed. The findings have demon­ E. TALMADGE BEFORE A JOINT SESSION OF senior colleague, Senator RICHARD B. RussELL. strated that the Congress must step in to THE GENERAL AssEMBLY OF GEORGIA Under his sagacious leadership the South insure the safety and security of this Nation. Governor Griffin, Lieutenant -Governor has been spared many inequities--ine.quitiea Let us examine for r, moment some of the Vandiver, Speaker Moate, members of the which would have been forced upon us had testimony which this Nation's top scientists General Assembly of Georgia and my it not been for his statesmanship and re­ and top military men gave to the Johnson friends, it is a heart-warming experience for sourcefulness in the leadership of many gal­ committee. me to be back here this morning with you lant fights which have turned back the tide. Gen. James B. Gavin, Chief of Army Re­ members of the general assembly and othei' This leadership is an im:pi:ration for all who search and Development, swore that the friends. love their country. It 1s without reserva­ Army could have put up a satellite a year It's good to be in Georgia. tion that I say to you I am honored to be ·or more ahead of the Russians .. That they There are few other places that stimulate fighting at his side and under his able direc­ had the missile to do the )ob-the Jupiter­ for me as many fond memories a.s does this tion. C. Further that request after request was hallowed chamber. At this time, I feel that I must recall the made for permission to put up an American Seeing old friends here recalls to mind rewarding association which all of us on the satellite, the first request as eaTly as the t.he happy experiences which we have shared Georgia delegation had with one of its mem­ spring of 1956. But that all of these re­ together in years past. bers, Judge Henderson Lanham, of the quests were denied. Instead _of approving 1958 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- HOUSE 1795

Army's project Orbiter, the responsibility great military force as a defensive establish· .The ad~inistration in Washington can­ was assigned to the . Navy for a new and ment. not answer these questions. separate project Vanguard, in spite of the fact The . budget proposed by the President to It is time the American people demanded that the Navy then had no missile in being meet this grave situation contains $4 billion satisfactory answers to all of them. or in prospect to raise the satellite. in additional funds for defense over fiscal Of particular concern to those who are in­ This faulty decision, of which General 1957. Most of this increase will be spent on terested in the economic welfare of this Gavin spoke, resulted in an immense loss of missiles and for the maintenance and su­ Nation is the plight of the American farmer. prastige to this Nation at a crucial time in periority of the Strategic Air Command. In a special message to Congress in mid­ world history. Out of the highest peacetime budget ever January, the President made several recom­ It is no wonder then that he retired submitted to Congress-$73.9 billion-the mendations which, if adopted, would deliver from the Army in apparent disgust with the President asked for $39.8 billion for the De­ the final destructive blow to agriculture in assertion that he could do more for the fense Department. this Nation. Army speaking for it as a free and unfet­ If this monstrous amount of money pro­ He would cut parity to 60 percent. tered citizen than he could do in uniform. posed for defense is expended prudently, we He would repeal the law requiring that Witness after witness cited other short­ will have nothing to fear. tobacco be supported at 90 percent of parity sighted and disastrous mistakes which have Even more funds can be found for needed when marketing quotas are in effect, regard­ been costly beyond measure to the defense weapons withi.n the Defense Department less of supply. posture of this country. And to cap the itself by eliminating appalling waste and Secretary Benson's policies have driven climax, the outspoken, widely respected, and needless duplication of effort. many farmers off the land. They have admired Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, Vice Chief of The overall budget proposed by the Presi- plunged most of those who have remained Staff of the Air Force and former Chief of dent is faulty in several respects. · into depression. They have kept our farmers under constant threat of bankruptcy. the Strategic Air Command, had some most It seeks to make cuts where reductions interesting testimony for the Johnson com­ are undesirable. We have had enough. mittee. · He said that the mighty Strategic It seeks to make increases in nondefense We want no more of Benson's starvation. Air Command bombers were grounded for 5 spending where increases are undesirable. I am fighting it all the way. weeks in mid-1957 because of a failure of As a farmer, as a Member of the Senate, the Budget Bureau to provide funds for The proposed budget would further cripple and as a member of the Senate Agriculture the farmers of this Nation; it would double Committee, I will oppose these thoughtless gasoline. interest rates on REA loans; it would leave · I ask you, in the name of reason and in and indifferent proposals as vigorously and our farmers to shift ·for themselves in case as effectively as I know how. the name of commonsense, what kind of of disaster; it would bring an end to sup­ leadership do we have which squanders mil­ port for vocational education by 1960; it It takes no expert to see that current na­ lions of dollars on an arrogant, illegal, and would reduce assistance for our old people, tional farm policies are planned depression unconstitutional airborne invasion of the our dependent children, our needy blind, and for the farmer. sovereign State of Arkansas, yet;, does not our totally disabled; it would terminate One does not have to be an economist to have one red cent to spend for gasoline to .grants to local governments for operation see that this starving to death of one major power our mighty bombers? of schools in federally impacted areas; it group in our economy is spreading to other What kind of leadership do we have which would shift to States and localities the re­ groups, as it inevitably does, and is now takes such drastic measures against our own sponsibility for public housing; it would doing. people at a time when arrogant dictators of curtail hospital construction to meet only His loss of income and buying power is dry­ a godless power are brandishing their mighty urgent needs and expected in a special sup­ ing up vital markets for industrial products. weapons and threatening to blow every one plementary message later is a proposal to Nothing less than a bold, new effective of us off the face of the earth? reduce veterans' compensations and pen­ approach to this problem will suffice. Such a There have been a series of reports on the sions. new farm program must be forthcoming soon state of our defenses which have been Now, I ask you what kind of a philosophy if the present farm crisis is to be solved and equally as alarming as the testimony before is it that has millions and billions for for­ if the agricultural depression is to be pre­ the Johnson committee. eign potentates and Communist dictators vented from wreaking further havoc on other Some months ago, the President appointed but has no compassion for our veterans, their segments of our economy. a distinguished committe·e of eminent and widows, our elder citizens, the farmers, and This program must be devised to: ( 1) Let qualified Americans to study our defenses others who work to sustain this Nation? the farmer farm; (2) assure him prices for and to-make a report to the National Secu­ What kind of a philosophy is it that de­ what he produces commensurate with those rity Council. mands billions more for outright gifts to of manufactured products; (3) assure him This report, based upon America's long­ seventy-odd foreign nations of the earth and and his family a fair and equitable share range prospects, found our position to be in the same message demands that Congress of the national income based upon the labor one of cataclysmic peril. raise the present debt limit of $275 billion he expends in his work. That report has been suppressed by the by anotl:ler $5 billion? The farmers of this Nation must look to White House, but a few of its details have What kind of a philosophy is it which de­ an overwhelmingly democratic Congress and leaked out to the press. mands an extension of trade and tariff poli­ a new Democratic administration dedicated Other reports such as the Rockefeller re­ cies that have caused dumping of slave-wage to old-fashion Jeffersonian democracy to port and the top-secret Johns Hopkins re:­ goods on American markets to the harm and right these wrongs, to resolve these inequi­ port are startling in their revelations. Sum­ detriment of many American industries and ties, and to really do something for the ming up, they say the position of our country their workers? farmer and the American people. · And, in conclusion, a word to our veterans, is deteriorating and that time is running What kind of a philosophy is it where the against us. their widows, and their dependent children. Federal Reserve Board with its tight-money All of those administration proposals which These are the dismal facts which con­ policy attempts to k~ep the lid on top· of the fronted Senators and Members of Congress bave bee~ made or which may hereafter economic chimney while the budget makers be made at this session of Congress to trim as they ret.urned to Washington on January are feeding the flames of inflation at the 7, this year. bottom of the chimney? · veterans benefits, to lower existing compen­ sation benefits for their widows or for their The Soviets have a disturbing lead over What kind of a philosophy is it that pur­ children, face certain defeat in Congress. us fn other areas: sues a policy of scarce dollars and inflated Not only are we going to have to look for They have almost as many army divi­ dollars at one and the same time? new concepts of administration ·in our Gov­ .sions as all of the nations of the free world What kind of a philosophy is it that pur­ ernment at home but also we are going to combined and they are highly mechanized. ~ues a policy of hard money for the people have to look for new concepts in the conduct Soviet submarines now number 600 ·or and easy money for the bureaucrats? of our foreign affairs. more while we have only 110. . What kind of a philosophy is it that pur­ The cost of the cold war rises year by • They· have hundreds of long-range sues a course of more and more inflation year. · bombers. :further endangering the insurance policies, We see vast armed forces arrayed against . ' They are expected to have an interconti­ the savings, the retirement programs of all each other in Europe, in the Middle East, in nental ballistic missile by July of this year. our people and all of those other benefits Africa, and in Asia. Top experts, now conducting secret studies which are based upon value of a sound cur­ A careless shot could detonate a powe~ that for the Army, say that Russia has a force- in rency? could destroy civilization itself. being capable of throwing several hundred What kind of a philosophy is it that has Time will soon be at hand when we will atomic bombers and perhaps 50 or more sub­ already robbed our people of more than 50 have to recognize .conditions as they are. marines with missile-launching equipment percent of their savings and pension rights Though the future may now look dark, I at us in a surprise attack. They would be by deficit financing in 1939? know that you share with me an abiding more than adequate to kill 20 or 30 million What kind of a philosophy is it that would faith in the inherent greatness of our beloved people in this country, it is said, and knock let the farmers of this Nation fall by the country and in the sturdy fiber and resolute out more than 10 percent of our economy­ wayside -to shift for themselves when billions character of her sons and daughters. perhaps 20 per~ent. of dollars in Federal Government subsidies You ask how can we Insure America's Soviet Russia with its avowed dedication are parceled out annually to industry and to future strength and safety1 to conquer the world is not building this other lines of endeavor? The answer is clear. 1796 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD- HOUSE -February--5 Now is the time to anchor our destiny to It is interesting to note that Secretary serving with him in the House of Repre­ those tenets of Americanism that have stood Benson last- year ®Posed a per producer sentatives as I succeeded the judge as the test of time and have been tried in the acreage reserve limitation. of even $5,000. , Representative of the people of the crucible of experience-tenets which have never failed us in time of need. In a letter to the chairman of the Com­ Fourth Congressional District of Louisi­ Now is the time for leaders and for leader­ mittee on Agriculture [Mr. CoOLEY], ana when in 1936, after serving 16 active ship. Secretary Benson contended that "such years in the House of Representatives, he We-the masses of the American people,­ a ·rigid limitation" would discourage chose not to run for reelection to this are steadfastly determined to press into the farmers from participating in the soil high post. fray every sinew of our beings and every re­ bank program. At the time of his death, Judge Sand­ source at our disposal to guarantee our coun­ Secretary Benson pas again been lin was 85 years old. Up to the time of try's continued role as the acknowledged shown to be a poor prophet. With the ·his retirement 20 years ago, he had de­ leader of the free nations of the world and the true champion of right and justice for rigid $3,000 limitation on the books, the voted over 40 years of his life to public all men. Department of Agriculture is having to service to the people of Louisiana and As we prepare ourselves to meet that sacred ration the $500 million available for the the Nation. Even in his so-called retire­ obligation we do so, as Ameri.cans have done acreage reserve program. There is no ment, Judge Sandlin continued his active since they first set foot on this homeland of lack of participation. Farmers are com­ efforts to be of service to our people. ours. plaining that they can't participate, even John Sandlin was born in the small We do so humbly and with prayer to Al­ if they want to bank small acreage. An community · to Mcintyre, riot far from mighty God for His benevolence and guid­ his home in the city of Minden, La., on ance. · official of' the Department of Agriculture We do so with a solemn resolution on our recently told me that there will be offer­ February 23, 1872. He attended the pub­ part to make the sacrifices and to do the ings of land to take up the full $500 lic schools of Webster Parish. Later he work that needs to be done. million, and then some. began the study of law and in 1896 was Doing that, Americans and all free peoples Secretary Benson is going to have to admitted to practice law at the bar of everywhere can look to the horizons of to­ answer some questions if the soil bank the State of Louisiana. He began prac­ morrow with the assurance that peace and is oversubscribed and farmers are denied ticing law in Minden and later that same security under God will continue to be their participation. How many big business year was elected to his first public of­ heritage. farm producers-multiple farm owners­ fice-that of alderman of the city of are going to get more than their $3,000 Minden. He was later appointed post­ maximum per producer? How many master of Minden and served in this ca­ Secretary Bensoa, Meet Budget Director family-sized farmers are going to be de­ pacity for 7 years. Brundage nied participation in the acreage reserve, In 1904 -this great American was to the extent of perhaps $500 or $1,000, elected prosecuting attorney for the Sec­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS because Secretary Benson is going to ond District of Louisiana. He served in pay $60,000 to one producer who owns this post until 1910 when he was elected OJ' 20 farms? Isn't Mr. Benson's $3,000 per judge of the Second Judicial District of HON. HENRY S. REUSS ·farm interpretation of the acreage re­ Louisiana. It was at this time my late OF WISCONSIN serve limitation one reason why there friend acquired the title of judge and he IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES isn't enough soil bank money to go was effectionately so-called this until the around? Despite Congress' clear intent date of his death. Wednesday, February 5, 1958 to halt huge payments to big business Judge Sandlin served on the bench Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, the Secre­ farmers, isn't Secretary Benson ,doing until 1920, a period of 10 years. It was tary of Agriculture, Mr. Benson, and the everything he can to continue those while serving in this capacity that he Director of the Budgetr Mr. Brundage, payments, even to twisting the law? was selected a delegate to the Demo­ apparently are not speaking to one an­ I hope we can get the answers quickly. cratic National Convention at st. Louis. other these days. ·And I hope that Mr. Brundage, who The judge was elected to the 77th Con• I say this because Mr. Brrmdage has seems to agree that our farm programs gress and arrived in Washington the recently made a statement that is in aren't helping the individual family year President Harding took office. He agreement with my criticism of our farm farmer, will be able to make an appoint­ diligently served his people and the Na.:. program and Congress' criticism of our ment with Mr. Benson and impress upon tion through the seven succeeding Con­ farm program, and in opposition to Mr. him the folly of his ways. g!'esses and retired from Congress on Benson's views. January 3, 1937. · On the NBC television program Youth - Never one to shirk public service and Wants To Know of January 26, 1958, Mr. .always ready, when his health permitted, Brundage was asked why the farmers John Nicholas Sandlin to champion the rights of his people, are antagonistic toward Mr. Benson's John Sandlin, after his retirement, of­ program, Mr. Brundage replied that not fered himself as a candidate for the all farmers were antagonistic, then EXTENSION OF REM:ARKS democratic nomination for United States added: OF Senator and later served as a presidenO: But the trouble is that our present [farm) HON. OVERTON BROOKS tial elector from Louisiana in 1944. program benefits the large commercial farm - OF LOUISIANA Although in the later years of his life as agai.nst the individual farmer. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES our former colleague's health began to I think Mr. Brundage summed it up fail him, he yet continued to exert a nicely. Many of us in the Congress have Wednesday, February 5, 1958 profound influence in State and local complained long and loud that Secre­ Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. affairs. tary Benson's programs do not help the Speaker, John Nicholas Sandlin, for 16 Yes, Mr. Speaker, I am proud and . farmer who needs help-the family­ years· a Member of this House of Repre­ deem it a privilege to have been counted sized farmer-but give as much as $278.~ sentatives and a great American, died among the many close friends of John 000 in taxpayers' money to the big-busi­ last Christmas Day at his home in Min­ Sandlin ~nd I, along with the countless ness farm producer who does not need den, La.. A large number of the present; thousands of his friends and admirers. help. Members of the House served with Judge mourn his passing. His devotion to his That is why the Congress last year put Sandlin and knew him well. It is with a people, his sincerity in handling their a limit of $3,000 on acreage reserve soil heavy heart that I report-his passing to problems, and his steadying influence as bank payments .. to any one producer,•• the House. , a member. of the Appropriations Com­ as the law reads. Secretary Benson has Words are wholly inadequate to ex­ mittee of the House during years of se­ changed the meaning of the $3,000 limi• press our true feelings when death takes vere economic strife in this country, are tation to apply to any one farm, sa that from our midst such a devoted servant of. some of the numerous attributes which one farm p.Yodueer who owns 20 or 30 the people. endeared him to the people. farms can still be paid $60,000 or $90,000. I Imew Congressman Sandlin well During my first years in the Congress I trust that the Seereta:ry eventually will and considered him one of my best I received eounsel and advise often from be called to account for this. friends. I did not.have the privilege of my good friend and he honored me with 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1797 his confidence and patience. jcih~ 75 percent of the expenditures with a further I ask unanimous consent that this limitation that the credit shall not exceed Sandlin on numerous occasions ex­ ~plendid address be printed in the CoN- '3 percent of the tax. pressed himself on local, State, and na~ GRESSIONAL RECORD. . It will be recalled that the report to_- th~ tional problems and his clear logic, deep President on basic research· by the National There being no objection, the address thinking, and helpful . solutions were Science Foundation, dated October 15, 1957; was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, respected and appreciated by all who indicated that the Nation's basic research ef­ as follows: knew Judge Sandlin. fort must be substantially increased. The THE INDIVmUAL IN THE AGE OF SPACE We are living in urgent times. Times cosponsors of this legislation indicated that (Convocation address delivered by Senator in which men search their minds and the proposed amendments to the Internal CARL T. CURTIS, at Nebraska Wesleyan Uni­ hearts for answers to tremendous and Revenue Code would give effect to the recom-:­ versity, Thursday, January 30, 1958) mendation made by the National Science grevious problems. We now, more than ·Foundation by providing increased financial At this founders day convocation, it is ever before, have a distinct need for such resources for basic science research on the appropriate that we turn our thoughts to great minds as had our devoted friend, part of universities and other nonprofit or­ the beginning of Nebraska Wesleyan Uni::. John N. Sandlin. ganizations as . well as providing a positive versity. It was on January 20, 1887, that the He will be sorely missed and we mourn encouragement to similar efforts on the part action was taken to bring this institution this loss. Death has taken a heavy toll of industry. into being. The history of Nebraska Wes­ here. It is a long, dark road we all must Expressing the view that encouragement of leyan has been a history of service rendered. basic research by inducing contributions to Year after year those who enrolled were travel. For those of us who keep the organizations covered under the bill and by given an opportunity for an education and faith, as did this great man, the journey .encouraging industrial expenditures for such an enrichment of their lives to the end that should hold no fear. He had a most purposes is preferable to a system of Gov­ they might leave to serve. As time goes on fruitful life; he carved his niche in the ernmental grants, the cosponsors stated that our gratitude to those pioneering Methodists hall of fame; he contributed unselfishly under the provisions of the bill interference of faith and vision increases. to the stability of our Nation during 1n the research -programs by the Federal Twenty-three years before this founding, chaotic economic years; and he served Government would be kept to a minimum. Abraham Lincoln stated in a speech at Balti­ well the great people of his district, In the case of contributions to universities more, Md., on April 18, 1864, "It is no fault and nonprofit institutions there will be no in others that the Methodist Church sends State, and Nation. At last, he became a interference in that under the bill a determi­ more soldiers to the field, more nurses to victim of the terrific strain of his tireless nation of what const itutes basic research in the hospital, and more prayers to heaven and self-sacrificing labors in behalf of ·science would be left to the conducting insti­ than any. God bless the Methodist Church. his people. tution. In the case of expenditures by in­ Bless all churches, and blessed be God, who, Now he is gone. His passing will be dustry the bill would provide for the estab­ in our great trial, giveth us the churches." keenly felt. Our country has lost one of lishment of a certifyin·g authority consisting In my lifetime man has witnessed the its truly great Americans. of a board of eminent scientists appointed by greatest technological advance ever encom­ the President on the recommendation of the passed in the span of 50 years. We have National Science Foundation. Thus, there come to accept the great changes in trans­ will be preserved in the Federal participation portation and communications as routin e 'in the program the point of view of the ac­ living; the marvel of television, and the speed Legislation To En~ournge Basic Scientifi~ 'tive scientific researcher rather than the of jet transportation are ordinary. . One of point of view of an administrator of a Gov­ the most significant accomplishments of this Research Activity ·ernment agency. period, and one which occurred during your The cosponsors of the legislation stated lives was the splitting of the atom. EXTENSION OF REMARKS their conviction that favorable action on this The world was awed by the military po~ tential of atomic energy. It filled men with OF legislation designed to enhance basic scien­ tific research in the United States would do both doubt and fear. Individuals of faith HON. ·THOMAS B. CURTIS much to assure the maintenance of our coun.:. and vision rejected the idea that atomic ~ry's scientific and industrial world preemi· power had been perfected to destroy all the OF MISSOURI nence in the interest of fostering the im­ monuments of civilization and culture, and IN THE HOUSE OF RE~RESENTATIVES provement of humanity and the cause of all the evidences of God's love and grace·. peace. As a result great strides have been made Wednesday, February 5, 1958_ toward the peaceful use of atomic energy. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speak­ A highly important aspect of the peacetime er, my distinguished colleague on the atom is the great source of electric power. Committee on Ways and Means, the gen­ The Individual in the Age of Space Our own State of Nebraska is having a part tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. SIMP­ in that development. Our country's first atomic powered submarine, the Nautilus, ' soN], and I have today joined in co­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS not only makes almost limitless runs without sponsoring legislation encourage basic to OF refueling but it can travel under ice. Our scientific research activity in the United railroads are becoming deeply interested in States. In joining together in the spon­ HON. ROMAN L. HRUSKA atomic powered locomotives. Since World War II ended we have shipped sorship of this legislation we have issued OF NEBRASKA a press release briefly describing the bill tens of thousands of shipments of radio and setting forth its essential purpose. I IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES isotopes from Oak Ridge, Tenn., for use here Wednesday, February 5, 1958 and abroad. These isotopes used as tracers, will include at this point as a part of my have been particularly of benefit in the fields remarks a copy of that press release: Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, my col­ of medicine and agricultural chemistry. By The Honorable RICHARD M. SIMPSON, Re­ league, the junior Senator from Nebraska the use of this tracer technique we have publican, of Pennsylvania, and the Honor­ IMr. CURTIS], has a long and distin­ learned how milk is formed in the cow, how able THOMAS B. CURTIS, Republican, of Mis­ much nutrition corn derives from · applied souri, members of the taxwriting House Com­ guished record in the Congress. He fertilizer, and how the release of noxious mittee on Ways and Means, today announced served in the House for 16 years, in 10 substance from lake bottoms kills fish, and the joint sponsorship and introduction of of which he was a member of the Ways many other important facts. identical bills to amend the Internal Revenue and Means Committee. Our shipments of isotopes have enabled Code so as to encourage basic research activ­ My colleagues in the Senate are. aware English doctors to provide better treatment ity in the United States and thereby enhance of his splendid service in this body. for blood diseases and thyroid disorders. scientific knowledge. Danish physicians have patients gather at ~owever, I should like to call their at­ The bill would pr.ovide a tax concession one central location to be treated when with respect to contributions to universities tention to the fact that the junior Sena~ phosphorous and iron radio isotopes arrive and nonprofit organizations for basic research tor from Nebraska has many other ac­ from the United States. In Latin America, in science as well as a tax concession to in­ tivities and attainments, among them his noteworthy progress has been made in the dustries for basic research in science. The membership on the board of trustees of treatment of chronic leukemia, thyroid dis­ t ax concession in the case o~ontributions tO the Nebraska Wesleyan University, where orders, tumors and other tropical diseases. universities and nonprofit organizations he is making a very worthwhile contri­ In Japan, where atomic bombs were dropped would take the form of a credit against tax only 12 years ago, shipments of our isotopes to the extent of 90 percent of the contribu.. bution to the advance of that splendid institution of higher learning. have vastly improved pearl culture by illus-: tions made with a further limitation that trating how calcium is deposited in oyster the credit shall not exceed 5 percent of the On January 30.he addressed a convoca­ shells and pearls. The future will hold many, t ax. In the case of basic research activity tion of the university on the occasion of many advances which will be for the benefit by in.dustry the credit would be limited td their founders day. ~ : of mankind. · CIV--114 1798 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 5 Now we enter the age of space. From the since our shortwave radio sets received the Yet it should never be by mass education­ very birth of reason in mankind, man has first manmade signals from outer space. The rather, it should be the education of each had an interest in space. Egyptian astron­ individual still needs a power beyond him­ individual in· our society. Our schools omers charted the paths of the major self to guide him and to help him overcome should never be an assembly line produc­ planets. Babylonian astronomers developed hi.s bent for evil. The individual still needs tion, with each pupil boing an inanimate a remarkably accurate calendar from the faith and confidence. He still needs for­ part of the State. We should teach them as stars. Phoenician sailors steered the courses giveness and he needs the love and friend­ individuals and help them to be, in the of their venturesome ships from the heavens. ship of his fellow man. He still needs an words of Herbert Hoover, "uncommon men If further proof of the universal interest in anchor. He has need of all the wisdom of and women." Their · individual gifts and space held by the ancients is needed, look the ages. talents must be found, encouraged, and to their gods and goddesses. How many of The accomplishments of the Communists brought to full realization. So long as them were sun gods and moon goddesses? in launching two satellites is a matter of America is a land of individuals of faith, It is no accident that names such as Mars, serious importance. It does call for a re­ capable of thinking for themselves, liberty Venus, and Neptun9 are applied, even today, appraisal of our program for national de­ and our way of life are secure. to the earth's companions. fense. In no sense does it prove that a Com­ We should never undervalue the individ­ According to legend, the Greeks even em­ munist economy is superior. Neither does ual. When the Master teacher came to barked on the actual conquest of space. it prove that America's educational system earth, one of the principle themes of His Of course, that legend was imaginative. has failed. Had our Government realized in teaching was the great worth of the indi­ Yet, the possibilities of flight into space were 1947 that the Communists were going to vidual personality. Our Founding Fathers never entirely forgotten. Galileo made last­ place a prime effort upon the satellite race devised a forin of government based on the ing contributions to aerodynamics. Leo­ in t h eir missile program, America, if it had rights of the individual. Our most treasured nardo da Vinci constructed a model airplane. so chosen, could have won that race. We documents, the Declaration of Independence The alchemist, Nost:radamus, prophesied that did not lose the race because our institu­ and the Constitution of the United States, man would some day fly. There were suc­ t!o:nc of learning were inferior. Our Nation are a recitation of the rights and responsi­ cessful balloon ascensions while Louis XVI did not fully avail herself of the scientists bilities of individuals. sat on the throne of France. Our own that our institutions of learning had pro­ Man is God's finest creation. The indi­ Benjamin Franklin flew a kite during a du.ced. vidual personality is most p!ecious. Space, storm and proved the .existence of electricity. Certainly our educational system at all like the Sabbath, was made for man. During the Civil War the South used a bal­ levels should constantly be reappraised. We The age of space is the age of the indi­ loon as an observation post. All this-years should always examine our program to deter­ vidual. Let us enter it with faith and vi­ before the Wright brothers made the first mine where new emphasis should be added. sion. sustained heavier than air flight some half­ The tremendous problems of our time de­ I like the lines of John Greenleaf Whit­ century ago. Man has had the conquest of mand that we increase our contributions to tier's poem The Eternal Goodness, which space in mind almost since the time when education and prayerfully consider our re­ read: man first existed. sponsibilities. When educational institu­ "I know not where His islands lift Willie Ley, scientist and author, describes tions or individuals cease to strive for im­ Their fronded palms in air; this new age, Man Invades Space. He says, provement they deteriorate. I only know I cannot drift in part: "It was noon in Asia, early morning Education that is based solely upon mate­ Beyond His love and care." in Europe, and late evening in the West­ rialistic science, in a society that rejects a ern Hemisphere on October 4, 1957, when belief in God, is dangerous and destructive. Those familiar lines could well be rewrit­ shortwave sets, for the first time in history, Knowledge is power and the use of knowl­ ten to .read: received manmade signals from space. The edge without commitment to and guidance "When satellites and rockets wing their way planet earth had just acquired another from God is like the mightiest engine rush­ Into the limitless something called outer satellite." ing forward without controls or pilot. space, . Since the first manmade satellite began What does it profit a nation if it excels in I know the whole universe belongs to God to orbit many people have been prone to view materialistic science and loses its own soul? And men cannot escape His love and the future with pessimism, to predict calam­ If America loses its soul, what is there left grace." ity, and to feel that man and civilization to defend? were headed for oblivion. They wondered As man's knowledge of the physical be­ ------if materialistic communism was proving to comes greater, the need for his total educa­ be superior to Christianity. tion becomes infinitely greater. He must 'The Mallory Case Let us reject all such feelings of gloom h ave an education that not only enables him and distrust. Let it be asked: In whose to split the atom and to build a satellite, but EXTENSION OF REMARKS hands does the future rest and what being to understand his neighbor, and to love and has dominion over the limitless space? re.:opect his fellow man. To accomplish this OF The answers to those questions are the he must be trained in the literature, the art, same today as they were prior to October 4. and the music that has stood the test of HON. EDWIN E. WILLIS He who views the age of space with fear and tlma. He must know the history of man­ OF LOUISIAN A trembling doubts God. kind and understand the theory of the law. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES These days of rapid development and the He must know himself. Above all, he must fast changes are a time of testing. Our be educated in the Christian faith. Wednesday, February 5, 1958 faith is being tested. It is time that we The need was never greater for highly Mr. WILLIS. Mr. Speaker, the ruling asked ourselves some elementary and basic trained individuals, whose wills are the will of the Supreme Court in the Mallory case questions. Is God's domain limited? Is of the infinite One, and who possess a pas­ this earth His creation and the recipient of has aroused wholesome public interest. sion for service akin to Him who said: "He has been the subject of thoughtful His love, and is all of outer space beyond that would be greatest among you, let him be It His realm? the servant of all." study and searching analysis. An out­ A recent article in Life magazine discusses Nebraska Wesleyan has many outstanding standing example is the editorial which the frontier of space. It speaks of the num­ departments that have made records worthy appeared in the Times Picayune, of New ber of planets as being in the hundreds of of wide recognition. A dedicated man, Dr. Orleans, on January 22, 1958, which I billions. The vastness of the universe is John Christian Jensen, spent long years in ask leave to ·make part of my brief re­ beyond our comprehension. It invites the the science department. He was in truth marks. curiosity of all and raises doubts for some. and in fact an incarnation of the school's Last year a special subcommittee of A few days before Daniel Webster died he thema of great teaching. The biographies of wrote these lines which have been carved on the House Committee on the Judiciary the science graduates of Nebraska Wesleyan was created to study questions raised by his tombstone: · would constitute an important miniature "Philosophical argument, especially that who's who. Their work has contributed the recent Supreme Court decisions, in­ drawn from the vastness of the universe, much to the health and well-being of our cluding the Mallory case, and I have the in comparison with the apparent insignifi­ Nation and to the security and defense of privilege to serve as chairman of that cance of this globe, has sometimes shaken our Republic. subcommittee. After rather extensive my reason for the faith that is in me; but These great contributions in science did hearings, the subcommittee unanimously my heart has always assured and reassured not come about by reason of a narrowed decided to make legislative recommenda­ me that the Gospel of Jesus Christ must be materialistic view and approach to science. divine reality. The Sermon on the Mount tions in connection with the Mallory case. They did not come about because this insti­ We are in precess of formulating our cannot be a mere human production. The tution was better equipped or possessed su­ belief enters into the very depth of my con• perior facilities. Rather, they are an illus­ recommendations to the full committee, science. The whole history of man proves tration that educational institutions as indi­ but in the meantime I think it would be it." viduals can profit most by putting first appropriate for me to review the facts in The basic needs of man have not changed things first and all the other will be added. the Mallory case and express my per­ since the ancient Egyptian astronomers The aim of our Nation's schools has been, sonal opinion on the far-reaching effects charted the paths of the major planets or and should be, the education of the ma~ses. of the ruling of the Supreme Court, and 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 1799 at the same time make an effort to an­ coercion in order to obtain a confession, get around. to (among other things) any swer some of the questions posed by the then delay, of course, was a factor to be emergency correction of the startling United. States Supreme Court decision of last June Times Picayune and other thought-pro­ considered in determining whether or relative to voluntary confessions of crime­ voking editorials. not the confession was admissible, and the Mallory case. . In order to appreciate the significance no one should want to change this rule. Congressman KEATING, who did his part of the Mallory decision, we must remem­ But it is difficult for me to see how mere toward. establishing contempt-procedure as ber that crimes involving heat of passion, delay between arrest and arraignment, a sure way to conviction, did. find. time to such as fist fights, assault and battery, in and of itself, can invalidate a free, urge a House judiciary subcommittee to re­ and manslaughter usually occur wher­ voluntary, truthful, and otherwise ad­ port his bill to restore the admissibility of ever a provocation arises and in the pres­ missible confession. nonduress confessions, regardless of delay ence of whatever witnesses happen to To apply time alone as the test is un­ between arrest and arraignment. A report from the Justice Department, which at the be at the scene. But the most serious sound and can well result in not only time expressed great concern over the Mal­ of all crimes, those that are carefully freeing the guilty but in doing grievous lory decision, seems still lacking. Congress­ planned in advance, such as premedi­ wrong to the innocent. man WILLIS, as chairman of this subcom­ tated murder, robbery, rape, espionage, · Thus both an honest charge, based on mittee, undoubtedly will do his best to speed. and sabotage are never committed in the mistaken identity, and a false tip, be­ action, as Mr. KEATING again urges. open. In such cases the police have to lieved by the police to be true, constitute One helpful step would. be introduction in employ the time-honored and heretofore probable cause to arrest the person mis­ the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Of the text of the well recognized process of interrogation takenly identified or falsely charged with decision. and elimination, because under our sys­ serious crime. Again, a person arrested It has been said that the appellate court at Washington previously went further than tem of justice it is as important not to on probable cause, may contend that he any other circuit in throwing out confes­ charge the innocent with crime as it is to was not at the scene of the crime or was sions; and that the High Court made the prosecute the guilty. even out of the city when the crime was matter a national rather than District of Mallory raped a woman in the base­ committed. This is what is called an Columbia problem; also, that the latter's ment of her own home. As usual, there alibi. An honest alibi is the most per­ new rule was actually or in effect made were no witnesses to the criminal attack, fect defense known to law, while a false earlier in what is called the McNabb case. and Mallory took the further precaution alibi is a reprehensible plea. The per­ Congressman POFF defended the particular to disguise himself. And so, following son who can establish the whereabouts interpretation o! what constitutes unneces­ sary delay between arrest and. arraignment the heretofore usual and accepted prac- of the accused at the time of the crime but was unable to see why it affected. validity . tice, the police questioned him. Seven may not be readily available and the po­ of the confession. hours went by between his arrest and ar­ lice cannot always take the word of the Others say that in addition to invalidating raignment. During that time, he was accused in the face of his arrest made on confessions, the decision prohibits arrests on fed, talked freely, and confessed his what appears to be solid evidence mak­ suspicion; and. any questioning at head­ crime. ing out a case of probable cause. Law quarters which lends itself to eliciting dam­ The confession was free and volun­ enforcement officers are thus faced with aging statements or making a case or estab­ tary, and what is more, it was truthful. a hopeless dilemma as the result of the lishing better than probable cause, follow­ He was given a speedy and public trial ing arrest. Police can abstain from arrest, ruling of the Supreme Court in the Mal­ they say, in hope of getting a confession­ and was found guilty by a jury of his lory case. It can be readily seen, there­ taking the risk of an escape. The possibility own peers. fore, that if the police are not given time, of confusion in interpretations seems sor­ The Supreme Court, however, invali­ through the process of interrogation and rowfully present here, as in too many other dated the confession, not because it was elimination, to verify the truth or falsity decisions. induced by threat or violence, or involun­ of an identification, a tip or an alibi, tary for any other reason, but solely be­ innocent persons can and will be unjustly cause of the delay between arrest and ar­ charged with shocking crimes. Imports of Wheat at Substandard Duty raignment. Moreover, for all intents and And similarly, to apply the test of purposes in all Federal cases the process time alone can and will result in freeing Rates of interrogation between arrest and for­ the guilty. There can be no better il­ mal arraignment, if not prohibited, is lustration of this than the Mallory case EXTENSION OF REMARKS now certainly ineffective and practically itself. Mallory confessed his crime freely OF useless. and voluntarily. He told the truth. He The ruling of the Supreme Court in was and is guilty. But as the result of HON. ROBERT J. MciNTOSH the Mallory case does serious damage to the decision of the Supreme Court, he OF :MICHIGAN an old and fundamental rule of evidence was set free and footloose. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES regarding the admissibility of a confes­ Following his release, Mallory was be­ sion. Prior to the Mallory decision, a friended with a job, but he assaulted Wednesday, February 5, 1958 confession was admissible if it was trust­ his benefactor and then :fled from jus­ Mr. MciNTOSH. Mr. Speaker, Amer­ worthy as testimony, and this rule was tice. And so, roaming the streets, high­ ican farmers are being forced to take applied both in the State and Federal ways and byways somewhere in the losses on their production of seed wheat courts as well as under the common law. United States today is a confessed rapist because of an increasing :flood of imports In order to determine whether a confes­ and a fugitive from justice. When and into the United States which are enter­ sion was admissible or inadmissible, where he will strike again no one knows. ing at duty rates applicable to wheat fit practical tests were applied over the This decision, of course, applies in all only for animal feeds and purposes other years. If there was sufficient induce­ Federal courts. The Federal courts in than human consumption. ment to elicit an untrue c'P.lfession of the several States and outside of the Dis­ To prohibit such imports at substand­ guilt, or if a confession was induced by trict of Columbia have jurisdiction of ard duty rates, I have introduced H. R. a threat or a promise, by fear or hope, Federal crimes or crimes defined by Con­ 10205, which is designed to give Amer­ the confession was not regarded as being gress only, while the Federal courts in ican farmers a reasonable price for the trustworthy as testimony and was there­ the District of Columbia have jurisdic­ seed wheat they produce. fore inadmissible. But if a confession tion over all common law crimes com­ The record regarding seed wheat im­ was freely and voluntarily made~ then it mitted within the District as well as ports shows clearly that foreign seed was deemed to be trustworthy and there­ Federal crimes. For that reason, while wheat producers are driving American fore admissible. the pecision will have greater impact on growers out of their own domestic mar­ As indicated, under the Mallory ruling law enforcement within the District of ket. By taking unfair advantage of the the mere fact that the confession was Columbia, it must be remembered that existing law and regulations and dis­ made between arrest and formal arraign­ the ruling has universal application in torting the clear meaning and intent, ment invalidated it. Timing Tather than all Federal courts in the country. imported seed wheat enters the Ameri­ trustworthiness becomes the test. The Times Picayune editorial follows: can market at a price which makes it Prior to Mallory, if delay between ar­ CONFESSIONS CURB difticult, if not impossible, for American rest and arra.ignment was taken advan­ In the fervor of destroying or weakening farmers to realize their costs of pro­ tage of as an occasion for pressure or trial by jury, Congress last year failed. to duction. 1800 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 5 Under laws, Executive orders, and reg­ avoiding the payment of legitimate duty result only in further disregard of the ulations regarding wheat imports in ef­ charges. Any pretense that the Federal laws and regulations of this Nation. I fect in the early 1940's, import duty Government intended any special con­ am sure that wheat farmers, generally, schedules call for the payment of a cessions on seed wheat so that it could be throughout the Nation will join in ask­ reasonable duty of 21 cents per bushel· imported at reduced duty rates is with­ ing favorable consideration of such legis­ of wheat of standard commercial qual­ out any foundation. Anyone familiar lation by the Congress. ity. Since seed wheat is ·a quality of with import practices and customs regu­ grain at least equal to or, most often, lations recognizes this fact. superior to the standard commercial From time to time, the executive grades, it was scheduled for classifica­ branches of the Government and the Antitrust Subcommittee Meets Foreign tion with the great volume of wheat im­ Congress find it necessary to amend laws ports at the 21 cents per bushel import and regulations to accomplish the in­ Mission duty rate. This was done even though tended purposes. If tax laws or other seed wheat always commands a premium Federal statutes are being avoided or EXTENSION OF REMARKS price at the market. evaded by our own citizens, the Congress OF In addition to the standard duty rate and the executive agencies usually move of 21 cents per bushel, there was a spe­ rapidly to close any loopholes. Such ac­ HON. KENNETH B. KEATING cial classification for substandard qual­ tion is needed in this case. Allowing the OF NEW YORK ity grains which were unfit for human practice to continue loses customs reve­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES consumption arid which could be used nues to the United States and forces un­ Wednesday, February 5, 1958 only for animal feeds or for nonfood favorable prices upon our own wheat commercial purposes. The duty rate producers. · Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, today specified for this low-quality grade is 5 American seed-wheat producers have the Antitrust Subcommittee of the · percent ad valorem. substantial additional production costs House Judiciary Committee was host to For many years, wheat imports have over and above the cost for the produc­ a group of European and Japanese offi­ been classified in these two categories tion of commercial quality wheat. These cials touring this country under the on the basis of the quality of grain. In costs may vary from State to State de­ auspices of the International Coopera­ years past, American seed-wheat pro­ pending upon the requirements of grow­ tion Administration. ducers have supplied almost entirely the ing seed wheat, but in general, these ad­ This group is studying antitrust legis­ high quality grains needed for domestic ditional costs run up to around 50 cents lation in the United States and the com­ seed purposes. The annual imports per bushel. The farmer must meet cer­ petitive economy it generates. It is ex­ were only a fraction of the seed-wheat tain requirements as to previous land pected that upon completion of their requirements of the United States. usage before he may plant his crop. He mission, th~ group will recommend gov­ American seed-wheat growers were able must purchase certified seed on which he ernment policies and new legislation on to realize a sufficient premium price for pays a premium price. During the restrictive business practices in their their seed wheat; as compared with growth of the crop he must pay fees for own countries. other grades, to cover the extra costs of inspection of the wheat stand. The har­ I know I speak for all of the members production of this premium quality vest and handling must be given special of the Antitrust Subcommittee in saying grain. Imports competed in the free care. The seed grain must be tested and that it was a real pleasure to exchange market with American production. certified before he may properly sell it ideas with these officials. Projects of Beginning in fiscal year 1954, foreign on the American market as seed grain. this kind will provide them with a much importers began to color their seed The device of classifying seed wheat fuller understanding of the United gram or treat it with chemicals in such as substandard in order to qualify for the States experience in this area and the a way as not to impair the premium minimum duty rates, combined with low extent to which it is relevant to condi­ quality for seed-wheat purposes and in­ production costs have hit the American tions in their own countries. sisted on the classification of such grain seed-wheat grower very hard. Numer­ Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con­ as being unfit for human consumption ous farmers in the Seventh District of sent, I include in the RECORD the re­ because of its color or chemical treat­ Michigan have, in the past, grown seed marks which Chairman CELLER and my­ mEmt. By this method of classification, wheat successfully and enjoyed a rea­ self made to this group: seed-wheat exporters were able to send sonably good market for their production. REMARKS OF CHAmMAN CELLER into the United States increasing vol­ Tuscola and Huron County farmers were As chairman of the House of Representa­ umes of seed-wheat qualifying for the 5 the heaviest producers. In recent years, tives' Committee on the Judiciary and of its percent ad valorem duty and escape the Antitrust Subcommittee, I am pleased to some farmers have been forced to dis­ welcome the distinguished representatives 21 cents per bushel tariff rate. continue such production while others of this mission sponsored by the European The important advantage of using this have found it to be a marginal crop. Productivity Agency of the Organization for classification is clearly evident froin the They want and should be given, in all European Economic Cooperation. I am sure import figures, showing the rapid jump· fairness, an opportunity to realize a rea­ that my colleague, Mr. KEATING, ranking mi­ in volume of such wheat imports. From sonable price. As long as existing cus­ nority member of the Judiciary Committee 1953, seed wheat imports jumped from toms classifications are permitted as a and of the Antitrust Subcommittee, joins me 6,297,000 pounds to 13,456,000 pounds in result of the torturing of the language in my welcome to you. We are also pleased 1954. During 1955, imports nearly to have with us representatives of the Japa­ ·applying to the wheat imports, such an nese Restrictive Business Practices Study trebled to 38,105,000 pounds. In 1956, opportunity is not possible. Team who are visiting the United States in imports more than trebled again to 135,- The effect of H. R. 10205 will be that a sponsored program of the International 383,000 pounds. Imports dropped slightly all seed wheat imports will again be Cooperation Administration. in volume in 1957. But for the first 5 classified for entry under the 21 cents Since both of these missions include Gov­ months of the 1958 fiscal year, imports per bushel duty payment, according to ernment officials directly responsible for im­ were nearly trebled again over the figures the practice for many years past. Such portant programs that are designed to cur­ for the corresponding months for the action will not be unfair to our good tail restrictive business practices in their re­ spective countries, I am sure that our dis­ previous year. neighbor to the north, but will restore cussions will be mutually beneficial. The clear language of the laws and the good relationship which existed for This morning Mr. KEATING and I propose regulations and the long practice and many years and which was the clear un­ to discuss with you policies that underlie custom in connection with the grading derstanding and intent of both naticms. decisions to establish the so-called regulated and classification of wheat indicates be­ The Department of Agriculture is industries. That is, the industries which, for yond question that seed wheat could alerted to this problem and believes that a number of reasons, have been withdrawn never be classified as being of a quality the issue should be resolved on a proper from the free play of competitive forces and 1:1nfit for human consumption. The arti­ basis. I trust that favorable recommen­ subjected, in varying degrees, to direct su­ pervision by Government officials. Our dis­ ficial color or chemical treatment making dations on my bill may be made by the cussion will include some of the antitrust Lt unfit for human consumption, is executive branch of the House Commit­ problems that arise in these industries and merely a way of escaping the provisions· tee on Agriculture. in other areas of the economy where exemp· of law. This practice is a method of To. fail to deal forthrightly: with this tions from our basic antitrust legislation getting past the customs collector . and distortion of our import regulations can have been granted. 1958 CONGiffiSSIONAL-RECORD-~ .HOUSE 1801 Traditionally, the economic . policy of the jeopardized their financial stability. Sim­ Civil Aeranautics Act of 1938. In section United States has been ~irected to the pro­ ilarly, in the case of the newly developing 2 (d) of that act, Congress provided specifi­ motion and preservation of competition in field of commercial aviation, representa­ cally that competition, to the extent neces­ free markets. To this end Congress re.­ tives of the airlines and officers of their sary to assure the sound development of a peatedly has declared its reliance on a pri­ trade association, took a preeminent role in national air transportation system, is in the vate competitive economic system as the advocating the institution of Government public interest and in accordance with pub­ primary method by which essential energies controls over the infant industry. lic convenience and necessity. The act itself are released for increased industrial produc­ Since our regulatory legislation in general contains an express declaration of Congres­ tivity and for technological development. In has developed to prevent unfair and dis­ sional intent that competition is to go hand addition to the economic benefits afforded criminatory practices in natural monopoly in hand with administrative regulation. by competition, we in the United States situations, or has developed during periods In regulating the radio and television in­ h ave come to recognize that our political when the competitive system was experienc­ dustries, Congress made no provision for freedoms under a representative of Govern­ ing an economic crisis, it is not surprising exemptions from the antitrust laws, and af­ ment require the solid foundation of a free that the role of competition within the reg­ firmatively required the Federal Communi­ economy. We believe that for a democracy ulatory framework has been subordinated. cations Commission to develop a competitive to be strong; adaptable, and progressive, it The basic techniques of regulatory bodies system of broadcasting within the frame­ must be secure in its economic liberties. are anticompetitive in nature . • Once regu­ work of the antitrust laws. In addition to These conclusions are bipartisan. Both of lation has been imposed upon a given sec­ making antitrust legislation fully applicable our major political parties for many years tor of the economy, it is customary that (1) to the radio and television broadcasting in­ have proclaimed the necessity to assure freedom or entry is severely restricted; ( 2) dustries, the act also provides that, as an economic opportunity and to limit aggre­ expansion is restrained; ( 3) merger and additional form of relief, a court may direct gation of economic power which is incom­ consolidations are encouraged; and ( 4) the re.vocation of station licenses held by a patible with the maintenance of competitive agreements anticompetitive in nature may party found guilty of antitrust violations. industrial conditions. be approved by Government officials. Further, the Communications Act directs the Despite this universal agreement as to the It is customary, for example, to require Commission to refuse further station licenses values to be derived from a competitively that a certificate or a license be obtained to any person whose license has been so organized economy, in a number of our im­ from the regulatory body before commenc­ revoked. portant industries we have found it neces­ ing operations in an industry that is subject From this general background, it ts ap­ sary to restrict the role of private competi­ to regulation. Once a company has gained parent that competitive problems of two tive enterprise and to substitute controls ex­ entrance to a regulated industry, the statutes types arise in regulated industries: First, ercised by Government officials. Where this generally require that any extension of facil­ there is always present the question of the has occurred, it should be noted that con­ ities or enlargement of operations must be appropriate weight to be afforded to com­ currently with the withdrawal of an industry approved by the regulatory body prior to petitive considerations when administrative or a segment of an industry from the free their going into effect. determinations are made. Under the stat­ play of competitive forces, Government offi­ Usually, the regulatory statutes also estab­ utes the various commissions and boards cials have been given responsibility for busi· lish procedures that enable companies in the have been given considerable latitude as to ness direction. In no instance has a com­ industry to enter into agreements which the determination of the public interest in mercial activity been relieved from the ne­ otherwise would be prohibited by the anti­ any particular factual situation. In a case cessity to comply with the provisions of our trust laws. Although price fixing clearly where all other factors neutralize one an­ general business law, the antitrust laws, un­ is illegal per se under the antitrust laws, for other, a regulatory body should resolve an less at the same time supervisory powers example, ratemaking agreements among issue in favor of competition rather than were lodged in Government officials in order railroads and among motor carriers may be monopoly, in order that the standard of for them to accomplish the results that approved by the Interstate Commerce Com­ public interest gives effect to antitrust policy. otherwise competition would be relied upon mission. Similar agreements among water Second, in regulated industries, there are to provide. carriers may be approved by the Maritime certain industry activities for which the There are several reasons that underlie the Commission. The Civil Aeronautics Board statute has granted no antitrust exemption. decision to remove a particular business ac­ has specific authority to approve price-fixing For these activities, difficult jurisdictional tivity from the forces of competition. First, agreements, pooling arrangements, and questions may arise as to initial enforce­ there are some fields of economic en­ agreements for divisions of earnings and ment responsibility. In certain cases, it is deavor-the so-called natural monopoly sit­ traffic service. The Board's general powers appropriate for the administrative body to uations-where competition either will not include authority to approve agreements proceed and to take action under the regu­ work, or at best will work only in a wasteful a~ong air carriers "for controlling, regulat­ latory statute. In other cases, antitrust en­ manner. If you have one waterfall, for ex­ ing, preventing, or otherwise eliminating de­ forcement officials may proceed directly ample you generally can have but one hydro­ structive, oppressive, or wasteful competi­ against industry behavior which has not electric plant. Since it is impossible to have tion" and to approve "other cooperative been subjected to affirmative supervision by competitive hydroelectric plants at that lo­ working arrangements." the regulatory body and has not been specifi­ cation some other device must be created to In addition to the subordination of the cally exempted from the antitrust laws. assure that prices are reasonable and serv­ role of competition in regulated industries During the 84th Congress, the Antitrust ices adequate. Other examples of natural by the exercise of direct supervision by Gov­ ·Subcommittee conducted extensive investi­ monopolies of this nature are found in the ernment officials, the regulatory statutes also gations into monopoly problems in regulated public utilities for distribution of water, provide methods by which exemptions may industries, particularly the television in­ gas, and electricity to the residences in a be made from the requirements of the anti­ dustry and the airlines industry. The sub­ particular community. trust laws. The Interstate Commerce Act, committee's reports on these investigations Closely related are those industries where for example, provides that "* • • any car­ are available for those of you who want regulation came in response to abuses of riers • • • participating in a transaction copies. These reports contain detailed in­ economic power by private operators in busi­ approved or authorized • • * are relieved formation, with respect to the competitive nesses that have the characteristics of nat­ from the operation of the antitrust laws." problems that are present in these two in­ ural monopolies. As early as 1887, Congress Similarly, the Shipping Act states that dustries, which you may find helpful in your established regulation over the railroad in­ "* • • every agreement • • • lawful under studies. dustry as a result of investigations which this section shall be excepted from the pro­ You will note that the committee in each demonstrated widespread abuses of private visions • • *" of the antitrust laws. The of these reports was critical of many activi­ economic power. In some railroad opera­ Civil Aeronautics Act provides that "any ties in the television and airlines industries. tions, competition, in the sense of numerous person affected by any order • • • shall I should point out, however, that in both of rival offers of the same service, was recog­ be • • • relieved from the operations of the these industries, although the committee nized as wasteful, duplicatory, and that phys­ antitrust laws • • • insofar as may be nec­ found much to criticize, the system of regu­ ical factors sharply limited the number of essary to enable such person to do anything · lation apparently has been successful. possible operators. authorized, approved, or required." Both industria& are strong and flourishing. In other instances, Congress has imposed Although the role of competition has been Under the system of regulation that has positive Government supervision at the re­ subordinated in regulated industries and ex­ been established, our commercial air trans­ quest of industry in order to meet problems emptions from the antitrust laws are au­ port has experienced a phenomenal growth that developed during periods of economic thorized to be granted in enacting this body and technological development. The in­ crisis and to assist in the development of of regulatory legislation Congress has not dustry, for example, had increased from 345 new and weak industries. It was found, for departed from the general national policy m airplanes in service in 1938 (when it was example, in the ·depression of the 1930's that favor of a competitive economy. On the first subjected to regulation), to 1,454 air­ contrary, Congress, in the regulatory stat­ planes in 1955, the date of our investiga­ the problems of railroads were aggravated by utes, has required the administrative bodies tion. This was a gain of 321 percent. Sim­ competition from motor carriers. Conse­ to exercise their authority so as to accom­ ilarly, in 1938 the entire industry flew a. quently, the demand for motor carrier reg­ modate their particular regulatory respon­ total of but 533 million passenger miles ulation came not from shippers as in the sibilities with the national policy favoring whereas in 1955 the industry accounted for case of the railroads, but from representa­ competition. a total of 21.9 billion passenger miles. This tives of the railroads themselves, who urged An example of this concern for competi­ amounted to an increase of more than 4,000 that the virtually unregulated motor carriers tion in the regulated field is found in the · percent. 1.802. CONGRESSIONAL .. RECOIID-UOUSE February 5_ -The television irui ustry Jn tae Uni-ted . The tr,ade 2SSOCiatron also was used by UJS .power in tbat period led both, the .RepubiiJ­ States also h-as dem-anstr.a.'ted great vitality membenl to mnduct extensive publ).city can and Democratic P&rties to .affirm their llllrlel' the system of t"egWation t.Wi.t bas been cam:palgns th.a t were designed either t() inftu­ :faith 1n. a · competitive economy and their established. In the short .spa.ce of 1-D years en:ee -the ROIIU'd':s deetsk>n in pending cases or deterlni..n&oon to safeguard tt. The Repub­ television .has ~e a profound sooial t() d5troy pu.boo eonfinence in the oper.a­ licans in their 1888 platfonn declared their fGI'OO iu. the United Sta.tes. ~GW 00 pe!reent ti._nns of competitors to the membens of the oppositron tD all cambinatlans .of capital. of tlle .Nati-an•s population has aeeess oo teie:­ association. Ewen though these actiwlties o~ in trusts or otherwise, to oontrol vision broad£astmg and there are more than oceur in .a re.gu.la.ted in:dustry. they eoWd be arbitr.a.rlly the oondition of 1rade .and 39 million -television sets in American .bcr.mes; elements of a eonsp.ilr&ey to restrain eompei'OP.ie~ lt i:s to prevent .and co.ntrol combinations m.aae Aeronautics Boan:l was not in a position -to almost an American. a.t'Ucle of .fa.lth that tbe witb a Y.lew to prevent competlt.io.n_ ar fa answer any oi those questions. This .failure alms at polltieal and economic deJDOel':&ey the l"estralnt o.! tradew o.r to Increase the was parlicutarly significant in view of the can be best ac.hiewd bJ' fostering a oom.­ profits or the ·producer at the co~ Dt the fact that more tban 80 percent of a.U the petlitire O!'der. .Aru1 restrictive business consumer. • • • . If thelT business 1s lawful, revenues received by our domestk: t:runkline practices tmmicat to oom.~tlti1:m aTe viewed they can combine 1n any -w.a:y and .enJoy carriel's had been derived ftom the :transpoc­ as a threat t() our polttiea:l as -well as our the 1tdvantage o.f thelr 1111lted .skiD and tati.on. pa.ssenger.s.. eeo.nomje -well-being. · capital, provided they do not .combine to The tsubeommttt.ee'.s experience wltb. the The Sherman. Act. the Clayton Aet. and prevent eompetltlon.- Board with respect to rates and fares illus­ the Pedenll Trade Comm•Sfdon Act reflect ~igness 1-s not eguated wlth 'badness. trates tbe type of problem that must be the desire ot Congress to malntain and per­ La-rge corporate ente.rprtses .are essen tlal far caxefully wat.coed by a legi~l.aitUJ:'e when it petuate a SJ')Stem ot private competition.. the 'development of :such dev.Wes as missiles delegat.es :l'ElEpoinfliblltty for an .industry -to a These .a.etls set forth in unmistakab.le terms and . TOCkets. :for tbe .!urnlshlng D! ,such reguiatory b:ooy. Without tne adJustments tile prtnclple that in a tree muJ.tet. ,en-ter­ utilities as electrlclty• .and .far the manur.ao­ that are ,automatiea.lly determined in oom­ prise. and lnitiattve shall have opportuni~ tm'e of such consumer _products as .aut<>mD­ petUtve .markets, extrem-e ·vtgllanee must be to eompe-te wlthout :tear of restraint by eom­ bUes. Wb11e it ls true that co.ncentra:tlons main talned to assure that -th-e regulatory binatton .and w!tbout :fear of .repdsai bJ' of economic po'ller .are c.arel'ully wAtebed. body Jn .tact acoom.pli.sb.es wb:a~ otherwU>e monopoly- .method$. .From this stallldpo:t.m, the antitrust laws are more .concerned wlth oompeiition would pro.-ide. the Sbemum Act is both a 14~ Carta the abuses of economic power than with the Another type of antitrust problem encoun­ for 1nJsiness 'and a gua.nmty to the public extent o! economic power. 'The question tered in our in~a~ion of t.he :airliDe tn­ tha-t ttle eom.peti1ive system. w.fil :no:t .be under the law always 1-s wbetb.er the acqnisl­ du:stiT conc.ems t.ne actJ vit.tes of the trade cireumvent.ed by tile devices of eoJlU6io.n or tton of economic power is made -wltb an ln­ association. Here the rommittee found tbai amcentr.atWn of ccntrol. tent to monopolize .and restrain competition tbe ·trade association, -the ·Air Transport .As­ . -The policy :o! -the Shel'man Aet had vide or whether it is a natural .response to the sod:atJon of America (ATA). had been used bipartisan lSUPport in itls meeptwn. and wltb. etlOtl~te demands of soc1ety. bf its members to unite the industry in joint the ez:oeptlon ot some attempts m te 1930's Y would like to comment b.rte:fiy ;on two progr.ams ihat appeared questionable under to adopt indostl'y codes of .competition Sildl additi~n:al exemptions from the antitrust the antitnlst Jaws. Jd:any o! the :trade as­ as the NRA. has bad hlpar;tisan suppan; in la~ relat!ng to labor 1md a-grlcultnre. soda;tion-'s aetivities involved agreements its impJementaUon. LabO!'"-s 'Statu~S und~ th-e Sherman Aet 'Wa1J among ibe eaniem to· pa;rtld:pate ln con­ ·_ -The aet ttaei:f was a direct outgrowth of une'leal' -until tbe· .supreme Court decil!ion 1:n certed -ons that w~e designed to e.xdwie the abuses of certain large business tnasts ~ v. u-wror, the D«n.'""" H«ttert~ ea!le. el:th.er a partical:ar

SENATE THE JOURNAL by transmit the Final Report of the Ad­ On request of Mr. JoHNSON of Texas, visory Committee on Weather Control. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1958 and by unanimous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of THE WHITE HousE, February 6. 1958. Rev. Robert W. Olewiler, minister, Wednesday, February 5, 1958, was dis­ Grace Reformed Church, Washington, pensed with. D. C., offered the following prayer: REPORT OF ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION­ Most gracious God, in whom we live MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT and move and have our being, we thank MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Thee for life and love, for the mystery Messages in writing from the Presi­