Human-Animal Relationships Citation for published version (APA): Su, B. (2018). Human-Animal Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Human Attitudes towards Animals. Datawyse / Universitaire Pers Maastricht. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20180625bs Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2018 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20180625bs Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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Letschert in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on Monday 25th of June 2018 at 14.00 hours by Bingtao Su born on 20-05-1987 in Baoding, China SUPERVISORS Prof. Dr. Pim Martens Prof. Dr. Marie-José Enders-Slegers ASSESSMENT COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Marc Davidson (Chairman) Dr. Carijn Beumer Prof. Dr. Lena Lidfors (Swedish University, Sweden) Prof. Dr. Daniel Mills (University of Lincoln, UK) Contents List of Figures IV List of Tables V Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Human-animal relationships 2 1.2 Sustainable human-animal relationships 3 1.3 Human-animal relationship studies in disciplines of anthrozoology and sustainability science 5 1.4 Context of the research 7 1.5 The three study sites: the Netherlands, China and Japan 9 1.6 Research objectives and research questions 10 1.7 Methodology 11 1.8 Outline of the thesis 12 PART I PEOPLE’S GENERAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ANIMALS 15 Chapter 2 Public attitudes toward animals and the influential factors in contemporary China 17 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Methods 21 2.3 Results 23 2.4 Discussion 31 2.5 Conclusion and Animal welfare implications 35 Chapter 3 How ethical ideologies relate to public attitudes toward animals: The Dutch case 37 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Methods 41 3.3 Results 45 3.4 Discussion 49 3.5 Conclusion and Implications 53 Chapter 4 How ethical ideologies relate to public attitudes toward animals: The Japanese case 55 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Materials and Methods 59 I 4.3 Results 62 4.4 Discussion 65 4.5 Conclusion 67 PART II THE EMOTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPANION ANIMALS AND OWNERS 69 Chapter 5 How Chinese companion animal caretakers’ attachment influences their attribution of emotions to their animals 71 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Methods 75 5.3 Results 77 5.4 Discussion 82 5.5 Conclusion 85 Chapter 6 How Japanese companion dog and cat owners’ degree of attachment relates to the attribution of emotions to their animals 87 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Methodology 91 6.3 Results 93 6.4 Discussion 97 6.5 Conclusion 101 PART III THE ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPANION ANIMALS AND OWNERS 103 Chapter 7 A neglected predictor of environmental damage: the ecological paw print and carbon emissions of food consumption by companion dogs and cats in China 105 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Methods 109 7.3 Results 115 7.4 Discussion 122 7.5 Conclusion 127 Chapter 8 Environmental impacts of food consumption by companion dogs and cats in Japan 129 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2 Methods 133 8.3 Results 136 8.4 Discussion 140 II 8.5 Conclusions and policy implications 144 Chapter 9 Using ecological paw print analysis in food consumption of companion dogs and cats in the Netherlands 147 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Methods 150 9.3 Results 151 9.4 Discussion 154 9.5 Conclusion 160 Chapter 10 Discussion and Conclusion 163 10.1 Introduction 164 10.2 Part I People’s attitudes toward animals (in general) and their ideological background 164 10.3 Part II The emotional attribution and the degree of attachment to companion animals 168 10.4 Part III The environmental impacts of food consumption by companion animals 171 10.5 General conclusion about human-animal relationships 174 References 181 Appendix 1: The first questionnaire of The Emotions of Pets 201 Appendix 2: The second questionnaire of Humans-Animal Interactions 211 Summary 219 总结 225 Valorization 229 Acknowledgements 235 List of Abbreviations 239 About the Author 241 List of publications 243 III List of Figures Figure 2. 1 Ethical positions according to idealism and relativism (from Forsyth (1980))21 Figure 2. 2 The score of Chinese public ethical judgement 24 Figure 4. 1 The score of Japanese public ethical judgement 63 Figure 6. 1 Attribution of emotions to companion dogs and cats 94 Figure 7. 1 The schematic overview of the methods 109 Figure 7. 2 The resting energy requirement (RER), maintenance energy requirement (MER) and the final energy consumption of individual companion animal in 2015. 121 Figure 7. 3 Feeding directions regarding different food types. 121 IV List of Tables Table 2. 1 Summary of multivariate testing for the effects of ethical idealism, ethical relativism, gender and age on public attitudes toward animals (measured by Animal Attitude Scale and Animal Issue Scale) 28 Table 2. 2 Attitudes toward animals (measured by Animal Issue Scale) in different gender , age groups and ethical positions of Chinese people 29 Table 2. 3 Important variables to the score of Animal Issue Scale (AIS) in China 31 Table 2. 4 Important variables to the score of Animal Attitudes Scale (AAS) in China 31 Table 3. 1 Background details of the respondents. 42 Table 3. 2 Summary of multivariate analysis of the effects of ethical idealism, ethical relativism, gender, and age on public attitudes toward animals (measured by Animal Attitude Scale [AAS] and Animal Issue Scale [AIS]). 46 Table 3. 3 Important variables influencing the Animal Issue Scale (AIS) score in the Netherlands. 47 Table 3. 4 Important variables influencing the Animal Attitudes Scale (AAS) score in the Netherlands. 48 Table 4. 1 Basic information of respondents 60 Table 4. 2 The scores of the Animal Attitude Scale (AAS) and Animal Issue Scale (AIS) 62 Table 4. 3 Predictors of scores on the Animal Attitude Scale (AAS) in Japan 64 Table 4. 4 Predictors of scores on the Animal Issue Scale (AIS) in Japan 64 Table 5. 1 The basic information of respondents 75 Table 5. 2 Attribution of emotions to companion animals 77 Table 5. 3 Important variables for the PBS scores of dog caretakers 79 Table 5. 4 Important variables for the PBS scores of cat caretakers 80 Table 5. 5 Correlation coefficients of the PBS score and the attribution of (responsive) emotions to companion animals 81 Table 6. 1 Companion animals’ basic information 93 Table 6. 2 Predictors of scores on the Pet Bonding Scale (PBS) for companion dogs 96 Table 6. 3 Predictors of scores on the Pet Bonding Scale (PBS) for companion cats 96 Table 6. 4 Correlation coefficients of PBS score and the attribution of emotions to companion animals 97 Table 7. 1 The percentage, price and calorie content of each composition item in human food 114 Table 7. 2 The ingredients, metabolizable energy and price of commercial companion animal food 115 Table 7. 3 The annual average productivity and equivalence factor of different land types 115 Table 7. 4 The basic information of participants 116 Table 7. 5 The basic information of animals 117 V Table 7. 6 Individual pet’s food consumption, ecological paw print and carbon emissions regarding leftover food and commercial dry food in China (2015) 119 Table 7. 7 The total food consumption, dietay ecological paw print and carbon emissions of Chinese companion animals in 2015 120 Table 7. 8 The per capita food consumption, dietary ecological footprint and carbon emissions of Chinese people in 2015 120 Table 8. 1 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the food commodities 134 Table 8. 2 The percentage of ingredients and the calorie content in commercial animal food (chicken-based) 136 Table 8.