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Notes 1 Introduction 1. H. Thörn (2006) Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 6; see also A. Klotz (1995) Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid (Ithaca: Cornell University Press). 2. P. Byrne (1997) Social Movements in Britain (London: Routledge), p. 174. 3. Quoted in A. Bank (1999) ‘The Politics of Mythology: The Genealogy of the Philip Myth’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 25, 3, 474. 4. See, for example, G. E. Cory (1913) The Rise of South Africa – A History of the Origin of South African Colonisation and of Its Development towards the East from the Earliest Times to 1857, Vol II (London: Longmans, Green and Co.), pp. 403–04. 5. A. Steward (1956) You are Wrong Father Huddleston (London: Bodley Head). 6. Macmillan self-consciously attempted to resuscitate the reputation of Philip in two books, based upon Philip’s own papers: W. M. Macmillan (1927) The Cape Colour Question – A Historical Survey (London: Faber & Gwyer); W. M. Macmillan (1963) Bantu, Boer, Britain – The Making of a South African Native Problem (London: Clarendon Press). 7. Macmillan The Cape Colour Question, p. 283. 8. Times, 29 November 1952. 9. N. C. Crawford and A. Klotz (1999) How Sanctions Work – Lessons From South Africa (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). For an overview of debate from the 1980s, see M. Orkin (1989) Sanctions Against Apartheid (Cape Town: David Philip), while the US perspective is provided by D. Marmelstein (1987) The Anti-Apartheid Reader (New York: Grove Press), pp. 334–420. 10. Andrew Thompson, ‘Publicity, Philanthropy and Commemoration: British Society and the War’, in Omissi and Thompson (2002) The Impact of the South African War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 99–123. 11. R. Hyam (1972) The Failure of South African Expansion, 1908–1948 (London: Macmillan); see also R. Hyam and P. Henshaw (2003) The Lion and the Springbok – Britain and South Africa since the Boer War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 12. See for example, S. Marks (1990) ‘History, the Nation and Empire: Sniping from the Periphery’ History Workshop Journal, 29, 1, 111–19. The reference to ‘gentlemanly capitalists’ is, of course from P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins (1993) British Imperialism – 1688–2000 (London: Longman). 13. A. Lester (2001) Imperial Networks – Creating Identities in Nineteenth-Century South Africa and Britain (London: Rouledge). 14. Thörn Anti-Apartheid, p. 8. 15. A. Lent (2001) British Social Movements since 1945 – Sex, Colour, Peace and Power (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). 203 204 Notes 16. A. Klotz (2002) ‘Transnational Activism and Global Transformations: The Anti-Apartheid and Abolitionist Experiences’, European Journal of International Relations, 8, 1, 69. Emphasis in original. 17. M. E. Keck and K. Sikkink (1998) Activists beyond Borders – Advocacy Networks in International Politcs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), p. 1; on mission humanitarians see Lester, Imperial Networks; E. Elbourne (2002) Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press); see also C. Hall (2002) Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 (Cambridge: Polity). 18. Lester Imperial Networks, pp. 189–91. 19. Keck and Sikkink Activists beyond Borders, pp. 214–15. 20. Thörn Anti-Apartheid, pp. 9–11. 21. Keck and Sikkink Activists beyond Borders, p. 215. 22. Thörn Anti-Apartheid, p. 207. 23. J. Hearn (2006) Rethinking Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). 24. F. Furedi (1994) Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism (London: IB Tauris). 25. Gunnar Jahn, Nobel Peace Prize Presentation Speech, 10 December 1961, Nobel Foundation, available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/ laureates/1960/press.html, accessed 1 February 2010. 2 Humanitarian Networks and Segregation 1. Foreign Mission Chronicle, January 1900, p. 21. 2. Hansard, House of Lords Debates, 17 October 1899 Vol. 77, Cols. 3–39. 3. G. Cuthbertson (2002) ‘Preaching Imperialism: Wesleyan Methodism and the War’, in Omissi and Thompson, The Impact of the South African War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 157–72. 4. Lester, Imperial Networks – Creating Identities in Nineteenth-Century South Africa and Britain (London: Rouledge), pp. 105–30; T. Keegan (1996) Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order (London: Leicester University Press), pp. 75–128. 5. M. Blunden (1980) ‘The Anglican Church during the War’, in P. Warwick (ed.) The South African War – The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (Harlow: Longman), pp. 279–92. 6. A. Porter (2004) Religion versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 12–13. 7. J. A. Munson, cited in G. Cuthbertson (2000) ‘Pricking the “nonconformist conscience”: Religion against the South African War’, in D. Lowry, The South African War Reappraised (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 172. 8. Ibid. 9. H. H. Hewison (1989) Hedge of Wild Almonds – South Africa, the Pro-Boers and the Quaker Conscience, 1890–1910 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann), pp. 178–80. 10. Times, 11 April 1900; Times, 4 July 1900. 11. J. A. Hobson (1902) Imperialism: A Study (London: Allen and Unwin), p. 56. Notes 205 12. See P. J. Cain (2002) Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, New Liberalism and Finance 1887–1938 (Oxford: Oxford University Press); P. J. Cain (2002) ‘British Radicalism, the South African Crisis, and the Origins of the Theory of Financial Imperialism’, in Omissi and Thompson, The Impact of the South African War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 173–93; N. Etherington (1984) Theories of Imperialism (Beckenham: Croom Helm); S. Edgell and J. Townshend (1992) ‘John Hobson, Thorstein Veblen and the Phenomenon of Imperialism: Finance Capital, Patriotism and War’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 51, 4, 401–20. 13. B. Porter (1980) ‘The Pro-Boers in Britain’, in Warwick, The South African War, the Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (London: Longman), pp. 242–4. 14. Oliver Schreiner to Jan Smuts, 23 January 1899, in K. Hancock (1966) Selections from the Smuts Papers, Vol I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 215–17. 15. W. C. Willoughby (1900) ‘Some Phases of the South African Native Question from a Missionary Standpoint’, in Students and the Missionary Problem (London: SVMU), pp. 297–8. 16. Times, 26 August 1901. 17. Thomas Fowell Buxton (1900) ‘The Native Question in South Africa’, The Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigine’s Friend, 20, 5, 155. 18. Anon (1903) ‘Native Labour in South Africa’, The Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines’ Friend, 23, 1, 13–19. 19. Anon (1902) ‘The Native Question in South Africa’, The Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines’ Friend, 22, 1, 3–7. 20. A. Ashforth (1990) The Politics of Official Discourse in Twentieth Century South Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 25–9. 21. Ibid., p. 53. 22. See, for example, M. Legassick (1995) ‘British Hegemony and the Origins of Segregation in South Africa, 1901–14’, in Beinart and Dubow, Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth Century South Africa (London: Routledge), pp. 43–59; S. Dubow (1989) Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa, 1919–36 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). The influence of Pim is also outlined in Hewison Hedge of Wild Almonds, pp. 287–88. 23. Legassick, ‘British Hegemony’, p. 55; see also Hyam and Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok, pp. 76–101. 24. G. Stedman Jones (1974) ‘Working-Class Culture and Working-Class Politics in London, 1870–1900’, Journal of Social History, 7, 4, 460–508; R. Price (1972) An Imperial War and the British Working Class (London: Routledge). 25. Thompson, ‘Publicity, Philanthropy and Commemoration’. 26. P. B. Rich (1990) Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 36–7. 27. K. Grant (2001) ‘Christian Critics of Empire: Missionaries, Lantern Lectures, and the Congo Reform Campaign in Britain’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 29, 2, 28–9. 28. A. Hochschild (1999) King Leopold’s Ghost (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 241. 29. G. Fredrickson (1995) Black Liberation – A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 206 Notes 30. M. C. B. Mason (1896) ‘The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Evangelization of Africa’, in J. W. E. Bowen, Africa and the American Negro – Addresses and Proceedings of the Congress on Africa (Atlanta: Franklin Press), p. 148. 31. H. K. Carroll (1896) ‘The Negro in the Twentieth Century’, in J. W. Bowen, Africa and the American Negro, pp. 161–2. 32. Noer, Briton, Boer and Yankee, p. 41. 33. William Taylor (1896) ‘Self-Supporting Missions in Africa’, in Bowen (ed.) Africa and the American Negro, p. 157. 34. Bishop Henry Turner (1896) ‘The American Negro and the Fatherland’, in Bowen (ed), Africa and the American Negro, p. 198. 35. T. Adeleke (1998) UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press). 36. On the establishment of the AME Church, see James T. Campbell (1998) Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press). On his visit to South Africa, Turner was introduced to Paul Kruger, who did not appear to share the concerns of white missionaries regarding the independ- ent church – Noer, Briton, Boer and Yankee, p. 59. 37. On Henderson, see P. B. Rich (1987) ‘The Appeals of Tuskegee: James Henderson, Lovedale, and the Fortunes of South African Liberalism, 1906–1930’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 20, 2, 271–92. 38. R. Elphick (1997) ‘The Benevolent Empire and the Social Gospel: Missionaries and South African Christians in the Age of Segregation’, in Elphick and Davenport, Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History (Cape Town: David Philip), p. 355. 39. P. Walshe (1970) The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa: The African National Congress, 1912–1952 (London: Hurst), pp.
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  • Containing the Rising Tide: Race and Self-Determination, 1940-1960

    Containing the Rising Tide: Race and Self-Determination, 1940-1960

    CHAPTER 4 Containing the Rising Tide: Race and Self-Determination, 1940-1960 Who knows how we shall fashion a land of peace where black outnumbers white so greatly? Some say that the earth has bounty enough for all, and that more for one does not mean the decline of another. And others say that this is a danger, for better-paid labor will not only buy more, but will also read more, think more, ask more, and will not be content to be forever voiceless and inferior. Who knows how we shall fashion such a land? For we fear not only the loss of our possessions, but the loss of our superiority and the loss of our whiteness. We shall be careful, and hedge ourselves about with safety and precautions.... The Cathedral Guild is holding a meeting, and the subject is "The Real Causes of Native Crime." But there will be a gloom over it, for the speaker of the evening, Mr. Arthur Jarvis, has just been shot dead in his house in Parkwold. Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much. -ALAN PATON, Cry, the Beloved Country THE MOOD is decidedly different from the optimism and self-confidence in the "white man's burden" of Rider Haggard or John Buchan. Paton, who defined South African reality for so many Western readers in the years after World War II, is instead conscience-stricken and fearful.