Techiman North District

TECHIMAN NORTH DISTRICT

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No meaningful developmental activity can be undertaken without taking into account the characteristics of the population for whom the activity is targeted. The size of the population and its spatial distribution, growth and change over time, in addition to its socio-economic characteristics are all important in development planning. A population census is the most important source of data on the size, composition, growth and distribution of a country’s population at the national and sub-national levels. Data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) will serve as reference for equitable distribution of national resources and government services, including the allocation of government funds among various regions, districts and other sub-national populations to education, health and other social services. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) is delighted to provide data users, especially the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, with district-level analytical reports based on the 2010 PHC data to facilitate their planning and decision-making. The District Analytical Report for the Techiman North South District is one of the 216 district census reports aimed at making data available to planners and decision makers at the district level. In addition to presenting the district profile, the report discusses the social and economic dimensions of demographic variables and their implications for policy formulation, planning and interventions. The conclusions and recommendations drawn from the district report are expected to serve as a basis for improving the quality of life of Ghanaians through evidence-based decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of developmental goals and intervention programmes. For ease of accessibility to the census data, the district report and other census reports produced by the GSS will be disseminated widely in both print and electronic formats. The report will also be posted on the GSS website: www.statsghana.gov.gh. The GSS wishes to express its profound gratitude to the Government of Ghana for providing the required resources for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. While appreciating the contribution of our Development Partners (DPs) towards the successful implementation of the Census, we wish to specifically acknowledge the Department for Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) formerly the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) for providing resources for the preparation of all the 216 district reports. Our gratitude also goes to the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, the Ministry of Local Government, Consultant Guides, Consultant Editors, Project Steering Committee members and their respective institutions for their invaluable support during the report writing exercise. Finally, we wish to thank all the report writers, including the GSS staff who contributed to the preparation of the reports, for their dedication and diligence in ensuring the timely and successful completion of the district census reports.

Dr. Philomena Nyarko Government Statistician

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Physical Features ...... 1 1.3 Political administration Structure ...... 3 1.4 Cultural and Social Structure ...... 4 1.5 Economy...... 5 1.6 Census Methodology, Definitions and Concepts ...... 6 1.7 Organization of the Report ...... 15 CHAPTER TWO: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 17 2.1 Introduction ...... 17 2.2 Population Size and Distribution ...... 17 2.3 Age-sex structure, sex ratios and population pyramid ...... 17 2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration ...... 21 CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 30 3.1 Introduction ...... 30 3.2 Household Size, Household Composition and Structure ...... 30 3.3 Marital status ...... 33 3.4 Nationality ...... 39 3.5 Religious affiliation ...... 40 3.6 Literacy and Education...... 40 CHAPTER FOUR: ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 44 4.1 Introduction ...... 44 4.2 Economic Activity Status ...... 44 4.3 Economic Activity Status by Age groups ...... 46 4.4 Occupation ...... 48 4.5 Industry of employment ...... 49 4.6 Employment status ...... 50 4.7 Employment Sector ...... 51 CHAPTER FIVE: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ..... 52 5.1 Introduction ...... 52 5.2 Ownership of mobile phones...... 52 5.3 Household ownership of laptop/desktop computers ...... 53 CHAPTER SIX: DISABILITY ...... 54 6.1 Introduction ...... 54 6.2 Population with Disability ...... 54 6.3 Type of disability ...... 55 6.4 Disability and economic activity ...... 56 6.5 Disability and Education ...... 59

CHAPTER SEVEN: AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT ...... 61 7.1 Introduction ...... 61 7.2 Households in Agriculture ...... 61 7.3 Types of farming (Agricultural Activities) ...... 61 7.4 Types of Livestock, Numbers and keepers ...... 62 CHAPTER EIGHT: HOUSING CONDITIONS ...... 63 8.1 Introduction ...... 63 8.2 Housing Stock ...... 63 8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Arrangement ...... 64 8.4 Construction Materials ...... 66 8.5 Room Occupancy ...... 68 8.6 Access to utilities and household facilities ...... 69 8.7 Main source of water for drinking and for other domestic use ...... 72 8.8 Bathing and toilet facilities ...... 74 8.9 Method of waste disposal ...... 75 CHAPTER NINE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ...... 78 9.1 Introduction ...... 78 9.2 Summary of Findings ...... 78 9.3 Policy implications and recommendations ...... 82 REFERENCES ...... 84 APPENDICES ...... 85 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ...... 91

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Population by age, sex and type of locality ...... 19 Table 2.2: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by district . 22 Table 2.3: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child ...... 24 Table 2.4: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate by District ...... 25 Table 2.5: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate by District ...... 26 Table 2.6: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants ...... 28 Table 2.6: Causes of deaths in households by District ...... 29 Table 3.1: Household size by locality ...... 30 Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex ...... 31 Table 3.3: Household population by structure and sex ...... 32 Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status ...... 35 Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and level of education ...... 37 Table 3.6: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and economic activity status ... 39 Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex ...... 40 Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex ...... 40 Table 3.9: Population 11 years and older by sex, age and literacy status ...... 41 Table 3.10:Population 3 years and older by level of education, school attendance and sex ... 43 Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex ...... 45 Table 4.2: Economic activity status for population 15 years and older by sex and age ...... 47 Table 4.3: Employed population 15 years and older by occupation and sex ...... 49 Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by Industry and sex ...... 50 Table 4.5: Employed population 15 years and older by employment status and sex ...... 51 Table 4.6: Employed population 15 years and older by employment sector and sex ...... 51 Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership and sex ...... 52 Table 5.2: Population 12 years and older by internet facility usage and sex ...... 53 Table 5.3: Households having laptop/desktop computers and sex of head ...... 53 Table 6.1: Population by type of locality, disability type and sex ...... 55 Table 6.2: Persons 15 years and older with disability by economic activity status ...... 58 Table 6.3: Population 3 years and older by disability type and level of education ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 7.1: Households by agricultural activities and locality ...... 61 Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock and keepers ...... 62 Table 8.1: Stock of houses and household ...... 64 Table 8.2: Type of occupied dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality ... 65 Table 8.3: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type of locality ...... 66 Table 8.4: Main construction material for outer wall of dwelling unit by locality ...... 67 Table 8.5: Main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality ..... 67 Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 68 Table 8.7: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit ...... 69 Table 8.8: Main source of lighting of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 70 Table 8.9: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households ...... 71

Table 8.10:Main source of water of dwelling unit for drinking ...... 73 Table 8.11:Bathing and toilet facilities used by household ...... 76 Table 8.12:Main method of solid and liquid waste disposal of dwelling unit by type of Locality ...... 77 Table A1: Household Composition by type of locality ...... 85 Table A2: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education ...... 86 Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged ...... 87 Table A4: Population by sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest Communities ...... 89 Table A5: Population by age group in the 20 largest communities ...... 90

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: District map of Techiman North ...... 2

Figure 2.1: Population pyramid ...... 21

Figure 2.3: Reported age specific death rates by sex ...... 27

Figure 3.1: Marital Status ...... 33

Figure 3.2: Marital status by sex ...... 34

Figure 6.1: Population by type of locality ...... 56

Figure 8.1: Cooking space used by households ...... 72

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BACCSOD: Brong Ahafo Catholic Co-operative Society for Development BAR: Brong Ahafo Region CBR: Crude Birth Rate CDR: Crude death Rate CEB: Children Ever Born CHIPS: Community based Health Planning Services CS: Children Surviving DCD: District Coordinating Director DCE: District Chief Executive EA: Enumeration Area ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States GFR: General Fertility Rate GSS: Ghana Statistical Service ICT: Information Communication Technology JHS: Junior High School JSS: Junior Secondary School LI: Legislative Instrument MMDAs: Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies NGOs: Non-governmental Organizations PHC: Population and Housing Census PWDs: Persons with disabilities SHS: Senior High School SSS: Senior Secondary School TeNDA: Techiman North District Assembly TFR: Total Fertility Rate WC: Water Closet

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The district census report is the first of its kind since the first post-independence census was conducted in 1960. The report provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, socio-cultural structure and economy. Using data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC), the report discusses the population characteristics of the district, fertility, mortality, migration, marital status, literacy and education, economic activity status, occupation, employment; Information Communication Technology (ICT), disability, agricultural activities and housing conditions of the district. The key findings of the analysis are as follows (references are to the relevant sections of the report): Population size, structure and composition The population of Techiman North District according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census is 59,068, representing 2.6 percent of the region’s total population. Males constitute 48.7 percent and females represent 51.3 percent. About 70 percent (51.5%) of the population reside in rural localities. The District has a sex ratio (number of males per 100 females) of 94.9. The youth (population less than 15 years) in the district account for 38.4 percent of the population. This results in a broad base population pyramid which tapers off with a small number of elderly persons (population aged 60 years and older) accounting for 6.7 percent. The total age dependency ratio (dependent population to population in the working age) for the District is 75.4, the age dependency ratio for males is higher (77.0) than that of females (73.8). Fertility, mortality and migration The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for the District is 3.5. The General Fertility Rate (GFR) is 105.0 births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years for the region. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is 26.3 for the region whiles it is 27.4 for the district per 1000 population. The Crude Death Rate (CDR) for the district is 7.2 per 1000 which is higher than that of the regional rate (6.1). Majority of migrants (59.7%) living in the District were born in another region. For migrants born in another region, those born in other regions constitute 59.7 percent whiles the remaining 41.5 percent were born in the three northern regions. Household Size, composition and structure The District has a household population of 58,701 with a total number of 13,490 households. The average household size in the District is 4.3 persons. Children constitute the largest proportion of household members and accounts for 43.4 percent followed by head of households (23.0 %). Spouses form about 10.5 percent of households. Nuclear households (head, spouse(s) and children) constitute 28.3 percent of the total number of households in the district. Marital status About four in ten (44.0%) of the population aged 12 years and older are married, 41.1 percent have never married, 4.5 percent are widowed, 5.7 percent are separated or divorced, and 4.8 percent are in consensual unions. By age 25-29 years, more than half of females (62.6%) are married compared to a little over one-fourth of males (34.5%). At age 65 and above, widowed females account for as high as 52.8 percent while widowed males account for only 8.4 percent. Among the married, 37.2 percent have no education while as high as73.4 percent ix of widowed have never been to school as well as the divorced (45.6%) and separated (39.1%) respectively. About 8 out of every 10 of the married population (87.9%) are employed, 2.2 percent are unemployed and 9.9 percent are economically not active. A greater proportion of those who have never married (59.8%) are economically not active with 3.9 percent unemployed. Nationality The proportion of Ghanaians by birth in the district is 94.5 percent. Those who have naturalized constitute 0.7 percent and the non-Ghanaian population in the district is more than 2 percent. Literacy and education Of the population 11 years and older, 73.3 percent are literate and 26.7 percent are non- literate. The proportion of literate males is higher (79.5%) than that of females (67.5%). About eight out of every ten people (79.3%) indicated they could read and write in both English and a Ghanaian language(s). Economic Activity Status More than two thirds (75.1%) of the population aged 15 years and older are economically active while 24.9 percent are economically not active. Of the economically active population, 95.6 percent are employed while 4.4 percent are unemployed. For those who are economically not active, a larger percentage of them are students (58.9%), (21.7%) perform household duties and 9.8 percent are too old/young to work. More than half (72.7%) of unemployed are seeking work for the first time. Occupation Of the employed population, about half (49.1%) are engaged as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, 20.0 percent in service and sales, 12.7 percent in craft and related trade, and 5.1 percent are engaged as elementary occupation. . Employment status and sector Of the population 15 years and older, 66.6 percent are self-employed without employees, 12.6 percent are employees, 7.2 percent are contributing family workers, 6.5 percent are self- employed with employee(s) whiles 0.8 percent are domestic employees (house helps). Overall, men constitute the highest proportion in each employment category except for self– employed without employee(s) and contributing family worker as well as apprentices. The private informal sector is the largest employer in the district, employing 92.2 percent of the population followed by the public sector with 4.4 percent. Information Communication Technology Of the population 12 years and above, 45.9 percent have mobile phones. Men who own mobile phones constitute 51.9 percent as compared to 40.5 percent of females. A little over two percent (2.3%) of the population 12 years and older use internet facilities in the district. Only 13,490 households representing 3.7 percent of the total households in the district have desktop/laptop computers. Disability Almost two (1.9) percent of the district’s total population have one form of disability or the other. The proportion of the male population with disability is slightly higher (2.0%) than

x females (1.9 %). The types of disability in the district include sight, hearing, speech, physical, intellect, and emotion. Persons with sight and physical disability recorded the highest of 32.5 percent and 32.1 percent respectively, followed by hearing disability (17.0%). About 4.6 percent of the population with disability are in the urban localities. There are more females with sight, physical and hearing disabilities than males in the urban locality, whereas in the rural locality, females are higher in only sight and hearing while males are higher in physical disability (31.7%). Of the population disabled, 45.7 percent have never been to school. Agriculture About six out ten households (60.3 %) in the district are engaged in agriculture. In the rural localities, about six out of ten (59.7%) are agricultural households while in the urban localities, 60.9 percent of households are into agriculture. Most households in the district (58.4 %) are involved in crop farming. Housing The housing stock of Techiman North District is 58,701 representing 2.6 percent of the total number of houses in the Brong Ahafo Region. The average population per house is 7.0. Type, tenancy arrangement and ownership of dwelling units Over half (55.6 %)) of all dwelling units in the district are compound houses; 30.1 percent are separate houses and 5.5 percent are semi-detached houses. A little above half (54.3 %) of the dwelling units in the district are owned by members of the household; 37.8 percent are owned by other private agency, 25.0 percent are owned by other private individuals 17.8 percent are owned by relative who is not a member of the household, and only 0.6 percent are owned by public or government. Less than two percent (1.2%) of the dwelling units is owned through mortgage schemes. Material for construction of outer wall, floor and roof The main construction material for outer walls of dwelling units in the district is cement block/concretes accounting for 56.8 percent with mud brick/earth constituting 35.3 percent of outer walls of dwelling units in the district. Cement (76.4% and mud/earth 20.7 %) are the two main materials used in the construction of floors of dwelling units in the district. Metal sheets are the main roofing material (89.5%) for dwelling units in the district. Room occupancy One room constitutes the highest percentage (92.8%) of sleeping rooms occupied by households in housing units in the district. About 3.3 percent of households with 10 or more members occupy single rooms. Utilities and household facilities The three main sources of lighting in dwelling units in the district are Electricity (66.7%), flashlight/torch (22.1%). and kerosene lamp (9.3%) The main source of fuel for cooking for most households in the district is wood (49.1%). The proportion for rural (50.7 %) is higher than that of urban (47.4 %). The four main sources of water in the district are Pipe – borne outside dwelling (41.9%), Public tap/Standpipe (23.5%), Bore–hole/Pump/Tube well (17.7%), and Protected well (5.6%). Majority of the households in the district representing 51.9 percent do not have toilet facilities. Households using KVIP constitute a little below one fifth (18.0%). About 17.6

xi percent of the households in the district use bucket/pan. Thirty-five percent of households in the districts share separate bathrooms in the same house whiles (21.0%) of households own bathrooms for their exclusive use. Waste disposal The most widely method of solid waste disposal is by public dump (open space) accounting for77.0 percent of the households within the district. About ten percent (9.1%) of households dump their solid waste in the public dump (container). Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste by households in the district is the third most commonly use method accounting for a little above six percent (6.2%). For liquid waste disposal, throwing waste onto the street (48.7%) and unto the compound (42.5%) are the two most common methods used by households in the district.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction The Techiman North District is one of the twenty-seven (27) Municipalities/Districts in the Brong Ahafo Region of the Republic of Ghana. The Techiman North District was established by the Legislative Instrument (LI 2095) and was duly inaugurated on Thursday, 28th June, 2012 with Tuobodom as the District Capital. It was carved out of Techiman North District Assembly to ensure and strengthen decentralization and effective grass root participation in governance at the local level and bring development to the doorsteps of the people. The District is made up of sixty-four (64) towns and villages. This number includes the five (5) major towns, namely; Tuobodom, Offuman, Aworowa, Krobo and Buoyem. Most of the settlements in the District are located along the two (2) main arterial roads in the District, that is, the Techiman-Wenchi and Techiman-Kintampo routes.

1.2 Physical Features The physical features of the district are made up of the natural environment (climate, vegetation, relief and drainage), location and size. Together, with the social and cultural environment they determine the conditions under which the people live, develop and grow and ultimately derive their quality of life. The physical and natural environment is therefore an essential element or factor contributing to socio-economic development of the District. 1.2.1 Location and Size The District is situated in the central part of Brong Ahafo Region and covers an area of 389.4km2.. . The District lies between longitudes 1°49´ East and 2°30´ West and latitude 8°00´ North and 7°35´ South. It shares political and administrative boundaries with the Techiman Municipality in the South, Wenchi Municipality in the North-west, Kintampo South District in the North and Nkoranza North District in the North-east. 1.2.2 Climate The District experiences both semi-equatorial and tropical conventional or savannah climates, marked by moderate to heavy rainfall. Major rains start from April to July and the minor from September to October with mean annual rainfall ranging between 1660mm and 1260mm. The only dry season, which is highly pronounced in the Savannah zone, starts in November and lasts until March. The average highest monthly temperature is about 300C (860F) and occurs mostly between March and April with the lowest of about 200C (680F) occurring in August. Relative humidity is generally high throughout the year. 1.2.3 Relief and Drainage The topography of the District is generally low lying and gently undulating. The main relief features are highlands and lowlands with part of the District around Buoyem reaching a height of 579m. The lowest point of about 305m is found around Krobo in the south-western part. Major rivers that drain the District includes the Tano River to the south, Subin and Kar rivers to the North. The potential of these rivers and streams notably Tano and Subin as resource for small scale irrigation is yet to be fully harnessed

Figure 1.1: District map of Techiman North

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, GIS

1.2.4 Vegetation There are three main vegetation zones namely; the Guinea-savannah woodland, located in the North-west, the Semi-deciduous zone in the South and the Transitional zone which stretches from the South-east and West up to the North of the District. The Semi-deciduous forest type, like the other vegetation zones, has largely been disturbed by man’s activities such as charcoal burning and logging depriving the district of its valuable tree species and other forest products. However, about 50km2 of this forest type has been put under teak plantation. The Asubingya forest reserve located at the North-west covers an area of about 32.5km2 (about 9.8 percent of District’s total land area). There are other Teak plantations dotted in the District and notable among them is the Tanoboase teak plantation. The teak plantations serve as a source of raw material for the local timber industry as well as for export. These important resources which also serve as protective cover to the soil and some of the major rivers are under threat from encroachers and need to be protected. 1.2.5 Soils and land use The major soil type associated with the Techiman North District is the Damango-Murugu- Tanoso. The Damango series are developed from voltaian sandstone under savannah vegetation and are red, deep (over 200cm), well drained and permeable. Crops such as yam, cassava, maize, tobacco, vegetables, legumes, and cotton thrive very well on Damango series. They can be found in the southern part around Tuobodom, Tanoboase, Offuman and Mesidan. The Murugu series can be found in the Transitional Zone stretching to the north eastern part of the District. The Tanoso series are located in low slopes and valley bottoms in the savannah zone at the northwest around Aworowa and Offuman where River Subin drains. They are deep, poorly drained and subject to seasonal water logging. These series support tomatoes and other vegetable cultivation especially in the dry season.

1.3 Political administration Structure The Techiman North District Assembly is the governance authority and responsible for development of the whole District. Under the Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) the Assembly has deliberative, legislative and executive functions and it is the highest political administrative and planning authority at the District level. It is composed as follows: the District Chief Executive who is the political and administrative head, 25 Assembly Members elected by universal adult suffrage in the electoral areas into which the Assembly is divided, 11 other members appointed by Government and one Member of Parliament in the District. The District Chief Executive as the representative of the Central Government in the District also chairs the Executive Committee of the Assembly which is responsible for the performance of the executive and administrative functions of the District Assembly. The work of the Executive Committee is supported by other sub-committees which deliberate on issues in great detail and its recommendations are submitted to the Executive committee, which in turn submits them to the General Assembly for ratification. Under Act 462, the Techiman North District Assembly is expected to operate with eleven departments. Inputs of these departments for the running of the Assembly are visible at the sub- committee level where the various heads, as ex-officio members of the relevant sub- committees and Assembly, help fine tune decisions. The District Co-ordinating Director coordinates all activities of the departments to ensure harmony and avoid duplication of efforts.

1.3.1 District Sub-structures The District Assembly is divided into Town and Area Councils, depending on the population and land area of the district. A compact settlement or town with a population of 5,000 or more qualifies to have a Town Council status. An Area Council is made up of 2 or more towns which when pulled together have a population of 5,000 or more. Based on this the District has one Town Council and four Area Councils. They include; Tuobodom Town Council, Krobo, Offuman, Aworowa and Buoyem Area Councils. There are twenty-five electoral areas which constitute the District. Also, there are 36 Unit Committees comprising 5 members each with a total membership of 180. However, not all the committees have full complement of members nor are functional. These gaps in the democratic structures imply that the District Assembly members must play a key role in ensuring effective information flow between the Assembly and the grassroots. The District has only one constituency.

1.4 Cultural and Social Structure The district is predominantly inhabited by the Akan ethnic group with other significant ethnic groups including Mole Dagbani, Grusi, Guan, Ewe, Mende, Gruma, Dagarti and Kusase. The natives, Brongs constitute about 75 percent of the Akan ethnic group with their own unique traditions and culture. The large proportion of natives shows greater level of homogeneity in the District. The Chiefs in the District derives their authority from the Techiman Traditional Council which is constituted by twenty-eight Divisional Chiefs including the Omanhene. The council is currently headed by the Omanhene and President of the Techiman Traditional Council, Oseadeyo Akumfi Ameyaw IV. The existence of ‘Bono’ Takyiman is clearly distinct from the various branches forming the Akan culture. It has developed as heir of the Bono Manso, the capital of the first Bono Empire. 1.4.1 Festivals The major festivals are the Apour and Yam festivals. The annual Apour festival is celebrated between April and May. The major significance is that it gives the citizenry the right to come out openly and criticise those in authority, without fear of any reproach. This demonstrates democratisation of the rule of law and good governance. The Yam Festival is also celebrated in the months of August and September to pour libation and perform other rites to thank the gods for the bumper harvest during the year. These festivals also bring together the inhabitants of the District living elsewhere and strengthen the unity among the citizenry. Also, they serve as a source of tourist attraction to people from all walks of life. 1.4.2 Religion The distribution of the population by the various religious groups in the District indicates that Christianity has the highest followers. There is a sizeable number of Muslims who are mainly Mole Dagboni. Those professing traditional religion and no religion constitute the least followers relative to the two main religious groups.

1.5 Economy The Techiman North District in general is regarded as an agricultural production corridor. This is largely attributed to the vast fertile lands across the length and breadth of the District. This situation has attracted migrant farmers especially from the northern part of the country to the District. Over half of the economically active population is engaged in Agriculture and related trade. Major crops grown in the district are yam, maize, cassava, cocoyam and plantain. Vegetables like tomatoes, garden eggs, onions and okro as well as cash crops like cocoa, cashew and mango are also grown. It is worth noting that the District is the one of the largest producer of tomatoes and cassava in the country with many gari processing factories dotted all over the district. Agriculture and its related activities constitute the major occupation in the District. A significant proportion of the economically active population is also engaged in the service sector. A handful of the population is engaged in the manufacturing and commerce sectors. There are more males engaged in agriculture than females whereas females outnumber males in service and sales work. 1.5.1 Financial Institutions As part of efforts to financially support business activities in the District a number of credit unions, savings and loans and rural banks are operating in the District. These include Nkoranza-Kwabre Rural Bank, SAMAG Micro-finance, Teachers Cooperative Credit Union, Aseda Cooperative Credit Union and B.A. Catholic Cooperative Society for Development (BACCSOD). Other Banking financial institutions such as Barclays Bank, Ghana Commercial Bank, National Investment Bank among others are located in the nearby Techiman Municipality and as well provide services to people of the Techiman North District. 1.5.2 Road Network Roads are a very important means of transport and form an integral part of any process towards the meaningful development of a people. Where there are roads, commerce, social activities and any form of human endeavour thrives as both people and goods are carried to various destinations. In view of the importance attached to road, it is gratifying to note that data from the Techiman Municipal Feeder Roads Department indicates that the Techiman North District has a total road length of 927.69 kilometres. The feeder road network consists of 454.40 kilometres (49%) with 473.29 kilometres being highways, farm tracks and other road networks. Of the feeder roads 207.7 kilometres (65.7%) is engineered with 108.0 kilometres (34%) partially engineered. Greater number of all the roads in the district are in good condition and motorable throughout the year.

1.5.3 Tourist attraction sites The potential areas of tourist attraction include the Buoyem Bat Sanctuary at Bouyem, which houses Rosetta fruit bats, the source of the sacred river Tano at Tanoboase and the sacred fish and crocodiles in the river. There is also the Tanoboase sacred grove believed to be the cradle of Bono civilization as well as the Kristo Boase Monastery, the only monastery in Ghana established by the Catholic Church for the Benedictine monks serves as a place for religious activities and recreation. Furthermore, the undeveloped Amponboso waterfalls at Asubingya and the rich culture and traditions of the Bono people including the chieftaincy institution, the Apour and Yam festivals of the Chiefs and people all serve as tourist attractions in the District.

1.6 Census Methodology, Definitions and Concepts 1.6.1 Introduction Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) was guided by the principle of international comparability and the need to obtain accurate information in the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC). The Census was, therefore, conducted using all the essential features of a modern census as contained in the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for countries taking part in the 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses. Experience from previous post independence censuses of Ghana (1960, 1970, 1984 and 2000) was taken into consideration in developing the methodologies for conducting the 2010 PHC. The primary objective of the 2010 PHC was to provide information on the number, distribution and social, economic and demographic characteristics of the population of Ghana necessary to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country. 1.6.2 Pre-enumeration activities Development of census project document and work plans A large scale statistical operation, such as the 2010 Population and Housing Census required meticulous planning for its successful implementation. A working group of the Ghana Statistical Service prepared the census project document with the assistance of two consultants. The document contains the rationale and objectives of the census, census organisation, a work plan as well as a budget. The project document was launched in November 2008 as part of the Ghana Statistics Development Plan (GSDP) and reviewed in November 2009. Census secretariat and committees A well-structured management and supervisory framework that outlines the responsibilities of the various stakeholders is essential for the effective implementation of a population and housing census. To implement the 2010 PHC, a National Census Secretariat was set up in January 2008 and comprised professional and technical staff of GSS as well as staff of other Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) seconded to GSS. The Census Secretariat was primarily responsible for the day-to-day planning and implementation of the census activities. The Secretariat had seven units, namely; census administration, cartography, recruitment and training, publicity and education, field operations and logistics management, data processing, and data analysis and dissemination. The Census Secretariat was initially headed by an acting Census Coordinator engaged by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 2008 to support GSS in the planning of the Census. In 2009, the Census Secretariat was re-organised with the Government Statistician as the National Chief Census Officer and overall Coordinator, assisted by a Census Management Team and a Census Coordinating Team. The Census Management Team had oversight responsibility for the implementation of the Census. It also had the responsibility of taking critical decisions on the census in consultation with other national committees. The Census Coordinating Team, on the other hand, was responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the Census programme. A number of census committees were also set up at both national and sub-national levels to provide guidance and assistance with respect to resource mobilization and technical advice. At the national level, the committees were the National Census Steering Committee (NCSC), the National Census Technical Advisory Committee (NCTAC) and the National Census

Publicity and Education Committee (NCPEC). At the regional and district levels, the committees were the Regional Census Implementation Committee and the District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Regional and District Census Implementation Committees were inter-sectoral in their composition. Members of the Committees were mainly from decentralized departments with the Regional and District Coordinating Directors chairing the Regional Census Implementation Committee and District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Committees contributed to the planning of district, community and locality level activities in areas of publicity and field operations. They supported the Regional and District Census Officers in the recruitment and training of field personnel (enumerators and supervisors), as well as mobilizing logistical support for the census.

Selection of Census topics The topics selected for the 2010 Population and Housing Census were based on recommendations contained in the UN Principles and Recommendations for 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses and the African Addendum to that document as well as the needs of data users. All the core topics recommended at the global level, i.e., geographical and internal migration characteristics, international migration, household characteristics, demographic and social characteristics such as age, date of birth, sex, and marital status, fertility and mortality, educational and economic characteristics, issues relating to disability and housing conditions and amenities were included in the census. Some topics that were not considered core by the UN recommendations but which were found to be of great interest and importance to Ghana and were, therefore, included in the 2010 PHC are religion, ethnicity, employment sector and place of work, agricultural activity, as well as housing topics, such as, type of dwelling, materials for outer wall, floor and roof, tenure/holding arrangement, number of sleeping rooms, cooking fuel, cooking space and Information Communication Technology (ICT). Census mapping A timely and well implemented census mapping is pivotal to the success of any population and housing census. Mapping delineates the country into enumeration areas to facilitate smooth enumeration of the population. The updating of the 2000 Census Enumeration Area (EA) maps started in the last quarter of 2007 with the acquisition of topographic sheets of all indices from the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission. In addition, digital sheets were also procured for the Geographical Information System Unit. The Cartography Unit of the Census Secretariat collaborated with the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission and the Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS) of the Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, to determine the viability of migrating from analog to digital mapping for the 2010 PHC, as recommended in the 2000 PHC Administrative Report. Field cartographic work started in March 2008 and was completed in February 2010. Development of questionnaire and manuals For effective data collection, there is the need to design appropriate documents to solicit the required information from respondents. GSS consulted widely with main data users in the process of the questionnaire development. Data users including MDAs, research institutions,

7 civil society organisations and development partners were given the opportunity to indicate the type of questions they wanted to be included in the census questionnaire. Documents developed for the census included the questionnaire and manuals, and field operation documents. The field operation documents included Enumerator’s Visitation Record Book, Supervisor’s Record Book, and other operational control forms. These record books served as operational and quality control tools to assist enumerators and supervisors to control and monitor their field duties respectively. Pre-tests and trial census It is internationally recognized that an essential element in census planning is the pre-testing of the questionnaire and related instructions. The objective of the pre-test is to test the questionnaire, the definition of its concepts and the instructions for filling out the questionnaire. The census questionnaire was pre-tested twice in the course of its development. The first pre- test was carried out in March 2009 to find out the suitability of the questions and the instructions provided. It also tested the adequacy and completeness of the responses and how respondents understood the questions. The second pre-test was done in 10 selected enumeration areas in August, 2009. The objective of the second pre-test was to examine the sequence of the questions, test the new questions, such as, date of birth and migration, and assess how the introduction of ‘date of birth’ could help to reduce ‘age heaping’. With regard to questions on fertility, the pre-tests sought to find out the difference, if any, between proxy responses and responses by the respondents themselves. Both pre-tests were carried in the Greater Accra Region. Experience from the pre-tests was used to improve the final census questionnaire. A trial census which is a dress rehearsal of all the activities and procedures that are planned for the main census was carried out in October/November 2009. These included recruitment and training, distribution of census materials, administration of the questionnaire and other census forms, enumeration of the various categories of the population (household, institutional and floating population), and data processing. The trial census was held in six selected districts across the country namely; Saboba (Northern Region), Chereponi (Northern Region), Sene (Brong Ahafo Region), Bia (Western Region), Awutu Senya (Central Region), and Osu Klottey Sub-Metro (Greater Accra Region). A number of factors were considered in selecting the trial census districts. These included: administrative boundary issues, ecological zone, and accessibility, enumeration of floating population/outdoor- sleepers, fast growing areas, institutional population, and enumeration areas with scattered settlements. The trial census provided GSS with an opportunity to assess its plans and procedures as well as the state of preparedness for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. The common errors found during editing of the completed questionnaires resulted in modifications to the census questionnaire, enumerator manuals and other documents. The results of the trial census assisted GSS to arrive at technically sound decisions on the ideal number of persons per questionnaire, number of persons in the household roster, migration questions, placement of the mortality question, serial numbering of houses/housing structures and method of collection of information on community facilities. Lessons learnt from the trial census also guided the planning of the recruitment process, the procedures for training of census field staff and the publicity and education interventions.

1.6.3 Census Enumeration Method of enumeration and field work All post- independence censuses (1960, 1970, 1984, and 2000) conducted in Ghana used the de facto method of enumeration where people are enumerated at where they were on census night and not where they usually reside. The same method was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The de facto count is preferred because it provides a simple and straight forward way of counting the population since it is based on a physical fact of presence and can hardly be misinterpreted. It is thought that the method also minimizes the risks of under-enumeration and over enumeration. The canvasser method, which involves trained field personnel visiting houses and households identified in their respective enumeration areas, was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The main census enumeration involved the canvassing of all categories of the population by trained enumerators, using questionnaires prepared and tested during the pre-enumeration phase. Specific arrangements were made for the coverage of special population groups, such as the homeless and the floating population. The fieldwork began on 21st September 2010 with the identification of EA boundaries, listing of structures, enumeration of institutional population and floating population. The week preceding the Census Night was used by field personnel to list houses and other structures in their enumeration areas. Enumerators were also mobilized to enumerate residents/inmates of institutions, such as, schools and prisons. They returned to the institutions during the enumeration period to reconcile the information they obtained from individuals and also to cross out names of those who were absent from the institutions on Census Night. Out-door sleepers (floating population) were also enumerated on the Census Night. Enumeration of the household population started on Monday, 27th September, 2010. Enumerators visited houses, compounds and structures in their enumeration areas and started enumerating all households including visitors who spent the Census Night in the households. Enumeration was carried out in the order in which houses/structures were listed and where the members of the household were absent, the enumerator left a call-back-card indicating when he/she would come back to enumerate the household. The enumeration process took off smoothly with enumerators poised on completing their assignments on schedule since many of them were teachers and had to return to school. However, many enumerators ran short of questionnaires after a few days’ work. Enumeration resumed in all districts when the questionnaire shortage was resolved and by 17th October, 2010, enumeration was completed in most districts. Enumerators who had finished their work were mobilized to assist in the enumeration of localities that were yet to be enumerated in some regional capitals and other fast growing areas. Flooded areas and other inaccessible localities were also enumerated after the end of the official enumeration period. Because some enumeration areas in fast growing cities and towns, such as, Accra Metropolitan Area, Kumasi, Kasoa and Techiman were not properly demarcated and some were characterized by large EAs, some enumerators were unable to complete their assigned tasks within the stipulated time. 1.6.4 Post Enumeration Survey In line with United Nations recommendations, GSS conducted a Post Enumeration Survey (PES) in April, 2011 to check content and coverage error. The PES was also to serve as an

9 important tool in providing feedback regarding operational matters such as concepts and procedures in order to help improve future census operations. The PES field work was carried out for 21 days in April 2011 and was closely monitored and supervised to ensure quality output. The main findings of the PES were that: . 97.0 percent of all household residents who were in the country on Census Night (26th September, 2010) were enumerated. . 1.3 percent of the population was erroneously included in the census. . Regional differentials are observed. Upper East region recorded the highest coverage rate of 98.2 percent while the Volta region had the lowest coverage rate of 95.7 percent. . Males (3.3%) were more likely than females (2.8%) to be omitted in the census. The coverage rate for males was 96.7 percent and the coverage rate for females was 97.2 percent. Also, the coverage rates (94.1%) for those within the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups are relatively lower compared to the coverage rates of the other age groups. . There was a high rate of agreement between the 2010 PHC data and the PES data for sex (98.8%), marital status (94.6%), relationship to head of household (90.5%) and age (83.0%). 1.6.5 Release and dissemination of results The provisional results of the census were released in February 2011 and the final results in May 2012. A National Analytical report, six thematic reports, a Census Atlas, 10 Regional Reports and a report on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing were prepared and disseminated in 2013. 1.6.6 Concepts and Definitions Introduction The 2010 Population and Housing Census of Ghana followed the essential concepts and definitions of a modern Population and Housing Census as recommended by the United Nations (UN). It is important that the concepts, definitions and recommendations are adhered to since they form the basis upon which Ghana could compare her data with that of other countries. The concepts and definitions in this report cover all sections of the 2010 Population and Housing Census questionnaires (PHC1A and PHC1B). The sections were: geographical location of the population, Household and Non-household population, Literacy and Education, Emigration, Demographic and Economic Characteristics, Disability, Information Communication Technology (ICT), Fertility, Mortality, Agricultural Activity and Housing Conditions. The concepts and definitions are provided to facilitate understanding and use of the data presented in this report. Users are therefore advised to use the results of the census within the context of these concepts and definitions. Region There were ten (10) administrative regions in Ghana during the 2010 Population and Housing Census as they were in 1984 and 2000.

District In 1988, Ghana changed from the local authority system of administration to the district assembly system. In that year, the then existing 140 local authorities were demarcated into 110 districts. In 2004, 28 new districts were created; this increased the number of districts in the country to 138. In 2008, 32 additional districts were created bringing the total number of districts to 170. The 2010 Population and Housing Census was conducted in these 170 administrative districts (these are made-up of 164 districts/municipals and 6 metropolitan areas). In 2012, 46 new districts were created to bring the total number of districts to 216. There was urgent need for data for the 46 newly created districts for planning and decision- making. To meet this demand, the 2010 Census data was re-programmed into 216 districts after carrying out additional fieldwork and consultations with stakeholders in the districts affected by the creation of the new districts. Locality A locality was defined as a distinct population cluster (also designated as inhabited place, populated centre, settlement) which has a NAME or LOCALLY RECOGNISED STATUS. It included fishing hamlets, mining camps, ranches, farms, market towns, villages, towns, cities and many other types of population clusters, which meet the above criteria. There were two main types of localities, rural and urban. As in previous censuses, the classification of localities into ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ was based on population size. Localities with 5,000 or more persons were classified as urban while localities with less than 5,000 persons were classified as rural. Population The 2010 Census was a “de facto” count and each person present in Ghana, irrespective of nationality, was enumerated at the place where he/she spent the midnight of 26th September 2010. Household A household was defined as a person or a group of persons, who lived together in the same house or compound and shared the same house-keeping arrangements. In general, a household consisted of a man, his wife, children and some other relatives or a house help who may be living with them. However, it is important to remember that members of a household are not necessarily related (by blood or marriage) because non-relatives (e.g. house helps) may form part of a household. Head of Household The household head was defined as a male or female member of the household recognised as such by the other household members. The head of household is generally the person who has economic and social responsibility for the household. All relationships are defined with reference to the head. Household and Non-household population Household population comprised of all persons who spent the census night in a household setting. All persons who did not spend the census night in a household setting (except otherwise stated) were classified as non-household population. Persons who spent census night in any of the under listed institutions and locations were classified as non-household population:

(a) Educational Institutions (b) Children's and Old People’s Homes (c) Hospitals and Healing Centres (d) Hotels (e) Prisons (f) Service Barracks (g) Soldiers on field exercise (h) Floating Population: The following are examples of persons in this category: i. All persons who slept in lorry parks, markets, in front of stores and offices, public bathrooms, petrol filling stations, railway stations, verandas, pavements, and all such places which are not houses or compounds. ii. Hunting and fishing camps. iii. Beggars and vagrants (mentally sick or otherwise). Age The age of every person was recorded in completed years disregarding fractions of days and months. For those persons who did not know their birthdays, the enumerator estimated their ages using a list of district, regional and national historical events. Nationality Nationality is defined as the country to which a person belongs. A distinction is made between Ghanaians and other nationals. Ghanaian nationals are grouped into Ghanaian by birth, Ghanaian with dual nationality and Ghanaian by naturalization. Other nationals are grouped into ECOWAS nationals, Africans other than ECOWAS nationals, and non- Africans. Ethnicity Ethnicity refers to the ethnic group that a person belonged to. This information is collected only from Ghanaians by birth and Ghanaians with dual nationality. The classification of ethnic groups in Ghana is that officially provided by the Bureau of Ghana Languages and which has been in use since the 1960 census. Birthplace The birthplace of a person refers to the locality of usual residence of the mother at the time of birth. If after delivery a mother stayed outside her locality of usual residence for six months or more or had the intention of staying in the new place for six or more months, then the actual town/village of physical birth becomes the birthplace of the child. Duration of Residence Duration of residence refers to the number of years a person has lived in a particular place. This question is only asked of persons not born in the place where enumeration took place. Breaks in duration of residence lasting less than 12 months are disregarded. The duration of

12 residence of persons who made multiple movements of one (1) year or more is assumed to be the number of years lived in the locality (town or village) since the last movement. Religion Religion refers to the individual’s religious affiliation as reported by the respondent, irrespective of the religion of the household head or the head’s spouse or the name of the person. No attempt was made to find out if respondents actually practiced the faith they professed. Marital Status Marital status refers to the respondent’s marital status as at Census Night. The question on marital status was asked only of persons 12 years and older. The selection of the age limit of 12 years was based on the average age at menarche and also on the practice in some parts of the country where girls as young as 12 years old could be given in marriage. Literacy The question on literacy referred to the respondent's ability to read and write in any language. A person was considered literate if he/she could read and write a simple statement with understanding. The question on literacy was asked only of persons 11 years and older. Education School Attendance Data was collected on school attendance for all persons three (3) years and older. School attendance refers to whether a person has ever attended, was currently attending or has never attended school. In the census, school meant an educational institution where a person received at least four hours of formal education. Although the lower age limit of formal education is six years for primary one, eligibility for the school attendance question was lowered to three years because pre-school education has become an important phenomenon in the country. Level of Education Level of education refers to the highest level of formal school that a person ever attended or was attending. This information was obtained for persons 3 years and older. Activity Status Activity status refers to economic or non-economic activity of respondents during the 7 days preceding census night. Information on type of activity was collected on persons 5 years and older. A person was regarded as economically active if he/she: a. Worked for pay or profit or family gain for at least 1 hour within the 7 days preceding Census Night. This included persons who were in paid employment or self- employment or contributing family workers. b. Did not work, but had jobs to return to. c. Were unemployed.

The economically not active were persons who did not work and were not seeking for work. They were classified by reasons for not being economically active. Economically not active persons included homemakers, students, retired persons, the disabled and persons who were unable to work due to their age or ill-health. Occupation This referred to the type of work the person was engaged in at the establishment where he/she worked. This was asked only of persons 5 years and older who worked 7 days before the census night, and those who did not work but had a job to return to as well as those unemployed who had worked before. All persons who worked during the 7 days before the census night were classified by the kind of work they were engaged in. The emphasis was on the work the person did during the reference period and not what he/she was trained to do. For those who did not work but had a job to return to, their occupation was the job they would go back to after the period of absence. Also, for persons who had worked before and were seeking for work and available for work, their occupation was on the last work they did before becoming unemployed. If a person was engaged in more than one occupation, only the main one was considered. Industry Industry referred to the type of product produced or service rendered at the respondent’s work place. Information was collected only on the main product produced or service rendered in the establishment during the reference period. Employment Status Employment status refers to the status of a person in the establishment where he/she currently works or previously worked. Eight employment status categories were provided: employee, self-employed without employees, self-employed with employees, casual worker, contributing family worker, apprentice, domestic employee (house help). Persons who could not be classified under any of the above categories were classified as “other”. Employment Sector This refers to the sector in which a person worked. The employment sectors covered in the census were public, private formal, private informal, semi-public/parastatal, NGOs and international organizations. Disability Persons with disability were defined as those who were unable to or were restricted in the performance of specific tasks/activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation. Information was collected on persons with visual/sight impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, emotional or behavioural disorders and other physical challenges. Information Communication Technology (ICT) ICT questions were asked for both individuals and households. Persons having mobile phones refer to respondents 12 years and older who owned mobile phones (irrespective of the number of mobile phones owned by each person). Persons using internet facility refers to those who had access to internet facility at home, internet cafe, on mobile phone or other mobile device. Internet access is assumed to be not only via computer, but also by mobile phones, PDA, game machine and digital television.

Households having Personal Computers/Laptops refer to households who own desktops/laptop computers. The fixed telephone line refers to a telephone line connecting a customer’s terminal equipment (e.g. telephone set, facsimile machine) to the public switch telephone network. Fertility Two types of fertility data were collected: lifetime fertility and current fertility. Lifetime fertility refers to the total number of live births that females 12 years and older had ever had during their life time. Current fertility refers to the number of live births that females 12-54 years old had in the 12 months preceding the Census Night. Mortality Mortality refers to all deaths that occurred in the household during the 12 months preceding the Census Night. The report presents information on deaths due to accidents, violence, homicide and suicide. In addition, data were collected on pregnancy-related deaths of females 12-54 years. Agriculture The census sought information on household members who are engaged in agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops or tree planting, rearing of livestock or breeding of fish for sale or family consumption. Information was also collected on their farms, types of crops and number and type of livestock. Housing Conditions and Facilities The UN recommended definition of a house as “a structurally separate and independent place of abode such that a person or group of persons can isolate themselves from the hazards of climate such as storms and the sun’’ was adopted. The definition, therefore, covered any type of shelter used as living quarters, such as separate houses, semi-detached houses, flats/apartments, compound houses, huts, tents, kiosks and containers. Living quarters or dwelling units refer to a specific area or space occupied by a particular household and therefore need not necessarily be the same as the house of which the dwelling unit may be a part. Information collected on housing conditions included the type of dwelling unit, main construction materials for walls, floor and roof, holding/tenure arrangement, ownership type, type of lighting, source of water supply and toilet facilities. Data was also collected on method of disposal of solid and liquid waste.

1.7 Organization of the Report The report consists of nine chapters. Chapter one provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, social and cultural structure, economy and the methodology and concepts used in the report. Chapter two discusses the population size, composition and age structure. It further discusses the migratory pattern in the district as well as fertility and mortality. In chapter three, the focus is on household size, composition and headship as well as the marital characteristics and nationality of the inhabitants of the district. The chapter also discusses the religious affiliations and the educational statuses of the members of the district.

Chapter four focuses on economic characteristics such as economic activity status, occupation, industries and the employment status and sectors that the people are employed. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is discussed in chapter five. It analyses mobile phone ownership, internet use and ownership of desktop/laptop computers while chapter six is devoted to Persons living with disabilities (PWDs) and their socio-demographic characteristics. Chapter seven concentrates on the agricultural activities of the households, describing the types of farming activities, livestock rearing and numbers of livestock reared. In chapter eight, housing conditions such as housing stock, type of dwelling and construction materials, room occupancy, holding and tenancy, lighting and cooking facilities, bathing and toilet facilities, waste disposal and source of water for drinking or for other domestic use in the district are discussed and analyzed in detail. The final chapter, Chapter nine presents the summary of findings and conclusions. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings for the district.

CHAPTER TWO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Introduction The demographic characteristics are those attributes that vary within a demographic study group. The demographic characteristics of the population which receive most attention in demographic analyses are age, sex, migration, fertility and mortality. It is important that the size composition and distribution of any population be analyzed to facilitate development planning and policy implementation. The current decentralized governance system and administration of planning in Ghana require that statistics be provided on the size and distribution of the population at the local level. This chapter seeks to bring out data and information on some of the characteristics of the population of Techiman North.

2.2 Population Size and Distribution Table 2.1 shows the distribution of the District’s population by age, sex and locality of residence. The 2010 Population and Housing Census put the population of the Techiman North District at 59,068 comprising 28,766 (48.7%) males and 30,302 (51.3%) females. Thus, the District has majority of its population being females. In terms of density with a land surface area of 389.4 square kilometres and a population size of 59,068 the population density of the district is approximately 152 persons per square kilometre. This figure indicates that the district has a high population density. The high population density has it attendant effects on the district. This leads to pressure on the few social infrastructures such as schools, water, health facilities and sanitation. The urban status of a community is based on population size only. Localities with population 5,000 or more are classified as urban. On the basis of this definition, a majority (51.5%) of the population is living in rural areas and 48.5 percent in the urban areas.

2.3 Age-sex structure, sex ratios and population pyramid The age structure brings to the fore, the distribution of population at various ages an information that is vital for age specific resource allocation. The sex composition gives insight into the numerical disparate between males and females with the district and the population pyramid provides a pictorial impression about the age and sex structure of the district. 2.3.1 Age-sex structure Table 2.1 provides information on the age and sex composition by five years age groups for the district. The age structure and the sex composition of the population of the district follow the regional and the national pattern. The age structure is broad at the base (younger ages) and reduces gradually in the subsequent age groups until the population becomes relatively small at the top (older ages). In addition to the absolute numbers, the table provides derived useful information for data users. For example, the data shows that, the age dependent population (calculated as the population 0-14years and 65+ all divided by the total population and multiply by 100) is about fifty percent (50.4%) of the total population of the district. Percentages computed from Table 2.1 shows a relatively large proportion of children (13.1%) below five years. The population below 15 years (0-14) is 38.5 percent, a little lower than 17 children below 15 years for the entire Brong Ahafo Region (40.4%). Youth between the ages of 15-19 years comprise 11.1 percent of the total population. This is equal to the regional figure of 11.0 percent for the same age group. The total population 15-64 years (theoretically referred to as the labour force) make up more than half (57.0%) of the total population implying a large base of population available to be harnessed for productive work. Taking the population in the 15-64 years age group only, more than two thirds (67.2%) is below 30 years; while 13.1 percent is between the ages of 30-39 years. Almost nine percent (8.5%) is between 40-49 years and 11.1 percent is above fifty years. Significantly therefore, the data shows that 73.5 percent of the population 15-64 years (referred to as the labour force) is below forty years. The proportion of the persons 65 years and older of 4.5 percent is apiece with the percentage recorded for the entire Brong Ahafo Region. The age structure poses two challenges to development planners. The first is the large youthful labour force for whom the district must create the enabling environment for self- employment and/or paid job opportunities. The second is the large proportion of youths 15-19 years and also to some extent 20-24 years who are still “dependent” and for whom the district must find the resources to provide social services such as education infrastructure and healthcare facilities. Parents also have the economic burden of providing food, clothing and shelter. In relation to the sex structure, females consist of 51.3 percent and males 48.7 percent. However, there are more males (39.8%) than females (37.2%) who are under 15 years in the district just as is observed for the region (males, 41.6%, females, 39.1%). On the hand, the proportion of females (57.5%) within the economically active age group (15-64) is a little higher than that of males (56.5%). The urban-rural distribution according to age does not follow a similar pattern as the sex structure. A large proportion of both urban (57.7%) and rural (56.4%) dwellers are within the economically active age group of 15-64 years. This is followed by the population in the age group 0-14 representing 38.0 percent and 38.8 percent for urban and rural areas respectively. Just like the pattern for the age structure for the district population in the age group 15-64 years, about fifty percent of both urban (50.8%) and rural (50.1%) dwellers in this age group are below thirty years. Also, the proportion aged 50-64 years in the labour force is relatively small. That is 10.8 percent for urban and 12.3 percent for rural.

Table 2.1: Population by age, sex and type of locality Both Sex Sex Age Group Sexes Male Female ratio Urban Rural All Ages 59,068 28,766 30,302 94.9 28,627 30,441 0 – 4 7,732 3,905 3,827 102 3,673 4,059 5 – 9 7,420 3,783 3,637 104 3,581 3,839 10 – 14 7,557 3,760 3,797 99 3,633 3,924 15 – 19 6,564 3,240 3,324 97.5 3,184 3,380 20 – 24 5,543 2,584 2,959 87.3 2,765 2,778 25 – 29 4,885 2,261 2,624 86.2 2,436 2,449 30 – 34 4,143 1,972 2,171 90.8 2,049 2,094 35 – 39 3,620 1,776 1,844 96.3 1,790 1,830 40 – 44 2,859 1,467 1,392 105.4 1,432 1,427 45 – 49 2,189 1,082 1,107 97.7 1,076 1,113 50 – 54 1,880 882 998 88.4 866 1,014 55 – 59 1,108 570 538 105.9 518 590 60 – 64 894 420 474 88.6 393 501 65 – 69 574 269 305 88.2 266 308 70 – 74 836 333 503 66.2 396 440 75 – 79 502 177 325 54.5 205 297 80 – 84 397 154 243 63.4 184 213 85+ 365 131 234 56 180 185 All Ages 59,068 28,766 30,302 94.9 28,627 30,441 0-14 22,709 11,448 11,261 101.7 10,887 11,822 15-64 33,685 16,254 17,431 93.2 16,509 17,176 65+ 2,674 1,064 1,610 66.1 1,231 1,443 Age-dependency ratio 75.4 77 73.8 73.4 77.2 Source: Ghana Statistics Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.3.2 Sex ratio Sex ratio refers to as the number of males per 100 females. 1The sex ratio at birth for most countries is about 105 or 106 males per 100 females. After birth, sex ratios vary because of different patterns of mortality and migration for males and females within the population. Sex ratios that are higher than 100 indicate that there are more males than females but sex ratios under 100 indicate that there are more females than males. Throughout life, it is expected that at every age, mortality rates for females will be lower than that of males. Therefore the sex ratio(s) for any population should decline from one age group to the other with advancing age. Sex ratios that are higher than 100 indicate that there are more males than females and sex ratios under 100 indicate that there are more females than males. Table 2.1 shows that the overall sex ratio for the Techiman North District is about 95 males to 100 females (94.9), which means that females are about five percent more than males. The sex ratio of the District is nearly the same as the regional figure of 94.0. The subsequent sex ratios after the overall sex ratio of 94.9 do not follow the expected pattern of steady and gradual decline with advancing age. For example, in the early age groups, the district has more males than females. At age 0-4 years there are 102.0 males to 100 females and at age 5- 9 years, the sex ratio is 104.0 males to 100 females. However, the male-female ratios decline from ages 10-14 years to 35-39 years implying more females than males. The ratio again rose at age 55-59 years with a ratio of 105.9 males to 100 females. The observed sex ratios thus reveal fluctuations and not the steady but gradual declines with advancing age as expected.

1 Population Reference Bureau’s Population Handbook, 2011 19

The large and fluctuating sex ratios after age 5-9 years and the steep decline after age 55-59 may suggest age misreporting, under-enumeration, out- migration of young males between 20-39 years or differential mortality. However, the sharp declines in sex ratios after age 55-59 years give credence to the assertion that more females than males survive with advancing age. 2.3.3 Age-dependency ratio The age-dependency ratio is the ratio of persons in dependent ages (0-14 years) and 65 years and older to those in the “economically productive” ages (15-64 years) measured per 100 populations. This is the theoretical definition of age dependency which reveals the “potential” work force but is not strictly synonymous with economic dependency or non-dependency. For instance much of the population of the district 15-19 years (11.1%) are in practice dependent because they are often in school. Equally, not everybody 65 years and over (4.5%) are dependent as can be seen from the aged farmers and other artisans in the district. The population aged 0-14 years and 65 years and over are 25,383 (42.9%) whiles those aged 15- 64 years are 33,685 (57.1%). The dependency ratio for the district is 75.4. This indicates that there are approximately 75 persons in the dependent ages for every 100 persons in the working ages (15-64 years). The dependency ratio among the male population is higher (77.0) than that of the female (73.8). In terms of localities, Table 2.1 further shows the dependency ratio in the rural areas is higher (77.2) than in the urban areas (73.4). 2.3.4 Population Pyramid A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age-sex composition of a population and its shape is influenced by the levels of fertility, mortality, migration and coverage and content errors such as digit preference and exaggeration (age misrepresentation) of age. The broadness of the base is determined by the level of fertility, while the shape is determined by mortality and to some extent migration.2 The sizes of various age groups are represented by bars and a longer bar in a pyramid indicates more people in an age group while a shorter bar indicates fewer people. Generally, a pyramid shows a pattern of declines in the length of bars of each successive age group with advancing age. Figure 2.1 is a pyramid representing the structure of the total population by sex of the Techiman North District in 2010. In general, the population pyramid reflects the broad-base pattern, characteristic of a developing nation. Over half of the district’s population for males (51.1%) and close to half of the population for females (48.1%) is young and under 20 years of age. This type of age structure has a built-in momentum for the growth of the district’s population. When the young population eventually reaches reproductive age, the result will be a high population growth rate for some years to come. However, if the socio-economic potentials of the youth are properly harnessed and directed, with appropriate natural and human development policies and strategies in the fields of quality education and entrepreneurial training aimed at exploring for and exploiting natural resources, the youth they can contribute significantly to the development of the district and the nation as a whole.

2National Population Council, Fact Sheet No. V on Population on Urbanization, September, 2007. 20

Figure 2.1: Population pyramid

Age 85+ 80-84 75-79 Male Female 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 Population

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

The pyramid generally shows the expected pattern of declines in the length of the bars for each group with advancing age. However, some ages do not follow this expected pattern. For instance, in Figure 2.1, the bars for the age group 5-9 years are shorter than those for the age group 10-14 for females and 65-69 years are shorter than those for 70-74 years for both males and females indicating the likelihood of some errors in the age data.

2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration Migration along with fertility and mortality accounts for the primary components of population change. 2.4.1 Fertility Fertility is one of the most important components of demographic change. It is the frequency of childbearing among the population. Fertility rates measure the relative frequency with which births occur within a given population. The TFR is the average number of children that would be born to a woman by the time she completes childbearing if she were to experience the prevailing age-specific fertility rate. There are other fertility measures such as Crude Birth Rate (CBR), General Fertility Rate (GFR) among others. The crude birth rate (CBR) is the simplest and most frequently used measure of fertility. It is easy to calculate because it requires only the total number of births and the total population. It is crude and always expressed per 1000 population. It is crude because it includes all ages

21 and both sexes in the denominator. There is no attempt to relate the births to the women at risk of having those births. Because of this it is not a good measure of fertility. The general fertility rate (GFR) expresses births relative to the number of women in the reproductive age. More data are required to calculate the GFR than the CBR because one has to know the age and sex composition of the population. The GFR is affected by age structure since there may be substantial variations between populations within the reproductive age range. The TFR on the other hand, is a measure of fertility that is most widely used by demographers. It is calculated by adding up the age specific fertility rates (ASFR) and is always expressed as per one woman. It is a single figure measure that is independent of the age structure. Table 2.2 also shows that, out of a total of 2,310,983 persons in the Brong Ahafo Region, 572,813 representing 24.8 percent were women within the reproductive age groups 15-49 years according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census. The table further indicates that there were 60,685 live births during the twelve months preceding the census. Table 2.2: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by district Number of Number of women births in Total *General **Crude 15-49 last 12 Fertility Fertility Birth District Population years months Rate Rate Rate All Districts 23,10,983 5,72,813 60,685 3.58 105.9 26.3 Asunafo South 95,580 22,115 2,706 4.00 122.4 28.3 Asunafo North Municipal 1,24,685 30,007 3,452 3.90 115.0 27.7 Asutifi North 52,259 12,681 1,606 4.30 126.6 30.7 Dormaa Municipal 1,12,111 29,337 2,816 3.30 96.0 25.1 Dormaa Central Municipal 50,871 12,773 1,424 3.70 111.5 28.0 Tano South 78,129 18,766 2,257 4.00 120.3 28.9 Tano North 79,973 19,493 2,063 3.60 105.8 25.8 Sunyani Municipal 1,23,224 36,146 2,644 2.60 73.1 21.5 Sunyani West 85,272 22,452 2,150 3.20 95.8 25.2 Berekum Municipal 1,29,628 36,119 3,001 2.80 83.1 23.2 Jaman South 92,649 23,759 2,314 3.30 97.4 25.0 Jaman North 83,059 20,640 1,747 3.00 84.6 21.0 Tain 88,104 20,692 2,139 3.50 103.4 24.3 Wenchi Municipal 89,739 22,028 2,188 3.40 99.3 24.4 Techiman Municipal 1,47,788 39,718 4,079 3.50 102.7 27.6 Nkoranza South 1,00,929 24,772 3,000 4.00 121.1 29.7 Nkoranza North 65,895 14,779 1,915 4.40 129.6 29.1 Atebubu Amantin 1,05,938 24,760 2,940 4.00 118.7 27.8 Sene West 57,734 13,378 1,446 3.70 108.1 25.0 Pru 1,29,248 30,261 2,981 3.40 98.5 23.1 Kintampo South 81,000 17,893 2,367 4.50 132.3 29.2 Kintampo North Municipal 95,480 23,040 2,652 3.90 115.1 27.8 Asutifi South 53,584 12,657 1,360 3.60 107.5 25.4 Dormaa West 47,678 11,282 1,487 4.50 131.8 31.2 Techiman North 15,421 1,619 3.50 105 27.4 Banda 20,282 4,402 474 3.70 107.7 23.4 Sene East 61,076 13,442 1,858 4.60 138.2 30.4 Source: Computed from the 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years ** Number of live births per 1,000 population

In the district, the total number of women in the child bearing age (15-49 years) is 15,421 representing 26.1 percent of the total district population and the number of births in the last 12 months before the census is 1,619. The three measures of fertility TFR, GFR and CBR are about the same in the district as in the region. The Total Fertility Rate in the Techiman North District for women aged 15-49 years is 3.5 births per woman compared with the regional figure of 3.6 births per woman. Also, the General Fertility Rate for the Brong Ahafo region is 105.9 and it is about the same as the GFR for the district (105.0). The Crude Birth Rate for the Brong Ahafo Region indicates that, for every 1,000 population, there are approximately 26 live births which is about one live birth below the district’s CBR of 27 live births per 1000 population. 2.4.2 Children ever born and surviving The 2010 PHC collected information about children ever born and children surviving (either living with the mother or elsewhere) by women 12 years and older. Table 2.3 shows that the 21,273 women in the district, in their life time up to the census, have given birth to 53,275 children and out this number, 43,015 or 86.7 percent are still alive. Females 12-14 years form 10.5 percent of the female population 12 years and older. Child bearing among this group is highly associated with the risk of death of both the mother and child. The survival rate of 66.7 percent among the children of these young mothers affirms the assertion of lower survival. This survival rate is the lowest in the district. The survival rate of the children of mothers 60 years and older is the second lowest (77.4%). In Ghana the age specific fertility distribution reflects the “early peak” type in which the peak of fertility is attain in the 15-29 year age group. The lower survival rate of children of mothers for the age group (60 years and older) may, therefore, be due to the fact that most of them may have been born a long time ago and thus exposed to the risk of dying for the longest period. Also most of the children might have been born during periods when maternal and child health services were least available.

In terms of variation by sex, Table 2.3 supports the general observation that in most populations, females survives more than males. The table shows that, in all age groups of mothers, more female than male children survive.

Table 2.3: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child

Children Ever Born Children Surviving Age Both sexes Male Female Number of Females Both sexes Male Female Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 21,273 53,275 26,921 26,354 46,215 86.7 23,024 85.5 23,191 88.0 12 - 14 2,232 15 10 5 10 66.7 6 60.0 4 80.0 15 - 19 3,324 391 196 195 350 89.5 173 88.3 177 90.8 20 - 24 2,959 2,171 1,101 1,070 1,946 89.6 964 87.6 982 91.8 25 - 29 2,624 4,185 2,105 2,080 3,832 91.6 1,886 89.6 1,946 93.6 30 - 34 2,171 5,953 3,039 2,914 5,454 91.6 2,751 90.5 2,703 92.8 35 - 39 1,844 6,736 3,459 3,277 6,160 91.4 3,125 90.3 3,035 92.6 40 - 44 1,392 6,159 3,060 3,099 5,547 90.1 2,726 89.1 2,821 91.0 45 - 49 1,107 5,545 2,798 2,747 4,977 89.8 2,488 88.9 2,489 90.6 50 - 54 998 5,346 2,694 2,652 4,699 87.9 2,329 86.5 2,370 89.4 55 - 59 538 3,154 1,584 1,570 2,703 85.7 1,326 83.7 1,377 87.7 60 + 2,084 13,620 6,875 6,745 10,537 77.4 5,250 76.4 5,287 78.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.4.3 Mortality Mortality refers to deaths that occur within a population. The probability of dying during a given time period is linked to many factors, such as age, sex, differential exposure to the risk of death and differential access to health care facilities and technology. The incidence of death can reveal much about a population’s standard of living and health care. Crude Death Rate Table 2.4 shows the total population, deaths in households and crude death rates for the Techiman North District and the Brong Ahafo Region. Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the number of deaths in a year per 1000 population of a specific year. Out of the total district population of 59,068, the total number of deaths recorded in households is 427, which translates into a Crude Death Rate of 7.2 per 1000 population in the 12 months preceding the Census. The CDR for the district is higher than the regional CDR of 6.1 per 1000 population. Table 2.4: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate by District Total Deaths in *Crude District Population households death rate All Districts 2,310,983 14,189 6.1 Asunafo South 95,580 472 4.9 Asunafo North Municipal 124,685 626 5.0 Asutifi North 52,259 458 8.8 Dormaa Municipal 112,111 782 7.0 Dormaa Central Municipal 50,871 399 7.8 Tano South 78,129 542 6.9 Tano North 79,973 475 5.9 Sunyani Municipal 123,224 455 3.7 Sunyani West 85,272 462 5.4 Berekum Municipal 129,628 858 6.6 Jaman South 92,649 514 5.5 Jaman North 83,059 627 7.5 Tain 88,104 566 6.4 Wenchi Municipal 89,739 704 7.8 Techiman Municipal 147,788 854 5.8 Nkoranza South 100,929 703 7.0 Nkoranza North 65,895 637 9.7 Atebubu Amantin 105,938 625 5.9 Sene West 57,734 344 6.0 Pru 129,248 351 2.7 Kintampo South 81,000 671 8.3 Kintampo North Municipal 95,480 673 7.0 Asutifi South 53,584 227 4.2 Dormaa West 47,678 275 5.8 Techiman North 59,068 427 7.2 Banda 20,282 191 9.4 Sene East 61,076 271 4.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Number of deaths per 1,000 population

Causes of death Table 2.5 presents the cause of death by district in the Brong Ahafo Region. Out of a total of 427 deaths recorded in the Techiman North District, 8.2 percent are due to accident or violence or homicide or suicide whiles 91.8 percent are due to all other causes such as natural deaths. The district’s percentage of deaths caused by either accident or violence or homicide or suicide percent lower than the regional average of 8.7 percent. Table 2.5: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate by District Accident/violence/ Total homicide/suicide All other causes Name of District deaths Number Percent Percent Number All Districts 14,189 1,235 8.7 12,954 91.3 Asunafo South 472 39 8.3 433 91.7 Asunafo North Municipal 626 65 10.4 561 89.6 Asutifi North 460 31 6.7 429 93.3 Dormaa Municipal 782 71 9.1 711 90.9 Dormaa Central Municipal 399 35 8.8 364 91.2 Tano South 542 47 8.7 495 91.3 Tano North 475 33 6.9 442 93.1 Sunyani Municipal 455 36 7.9 419 92.1 Sunyani West 462 70 15.2 392 84.8 Berekum Municipal 858 79 9.2 779 90.8 Jaman South 514 55 10.7 459 89.3 Jaman North 627 39 6.2 588 93.8 Tain 566 31 5.5 535 94.5 Wenchi Municipal 704 52 7.4 652 92.6 Techiman Municipal 854 103 12.1 751 87.9 Nkoranza South 703 81 11.5 622 88.5 Nkoranza North 637 30 4.7 607 95.3 Atebubu Amantin 625 62 9.9 563 90.1 Sene West 344 34 9.9 310 90.1 Pru 351 22 6.3 329 93.7 Kintampo South 671 50 7.5 621 92.5 Kintampo North Municipal 673 55 8.2 618 91.8 Asutifi South 225 21 9.3 204 90.7 Dormaa West 275 26 9.5 249 90.5 Techiman North 427 35 8.2 392 91.8 Banda 191 11 5.8 180 94.2 Sene East 271 22 8.1 249 91.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Number of deaths per 1,000 population Note: * Number of deaths per 1,000 population

Reported age specific death rate by sex Figure 2.3 shows reported age specific death rates by sex. According to the 2010 PHC, there are 427 deaths in the Techiman North District. The rate is high at birth for the population below five years with female deaths slightly higher than the males. This could be due to the fact that children are more susceptible to sickness at that tender age.

The male mortality rate recorded the lowest in the age 20-24 years while female mortality rate recorded the lowest in the age 10-14. Male mortality remains high through to age 44 years. The male mortality then drops sharply at age 55-59 years and increases sharply from 60-64 years, slows down slightly from age 65-69 and rises steadily and peaks at age 70 years and above. Female deaths also decline at age 50-54 years. From age 55 years female mortality rate increases at a faster rate and remains high whereas that of the male picks up momentum at age 65 years and over. Figure 2.3: Reported age specific death rates by sex

Percent

0.045

0.040 Male Female 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 Under 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ 5

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 2.4.4 Migration Migration is the movement of people between geographical boundaries. The movement can be within national boundaries, that is, internal migration or across geographical boundaries or national borders, that is, external migration. A migrant is a person whose current place of residence is different from his or her place of birth or previous place of residence. On the basis of the answer to the “place of birth” question in the 2010 census, migrants are defined as persons who were enumerated in a place different from where they were born, while non-migrants are persons who were enumerated in the place they were born.

Table 2.6 presents data on the birth place of migrants in the Techiman North District and how long they have lived in the district. There are 59,068 persons enumerated during the census. Out of this number, the table shows that there are 18,199 migrants representing about one- third (30.8%) of the population. This means that the current population of Techiman North District comprises about two-thirds of persons born within. Among the 18,199 migrants 6,653 representing 36.6 percent are in-migrants born elsewhere in the Brong Ahafo region, and 10,862 persons representing 59.7 percent were born elsewhere in another region in Ghana and 684 or 3.8 percent were born outside Ghana.

The three northern regions together contributed 7,561 or 41.5 percent of all migrants. Those from Ashanti are 1,521 or 8.4 percent of all migrants. The high inter-regional migration into the district of persons born in other regions (59.7%) and those born outside Ghana (3.8%) in

27 the district may be as a result of the agriculture and related activity base of the district economy. Also, the high overall percentage of migrant population in the district (30.8%) may have positive implication for the economic growth of the district since migrants bring with them innovative skill and the desire to work hard for survival coupled with the attitude of “will do any job”. Despite the possible benefits of migrants to the district, migrant populations may also bring some challenges since they are sometimes perceived as a threat to jobs “reserved” for the local population and their presence is feared to lead to loss of jobs, competition and rivalry between various migrant groups and pressure on the limited social amenities and thus the likelihood of conflict.

In relation to the duration of residence of all migrants, 13.3 percent have lived in the district for less than one year, 33.0 percent for 1-4 years. Thus about two out of every five migrants have lived in the district for less than 5 years. Almost twenty percent (19.6%) have lived for 5-9 years, 21.3 percent for 10-19 years and 12.8 percent for more than 20 years.

For those born elsewhere in the region, 48.0 percent have lived in the district for up to 4 years, 20.5 percent for 5-9 years, 19.5 percent for 10-19 years and 12.0 percent for more than 20 years. Also, generally the migrant population from the three northern regions have the highest duration of residence between 10-19 years and 20 years and over. This can be attributed to the available fertile farmland, availability of economic and social amenities and the location advantage with regards to the closeness to the three northern regions. Table 2.6: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants Duration of residence (%) Less than 1-4 5-9 10-19 20+ Birthplace Number 1 year years years years years Total 18,199 13.3 33 19.6 21.3 12.8 Born elsewhere in the region 6,653 13 35 20.5 19.5 12 Born elsewhere in another region: Western 592 12.8 33.1 24.8 21.5 7.8 Central 317 14.5 30.3 20.8 22.1 12.3 Greater Accra 255 20.8 36.9 14.9 15.7 11.8 Volta 271 15.1 30.3 21.8 21.8 11.1 Eastern 345 9.3 36.8 23.8 17.4 12.8 Ashanti 1,521 13 33 15.3 23.5 15.2 Brong Ahafo - - - - - Northern 2,002 12.1 30.1 20.6 24.5 12.7 Upper East 1,657 12.3 27.8 20.9 25.3 13.6 Upper west 3,902 13.1 31.9 18.5 22.4 14.2 Outside Ghana 684 23.5 39.5 13.2 12.7 11.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Causes of deaths Table 2.6 presents the cause of death by district. Out of a total of 427 deaths recorded in the district, 8.2 percent are due to accident/violence/homicide/suicide. The district’s percentage of deaths caused by accident is almost the same as that of the region (8.7%). A significant proportion (91.8%) of the deaths in the district is due to other causes such as health related complications and natural deaths. This is about the same as the regional figure (91.3%).

Table 2.6: Causes of deaths in households by District Death due to Total DISTRICT Accident/violence/ All other deaths homicide/suicide causes All Districts 14,189 8.7 91.3 Asunafo South 472 8.3 91.7 Asunafo North Municipal 626 10.4 89.6 Asutifi North 460 6.7 93.3 Dormaa Municipal 782 9.1 90.9 Dormaa Central Municipal 399 8.8 91.2 Tano South 542 8.7 91.3 Tano North 475 6.9 93.1 Sunyani Municipal 455 7.9 92.1 Sunyani West 462 15.2 84.8 Berekum Municipal 858 9.2 90.8 Jaman South 514 10.7 89.3 Jaman North 627 6.2 93.8 Tain 566 5.5 94.5 Wenchi Municipal 704 7.4 92.6 Techiman Municipal 854 12.1 87.9 Nkoranza South 703 11.5 88.5 Nkoranza North 637 4.7 95.3 Atebubu Amantin 625 9.9 90.1 Sene West 344 9.9 90.1 Pru 351 6.3 93.7 Kintampo South 671 7.5 92.5 Kintampo North Municipal 673 8.2 91.8 Asutifi South 225 9.3 90.7 Dormaa West 275 9.5 90.5 Techiman North 427 8.2 91.8 Banda 191 5.8 94.2 Sene East 271 8.1 91.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Introduction This chapter presents information on the social characteristics of the population including household size that is, number of persons in a household, household composition and relationship to head of household, household structure showing relationship between members – nuclear family, extended family, marital status, religious affiliation, educational attainment and literacy status.

3.2 Household Size, Household Composition and Structure A household is defined as a person or group of persons who live together in the same house or compound, sharing the same house-keeping arrangements and are catered for as one unit (GSS, 2012). In general, a household may consist of a man, his wife or wives and children and some relatives or non-relatives who may be living with them. Members of a household are not necessarily related by blood or marriage. 3.2.1 Number of Households and Household size Table 3.1 presents the distribution of household size in the Techiman North District by locality. From 2010 Population and Housing Census results, the district recorded a total household population of 58,701 with 13,490 households, which translates to an average household size of 4.3 persons in each household. This is about the same as the regional average of 4.6. More than half (51.5%) of the total households population in the district is found in the rural areas and 48.5 percent in the urban areas. Also, the percentage of households in the rural areas (51.1%) is higher than in the urban areas (48.9%). The rural average household size (4.4) is about the same as that of the urban areas (4.3). Table 3.1: Household size by locality

Urban Rural Category Regional District Number Percent Number Percent Total household population 2,265,458 58,701 28,470 48.5 30,231 51.5 Number of households 490,515 13,490 6,591 48.9 6,899 51.1 Average household size 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.2.2 Household composition Household composition refers to the patterns of relationships between the head of household and other members of the household. The head by definition need not be the oldest person in the house or the person who is financially responsible for the upkeep of the family. It is rather the person who all members of the household recognize as their head, regardless of age and sex. The household composition includes relationships such as spouse (wife/husband), child (son/daughter), grandchild, parent/parent-in-law, brother/sister, other relative and non- relative.

Table 3.2 shows that there are 13,490 (23.0%) household heads. Horizontal percentages calculated for the heads reveal that, male headed households constitute 64.8 percent while female headed households represent 35.2 percent. Thus, there are nearly twice as many male household heads than females in the Techiman North District. Male heads as a proportion of the total male household population is 30.6 percent compared to 15.8 percent female heads as a proportion of the total female household population. Biological children constitute the largest percentage of household population (43.4%) followed by the head of households (23.0%), Spouse (husband/wife) constitutes 10.5 percent while other family members (grandchildren, brother/sister and other relatives of the head) together comprise 18.7 percent. Adopted/foster children are the least (0.3%). The proportion of female spouses of (19.8%) is over ten times higher than that of males (0.8%). Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex Total Male Female Household composition Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 58,701 100.0 28,568 100.0 30,133 100.0 Head 13,490 23.0 8,735 30.6 4,755 15.8 Spouse (wife/husband) 6,170 10.5 218 0.8 5,952 19.8 Child (son/daughter) 25,460 43.4 12,977 45.4 12,483 41.4 Parent/Parent in-law 430 0.7 41 0.1 389 1.3 Son/Daughter in-law 306 0.5 91 0.3 215 0.7 Grandchild 5,266 9.0 2,629 9.2 2,637 8.8 Brother/Sister 2,420 4.1 1,332 4.7 1,088 3.6 Step child 482 0.8 252 0.9 230 0.8 Adopted/Foster child 180 0.3 95 0.3 85 0.3 Other relative 3,289 5.6 1,492 5.2 1,797 6.0 Non-relative 1,208 2.1 706 2.5 502 1.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.2.3 Household population by Structure and sex Household structure is defined as the classification of ties of filiations of persons who constitute a household. Classification of household structure depends on whether it is a single person household, head and spouse only household, nuclear household (head, spouse(s) and their children), nuclear, extended and also illustrates other combinations. Table 3.3 gives information on household population by structure and sex. The data on household structure from Table 3.3 indicates that the nature of the family structure in the district underscores the prevalence and strength of the extended family system vis-a-vis the nuclear family system and also illustrates the emerging single parent family system. Ten categories of household structure have been identified namely; Head only, Head and a spouse only, Nuclear (Head spouse(s) children) Single parent, Nuclear Extended + non relatives, Head spouse(s) and other composition, Extended (Head spouse(s) children Head's relatives), Single parent Extended Single parent, Extended + non relative, Head and other composition but no spouse. The table shows that over fifty percent (55.0%) of the population in the Techiman North District live in various extended family households whereas 45.0 percent live in nuclear households. The population in households with the traditional typical nuclear family of head spouse(s) children constitute (28.3%) in the district followed by extended household (head

31 spouse(s) children head's relatives) representing 21.4 percent of the household population. In addition, a household with head only, that is single person households, constitutes 3.6 percent (2,087) of the total population of households in the district. However, household with head and a spouse only as well as households with single parent extended and non-relative constitute the least with, 1.7 percent apiece. The emerging phenomenon of single parent family structures both, nuclear and extended, take a significant proportion of the family systems involving almost one in three (31.1%) of the household population. This may be due to out-migration of male spouses and/or in- migration of single parent women in informal sector business. Marital disruptions (divorce, separation and widowhood) may also account for the rise in single family structures. The total household population is 58,701 of which 30,133 or 51.3 percent are females. When the household structures are disaggregated into nuclear and extended family structures and by sex of household members, Table 3.3 shows that the proportion of the male population in nuclear family household (46.7%) is slightly more than that of females (43.5%). On the other hand the proportion of the female population in extended family households (56.5%) is more than the proportion of males 53.4 percent. This may be attributed to the higher proportion (23.0%) of female members in single parent extended households compared to male members (16.3%). Due to some reasons single parent households (nuclear and extended) contain more female population (36.0%) than male members (26.1%). Table 3.3: Household population by structure and sex

Total Male Female Household structure Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 58,701 100.0 28,568 100.0 30,133 100.0 Nuclear Family Head only 2,087 3.6 1,476 5.2 611 2.0 Head and a spouse only 1,012 1.7 506 1.8 506 1.7 Nuclear (Head spouse(s) children) 16,598 28.3 8,536 29.9 8,062 26.8 Single parent Nuclear 6,718 11.4 2,803 9.8 3,915 13.0 Extended Family Extended + non relatives 1,344 2.3 676 2.4 668 2.2 Head spouse(s) and other composition 2,115 3.6 1,087 3.8 1,028 3.4 Extended (Head spouse(s) children 12,535 21.4 6,303 22.1 6,232 20.7 Head's relatives) Single parent Extended 10,576 18.0 4,241 14.8 6,335 21.0 Single parent Extended + non relative 1,024 1.7 432 1.5 592 2.0 Head and other composition but no 4,692 8.0 2,508 8.8 2,184 7.2 spouse Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3 Marital status The 2010 PHC collected information on the marital status of persons from age 12 years and above. Marriage in Ghana is recognized as a union between a man and a woman with the awareness and/or approval of both families. It includes formal unions that are legal, traditional or religiously sanctioned, and informal cohabitating unions. This section presents information on marital status by age, sex, level of education and economic activity. The data shows there are 40,757 persons aged 12 years and older in the district. About 54.2 percent have ever been married, 44.0 percent are currently married. About five percent (4.8%) are living together, while 5.7 percent is separated or divorced and 4.5 percent are widowed (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1: Marital Status 4.5% 4.0% Never married 1.7%

41.1% Informal/Consens ual union/Living together Married

Separated

Divorced

44.0%

4.8% Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Figure 3.2 looks at marital status of persons 12 years and older in the Techiman North District by sex. Whereas only about one in three females (33.9%) have never married, the proportion of males is nearly fifty percent (48.7%). However, an opposite trend emerges in relation to widowhood. The proportion of females widowed is about seven times higher (7.7% versus 1.0%). Also, amongst persons who are married, there are more females (45.5%) than males (42.4%). Similar trend is observed among those who are in informal/consensual/ living together where there are more females (5.2%) than males (4.3%).

Figure 3.2: Marital status by sex

60.0

Male Female 50.0 48.7 45.5 42.4

40.0

33.9

30.0 Percent

20.0

10.0 7.7 5.5 4.3 5.2 2.2 2.4 1.2 1.0 0.0 Never married Informal/Consensual Married Separated Divorced Widowed union/Living together

Marital Status

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3.1 Marital Status by age Table 3.4 shows that there are 40,757 persons aged 12 years or older in the district. The proportion never married is very high at the lower ages and decreases with advancing age. The opposite is the case with the currently married; low at the lower ages and increase with age.

Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status Informal/ Consensual Sex/Age- Never union/Living group Number Total married together Married Separated Divorced Widowed Both Sexes Total 40,757 100.0 41.0 4.8 44.0 1.7 4.0 4.5 12 – 14 4,398 100.0 95.7 0.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 6,564 100.0 90.6 2.6 6.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 20 - 24 5,543 100.0 63.4 8.3 25.8 1.2 1.0 0.2 25 - 29 4,885 100.0 35.0 10.8 49.6 1.9 2.4 0.3 30 - 34 4,143 100.0 15.6 7.7 69.0 2.2 4.3 1.1 35 - 39 3,620 100.0 8.1 5.2 76.4 2.6 5.5 2.2 40 - 44 2,859 100.0 4.6 3.6 78.9 2.8 6.6 3.4 45 - 49 2,189 100.0 2.4 2.8 78.2 3.0 7.9 5.7 50 - 54 1,880 100.0 2.7 1.9 71.1 3.9 10.7 9.7 55 - 59 1,108 100.0 2.1 1.9 69.9 2.6 10.0 13.5 60 - 64 894 100.0 3.4 1.7 61.9 3.4 11.2 18.6 65+ 2,674 100.0 3.3 1.2 47.0 2.3 11.1 35.1 Male Total 19,484 100.0 48.7 4.3 42.4 1.2 2.4 1.0 12 – 14 2,166 100.0 95.2 0.1 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 3,240 100.0 95.2 0.7 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 20 - 24 2,584 100.0 84.0 4.9 10.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 25 - 29 2,261 100.0 52.4 10.7 34.5 1.2 1.0 0.1 30 - 34 1,972 100.0 24.9 8.7 61.6 1.8 2.6 0.4 35 - 39 1,776 100.0 13.0 6.1 73.9 2.2 3.8 1.0 40 - 44 1,467 100.0 6.7 4.4 82.0 1.7 4.3 1.0 45 - 49 1,082 100.0 4.2 3.2 83.4 2.9 4.8 1.6 50 - 54 882 100.0 3.5 2.3 84.5 2.6 5.7 1.5 55 - 59 570 100.0 2.8 2.3 84.2 1.8 6.0 3.0 60 - 64 420 100.0 3.8 2.4 82.4 3.3 4.5 3.6 65+ 1,064 100.0 4.7 2.3 73.7 1.7 9.3 8.4 Female Total 21,273 100.0 33.9 5.2 45.5 2.2 5.5 7.7 12 – 14 2,232 100.0 96.1 0.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 3,324 100.0 86.1 4.5 8.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 20 - 24 2,959 100.0 45.5 11.4 39.2 1.9 1.7 0.4 25 - 29 2,624 100.0 19.9 10.9 62.6 2.4 3.5 0.6 30 - 34 2,171 100.0 7.0 6.9 75.7 2.6 5.9 1.8 35 - 39 1,844 100.0 3.3 4.4 78.7 3.0 7.2 3.4 40 - 44 1,392 100.0 2.4 2.9 75.7 4.0 9.1 5.9 45 - 49 1,107 100.0 0.7 2.4 73.2 3.1 10.9 9.7 50 - 54 998 100.0 1.9 1.6 59.3 5.0 15.1 17.0 55 - 59 538 100.0 1.3 1.5 54.6 3.5 14.3 24.7 60 - 64 474 100.0 3.0 1.1 43.7 3.4 17.1 31.9 65+ 1,610 100.0 2.4 0.4 29.4 2.7 12.4 52.8 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Although the legal age for marriage in the country is 18years, among those aged 12-14 years about four percent (4.1%) indicated that they are married and less than one-half of one percent (0.2%) in consensual unions. The proportion currently married rose to 6.1 percent of those aged 15 – 19 years, increasing rapidly with age such that by 35-39 years about three out of every four of the population (76.4%) are currently married, increasing to 78.2 percent by

35 the age 45 – 49 years. The percentage of the population who are widowed increase with age to the extent that, by age 65 years and over, about two in every five (35.1%) are widowed.

The table shows that, there are substantial variations between males and females in the pattern of marital status categories. For example, by age 25 – 29 years only 19.9 percent of females have never married compared to about fifty percent of males (52.4 %). The pace of moving out of the never married category is faster for females than for males. The proportion of females never married declines from 86.1 percent in the age group 15 – 19 years to 45.5 percent and 19.9 percent among 20 -24 years and 25 – 29 years old respectively. For males, exiting from the never married category is more gradual with the proportion never married declining from 95.2 percent in the age-group 15 – 19 years to 84.0 percent in the age group 20 – 24 years and further to 52.4 percent in the age – group 25-29 years. The data further shows that from age 40 years, the proportion of females who are currently married begins to decrease while the proportion widowed begins to increase and by age 65 years and over, slightly over fifty percent of females are widowed. In contrast the proportion of males who are currently married continues to increase with age to 55 – 59 years and then declines only slightly for males the proportion widowed rises from 1.6 percent at age 45-49 years to its peak of 8.4 percent at age 65 years and older. The data thus show that there is a positive association between age and widowhood but with the proportions higher for females than for males. On the whole, by age 45-49, over ninety percent of males and females have ever married or are living in consensual unions. This is because marriage is highly valued in Ghana. It is one of the determinants of an individual’s status and also an indication of social responsibility, trust and achievement. In traditional Ghana, every adult, unless afflicted by serious illness or deformity is expected to marry. Voluntary celibacy is frowned upon. Most adults would therefore wish to get married at one time or the other and this is more so with females. This is demonstrated in the district. 3.3.2 Marital status and level of education Table 3.5 presents data on the marital status and level of education of the population 12 years and older. Among the district’s population of 40,757 aged 12 years and over, 27.5 percent have no education, over one in two (56.0%) have basic education, one in eight (12.1%) reached secondary school; 1.0 percent reached Vocational/Technical and Commercial level. For 2.6 percent, the level reached is post middle/secondary certificate/diploma. Less than one percent (0.8%) reached Tertiary level. Out of the total population of 16,693 who have never married, about eleven percent (10.8%) does not have any level of education compared to the overall district proportion of 27.5 percent with no education. The majority of those who have ever attended school amongst the never married population have only basic education (66.0%) with 18.9 percent having obtained secondary education. Only 0.6 percent of the never married have tertiary level of education. The proportion that has basic and secondary education is higher for those never married than for the total population. Among the married population of 17,952 persons however, 37.2 percent have no level of education, about fifty percent (49.7%) have only basic level of education with 7.5 percent having obtained secondary level of education. Those who have attained tertiary education amongst the married population are only 1.1 percent.

Similarly amongst the population of 1,951 who are in informal or consensual unions, about one in every five (19.1%) have no level of education and almost two in three (62.1%) have basic level of education. A similar pattern is observed for the populations in the other marital status categories. There are higher proportions with basic education compared to no education except for the widowed where almost three-quarters have no education and only about one in four (23.5%) have basic education. From table 3.5, a higher proportion of males (72.7%) than females (62.7%) have ever attended school in all categories of education. This could be due to the fact that females tend to marry earlier than males and the tendency of inability to get to the tertiary level is high. Some may even drop out along the way due to pregnancy, and marriages. Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and level of education Post middle/ Voc./ secondary All No Secon- Tech./ certificate/ Sex/Marital status Number levels Education Basic1 dary2 Comm. diploma3 Tertiary4 Both Sexes Total 40,757 100.0 27.5 56.0 12.1 1.0 2.6 0.8 Never married 16,693 100.0 10.8 66.6 18.9 0.8 2.3 0.6 Informal/Consensual 1,951 100.0 19.2 62.1 15.1 0.8 2.1 0.8 union/Living together Married 17,952 100.0 37.2 49.7 7.5 1.3 3.2 1.1 Separated 703 100.0 39.1 52.5 5.0 1.3 1.6 0.6 Divorced 1,635 100.0 45.6 47.1 3.9 1.3 1.7 0.5 Widowed 1,823 100.0 73.4 23.5 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.2 Male Total 19,484 100.0 21.2 57.7 14.9 1.1 3.7 1.4 Never married 9,484 100.0 11.8 63.5 20.2 0.8 2.7 0.9 Informal/Consensual 839 100.0 17.5 58.2 17.9 1.1 4.1 1.3 union/Living together Married 8,264 100.0 30.3 52.0 9.4 1.4 4.8 2.0 Separated 237 100.0 35.4 54.0 6.8 0.4 2.1 1.3 Divorced 467 100.0 35.3 51.0 6.9 2.4 3.0 1.5 Widowed 193 100.0 53.4 38.3 3.1 0.5 4.1 0.5 Female Total 21,273 100.0 33.3 54.4 9.5 0.9 1.6 0.3 Never married 7,209 100.0 9.5 70.6 17.2 0.7 1.7 0.2 Informal/Consensual 1,112 100.0 20.4 65.0 13.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 union/Living together Married 9,688 100.0 43.0 47.8 5.8 1.2 1.9 0.3 Separated 466 100.0 41.0 51.7 4.1 1.7 1.3 0.2 Divorced 1,168 100.0 49.7 45.5 2.7 0.9 1.1 0.1 Widowed 1,630 100.0 75.8 21.7 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 1Nursery, Kindergarten, Primary and JSS/JHS/Middle 2 Secondary, SSS/SHS 3 Post secondary, Diploma, Certificate 4 Polytechnics, University (Bachelor degree, Post graduate, etc.), Teacher/Nursing

The percentage of males widowed (35.3%) who have no education is more than twice that of the females (75.8%). With the exception of the percentage for females that are never married (9.5%) there are more females who have no education than males in all the categories of marital status. The percentages of both males and females who have basic education are high in all the categories. Again, the never married persons recorded the highest percentages for secondary level education for both males (20.2%) and females (17.2%). It is possible that most of the never married or in consensual unions are not married because they are in full time education. The widowed population reported the lowest proportion with secondary level education (male 3.1%, female 1.3%). Males and females in consensual unions also recorded proportions of about seventeen percent (17.9% for males, 17.2% for females). However, both the male and female populations who had vocational/technical/commercial, post middle/secondary certificate/diploma and tertiary levels of education in all the categories of marital status recorded proportions less than five percent. 3.3.3 Marital status and economic activity Table 3.6 shows persons 12 years and older by their sex, marital status and economic activity status. Out of the total population of 40,757 in the different categories of economic status, 26,620 (65.3%) are employed, 1,216 (3.0%) are unemployed while 12,921 (31.7%) are economically not active. Among the never married, 36.3 percent are employed, 3.9 percent unemployed and 59.8 percent economically not active. Thus, the population who have never married also have the highest proportion of economically not active persons in the district as revealed also in Table 3.4 on marital status by age group where up to 90 percent of the population 12-19 years are not married. Also, amongst the population of 1951 who are in informal or consensual unions, about four in five (80.5%) are employed, 5.2 percent unemployed and about one in eight (14.1%) economically not active. On the whole, whereas the proportions employed show a pattern of increase of each subsequent level of marital status from the never married to the widowed, the proportions of unemployed and not economically active do not follow and such a consistent pattern. Among the married population of 17,952 persons, however, 87.9 percent are employed; about two percent (2.2%) are unemployed with 9.9 percent being economically not active. A similar pattern is observed for the populations in the other marital status categories. There are higher proportions who are employed compared to the unemployed and economically not active. Table 3.6 also shows the distribution of marital status and economic activity by sex. Males recorded higher proportion (67.0%) than females (63.7%) in the employed population. The percentage of male never married (41.9%) who are employed is more than that of the females (28.9%). There are more females who are unemployed and economically not active than males in all the categories of marital status. The percentages of both males and females who are employed increases rapidly among those in informal unions and those who are separated where it begins to decline slightly. More females (7.6%) relative to males (2.4%) in informal unions are unemployed.

Table 3.6: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and economic activity status Economically Total Employed Unemployed not active Sex/Marital status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 40,757 100.0 26,620 65.3 1,216 3.0 12,921 31.7 Never married 16,693 100.0 6,053 36.3 655 3.9 9,985 59.8 Informal/Consensual union/Living 1,951 100.0 1,570 80.5 105 5.4 276 14.1 together Married 17,952 100.0 15,782 87.9 401 2.2 1,769 9.9 Separated 703 100.0 603 85.8 21 3.0 79 11.2 Divorced 1,635 100.0 1,399 85.6 23 1.4 213 13.0 Widowed 1,823 100.0 1,213 66.5 11 0.6 599 32.9

Male Total 19,484 100.0 13,064 67.0 460 2.4 5,960 30.6 Never married 9,484 100.0 3,973 41.9 345 3.6 5,166 54.5 Informal/Consensual union/Living 839 100.0 759 90.5 20 2.4 60 7.2 together Married 8,264 100.0 7,586 91.8 85 1.0 593 7.2 Separated 237 100.0 217 91.6 1 0.4 19 8.0 Divorced 467 100.0 392 83.9 8 1.7 67 14.3 Widowed 193 100.0 137 71.0 1 0.5 55 28.5

Female Total 21,273 100.0 13,556 63.7 756 3.6 6,961 32.7 Never married 7,209 100.0 2,080 28.9 310 4.3 4,819 66.8 Informal/Consensual union/Living 1,112 100.0 811 72.9 85 7.6 216 19.4 together Married 9,688 100.0 8,196 84.6 316 3.3 1,176 12.1 Separated 466 100.0 386 82.8 20 4.3 60 12.9 Divorced 1,168 100.0 1,007 86.2 15 1.3 146 12.5 Widowed 1,630 100.0 1,076 66.0 10 0.6 544 33.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.4 Nationality Nationality refers to the country to which a person or an individual belongs. Table 3.6 provides information on the nationality by sex of the population of the Techiman North District. A greater proportion of the total population (94.5%) in the District are Ghanaians by birth with less than one percent being Ghanaians by naturalization. About three percent come from other countries. This is indicative that only three percent of the total population in the District are not Ghanaians either by birth or naturalization. There is not much variation between the sexes on nationality. For instance, 27,111 (94.2%) of males are Ghanaians by birth whiles 28,736 (94.8%) of females are Ghanaians by birth. Those with Dual nationality (Ghanaian and other) form the second highest proportion of persons living in the district relative to those of other nationalities.

Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex Both sexes Male Female Nationality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 59,068 100.0 28,766 100.0 30,302 100.0 Ghanaian by birth 55,847 94.5 27,111 94.2 28,736 94.8 Dual nationality (Ghanaian & 1,184 2.0 586 2.0 598 2.0 Other) Ghanaian by naturalisation 442 0.7 213 0.7 229 0.8 ECOWAS 1,046 1.8 568 2.0 478 1.6 African other than ECOWAS 319 0.5 170 0.6 149 0.5

Other 230 0.4 118 0.4 112 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.5 Religious affiliation Sixty percent of the total population in the District are Christians whiles about 19 percent belongs to the Islamic religion. A significant 3,993 (6.8%) of the population professes no religion or do not practice any religion, followed by traditionalist (1.3%) and other religions (0.4%). Among the Christians, Catholics and Pentecostals recorded 21.2 percent each, followed by Protestants (17.6%) and other Christians (12.8%). Thus, in the District, Christianity and Islam are the dominant religions. A larger proportion of females (75.9%) are Christians compared to males (69.4%). However, there are more males (19.6%) than females (17.9%) who reported to be Muslims. Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex Both sexes Male Female Religion Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 59,068 100.0 28,766 100.0 30,302 100.0 No religion 3,993 6.8 2,566 8.9 1,427 4.7 Catholic 12,529 21.2 6,001 20.9 6,528 21.5 Protestants (Anglican, 10,385 17.6 4,713 16.4 5,672 18.7 Lutheran etc.) Pentecostal/Charismatic 12,496 21.2 5,702 19.8 6,794 22.4 Other Christian 7,555 12.8 3,536 12.3 4,019 13.3 Islam 11,091 18.8 5,652 19.6 5,439 17.9 Traditionalist 759 1.3 471 1.6 288 1.0 Other 260 0.4 125 0.4 135 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.6 Literacy and Education Literacy generally refers to a person’s ability to read and write in any language. In the 2010 census, a person was considered literate if he/she could read, write and understand a simple statement. The questions relating to literacy was asked of persons 11 years and older. 3.6.1 Literacy Table 3.9 shows persons 11 years and older by sex, age and literacy status. Out of a total number of 42,118 of the population 11 years and older in all the different age groups 30,854 (73.3%) are literate while 11,264 (26.7%) are not literate. In general, the older folks in the

District have lower literacy rates compared with the younger folks, thus, literacy decreases as age advances. From age group 11-14 years there is a steady decline of the literate population up to age group 65+. Table 3.9: Population 11 years and older by sex, age and literacy status Literate English English None Ghanaian and English French and Sex/Age (Not English language Ghanaian and Ghanaian group literate) Number Total only only language French Language Both Sexes Total 11,264 30,854 100.0 12.6 7.5 79.3 0.2 0.3 11-14 219 5,540 100.0 17.8 5.9 76.0 0.1 0.2 15-19 603 5,961 100.0 12.9 4.1 82.5 0.1 0.4 20-24 1,092 4,451 100.0 12.4 6.1 80.9 0.3 0.3 25-29 1,179 3,706 100.0 12.6 7.5 79.2 0.2 0.4 30-34 1,222 2,921 100.0 12.2 9.9 77.4 0.2 0.3 35-39 1,244 2,376 100.0 11.6 10.7 77.2 0.3 0.3 40-44 1,141 1,718 100.0 10.9 11.0 77.6 0.3 0.2 45-49 875 1,314 100.0 7.7 12.1 79.6 0.1 0.5 50-54 766 1,114 100.0 7.5 10.5 81.4 0.3 0.3 55-59 439 669 100.0 7.5 8.5 83.6 0.0 0.4 60-64 486 408 100.0 5.9 11.0 81.9 0.0 1.2 65+ 1,998 676 100.0 7.0 13.6 78.7 0.1 0.6 Male Total 4,149 16,043 100.0 11.9 5.5 81.9 0.2 0.5 11-14 99 2,775 100.0 18.1 5.1 76.4 0.1 0.3 15-19 253 2,987 100.0 12.3 3.4 83.7 0.1 0.4 20-24 419 2,165 100.0 10.7 4.1 84.4 0.5 0.3 25-29 503 1,758 100.0 11.8 5.7 81.4 0.3 0.7 30-34 473 1,499 100.0 11.8 6.0 81.6 0.2 0.4 35-39 454 1,322 100.0 11.2 6.1 81.8 0.5 0.5 40-44 463 1,004 100.0 10.3 8.3 80.8 0.4 0.3 45-49 320 762 100.0 7.9 8.8 82.7 0.0 0.7 50-54 265 617 100.0 6.0 7.3 86.2 0.0 0.5 55-59 147 423 100.0 7.3 5.0 87.2 0.0 0.5 60-64 133 287 100.0 7.0 5.9 85.4 0.0 1.7 65+ 620 444 100.0 6.5 11.5 81.1 0.0 0.9 Female Total 7,115 14,811 100.0 13.4 9.7 76.6 0.2 0.2 11-14 120 2,765 100.0 17.4 6.7 75.6 0.2 0.2 15-19 350 2,974 100.0 13.4 4.7 81.3 0.2 0.4 20-24 673 2,286 100.0 14.0 8.0 77.6 0.2 0.3 25-29 676 1,948 100.0 13.4 9.1 77.2 0.2 0.2 30-34 749 1,422 100.0 12.6 14.0 73.1 0.2 0.1 35-39 790 1,054 100.0 12.0 16.5 71.4 0.0 0.0 40-44 678 714 100.0 11.9 14.8 73.1 0.1 0.0 45-49 555 552 100.0 7.4 16.7 75.4 0.2 0.4 50-54 501 497 100.0 9.5 14.5 75.5 0.6 0.0 55-59 292 246 100.0 7.7 14.6 77.2 0.0 0.4 60-64 353 121 100.0 3.3 23.1 73.6 0.0 0.0 65+ 1,378 232 100.0 7.8 17.7 74.1 0.4 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

The population who could read and write English and Ghanaian language have the highest proportion (79.3%) of the total literate population. Literacy in English and Ghanaian Language is high across all age groups ranging from 76.0 percent in the age group 11-14 years to a high of 83.6 percent in the age group 55-59 years. Literacy in English and French or literacy in English, French and Ghanaian language however, is very low with less than one percent being literate in these languages among almost all age groups. In terms of sex variations not much difference is observed as both sexes follow a pattern similar to the district pattern. 3.6.2 Population 3 years and older by level of education, school attendance and sex Table 3.7 indicates that in the District, 22,651 (53.6%) of population 3 years and older comprising 11,713 (51.7%) males and 10,938 females (48.3%) are currently attending school. On the other hand, 19,588 representing 46.4 percent have attended school in the past, consisting of 51.6 percent males and 48.4 percent females. About three percent (3.2%) of the population 3 years and older has had higher education beyond the secondary school level. The data thus indicates that at all levels of education more males than females are currently attending or attended school in the past. The data further shows that 23.9 percent of males and 24.1 percent females are currently the in the Pre-School (Nursery and K.G) level of education. At the Basic School level (i.e. primary, JSS/JHS and middle), a slightly higher proportion of females (67.0%) than males (64.5%) are currently attending school. The proportion of females (82.7%) who had basic education in the past is also higher than for males (72.7%). However, more males (9.6%) than females (7.8%) are currently at the secondary school level and also more males (2.0%) than females (1.0%) are at levels higher that secondary. Among those who attended school in the past, more males (17.6%) than females (12.2%) have attended secondary school. About ten percent, 9.6 percent of males and 5.1 percent of females have attended higher education beyond the secondary school level in the past in the district. In summary, at the lower levels of education from pre-school to basic, the proportion of females currently attending school or attended school in the past is higher. However, this trend is reversed from secondary school level upwards where the proportion of males is higher than that for females. This is indicative that more females than males drop-out of school as they climb higher the educational ladder. It will be therefore the responsibility of stakeholders in the district to put in place measures to encouraged girl child education at the higher levels of education.

Table 3.10: Population 3 years and older by level of education, school attendance and sex

Currently attending Attended in the past Level of education Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 22,651 100.0 11,713 100.0 10,938 100.0 19,588 100.0 10,098 100.0 9,490 100.0 Nursery 2,007 8.9 1,053 9.0 954 8.7 - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 Kindergarten 3,429 15.1 1,742 14.9 1,687 15.4 - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 Primary 10,570 46.7 5,382 45.9 5,188 47.4 3,491 17.8 1,422 14.1 2,069 21.8 JSS/JHS 4,326 19.1 2,179 18.6 2,147 19.6 6,855 35.0 3,025 30.0 3,830 40.4 Middle - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 4,835 24.7 2,893 28.6 1,942 20.5 SSS/SHS 1,979 8.7 1,121 9.6 858 7.8 2,514 12.8 1,468 14.5 1,046 11.0 Secondary - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 428 2.2 310 3.1 118 1.2 Voc./Tech./Comm. 44 0.2 24 0.2 20 0.2 364 1.9 195 1.9 169 1.8 Post middle/secondary 66 0.3 35 0.3 31 0.3 382 2.0 245 2.4 137 1.4 certificate Tertiary 230 1.0 177 1.5 53 0.5 719 3.7 540 5.3 179 1.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FOUR ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

4.1 Introduction Governments all over the globe at certain stage of the development of their countries seek to know how many people are employed and unemployed. It should be noted that the more working population, the higher the wealth creation leading to improved living conditions and poverty reduction. It is therefore crucial that statistics on labour and labour related issues such as the rate of employment and unemployment, the dependent rate, child labour, economically active and economically not-active populations must be made available to inform policy decisions. The 2010 Population and Housing Census collected information on economic activities on persons five years and older who worked for at least an hour in the 7 days preceding the census night. Information was also collected on those who did not work during the reference period but had jobs to go back to. This chapter seeks to discuss the issue of employed, unemployed, economically active and economically not active population. The analysis however is done with reference to the population 15 years and older. Concerning the employed population, the kind of occupation they engaged in, the kind of industry they found themselves in as well as their employment status and sectors were also dealt with.

4.2 Economic Activity Status Activity status refers to economic and non-economic activity of respondents during the seven days preceding the census. The economically active population is made up of the (a) Employed – That is, those who worked for at least one hour within the 7 days preceding the census. Those with a job but not at work, that is, persons who were temporarily not at work during the reference period but had jobs to return to, were also included in the economically active population. (b) Unemployed – comprising all persons who during the reference period were;  Without work and had no fixed jobs;  Currently available for work;  Seeking for work by taking specific steps to look for work (by writing applications, visiting job sites, and visiting employment agencies).

The economically not active population is made up of those who during the reference period did not work and were not seeking for work. They are classified by reasons for not being economically active. They include; homemakers, full-time students, retired persons and people with disabilities who were unable to work because of their age or disability. Table 4.1 provides information on the economic activity status of the population 15 years and older. It shows that, out of the total population of 36,359 persons who are 15 years and older, 27,317 or the three out of every four (75.1%) are economically active whereas 9,042 persons representing 24.9 percent is economically not active.

The 2010 PHC reported a very low figure of 1,204 unemployed in the district out of the economically active population. Among the economically active population, 95.6 percent are employed with 4.4 percent being unemployed. The unemployed persons are also made up of those who are available and seeking work for the first time (72.7%) and those who have worked before but are now available and seeking for work (27.3%). A large majority of the economically not-active population (90.4%) fall into three main categories namely full time education (58.9%), did household chores (21.7%) and too old/young to work (9.8%). With regards to sex, there is very little difference in the proportion of economically active males (76.6%) and females (73.8%). About the same proportions of males (96.6%) and females are currently employed. Among the unemployed, more males (76.2%) are first time job seekers compared to females (70.6%). Amongst the economically not active males, the majority (71.9%) are in full time education followed by household chores (12.0%) and too old/young to work (6.4%). About four percent (4.3%) fall under disabled/sick with just a small percentage (2.0%) being economically not active as a result of pension and retirement. The females also follow the same pattern. A majority are economically not active because they are in full time education (48.5%) followed by their involvement in household chores (29.6%) as well as being too old/young (12.6%) to work. The least (0.9%) are pensioners/retired. Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex Total Male Female Activity status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 36,359 100.0 17,318 100.0 19,041 100.0 Economically active 27,317 75.1 13,270 76.6 14,047 73.8 Employed 26,113 95.6 12,817 96.6 13,296 94.7 Worked 25,426 97.4 12,556 98.0 12,870 96.8 Did not work but had job to go back to 651 2.5 248 1.9 403 3.0 Did voluntary work without pay 36 0.1 13 0.1 23 0.2 Unemployed 1,204 4.4 453 3.4 751 5.3 Worked before, seeking work and 329 27.3 108 23.8 221 29.4 available Seeking work for the first time and 875 72.7 345 76.2 530 70.6 available Economically not active 9,042 24.9 4,048 23.4 4,994 26.2 Did home duties (household chore) 1,965 21.7 486 12.0 1,479 29.6 Full time education 5,329 58.9 2,909 71.9 2,420 48.5 Pensioner/Retired 125 1.4 80 2.0 45 0.9 Disabled/Sick 416 4.6 175 4.3 241 4.8 Too old/young 886 9.8 258 6.4 628 12.6 Other 321 3.6 140 3.5 181 3.6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.3 Economic Activity Status by Age groups Table 4.2 provides data on the economic activity status of the population 15 years and older by age and sex. There are 36,359 persons aged 15years and older. About three-quarters (26,113 or 71.8%) are employed. One in four (24.9%) are economically not active and 3.3 percent are unemployed. Within the age groupings, the table shows that the proportion employed increases sturdily with increasing age from as low as 24.7 percent for the age group 15-19 years to its peak of 95.8 percent in the age group 45-49 years. It reduces slightly to 94.1 percent in the age group 50-54 years and then continues to decline to 91.4 percent in the age group 55-59 years, which is the threshold age before legal retirement. The proportion employed reduces further to 61.5 percent at age 65 and older. On the other hand, the economically not active population has its highest proportion in the age group 15-19 years (71.4%) and drops significantly by half to 31.3 percent in the 20-24 years age group. This sharp reduction between age 15-19 years and 20-24 years, indicates that a large proportion in the 15-19 years age group might have being students in full time education who have become economically active by age 20-24 years. The proportion of the economically not active population continues to decline with advancing age until age 40-44 years. It continues to rise again from 3.7 percent at age 45-49 years to 38.3 percent at age 65 years and older. Unemployment which is 3.9 percent in the age group 15-19 years doubled to 7.6 percent at age 20-24 years and then drops to 5.6 percent in the 25-29 year age group. It then starts a downward trend from 2.7 percent for age group 30-34 years up to 0.7 percent at age group 55-59 years. It increases again (2.8%) at age 60-64 years and finally drops to less than one percent (0.1%) at age 65 and over. The overall unemployment in the district is 3.3 percent. The higher levels of unemployment among age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years maybe due to the fact that, many economically not active school graduates may have passed out and have entered the job market in pursuit of job opportunities. By sex distribution, Table 4.2 also shows a similar pattern of economic status by age as is observed for the entire district except that magnitudes for the proportions of decline differ for males and females. For instance the percentage of employed males increased with age, rising from 25.5 percent at age group 15-19 years and reaching a peak of 97.3 percent for age group 45-49 years then drops significantly to 69.3 percent by age 65 and over years. Similarly, the data for the employed females follow the same pattern as the males. The proportional distribution of activity status by age, illustrates the distinction between age- based dependency and economic dependency. The economic dependency distinguishes the economically active population from non-economically active population within the age based dependency. For instance, in theory, the population age 15-64 years are expected to be economically active while those aged 0 – 14 and 65+ are expected to be economically non active and therefore economically dependent on the population age 15-64 years. However, Table 4.2 shows that 61.5 percent of the population aged 65+ are economically active (currently employed) when in theory they are supposed to be economically dependent on the population aged 15 - 64. Three reasons could account for such phenomenon;

Table 4.2: Economic activity status for population 15 years and older by sex and age Economically not All Status Employed Unemployed Age group active Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both sexes Total 36,359 100.0 26,113 71.8 1,204 3.3 9,042 24.9 15-19 6,564 100.0 1,622 24.7 257 3.9 4,685 71.4 20-24 5,543 100.0 3,389 61.1 419 7.6 1,735 31.3 25-29 4,885 100.0 4,005 82.0 273 5.6 607 12.4 30-34 4,143 100.0 3,722 89.8 111 2.7 310 7.5 35-39 3,620 100.0 3,381 93.4 55 1.5 184 5.1 40-44 2,859 100.0 2,732 95.6 23 0.8 104 3.6 45-49 2,189 100.0 2,097 95.8 12 0.5 80 3.7 50-54 1,880 100.0 1,770 94.1 17 0.9 93 4.9 55-59 1,108 100.0 1,013 91.4 8 0.7 87 7.9 60-64 894 100.0 737 82.4 25 2.8 132 14.8 65+ 2,674 100.0 1,645 61.5 4 0.1 1,025 38.3 Male Total 17,318 100.0 12,817 74.0 453 2.6 4,048 23.4 15-19 3,240 100.0 826 25.5 83 2.6 2,331 71.9 20-24 2,584 100.0 1,571 60.8 169 6.5 844 32.7 25-29 2,261 100.0 1,919 84.9 98 4.3 244 10.8 30-34 1,972 100.0 1,837 93.2 40 2.0 95 4.8 35-39 1,776 100.0 1,711 96.3 19 1.1 46 2.6 40-44 1,467 100.0 1,428 97.3 11 0.7 28 1.9 45-49 1,082 100.0 1,053 97.3 5 0.5 24 2.2 50-54 882 100.0 852 96.6 9 1.0 21 2.4 55-59 570 100.0 533 93.5 4 0.7 33 5.8 60-64 420 100.0 350 83.3 13 3.1 57 13.6 65+ 1,064 100.0 737 69.3 2 0.2 325 30.5

Female Total 19,041 100.0 13,296 69.8 751 3.9 4,994 26.2 15-19 3,324 100.0 796 23.9 174 5.2 2,354 70.8 20-24 2,959 100.0 1,818 61.4 250 8.4 891 30.1 25-29 2,624 100.0 2,086 79.5 175 6.7 363 13.8 30-34 2,171 100.0 1,885 86.8 71 3.3 215 9.9 35-39 1,844 100.0 1,670 90.6 36 2.0 138 7.5 40-44 1,392 100.0 1,304 93.7 12 0.9 76 5.5 45-49 1,107 100.0 1,044 94.3 7 0.6 56 5.1 50-54 998 100.0 918 92.0 8 0.8 72 7.2 55-59 538 100.0 480 89.2 4 0.7 54 10 60-64 474 100.0 387 81.6 12 2.5 75 15.8 65+ 1,610 100.0 908 56.4 2 0.1 700 43.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

1. The retirement benefits for the population 65+ is not sufficient to sustain them economically hence the need for continued economic activity in order to earn a decent livelihood. 2. The per capital income of the population aged 15- 64 years is not sufficient to fully cater for the economic needs of the total population.

3. Some of the self-employed of the economically active population decide to continue in economic activity after age 64 years for non-economic reasons. 4. The demand for some special skills not attractive to the youth that requires many years of experience are only found among the population 65+ Similarly 23.8 percent of the population aged 15- 64 years are economically non-active when they are expected to be economically active. The non-activity status of this group is mainly concentrated in the age group 15–19 years and 20-24 years who are non-active because they are mainly schooling. However the economic non-activity status of this group decreases with age. For instance, the proportion of the age group 15–19 years that is economically non active is 71.4 percent compared to 31.3 percent of the age group 20–24 years and 12.4 percent of age group 25–29 years.

4.4 Occupation This section looks at the occupation of employed population aged 15 years and older in the District. The proportions engaged in occupations such as managers, professionals, technicians, and clerical support workers, skilled agricultural and fishing workers are presented. Also, craft, plant and machine operators, elementary occupations as well as other occupation which is not specified are listed in Table 4.3. The Table 4.3 shows that the district has a total of 26,113 employed population age 15 years and older which represents 44.2 percent of the total population of 59,068. The Table further shows that the occupation base of the District is not diverse. Three occupations account for 81.8 percent of the working population. Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers is the predominant category of occupation in the district involving about half (49.1%) of the district’s employed population. Service and sales workers constitute 20.0 percent followed by Craft and related trades workers (12.7%). Professionals and Managers together make up 6.1 percent of the employed. Plant and machine operators and assemblers comprise 5.0 percent of the occupations while elementary occupations also involve 5.1 percent of the work force. There are significant variations between males and females in the terms of the proportion involved in the various occupations. Out of the three main occupations, females dominate as Service and Sales workers (30.1%) as compared to males (9.4%). Craft and related trade workers are about equal among males (13.3%) and females (12.2%), and are slightly more males (51.6%) than females (46.8%) who are skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers. On the other hand, the proportion of males employed is higher than that of females in occupations that have been male dominated. The total proportion of males who are professionals, managers, plant and machine operators and assemblers and those in elementary occupations is 15.8 percent as compared to 10.4 percent females.

Table 4.3: Employed population 15 years and older by occupation and sex Both sexes Male Female Occupation Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,113 100.0 12,817 100.0 13,296 100.0 Managers 479 1.8 173 1.3 306 2.3 Professionals 1,133 4.3 725 5.7 408 3.1 Technicians and associate professionals 317 1.2 224 1.7 93 0.7 Clerical support workers 184 0.7 107 0.8 77 0.6 Service and sales workers 5,211 20.0 1,211 9.4 4,000 30.1 Skilled agricultural forestry and 12,832 49.1 6,608 51.6 6,224 46.8 fishery workers Craft and related trades workers 3,326 12.7 1,700 13.3 1,626 12.2 Plant and machine operators and 1,304 5.0 1,283 10.0 21 0.2 assemblers Elementary occupations 1,321 5.1 781 6.1 540 4.1 Other occupations 6 0.0 5 0.0 1 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.5 Industry of employment Industry refers to the main product produced or service rendered at the establishment where a respondent works. An individual’s occupation within the establishment only contributes to meeting the main product or service. Thus, a manager at a Pito Brewery is only contributing towards the main product – “manufacturing” of Pito. Table 4.4 shows that among the 26,113 employed persons working in various industries, the three dominant products produced or services rendered by about three in four employed persons (76.6%) are agriculture, forestry and fishing (50.0%), wholesale and retail (9.3%), repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (17.3%) and manufacturing other relatively visible products or services are Transport and Storage (4.3%), “other service” activities (4.5%), Education (3.7%), and accommodation and food service activities (3.7%). Table 4.4 also presents the male and female differentials in the proportions involved in the production of goods and services within the district. From the table, 53.8 percent of males and 46.2 percent of females are employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry. Twice as many females (22.9%) than males (11.5%) are engaged in the wholesale and retail repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles industry. The Table 4.4 further shows that a greater proportion of females are engaged in manufacturing (12.2%), accommodation and food services industry (6.6%) than males who constitute 6.4 percent and 0.8 percent and 11.5 percent respectively. Collectively more males are engaged in labour intensive industries such as construction, mining and quarrying and transportation and storage (14.7%) than females (0.3%).

Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by Industry and sex

Both sexes Male Female Industry Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,113 100.0 12,817 100.0 13,296 100.0 Agriculture forestry and fishing 13,045 50.0 6,900 53.8 6,145 46.2 Mining and quarrying 49 0.2 47 0.4 2 0.0 Manufacturing 2,438 9.3 818 6.4 1,620 12.2 Electricity gas stream and air 51 0.2 49 0.4 2 0.0 conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage waste 20 0.1 6 0.0 14 0.1 management and remediation activities Construction 750 2.9 738 5.8 12 0.1 Wholesale and retail; repair of motor 4,521 17.3 1,470 11.5 3,051 22.9 vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage 1,118 4.3 1,089 8.5 29 0.2 Accommodation and food service 975 3.7 99 0.8 876 6.6 activities Information and communication 40 0.2 31 0.2 9 0.1 Financial and insurance activities 127 0.5 74 0.6 53 0.4 Real estate activities 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Professional scientific and technical 103 0.4 50 0.4 53 0.4 activities Administrative and support service 85 0.3 64 0.5 21 0.2 activities Public administration and defence; 185 0.7 126 1.0 59 0.4 compulsory social security Education 969 3.7 603 4.7 366 2.8 Human health and social work activities 209 0.8 118 0.9 91 0.7

Arts entertainment and recreation 65 0.2 59 0.5 6 0.0 Other service activities 1,165 4.5 406 3.2 759 5.7 Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods - and services - 198 0.8 70 0.5 128 1.0 producing activities of households for own use Activities of extraterritorial 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 organizations and bodies Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.6 Employment status Employment status in 2010 Population and Housing Census refers to the status of a person in the establishment where he/she currently works or previously worked. Two thirds (66.6%) of the employed population 15 years and older are self-employed without employee (s) whiles 6.5 percent are self-employed with employee(s), with 7.2 percent of them as contributing family workers. Collectively, thus, 20,959 or 80.3 percent of persons employed in the district own their businesses or are contributing family workers. About one in eight (12.6%) are employees and 3.2 percent are apprentices. Thus, since the majority of the population are self-employed, it can be concluded that the private sector is the main source of employment in the district and the back bone of the local economy.

The sex differentials in the employment status are also reported in Table 4.5. The proportion of females who own their businesses or are contributing family workers is 85.8 percent compared to 74.2 percent males. However, more males (17.7%) are employees compared with females (7.7%). Also, there are more male casual workers (4.0%) than female (2.0%). Domestic employee (House help) which is generally dominated by females has the same proportions as males and females in the district. Table 4.5: Employed population 15 years and older by employment status and sex Both sexes Male Female Employment Status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,113 100.0 12,817 100.0 13,296 100.0 Employee 3,292 12.6 2,271 17.7 1,021 7.7 Self-employed without employee(s) 17,389 66.6 7,994 62.4 9,395 70.7 Self-employed with employee(s) 1,700 6.5 919 7.2 781 5.9 Casual worker 779 3.0 517 4.0 262 2.0 Contributing family worker 1,870 7.2 648 5.1 1,222 9.2 Apprentice 833 3.2 345 2.7 488 3.7 Domestic employee (House help) 218 0.8 105 0.8 113 0.8 Other 32 0.1 18 0.1 14 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.7 Employment Sector The employment sector refers to the sector of employment in which the respondent was working at the time of the census or was last employed, if unemployed. The employment sectors covered in the 2010 census are Public/Government, Private Formal, Private Informal, Semi-Public/Parastatal, NGOs and International Organizations. Table 4.6 shows that the private informal sector is the largest employer (91.0%). This is followed by the Public (Government) sector (4.5%) and the Private Formal sector (3.9%). The Semi Public/Parastatal, NGOs (local and international) and other international organizations contribute less than one percent. The male female differentials are also reflected in figure 4.1. The private informal sector absorbs 94.0 percent of employed females compared to 87.9 percent of males. In contrast, more males (5.8%) than females (3.2%) are employed in the public (government) sector. Table 4.6: Employed population 15 years and older by employment sector and sex Both sexes Male Female Employment Sector Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,113 100.0 12,817 100.0 13,296 100.0 Public (Government) 1,176 4.5 744 5.8 432 3.2 Private Formal 1,018 3.9 713 5.6 305 2.3 Private Informal 23,769 91.0 11,271 87.9 12,498 94.0 Semi-Public/Parastatal 27 0.1 16 0.1 11 0.1 NGOs (Local and International) 119 0.5 69 0.5 50 0.4 Other International Organisations 4 0.0 4 0.0 0 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FIVE INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Introduction Information Communication Technology (ICT) has impacted significantly on the socio- economic growth and development of the Ghanaian economy. Every sector, ranging from agriculture to commerce has to some extent experienced transformation as a result of the infusion of I.C.T. The world has become a “global village” with the spread and access to information and knowledge through computers, mobile phones and internet facilities. The capability of ICT in overall development of the nation has led to the development and deployment of a national ICT infrastructure, institutional and regulatory framework for managing the sector, promoting the use of ICT in all sectors of the economy, implementing e- governance in all government institutions and the development of a National Data Centre as well as Regional Innovation Centres. For the first time in Ghana, the 2010 Population and Housing Census gathered data on access to and use of ICT by individuals and households. The objective of this chapter is to present information on ownership and access to mobile phones, desktop or laptop computers by individuals or households, the use of internet facility either at home, internet cafe, on phone or other mobile devices and the access to fixed telephone lines.

5.2 Ownership of mobile phones Table 5.1 provides information on the population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership and sex. Out of the total population of 40,757 aged 12 years and older, 18,726 representing a little less than half (45.9%) have mobile phones in the District. This implies a mobile penetration of about 46 percent. The number of persons using mobile phone facility is higher in the District compared to the regional figure of 40.2 percent but slightly lower than the national average of 47.7 percent. Among the male population 12 years and older, 19,484 or 51.9 percent own mobile phones whereas among the female population of 21,273, ownership constitutes 40.5 percent. Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership and sex Population 12 years Population having mobile and older phones Sex Number Percent Number Percent Total 40,757 40.8 18,726 45.9 Male 19,484 19.5 10,115 51.9 Female 21,273 21.3 8,611 40.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

5.2.1 Use of Internet The usefulness of the internet in economic/business transactions the world over and for that matter Ghana cannot be overemphasized. Its impact is being felt in every sector of the Ghanaian economy, from commerce to social interactions. Table 5.2 indicates that only 951 representing 2.3 percent of the total population 12 years and older in the District have access

52 to the use of internet facility. This is lower than the regional average of 3.4 percent and the national average of 7.8 percent. In terms of male-female differentials, the table further shows that about 3.4 percent of the male population use internet facilities while 1.4 percent of female population use internet facilities. The use of internet facility in the District is low and could be attributed to the inadequate access to electricity or power that provides the input that propels telecommunication networks and also enables computers to be used to access internet services. The phenomenon should be of worrying concern to stakeholder particularly in an era where students at all levels of education are being taught ICT as a subject of study and are expected to have access to the use of the internet to facilitate their education. Table 5.2: Population 12 years and older by internet facility usage and sex Population 12 years and older Population using internet facility Sex Number Percent Number Percent Total 40,757 100.0 951 2.3 Male 19,484 47.8 663 3.4 Female 21,273 52.2 288 1.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

5.3 Household ownership of laptop/desktop computers The use of desktop/laptop computers to access and process information has become very relevant in enhancing business transactions, research, education and the use of the internet. Table 5.3 shows household ownership of desktop or laptop computer. With a total of 13,490 households in the District, only 499 representing 3.7 percent own desktop/laptop computers, a proportion which is the same as the regional figure of 3.7 percent but lower than the national figure of 7.9 percent. Male-headed households have greater access to computers in the District (4.6%) than female-headed household (2.1%). Table 5.3: Households having laptop/desktop computers and sex of head Households having

Households desktop/laptop computers Sex Number Percent Number Percent Total 13,490 100.0 499 3.7

Male 8,735 64.8 398 4.6 Female 4,755 35.2 101 2.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER SIX DISABILITY

6.1 Introduction Persons with disabilities (PWDs) face a wide range of life challenges for the reason that disability in whatever form or type reduces an individual’s ability to function to his/her full potentials. The Ghana Statistical Service (2012) defines persons with disability as those who were unable to or were restricted in the performance of specific tasks/ activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation. Generally, persons with disability are marginalized and suffer from discrimination on account of their disability status. They are mostly regarded as less productive and not capable of contributing to development compared to their non-disabled counterparts. Accordingly, they are often seen as the burden on society in general and their families in particular. Their unfortunate circumstances are often viewed as a curse or punishment. Furthermore, according to the summary World Report on Disability (World Health Organization 2011), persons with disability have poorer health status, lower education achievement, less economic participation and higher proportion of poverty than people without disabilities. In the 2010 PHC, data was collected on the disability status of the population and the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of persons with disability in the country. Information was collected on persons with the following disabilities:

 Visual/ sight impairment;  Hearing impairment;  Mental retardation;  Emotional or behavioural disorders, and  Other physical challenges. This chapter presents the data collected on PWDs in the Techiman North District and discusses their economic activity status, educational attainment, literacy and sex composition. Attempt is also made to analyse the types and prevalence of disability and relate the prevalence and disability types to economic activity status, educational and literacy levels attained by PWDs in the District.

6.2 Population with Disability Persons with reported disabilities in Ghana are 737,743 representing 3.0 percent of the total population in 2010. In the Brong Ahafo region, reported PWDs are 54,038 or 2.3 percent of the regional population. Table 6.1 shows the population with disability by type, locality and sex. According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) out of the total of 59,068 people in the district, 57,925 representing 98.1 percent are without disability and close to two percent (1.9%) are with some disability. Out of the 1,143 with disability, about one in three (32.5%) have sight disability, followed by physical disability (32.1%), hearing (17.0%), speech (16.0%), intellectual (15.7%) and emotional (13.7%) while 9.4 percent have “other” type of disabilities.

In terms of disability by sex, males with disability are 2.0 percent whiles females make up 1.9 percent of the disabled population. One-third (31.8%) of the male and 33.3 percent of the female population with disability have sight/visual problems. The other type of disability which is common among both males and females is physical disability representing 30.4 percent and 33.9 percent respectively. Intellectual disability is the least form of disability among male and females recording 0.3 percent apiece. Out of the total urban population of 28,627, the number with some disability is 540 or 1.9 percent. This is about the same proportion (2.0%) of the rural population of 30,441 who have some disability.

6.3 Type of disability The distribution of disability by type in the District is shown in Table 6.1. There are cases of multiple disabilities since the total number of reported disabilities is 1,559 compare with the 1,143 who reported a disability. This yields an average of 1.36 disabilities per person. Table 6.1: Population by type of locality, disability type and sex Both sexes Male Female Disability Type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All Localities Total 59,068 100.0 28,766 100.0 30,302 100.0 No disability 57,925 98.1 28,184 98.0 29,741 98.1 With a disability 1,143 1.9 582 2.0 561 1.9 Sight 372 32.5 185 31.8 187 33.3 Hearing 194 17.0 92 15.8 102 18.2 Speech 183 16.0 108 18.6 75 13.4 Physical 367 32.1 177 30.4 190 33.9 Intellectual 179 15.7 91 0.3 88 0.3 Emotional 157 13.7 78 13.4 79 14.1 Other 107 9.4 49 8.4 58 10.3 Urban Total 28,627 100.0 14,040 100.0 14,587 100.0 No disability 28,087 98.1 13,777 98.1 14,310 98.1 With a disability 540 1.9 263 1.9 277 1.9 Sight 176 32.6 94 35.7 82 29.6 Hearing 90 16.7 38 14.4 52 18.8 Speech 97 18.0 50 19.0 47 17.0 Physical 186 34.4 76 28.9 110 39.7 Intellectual 96 17.8 45 0.3 51 0.3 Emotional 83 15.4 41 15.6 42 15.2 Other 48 8.9 24 9.1 24 8.7 Rural Total 30,441 100.0 14,726 100.0 15,715 100.0 No disability 29,838 98.0 14,407 97.8 15,431 98.2 With a disability 603 2.0 319 2.2 284 1.8 Sight 196 32.5 91 28.5 105 37.0 Hearing 104 17.2 54 16.9 50 17.6 Speech 86 14.3 58 18.2 28 9.9 Physical 181 30.0 101 31.7 80 28.2 Intellectual 83 13.8 46 0.3 37 0.2 Emotional 74 12.3 37 11.6 37 13.0 Other 59 9.8 25 7.8 34 12.0

The interpretation of the proportion with disability in sight for example is that out of the total 1,143 PWDs, 372 or 32.5 percent have problem with sight. Similarly, 367 of the 1,143 of the PWDs or 32.1 percent suffer from physical disability and those with emotional disability are 13.7 percent. The persons with intellectual, speech, and hearing disabilities are 15.7 percent, 16.0 percent and 17.0 percent respectively. The persons with all other forms of disability constitute the remaining 9.4 percent. Also, more than one-third (35.7%) of the male population in the urban areas have sight disability while 29.6 percent of females in the same locality also have sight disability. In the rural areas, disability is more prevalent among females than males. Females have close to half (37.0%) of the disability population with sight impairment. The same applies to males with 28.5 percent with sight disability. Figure 6.1 also shows that visual or sight, physical and emotional impairments are the most common type of disability among PWDs in both urban and rural areas in the district even though variations exist in the size of the proportions between the two locality types. The proportion of PWDs with sight (32.6%) speech (18.0%), physical (34.4%), intellect (17.8%) and emotional (15.4%) impairments are higher in urban areas than rural. However, the percentage of PWDs with hearing (17.2%) and other form (9.8%) of disability is higher in rural than urban areas while there is equal proportion of PWDs with physical challenge in both urban and rural areas. Figure 6.1: Population by type of locality

40.0 34.4 35.0 32.6 32.5 30.0 30.0

25.0 Percent

20.0 18.0 17.8 16.7 17.2 Urban 15.4 14.3 13.8 15.0 12.3 Rural 9.8 10.0 8.9

5.0

0.0 Sight Hearing Speech Physical Intellectual Emotional Other

Type of disability Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

6.4 Disability and economic activity As indicated in the introduction of the chapter, generally, persons with disability are marginalized and suffer from discrimination on account of their disability status. They are mostly regarded as less productive and not capable of contributing to development compared to their non-disabled counterparts.

Table 6.2 indicates that whereas 72.3 percent of those 15 years and older and without any disability are employed only about fifty percent of those with some disability are employed (53.6%). The unemployed according to the PHC comprises all persons who during the reference period were “without work and had no fixed jobs, currently available to work, seeking for work by taking specific steps to look for work”. On the basis of this definition, fewer PWDs are likely to be seeking for work or currently available for work compared with those with no disability. About three percent (3.2%) are unemployed compared with 3.3 percent with no disability. According to the 2010 PHC an economically not active person, did not work during the reference period and was not looking for work. He or she may be a home maker, a full time student, retired person disabled and unable to work because of old age or ill health. On the basis of this definition it is expected that a substantial number of the disabled fall into the economically not active population group. The percentage of PWDs who are economically not active (43.2%) therefore is significantly higher than those with no disability (24.4%). With respect to differentials by sex, whereas 74.5 percent of males with no disability are employed, the proportion for those with disability is only 57.5 percent. Similarly, for females, although 70.4 percent with no disability are employed, only 49.9 percent with disability are employed. Unemployment among women with disability (4.3%) is higher than their male (2.1%) counterparts. In the district disabled persons with physical and/or intellectual and emotional problems are the least likely to be employed whereas those with sight, hearing, speech and “other” forms of disability have the highest chance of employment. The disabilities associate with higher registered unemployment (currently available to work, seeking for work by taking specific steps) are sight (4.3%), emotional (3.8%) and intellectual (3.6%). The proportion of the population with no disability and economically, not active is 24.4 percent. Among those with disability the proportion is 43.2 percent. The proportion is 40.0 percent or higher for all forms of disability except “other”. For both males and females with disability, physical disability offers the least chance of employment (47.1% for males and 34.1% for females). The probability of being employed is highest for those with “other” problems for both males (62.5%) and females (62.5%) followed by sight for males (59.5%) and hearing for females (53.4%). Unemployment is higher among the male population with no disability (2.6%) compared with those with some disability (2.1%). Whereas for the female population, the opposite occurs with unemployment higher among females with disability (4.3%) compared with females without disability (3.9%). Among the population with disability however, the type of one’s disability affect his or her capacity to work and thus the quest for job. Among males, those with speech disability (4.3%) and hearing (4.1%) are more likely to be seeking for work. For females, those with sight (7.1%), emotional (4.5%) and hearing problems (4.3%) are more likely to be available to work and therefore have been counted as unemployed. This proportion of disability is considerably high and has implication for development since it may reduce productivity especially where physical disability is more prevalent. More than half (53.6%) of the persons with disability are employed followed by economically not active (43.2%) while a small proportion (3.2%) are unemployed.

Physical disability is the highest type of disability with more than half (58.7%) in the economically not active population followed by employed (40.1%) and unemployed (1.2%). Sight is the second most common type of disability with a high percentage (55.9%) that are employed while a small percentage (4.3%) are unemployed. Hearing is the third type of disability which has close to two thirds (54.9%) employed, economically not active (42.0%) and unemployed (3.1%). The fourth type of disability is intellect where a high proportion is economically not active (49.3%), employed (47.1%) and unemployed (3.6%). Speech and other form of disability constitute the least type which also has similar patterns. Table 6.2: Persons 15 years and older with disability by economic activity status and both sexes Economically Not All Status Employed Unemployed Active Disability type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 36,359 100.0 26,113 71.8 1,204 3.3 9,042 24.9 No disability 35,395 100.0 25,596 72.3 1,173 3.3 8,626 24.4 With a disability 964 100.0 517 53.6 31 3.2 416 43.2 Sight 322 100.0 180 55.9 14 4.3 128 39.8 Hearing 162 100.0 89 54.9 5 3.1 68 42 Speech 125 100.0 67 53.6 4 3.2 54 43.2 Physical 329 100.0 132 40.1 4 1.2 193 58.7 Intellectual 138 100.0 65 47.1 5 3.6 68 49.3 Emotional 132 100.0 63 47.7 5 3.8 64 48.5 Other 88 100.0 55 62.5 2 2.3 31 35.2 Male Total 17,318 100.0 12,817 100.0 453 100.0 4,048 100.0 No disability 16,847 100.0 12,546 74.5 443 2.6 3,858 22.9 With a disability 471 100.0 271 57.5 10 2.1 190 40.3 Sight 153 100.0 91 59.5 2 1.3 60 39.2 Hearing 74 100.0 42 56.8 3 4.1 29 39.2 Speech 70 100.0 38 54.3 3 4.3 29 41.4 Physical 153 100.0 72 47.1 0 0 81 52.9 Intellectual 69 100.0 37 53.6 2 2.9 30 43.5 Emotional 65 100.0 37 56.9 2 3.1 26 40.0 Other 40 100.0 25 62.5 0 0 15 37.5 Female Total 19,041 100.0 13,296 69.8 751 3.9 4,994 26.2 No disability 18,548 100.0 13,050 70.4 730 3.9 4,768 25.7 With a disability 493 100.0 246 49.9 21 4.3 226 45.8 Sight 169 100.0 89 52.7 12 7.1 68 40.2 Hearing 88 100.0 47 53.4 2 2.3 39 44.3 Speech 55 100.0 29 52.7 1 1.8 25 45.5 Physical 176 100.0 60 34.1 4 2.3 112 63.6 Intellectual 69 100.0 28 40.6 3 4.3 38 55.1 Emotional 67 100.0 26 38.8 3 4.5 38 56.7 Other 48 100.0 30 62.5 2 4.2 16 33.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

With regards to sex, about three (2.7%) of the male population 15 years and older have some type of disability in the district. Sight (32.5%) and physical disabilities (32.5%) are the most prevalent among the males. Close to two thirds (59.5%) employed followed by (39.2%) economically not active and (1.3%) unemployed of the male population have sight disability. The least is the population 15 years and older with other type of disability with more than two thirds (62.5%) employed and 37.5 percent economically not active. On the other hand, physical disability is very high among the female population with more than two-thirds (63.6%) economically not active, followed by employed (34.1%) and unemployed 2.3%. All the other types of disabilities, namely; sight, hearing, speech, intellectual, emotional have more than one-third employed.

6.5 Disability and Education The distribution of persons 3 years and older with disability in the Techiman North District is depicted in Table 6.3. The Table confirms the lower educational level of persons with disability. The proportion of those with disability who have never attended school (45.7%) is twice that of those with no disability (21.8%). The high percentage of persons with disability that have never attended school can be attributed to the discrimination against PWDs in the society and parents who do not consider the need to educate the PWDs. It is also because of the non-existence of special school for PWDs in the district and other neighbouring districts and municipalities. The disadvantaged situation of the PWDs is reflected at the various levels of education. About ten percent (10.1%) of those with no disability have attended Pre-primary level (Nursery and Kindergarten) compared to 3.5 percent of those with disability. The situation is not different at the basic level. Whereas 55.6 percent of those with no disability have attained the basic level, only 39.1 percent of those with disability have basic education. However, in the district, the proportion with secondary education or higher is about the same for those with no disability (12.4%) as for those with disability (11.7%). In relation to the different types of disability, there is some association between the types of disability and educational level. For example the proportion of persons with disability who have never attended school is above fifty percent for those with hearing (56.0%), physical (52.3%) and speech defects (50.0%), and below 50 percent for those with sight (42.5%), intellectual (42.6%), emotional (41.6%) and “other” forms of defects (40.6%). Furthermore, the proportion of the disabled who have pre-primary education (nursery and kindergarten) are higher for those with speech disability (7.3%) and intellectual problems (6.8%) than those with hearing problems (3.1%), physical challenges (3.0%) and “other” defects (3.0%). With regards to sex, the proportion of females with disability who have never attended school is higher (56.0%) than that for their male counterparts (35.8%). For basic education, the proportions are almost the same for males (56.4%) and females (54.3%). However there are more males (15.6%) than females (9.3%) who have attained secondary education or higher.

Table 6.3: Population 3 years and older by disability type and level of education Number Percent Sec/ Sec/ SHS SHS Pre- and Pre- and Sex/Disability type Total Never Prim Basic higher Total Never Prim Basic higher Both sexes Total 54,385 12,146 5,436 30,077 6,726 100.0 22.3 10.0 55.3 12.4 No disability 53,263 11,633 5,397 29,638 6,595 100.0 21.8 10.1 55.6 12.4 With a disability 1,122 513 39 439 131 100.0 45.7 3.5 39.1 11.7 Sight 365 155 13 148 49 100.0 42.5 3.6 40.5 13.4 Hearing 191 107 6 54 24 100.0 56.0 3.1 28.3 12.6 Speech 178 89 13 53 23 100.0 50.0 7.3 29.8 12.9 Physical 365 191 11 127 36 100.0 52.3 3.0 34.8 9.9 Intellectual 176 75 12 72 17 100.0 42.6 6.8 40.9 9.7 Emotional 154 64 8 66 16 100.0 41.6 5.2 42.9 10.4 Other 101 41 3 48 9 100.0 40.6 3.0 47.5 8.9

Male Total 26,418 4,607 2,795 14,901 4,115 100.0 17.4 10.6 56.4 15.6 No disability 25,848 4,403 2,771 14,648 4,026 100.0 17.0 10.7 56.7 15.6 With a disability 570 204 24 253 89 100.0 35.8 4.2 44.4 15.6 Sight 179 62 8 80 29 100.0 34.6 4.5 44.7 16.2 Hearing 90 42 2 27 19 100.0 46.7 2.2 30.0 21.1 Speech 104 47 8 34 15 100.0 45.2 7.7 32.7 14.4 Physical 176 62 6 81 27 100.0 35.2 3.4 46.0 15.3 Intellectual 88 35 5 40 8 100.0 39.8 5.7 45.5 9.1 Emotional 77 28 4 35 10 100.0 36.4 5.2 45.5 13.0 Other 47 21 0 21 5 100.0 44.7 0.0 44.7 10.6

Female Total 27,967 7,539 2,641 15,176 2,611 100.0 27.0 9.4 54.3 9.3 No disability 27,415 7,230 2,626 14,990 2,569 100.0 26.4 9.6 54.7 9.4 With a disability 552 309 15 186 42 100.0 56.0 2.7 33.7 7.6 Sight 186 93 5 68 20 100.0 50.0 2.7 36.6 10.8 Hearing 101 65 4 27 5 100.0 64.4 4.0 26.7 5.0 Speech 74 42 5 19 8 100.0 56.8 6.8 25.7 10.8 Physical 189 129 5 46 9 100.0 68.3 2.6 24.3 4.8 Intellectual 88 40 7 32 9 100.0 45.5 8.0 36.4 10.2 Emotional 77 36 4 31 6 100.0 46.8 5.2 40.3 7.8 Other 54 20 3 27 4 100.0 37.0 5.6 50.0 7.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER SEVEN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT

7.1 Introduction Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy of the district as it provides raw materials for industry, employment for people and food for subsistence households. The data provided will assist decision-makers and stakeholders in formulating the best agricultural development policy option for the local economy of Techiman North District. This chapter analyses data on the total households in agriculture, their rural and urban distribution. It also analyses the types of farming activities in the district and distribution of types of livestock kept, total number of keepers and average animals per keeper.

7.2 Households in Agriculture A household is classified as an agricultural household if at least one of its members engages in agricultural production even if not earning from agricultural activity alone. Table 7.1 shows the total number of households engaged in agricultural activities. The figure indicates that out of 13,490 households in the district, 8,135, representing 60.3 percent of households are engaged in agriculture. About six out of every ten (60.9%) of the urban households in the district are engaged in agriculture whereas 59.7 percent of the rural households are also engaged in agriculture. Table 7.1: Households by agricultural activities and locality

Total Urban Rural Agricultural activity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total Households 13,490 100.0 6,591 100.0 6,899 100.0 Households not engaged in Agriculture 5,355 39.7 2,575 39.1 2,780 40.3 Households engaged in Agriculture 8,135 60.3 4,016 60.9 4,119 59.7 Crop Farming 7,876 96.8 3,874 96.5 4,002 97.2 Tree Planting 51 0.6 29 0.7 22 0.5 Livestock Rearing 1,423 17.5 696 17.3 727 17.6 Fish Farming 7 0.1 2 0 5 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

7.3 Types of farming (Agricultural Activities) Table 7.1 also shows that, crop farming and livestock rearing are prominent in the district and in both urban and rural communities. Fish farming as distinct from fishing is relatively new in the district with only a small percentage (0.1%) of agricultural households engaged in it. This may be due to the fact that start-up capital is relatively high. Tree planting is also not a traditional activity and attracted less than one percent (0.6%) of the households. Tree planting in particular requires a considerable waiting time to harvest. This is not likely to draw much interest from the substantially subsistent level agricultural communities of the district.

However, there is not much variation among households which rear livestock in urban areas (17.3%) rear livestock and those in rural areas (17.6%).

7.4 Types of Livestock, Numbers and keepers Table 7.2 presents types of livestock, the number of livestock reared and number of keepers in the district. Livestock rearing is the second most important agricultural activity in the Techiman North District. It occurs throughout the district, and in both rural and urban areas. These livestock can be categorized into ruminants (goats, sheep and cattle), pigs, birds (chicken, guinea fowls, ostrich, turkey, ducks and doves), non-traditional livestock (grass- cutters, rabbit, snail, beehives and silk-worm) and fish (fish farming and inland fishing). Collectively, 42,904 livestock are reared by 2,001 keepers with an average of 21 animals per keeper in the district as reported in Table 7.2. These livestock consist of 12,695 herd of ruminants representing 29.6 percent of the total livestock, 27,140 birds representing 63.3 percent, 1,510 swarm of fish representing 3.5 percent, 946 swine representing 2.2 percent and 613 group of non-traditional livestock comprising 1.4 percent of the livestock in the district. Among the ruminants, the top three are 6,803 goats, 4,714 sheep and 1,898 cattle. In the bird category, there are 24,556 chicken, 1,110 ducks, 557 guinea fowls, and 359 turkeys. Among the other livestock (non-traditional livestock), reported grass-cutters and rabbits are 66 and 213 respectively. As shown in Table 7.2, snail, ostrich, beehives and grasscutter farming are undertaken by the lowest proportion of households in the district. The table further indicates that majority of livestock keeper’s rear chickens (37.7%) and Goats (30.6%). The table also reported on the number of keepers and average number of animals per keeper. For example, the number of cattle per keeper is 22, for chicken the average is 33 while 8 rabbits per keeper is the least. The average fingerlings per keeper for fish farming is 373, followed by inland fishing (117 Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock and keepers Distribution of Animals Keepers Average livestock and animal Animal per reared Number Percent Number Percent Keeper All livestock 42,904 100.0 2,001 100.0 21 Beehives 40 0.1 2 0.1 20 Cattle 1,898 4.4 85 4.2 22 Chicken 24,556 57.2 755 37.7 33 Dove 485 1.1 8 0.4 61 Duck 1,110 2.6 26 1.3 43 Goat 6,083 14.2 613 30.6 10 Grass-cutter 66 0.2 7 0.3 9 Guinea fowl 557 1.3 29 1.4 19 Ostrich 73 0.2 4 0.2 18 Pig 946 2.2 41 2.0 23 Rabbit 213 0.5 28 1.4 8 Sheep 4,714 11.0 341 17.0 14 Silk worm 171 0.4 16 0.8 11 Snail 84 0.2 4 0.2 21 Turkey 359 0.8 16 0.8 22 Other 39 0.1 19 0.9 2 Fish farming 1,120 2.6 3 0.1 373 Inland fishing 390 0.9 4 0.1 157 Source :Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER EIGHT HOUSING CONDITIONS

8.1 Introduction Data collected on housing assists in understanding key aspects of housing and housing conditions. It assists planners make evidence based-informed decisions on housing policies and interventions. In 2010, the policy framework of the Government of Ghana, the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda, emphasized the need for increased access of the population to safe, adequate and affordable housing and shelter (National Development Planning Commission, 2010). Earlier frameworks also underscored the important role of housing in social development. For example, in the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003 – 2005) policy framework, housing interventions were prescribed implicitly within the context of social development objectives (National Development Planning Commission, 2002). The achievement of health objectives was linked, among others, to the provision of safe water supply and sewerage, improved housing, and well planned settlements. The provision of periodic information on housing and housing conditions is therefore important both to assess what has been achieved and to plan ahead. The 2010 Ghana Population and Housing Census is the second national census, following the 2000 census, which included a comprehensive housing census. The two censuses provided an official count of all structures (permanent and temporary) within the nation. Among the issues covered were the number of occupied and unoccupied dwelling units, the type of dwelling and the main materials used in house construction, occupancy status, and methods of waste disposal, utilities and household facilities. It is envisaged that the housing data from the 2010 PHC will enable planners and policy makers formulate realistic and relevant housing policies and design appropriate programmes to meet Ghana’s housing needs.

8.2 Housing Stock Table 8.1 provides information on the stock of houses and households in the district. The 2010 PHC shows that, out of the total household population of 24,076,327 in the country, 2,265,458 are in the region and 58,701are in the District. There are a total of 331,967 houses counted during the 2010 PHC in the region, of which a total of 8,391 are in the district. Out of the total household population, the proportion living in urban areas is 48.5 percent, while that for rural areas constitute 51.5 percent. The proportion of houses in the rural localities (54.3%) is more than those in the urban areas (45.7%). The urban areas are slightly more densely populated with a population per house of 7.5 compared with 6.7 in the rural localities. The average household per house in the urban areas (1.7) is slightly higher than the 1.5 in the rural area. This could be due to the more limited housing stock in the urban areas as a result of urbanization and rural-urban migration for the purpose of education, business and work. The average household size in the rural areas was more (4.4) than the urban average household size (4.3). What can be considered an ideal population per house depends on the circumstance of the environment being considered and the level of development of the area. Factors including space, sanitary facilities, number of rooms and material used for construction may determine adequacy or otherwise. Nonetheless, the large population per house and number of

63 households per house may be indicative of inadequate housing stock resulting in, among other challenges, scarcity of sleeping rooms. Table 8.1: Stock of houses and household Total Categories country Region District Urban Rural Total population 24,658,823 2,310,983 59,068 28,627 30,441 Total household population* 24,076,327 2,265,458 58,701 28,470 30,231 Number of houses 3,392,745 331,967 8,391 3,833 4,558 Number of households 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 6,591 6,899 Average households per house 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 Population per house 7.3 7 7 7.5 6.7 Average household size 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census * This excludes homeless and institutional population

8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Arrangement This section of the chapter presents and analyse data on the ownership status of dwelling units of households, and types of occupied dwelling unit of household head and type of locality in the Techiman North District. 8.3.1 Type of dwelling Table 8.2 presents the type of occupied dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality. The top four dwelling unit types occupied by 95.7 percent of households in the district are: Rooms in compound houses accounting for 55.6 percent of the total number of dwelling units. This is followed by Separate houses (31.4%). The use of semi-detached houses (5.5%) ranks third and Huts/Buildings (same compound) ranks fourth (3.8%). Close to three percent (2.6%) of households use kiosks/containers and uncompleted buildings as their occupied dwelling units. This proportion is higher than the 1.8 percent for the Brong Ahafo region but lower than the 3.6 percent nationwide. The rank order of the type of dwelling unit according to the sex of the head of household follows the overall district pattern since for both male and female headed households, compound house (rooms) ranks first, followed by separate house, semi-detached and Huts/Buildings (same compound) as pertains in the district as a whole. However, there are differences between male and female headed households in the size of the proportion for the type of dwelling units occupied. For example, 60.9 percent of female headed households occupy compound houses (rooms) as compared to male headed households (52.8%). The proportion of male headed households in separate house or Huts/Buildings (same compound) is higher than that of female headed households (28.4% and 2.3% respectively). Twice as many male headed households (3.0%) are in makeshift dwellings compared with female headed households (1.7%). In relation to urban-rural residence, the district rank order of type of dwelling units is replicated in both urban and rural areas, but with differences in the size of the proportions as observed for male/female headed households. The proportion of households in urban areas occupying compound houses (rooms) is higher (58.3%) but the proportion of households in separate houses in rural areas (33.3%) is higher.

Table 8.2: Type of occupied dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality

Total District Male Female Type of dwelling country Region Number Percent headed headed Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Separate house 1,471,391 162,809 4,230 31.4 33.0 28.4 29.3 33.3 Semi-detached house 391,548 27,079 740 5.5 5.6 5.2 6.9 4.2 Flat/Apartment 256,355 11,331 237 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.3 2.2 Compound house (rooms) 2,942,147 256,130 7,506 55.6 52.8 60.9 58.3 53.1 Huts/Buildings (same compound) 170,957 20,955 433 3.2 3.7 2.3 1.9 4.4 Huts/Buildings (different compound) 36,410 3,245 83 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.3 1.0 Tent 10,343 871 22 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Improvised home (kiosk/container etc.) 90,934 2,393 66 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 Living quarters attached to office/shop 20,499 1,102 57 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.7 Uncompleted building 66,624 3,850 104 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 Other 9,846 750 12 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.3.2 House Ownership Status Table 8.2 shows the ownership status of dwelling units by sex of household head and type of locality in the Techiman North District. The proportion of houses owned by household members is more than half (54.2%). The proportion of dwelling units owned by a relative not a household member is about one-fifth (17.8%) comprising 15.4 percent male headed household and 22.1 percent female headed households. Thus, almost three in four households (72.0%) live in “family” houses owned by a household member or a relative not in the household. The high level of owner occupier status may be the result of the desire of families to have their own houses to satisfy prevailing socio-cultural value systems. This indicates more females than males in the district own houses which they have given out to relatives to occupy. One in every four households (25.0%) lives in houses owned by other private individuals in the district. Also, a little less than one percent (0.7%) of dwelling units is owned through mortgage (i.e. being purchased). Ownership by other private agency is less than one percent and public/government ownership and “other” is one percent of the total dwelling units. Table 8.2 which also shows ownership status of dwelling units by sex of household heads reveals that, for both male and female headed households, the rank order of proportions for dwelling unit ownership follow the district pattern with slight differences in the size of the proportions. The majority of both male headed households (55.2%) and female headed households (52.8%) live in dwelling units owned by a household member most likely what is often referred to as “ancestral family house”. More females (22.1%) than male headed household (15.4%) occupy dwelling units owned by a relative who is not a household member. However, more houses owned by private individuals are occupied by male headed households (26.7%) as compared to female headed households (22.8%). Male headed households also dominate (2.6%) female headed households (1.6%) for all the residual ownership categories (Private Employer, other Private Agencies, Public/Government and others). The same proportion of male headed households as female headed households (0.7%) lives in households being purchased.

The distribution of dwelling unit ownership by locality shows that, the rank order of the type of dwelling unit occupied by households replicates the district pattern in both urban and rural areas. However, there are differences between urban and rural localities in the size of the proportions of the type of dwelling unit occupied. Dwelling units owned by household members is higher in rural localities accounting for 55.4 percent whiles that of urban localities is 53.1 percent. In contrast, dwelling units owned of by relative not a member of the household and other private individual is higher in the urban areas than in the rural areas.

Table 8.3: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type of locality Ownership status of Total District Male Female dwelling Country Region Number Percent Headed Headed Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned by household member 2,883,236 260,608 7,328 54.3 55.2 52.8 53.1 55.4 Being purchased (e.g. mortgage) 45,630 3,448 91 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.9 Relative not a household member 851,630 90,176 2,396 17.8 15.4 22.1 18.9 16.7 Other private individual 1,439,021 116,402 3,370 25.0 26.2 22.8 25.1 24.9 Private employer 83,610 9,509 119 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.9 Other private agency 21,123 1,390 45 37.8 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 Public/Government ownership 118,804 7,138 82 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 Other 24,000 1,844 59 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.4 Construction Materials The type of material used for constructing various parts of a dwelling unit contributes to the durability and lifespan of the dwelling unit. Questions on the construction materials for the outer wall (excluding any fence), floor and roof of dwellings are asked for each dwelling unit. For dwelling units that are vacant, at the time of the census, the question on material of floor is skipped. For the Techiman North District, there are 14,232 responses on material of outer wall and material of roof while there are 13,490 responses for the material of floor (a figure equivalent to the total households in the district) and which also implies occupied dwelling units. This indicates that, 742 or 5.2 percent of the dwelling units were vacant in the district during the 2010 PHC.

8.4.1 Main construction material for outer wall The type of building material used by individuals and institutions also depends on cost and availability of material and people’s ability to pay for these materials. The two main materials for the construction of outer walls of a house in Ghana are mud brick/earth and cement/concrete which together accounts for 89.1 percent of wall materials of dwelling units in 2000 and 91.7 percent in 2010. In Brong Ahafo region, in 2010 the two materials account for 92.6 percent of wall materials (46.5% cement blocks/concrete and 46.1% mud/earth). Table 8.4 indicates that in the district, the main material for outer wall of dwelling unit is cement block/concrete. As many as 56.8 percent of dwelling units have their outer walls constructed with cement block/concrete and mud brick/earth (35.3%), land Crete (5.1%) and wood (1.1%). All other materials such as burnt bricks, metal sheets/slates/asbestos and bamboo account for 1.8 percent of all materials for the construction of outer walls.

The two main materials used in the district (cement block/concrete, mud brick/earth) apply to urban and rural areas with some significant differences. The use of mud brick / earth for outer wall was higher in rural areas (39.2%) than urban areas (31.1%). Conversely, use of land Crete for outer wall is lower in rural (3.5%) than urban localities (6.9%). The percent of cement blocks/ concrete houses is higher in urban (59.1%) than rural localities (54.6%). Table 8.4: Main construction material for outer wall of dwelling unit by locality Total District Urban Rural Material for Outer wall country Region Number Percent Percent Percent Total 5,817,607 519,342 14,232 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud brick/Earth 1,991,540 239,284 5,021 35.3 31.1 39.2 Wood 200,594 7,932 151 1.1 1.4 0.7 Metal sheet/Slate/Asbestos 43,708 2,447 105 0.7 0.5 0.9 Stone 11,330 814 23 0.2 0.1 0.2 Burnt bricks 38,237 5,062 60 0.4 0.3 0.6 Cement blocks/Concrete 3,342,462 241,282 8,080 56.8 59.1 54.6 Land Crete 104,270 18,808 726 5.1 6.9 3.5 Bamboo 8,206 523 13 0.1 0.1 0.1 Palm leaf/Thatch (grass)/Raffia 38,054 1,694 25 0.2 0.3 0.1 Other 39,206 1,496 28 0.2 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.4.2 Main Construction Materials for floor Table 8.5 shows main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality. Cement or concrete (76.4%) and earth/mud (20.7%) are the two main construction materials used for floors in the district. Similarly, cement or concrete is the main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit in the urban (80.1%) and rural (72.8%) localities. Table 8.5: Main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality Total District Urban Rural Materials for the floor country Region Number Percent Percent Percent Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100 100 100 Earth/Mud 872,161 113,228 2,792 20.7 16.6 24.6 Cement/Concrete 4,255,611 363,827 10,302 76.4 80.1 72.8 Stone 32,817 3,325 114 0.8 1.4 0.3 Burnt brick 6,537 322 20 0.1 0.1 0.2 Wood 52,856 1,114 21 0.2 0.2 0.1 Vinyl tiles 57,032 1,889 65 0.5 0.4 0.5 Ceramic/Porcelain/Granite/Marble tiles 88,500 3,784 113 0.8 0.7 0.9 Terrazzo/Terrazzo tiles 85,973 1,972 30 0.2 0.2 0.3 Other 15,567 1,054 33 0.2 0.3 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.4.3 Main construction material for roofing Table 8.6 presents the main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality in the Techiman North District. Largely, the main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit is metal sheet representing (89.5%), followed by thatch/palm leaf or raffia (5.9%). The use of metal sheet for roofing in both urban and rural areas is 90.4 percent and 88.7 percent respectively.

Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality Total District Main Roofing material country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,817,607 519,342 14,232 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud/Mud bricks/Earth 80,644 4,394 133 0.9 0.3 1.5 Wood 45,547 3,588 153 1.1 0.4 1.7 Metal sheet 4,152,259 423,255 12,738 89.5 90.4 88.7 Slate/Asbestos 759,039 1,686 122 0.9 1.3 0.5 Cement/Concrete 141,072 3,161 112 0.8 0.9 0.7 Roofing tile 31,456 704 8 0.1 0.1 0.1 Bamboo 71,049 4,679 34 0.2 0.2 0.3 Thatch/Palm leaf or Raffia 500,606 74,583 834 5.9 5.7 6.0 Other 35,935 3,292 98 0.7 0.7 0.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.5 Room Occupancy The number of rooms occupied by a household includes living rooms, dining rooms and bed rooms. It excludes bathrooms, toilets and kitchen. Since not all rooms available to the household are necessarily used for sleeping purposes, sleeping rooms are the numbers of rooms out of the total rooms that are used for sleeping irrespective of their original purpose. Table 8.7 shows the distribution of sleeping rooms by household size in District. Information on the relationship between the number of sleeping rooms and a household’s size gives the space available per person, and also provides an indication of the extent of overcrowding and adequacy of dwelling stock available. It also reflects the socio-economic status of the household. A standard operational measure of overcrowding should take into account not only the size of households, but also household composition, household structure, number of sleeping rooms and size of the sleeping rooms. Although there is no standardized operational definition for overcrowding in use in Ghana, an attempt has been made in this section to convey some idea of possible overcrowding based on household size and number of sleeping rooms. The 2010 PHC results show that in the Techiman North District, about one-half (55.8%) of the 13,490 households have one sleeping room; 23.6 percent live in two sleeping rooms. Households with three sleeping rooms are 10.8 percent and households sleeping in four or more room are 9.9 percent. The distribution of households by size in the district is as follows: out of the total 13,490 households, 2,087or 15.5 percent are single person households, 1,705 or 12.6 percent are two person households, 2,004 or 14.9 percent are households with three members and 2,004 or 14.9 percent are four member households. There are 1,824 households with five persons representing 13.5 percent and 1,315 households with six members (9.7%). Seven member households make up 6.9 percent (925 out of the 13,490 households), 619 households (4.6%) have eight members and 362 households (2.7%) have nine members. There are 640 households with ten or more members (4.7%).

Analysis of the number of sleeping rooms by household size reveals that over forty percent (44.7%) of five person-households share only one sleeping room and also over one-third (35.0%) percent of six person-households have only one sleeping room. Sixty percent of seven person-households manage with only one or two sleeping rooms and fifty percent of eight person-households occupy only one or two sleeping rooms. Thirty-five percent of nine person households have to make do with one or two sleeping rooms and one-quarter (25.5%) of households with ten or more persons share one or two sleeping rooms while only forty

68 percent of such households (40.2%) sleep in three or four rooms. If it is assumed that a household with five or more persons is large, then sleeping rooms in the District are woefully inadequate as indicated by the above statistics.

Table 8.7: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit Total Number of sleeping rooms Nine House- rooms hold One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight or size Number Percent room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms more Total 13,490 100.0 55.8 23.6 10.8 4.8 2.6 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 1 2,087 100.0 92.8 4.7 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 2 1,705 100.0 79.5 16.9 1.9 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 3 2,004 100.0 70.2 21.4 5.6 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 4 2,009 100.0 57.6 27.4 8.8 3.4 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 5 1,824 100.0 44.7 34.5 13.1 4.7 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 6 1,315 100.0 35.0 32.5 20.4 7.1 3.0 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 7 925 100.0 22.5 37.7 23.2 8.8 5.0 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 8 619 100.0 17.0 33.3 26.8 11.3 6.5 2.6 1.3 1.0 0.3 9 362 100.0 9.9 25.7 26.0 17.1 14.4 3.9 1.1 1.1 0.8 10+ 640 100.0 6.9 18.6 21.4 18.8 14.7 11.3 3.6 1.6 3.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Among single person households, the highest proportion (92.8%) has one sleeping room, less than five percent (4.7%) have two rooms, while the rest (2.4%) occupy three or more sleeping rooms. Three out of four of two-member households (79.5%) occupy single sleeping rooms, followed by two-room occupants (16.9%). Generally, irrespective of the household size, single and two rooms are the most available. This phenomenon might be due to scarcity of sleeping rooms as a result of an overall housing deficit and high cost of securing accommodation.

8.6 Access to utilities and household facilities 8.6.1 Main Source of Lighting Table 8.8 presents sources of lighting for households. The distribution of households in living quarters by type of lighting is useful in determining the extent of electricity coverage in the district for planning purposes. Electricity and flashlight/Torch are the main sources of lighting for households in the district with kerosene lamp being the third most important source of lighting. There are more households in urban areas that use electricity as source of lighting than in rural areas. Also, among the rural localities electricity (65.4%) is the predominant source of lighting followed by flashlight/Torch (22.9%). On the other hand gas lamp, (0.1%), solar energy (0.1%), crop residue (0.1%) and other (0.1%) represent the least sources of lighting in the rural locality.

Table 8.8: Main source of lighting of dwelling unit by type of locality

Total District Main source of light country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 54,67,054 4,90,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity (mains) 35,11,065 2,63,890 8,994 66.7 68 65.4 Electricity (private generator) 36,142 2,372 88 0.7 0.8 0.5 Kerosene lamp 9,71,807 58,403 1,259 9.3 8.8 9.8 Gas lamp 9,378 793 21 0.2 0.2 0.1 Solar energy 9,194 693 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 Candle 41,214 1,662 85 0.6 0.6 0.7 Flashlight/Torch 8,58,651 1,59,901 2,986 22.1 21.3 22.9 Firewood 13,241 997 28 0.2 0.1 0.3 Crop residue 4,623 272 8 0.1 0.0 0.1 Other 11,739 1,532 11 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.6.2 Main source of fuel for cooking The main source of fuel for cooking is wood accounting for about half (49.1%) of the fuel source in the district. This follows a similar pattern with figures recorded for national and the region all indicating that wood fuel is the highest used in most households for cooking. Charcoal is the second most used cooking fuel representing 36.6 percent. The third most common source of cooking fuel for household is none no cooking constituting 7.3 percent. Gas as a source of fuel for cooking in the district is 5.7 percent. All other cooking fuel make up one percent (1.0%). Table 8.9 also indicates that wood fuel is still the most preferred source of cooking fuel among urban and rural households. In urban areas, almost half of the households (47.4%) use wood as the main source of cooking fuel. Also, majority (50.7%) of the household in the rural areas use wood as cooking fuel. Charcoal is the second most preferred source of cooking fuel in urban representing 38.4 percent. The rural household also has similar proportion which makes up 34.8 percent of the households that preferred charcoal as a source of cooking fuel. The consumption of Gas as a source of fuel for cooking constitutes 6.2 percent in the rural areas as compared to 5.2 percent in the urban areas. The least sources of cooking fuel for households in urban localities are electricity (0.1%) and animal residue (0.0%). This is similar to rural areas with electricity, kerosene at 0.1 percent apiece. The large proportions of the urban and rural households that use wood and charcoal as the main source of cooking fuel will result to pressure on the existing forest which will lead to the destruction and degradation of the forest in the district.

Table 8.9: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking District Urban Rural space used by households Total country Region Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Cooking fuel Total 54,67,054 4,90,515 13,490 100.0 6,591 100 6,899 100.0 None no cooking 3,06,118 32,285 986 7.3 518 7.9 468 6.8 Wood 21,97,083 2,94,170 6,617 49.1 3,122 47.4 3,495 50.7 Gas 9,96,518 36,641 774 5.7 345 5.2 429 6.2 Electricity 29,794 1,073 15 0.1 9 0.1 6 0.1 Kerosene 29,868 929 28 0.2 22 0.3 6 0.1 Charcoal 18,44,290 1,22,190 4,932 36.6 2,531 38.4 2,401 34.8 Crop residue 45,292 1,788 42 0.3 19 0.3 23 0.3 Saw dust 8,000 1,023 89 0.7 22 0.3 67 1.0 Animal waste 2,332 87 5 0.0 2 0 3 0.0 Other 7,759 329 2 0.0 1 0 1 0.0 Cooking space used by household Total 54,67,054 4,90,515 13,490 100.0 6,591 100 6,899 100.0 No cooking space 3,86,883 39,078 1,120 8.3 569 8.6 551 8.0 Separate room for exclusive use of household 18,17,018 1,36,004 3,224 23.9 1,414 21.5 1,810 26.2 Separate room shared with other household(s) 4,10,765 47,827 900 6.7 438 6.6 462 6.7 Enclosure without roof 1,17,614 7,195 156 1.2 43 0.7 113 1.6 Structure with roof but without walls 3,49,832 41,889 890 6.6 372 5.6 518 7.5 Bedroom/Hall/Living room) 74,525 1,575 35 0.3 23 0.3 12 0.2 Verandah 11,73,946 84,605 3,035 22.5 1,465 22.2 1,570 22.8 Open space in compound 11,15,464 1,30,728 4,096 30.4 2,235 33.9 1,861 27.0 Other 21,007 1,614 34 0.3 32 0.5 2 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.6.3 Cooking space used by households Figure 8.1 presents data on cooking space used by households in the Techiman North District. The Figure reveals that more than one-third (30.4%) of the total number of households use open space in compounds as their cooking space. Again, 23.9 percent of the households use separate room for exclusive use of household. Also, 22.5 percent of the households use veranda as their cooking space. However, a small proportion of the households use bedroom/hall/living room and other as cooking space representing 0.3 percent apiece. In terms of localities, one-third (33.9%) of the total number of households in the urban areas use open space in compound as cooking space with 22.2 percent using veranda. A few of the households (0.3%) in the urban areas use bedroom/hall/living room. The data for rural areas also follow a similar pattern with the highest (27.0%) percentage of households also using open space in compound. However, 26.2 percent of the rural households use separate room for exclusive use of household. Again, a handful of the rural households (0.2%) use bedroom/hall/living room. Figure 8.1: Cooking space used by households

40 Total

35 Urban 30 Rural

Percentage 25

0 No cooking space Separate room for Separate room shared Enclosure without Structure with roof but Bedroom/Hall/Living Verandah Open space in Other exclusive use of with other roof without walls room) compound household household(s)

Cooking space Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.7 Main source of water for drinking and for other domestic use Water like the saying goes is live, meaning living organism cannot survive without it. There are so many uses of water but for purpose of this chapter, the concentration is on water for drinking which most paramount and for domestic purpose. As a result, information was collected on main source of drinking water for household members. The various water sources are classified in this section by their quality level in relation to their health effects on the consumer. According to the Ghana Medium Development Goal Report (2012) an indicator referred to as ‘improved water sources’ measures the proportion of the population who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water public tap,

72 borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rain water. Improved water sources do not include vendor-provided water, bottled water, tanker trucks or unprotected wells or springs. 8.7.1 Main source of water for drinking On the basis of this classification, at the district level, it can be observed from Table 8.10 that a greater (41.9%) proportion of households use pipe-borne outside dwelling as their main source of water for drinking. This is followed by public tap/standpipe which represents 23.5 percent. There are 17.7 percent of households which use bore-hole/pump/tube well as the main source of water for drinking. Also, 5.6 percent of the households use protected well with less than five percent (4.9%) relying on rivers and streams as their main source of drinking water. The least source of water for drinking among households include pipe-borne inside dwelling (2.5%), sachet water (2.4%), protected spring (0.4%), unprotected well (0.4%) and rain water (0.1%) as well as other (0.1%). Table 8.10: Main source of water of dwelling unit for drinking Total District Sources of water country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Main source of drinking water for household Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pipe-borne inside dwelling 790,493 29,804 340 2.5 2.0 3.0 Pipe-borne outside dwelling 1,039,667 68,152 5,651 41.9 51.4 32.8 Public tap/Standpipe 712,375 83,741 3,166 23.5 19.6 27.2 Bore-hole/Pump/Tube well 1,267,688 163,629 2,391 17.7 14.7 20.6 Protected well 321,091 45,990 762 5.6 3.8 7.4 Rain water 39,438 1,044 9 0.1 0.1 0.0 Protected spring 19,345 1,498 60 0.4 0.7 0.2 Bottled water 20,261 777 29 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sachet water 490,283 13,356 319 2.4 2.5 2.2 Tanker supply/Vendor provided 58,400 288 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unprotected well 112,567 9,372 53 0.4 0.1 0.6 Unprotected spring 12,222 1,360 17 0.1 0.1 0.1 River/Stream 502,804 64,993 666 4.9 4.7 5.2 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam/Canal 76,448 6,268 5 0.0 0.0 0.1 Other 3,972 243 18 0.1 0.0 0.3 Main source of water for other domestic use of household Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pipe-borne inside dwelling 905,566 32,149 384 2.8 2.1 3.6 Pipe-borne outside dwelling 1,089,030 67,219 5,594 41.5 51.1 32.2 Public tap/Standpipe 704,293 83,208 2,985 22.1 19.0 25.1 Bore-hole/Pump/Tube well 1,280,465 156,073 2,467 18.3 15.7 20.8 Protected well 465,775 57,094 1,035 7.7 5.4 9.8 Rain water 39,916 965 9 0.1 0.1 0.0 Protected spring 18,854 1,626 63 0.5 0.6 0.3 Tanker supply/Vendor provided 100,048 651 18 0.1 0.1 0.1 Unprotected well 152,055 10,956 63 0.5 0.1 0.8 Unprotected spring 15,738 1,567 19 0.1 0.2 0.1 River/Stream 588,590 70,604 803 6.0 5.2 6.6 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam/Canal 96,422 7,421 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 Other 10,302 982 35 0.3 0.2 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

In terms of locality, pipe-borne outside dwelling is the major source of drinking water for both urban and rural centres accounting for 51.4 percent and 32.8 percent respectively. Public tap/standpipe is the second most used source of drinking water for urban and rural households representing 19.6 percent and 27.2 percent respectively. Borehole/pump/tube well and protected well is the next major source of drinking water in the urban areas accounting for 14.7 percent. Also households in rural areas which use bore-hole/pump/tube well constitute 20.6 percent. The least source of water for drinking among urban and rural households is unprotected well which make up 0.1 percent apiece. 8.7.2 Main Source of water for domestic purposes Regarding the sources of water for domestic use, the pattern is similar to the one described earlier. Table 8.10 shows that 41.5 percent of households use pipe-borne outside dwelling, public tap/standpipe (22.1%) and bore-hole/pump/tube well (18.5%) as well as protected well (7.7%), river/stream (6.0%). With respect to urban and rural localities, 51.1 and 32.2 percent respectively of households in the Techiman North District use pipe-borne outside dwelling as their main source of water for domestic purpose. In addition, 19.0 and 25.1 percent of urban and rural households respectively use public tap/standpipe. The data also shows a similar pattern of source of water for domestic purposes as in the earlier discussion.

8.8 Bathing and toilet facilities 8.8.1 Bathing facilities used by households Table 8.11 provides information on bathroom facilities used by households in the district. Bathroom facility is one of the major needs in every home. Ideally each household must have a bathing facility exclusive for its own use. However, in the district most households live in compound houses (rooms) or rented accommodation especially in the urban areas. Exclusive bathroom is therefore not often possible. In the district, bathing facilities are shared by about fifty percent of households (shared bathroom in the same house (35.0%) and shared open cubicle (17.1%). About one in five of the 10,327 (21.0%) have own bathroom for exclusive use and 6.6 percent of households use private open cubicles. Thirteen percent use the open space around the house for bathing while another 5.3percent avail themselves of the bathroom facility in another house. All the other bathing facilities such as public bathhouse, river/pond/lake/dam and “other” are used by only 2.0 percent of households. In terms of locality, about the same proportion of households share bathing facilities in urban and rural areas. About fifty-two percent of households in urban areas share bathing facilities (33.0 percent for shared separate bathhouse in the same house and 19.5 percent for shared open cubicle) compared with 51.7 percent of households in rural areas of which 36.9 percent use shared separate bathhouse in the same house and 14.8 percent use shared open cubicle. Again about the same proportion of rural households (20.8%) have own bathroom for exclusive use compared with 21.1 percent of urban households. Despite this, more rural households (14.0%) use the open space around the house for bathing compared with 12.1 percent of urban households. Bathroom in another house is used by more of urban (6.5%) than rural (4.2%) households. Public bathhouse is not much patronized by either urban (1.1%) or rural (1.8%) households. Out of the total number that use River/Pond/Lake/Dam for bathing, 0.1 percent are found in the rural areas whiles 0.2 percent are found in urban areas.

8.8.2 Toilet facility used by household Table 8.11 presents data on type of toilet facility used by household by type of locality. Information on toilet facilities is considered important for housing as well as public health policy. Toilet facilities reported in the 2010 PHC can be classified into two categories in relation to their location, accessibility and human contact with the waste. These are: Built or constructed facilities in or around the house, which can be public or private. Both can be flush toilets (W.C), pit latrine, KVIP or bucket/pan latrines. Public toilets are for communal or public use (paid or free use). No facility means that there is no facility of any kind available for the use of the household and members use places other than built or constructed privately or publicly owned facilities which include the bush, field, rivers or streams. Some people even use “chamber pot” or other small receptacles such as plastic bags and disposed of these in all sorts of places including uncompleted building, gutters and open fields. Whereas in 2000 country wide, 20.2 percent had no access to any specific facility, the proportion in 2010 is 19.3 percent thus recording a slight improvement. In the Brong Ahafo region for 2010, the proportion with no facility is 17.8 percent, an increase over the 2000 proportion of 14.5 percent. Although the statistics for the region is not disaggregated by district it reveals a deteriorating situation in access to toilet facilities. Out of the total of 13,490 households in the district, 1,679 or 12.4 percent have no access to any specific facility and use the bush, fields or river banks. Public toilets which could be W.C, KVIP, pit or bucket (47.1%), pit latrine inside the dwelling unit (17.6%) and KVIP inside the dwelling unit (18.0%) are the three frequently used toilet facilities in the district accounting for 82.7 percent of all households’ access to human waste disposal facilities. The use of water closet (W.C) is not common with households (4.3%) possibly because of the need for pipe water inside the house to facilitate its use. In terms of locality of residence, there are variations in the proportions of households who use the various types of toilet facilities. More urban households have no access to any kind of facility (14.7%) compared with their rural counterparts (10.3%). The proportions of households using W.C inside the dwelling is slightly lower in urban (3.1%) than rural (5.5%) communities. The proportion of households using Public toilets (KVIP, latrine, etc.) is about the same in urban as in rural areas.

8.9 Method of waste disposal 8.9.1 Solid waste disposal From Table 8.12, using of public dumping sites (open space) is the main method of solid waste disposal among households in the district. It is the method used by three-quarters (77.0%) of households in the district. The situation has eventually resulted in the creation of refuse heaps which require huge sums of money to evacuate. The use of public dump (container) is the second most common (9.1%) method of waste disposal among households. Dumping indiscriminately is also high accounting for 6.2 percent and may serve as breeding grounds for many kinds of ailments and spread of communicable diseases in those areas.

Table 8.11: Bathing and toilet facilities used by household Bathing and Toilet facilities used by Total District Urban Rural household country Region Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Bathing facility used by household Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 6,591 100.0 6,899 100.0 Own bathroom for exclusive use 1,535,392 119,022 2,829 21.0 1,393 21.1 1,436 20.8 Shared separate bathroom in the same house 1,818,522 170,946 4,722 35.0 2,176 33.0 2,546 36.9 Private open cubicle 381,979 40,486 895 6.6 417 6.3 478 6.9 Shared open cubicle 1,000,257 79,955 2,306 17.1 1,288 19.5 1,018 14.8 Public bath house 140,501 3,354 198 1.5 72 1.1 126 1.8 Bathroom in another house 187,337 25,442 716 5.3 427 6.5 289 4.2 Open space around house 372,556 49,179 1,765 13.1 797 12.1 968 14.0 River/Pond/Lake/Dam 14,234 1,027 23 0.2 15 0.2 8 0.1 Other 16,276 1,104 36 0.3 6 0.1 30 0.4 Toilet facility used by household Total 5,467,054 490,515 13,490 100.0 6,591 100.0 6,899 100.0 No facilities (bush/beach/field) 1,056,382 87,122 1,679 12.4 967 14.7 712 10.3 W.C. 839,611 32,800 586 4.3 204 3.1 382 5.5 Pit latrine 1,040,883 112,552 2,374 17.6 1,116 16.9 1,258 18.2 KVIP 572,824 39,544 2,431 18.0 1,193 18.1 1,238 17.9 Bucket/Pan 40,678 903 24 0.2 9 0.1 15 0.2 Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan etc.) 1,893,291 216,053 6,358 47.1 3,084 46.8 3,274 47.5 Other 23,385 38 1,541 0.3 18 0.3 20 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

In terms of locality, public dumping (open space) is the most predominant method used by urban and rural households accounting 76.5 percent and 77.6 percent respectively. Close to seven percent (6.5%) of the households in the urban areas dump indiscriminately while there are 5.9 percent in the rural localities. Table 8.12: Main method of solid and liquid waste disposal of dwelling unit by type of Locality

Main method of solid and liquid waste District disposal Total country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Main method of solid waste disposal Total 54,67,054 4,90,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 Collected 7,85,889 14,058 416 3.1 4.9 1.3 Burned by household 5,84,820 21,408 279 2.1 1.7 2.4 Public dump (container) 12,99,654 1,17,369 1,232 9.1 7.4 10.8 Public dump (open space) 20,61,403 2,61,390 10,393 77.0 76.5 77.6 Dumped indiscriminately 4,98,868 58,399 833 6.2 6.5 5.9 Buried by household 1,82,615 15,015 291 2.2 2.6 1.7 Other 53,805 2,876 46 0.3 0.4 0.3 Main method of liquid waste disposal Total 54,67,054 4,90,515 13,490 100.0 100.0 100.0 Through the sewerage system 1,83,169 5,851 232 1.7 1.9 1.6 Through drainage system into a gutter 5,94,404 12,558 166 1.2 1.4 1.1 Through drainage into a pit (soak away) 1,67,555 7,581 71 0.5 0.5 0.6 Thrown onto the street/outside 15,38,550 2,00,536 6,564 48.7 48.5 48.8 Thrown into gutter 10,20,096 31,703 696 5.2 2.9 7.3 Thrown onto compound 19,24,986 2,31,047 5,732 42.5 44.6 40.4 Other 38,294 1,239 29 0.2 0.2 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 8.9.2 Liquid waste disposal According to Table 8.15, liquid waste is mostly thrown onto the street or outside by most (48.7%) of the households. An equally high percentage of households (42.5%) also dispose of their liquid waste by throwing it onto the compound. Both methods of liquid waste disposal are not hygienic enough. Again 5.2 percent dispose of their liquid waste by throwing it in gutters. Less than two percent (1.7%) of the households in the district dispose of their liquid waste through a sewerage system. In terms of locality of residence, the figure shows that, a high (48.8%) percentage of households in the rural areas dispose of their liquid waste by throwing onto the street or outside. It is also pronounced in the urban areas (48.5%). A similar pattern is observed for both rural and urban areas for all the other methods of liquid waste disposal.

CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

9.1 Introduction This section presents the summary of key findings emanating from the analyses of data of the Techiman North District. The findings are outlined with respect to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, economic characteristics, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Disability, Agricultural activities and housing conditions. It also draws conclusion and figure out implications for policy direction in improving the living conditions of the inhabitants in the district.

9.2 Summary of Findings 9.2.1 Demographic Characteristics The analysis shows that, the district population is 59,068 comprising 28,766 (48.7%) males and 30,302 (51.3%) females which follow a similar pattern like the regional and the national figures both of which indicated a greater percentage of females than males. In the rural-urban dichotomy, a majority (51.5%) of the population is living in rural areas and 48.5 percent in the urban areas. In terms of density, with a land surface area of 389.4 Square kilometres and a population size of 59,068, the population density of the district is 152 per square kilometre. The distribution of the population in the district is such that a large proportion (57.0%) of the population is within the age group 15-64 while least (less than one percent) is 65+. The population structure indicates that the district has a young population typical of most developing countries. For instance, the age-based dependent population is about fifty percent (75.4%) of the total population of the district which implies that there are approximately 75 persons in the dependent ages (0-14 and 65+ years) for every 100 persons in the working ages (15-64 years). Age-dependency is relatively higher for males (77.0) than females (73.8). The overall sex ratio is 94.9, however sex ratios by age do not follow expected pattern of steady and gradual decline with advancing age. There are fluctuating sex ratios with visible through suggesting possible age misreporting, under-enumeration, out- migration or differential mortality. In general, the population pyramid of the district reflects a broad-base pattern, characteristic of a developing nation with over half of its population for both males (51.1%) and close to half of the population of females (48.1%) being young and under 20 years of age. This type of age structure has a built-in momentum for the growth of the country’s population. The Total Fertility Rate in the Techiman North District for women aged 15-49 years is 3.5 births per woman indicating that a woman in the district would have an average of 3.5 (about 4 children) in her lifetime. This however is nearly the same as the regional average of 3.6. It is interesting to note that more males (50.5%) than females (49.5%) are ever born in the district in contrast with what pertains in most districts and Ghana where more females are born than males. Out of the total district population of 59,068, the total number of deaths

78 recorded in households is 427 which translate into a crude death rate of 7.2 per 1000. This implies that about seven deaths are recorded per 1000 persons in a year. About one-third (30.8%) of the total population (59,068) of the Techiman North District are migrants. The migrant population has 6,653 (36.6%) born elsewhere in the Brong Ahafo region and a high of 11,546 representing 63.4 percent born elsewhere in another region and outside Ghana. The three Northern Regions (Northern, Upper East and Upper West) make up the highest proportion (65.5%) of the migrant population in the district. 9.2.2 Social Characteristics From the 2010 Population and Housing Census, the district recorded a total household population of 58,701 with 13,490 households, which translate into an average household size of 4.3 persons in each household. This is about the same as the regional average of 4.6. Households that are headed by males (64.8%) are nearly twice as that of females (35.2%). With regards to household composition, biological children constitute the largest percentage of household members (43.4%) followed by the head of households (23.0%), Spouse (husband/wife) constitutes 10.5 percent while other family members (grandchildren, brother/sister and other relatives of the head) together comprise 18.7 percent. Adopted/foster children are the least (0.3%). The nature of the household structure underscored the prevalence and the strength of the extended family system vis-à-vis the nuclear family system and the emerging single parent family system. Over fifty percent (55.0%) of the population in the Techiman North District live in various extended family households whereas 45.0 percent live in nuclear households. There are 40,757 persons aged 12 years and older in the district of which about 54.2 percent have ever been married. 48.8 percent are currently married or living together, while 5.7 percent are separated or divorced and 4.5 percent are widowed. Christianity (60.0%) is the predominant religion in the district, ahead of Islam (19%) and Traditional religion (1.3%). All those who do not practice any religion constitute 6.8 percent. A larger proportion of females (75.9%) are Christians compared to males (69.4%). However, there are more males (19.6%) than females (17.9%) who are Muslims in the district. A greater proportion of the total population (94.5%) in the District are Ghanaians by birth with less than one percent being Ghanaians by naturalization while three percent come from other countries. This is indicative that only three percent of the total population in the District are not Ghanaians either by birth or naturalization. The total population 11 years and older is 42,118 of which, 30,854 (73.3%) are literate while 11,264 (26.7%) are not literate. In general, the older folks in the District have lower literacy rates compared with the younger folks, thus, literacy decreases with as age advances; from age group 11-14 there is a steady decline of the literate population to age group 65+. This implies Techiman North District has more people who can read and write than those who cannot read and write (not literate population). Literacy in English and Ghanaian Language in the district is high across all age groups ranging from 76.0 percent in the age group 11-14 to a high of 83.6 percent in the age group 55.59. Literacy in English and French however, is very low with less than one percent being literate in both languages among all age groups. With regards to educational attainment, 22,651 (53.6%) of population 3 years and older comprising 11,713 (51.7%) males and 10,938 females (48.3%) are currently attending school. On the other hand, 19,588 representing 46.4 percent have attended school in the past, consisting of 51.6 percent males and 48.4 percent females in the district. About three percent 79

(3.2%) of the population 3 years and older has had higher education beyond the secondary school level. Regarding marital status by economic activity for the population 12 years and older (40.757), 65.3 percent are employed, 3.0 percent unemployed while 31.7 are economically not active. It is observed among the total population 12 years and older and across all marital status categories in the district that there are higher proportions who are employed compared to the unemployed and economically not active. 9.2.3 Economic Characteristics About four out of every five persons (75.1%) of the total population in the Techiman North District is economically active whereas 24.9 percent is economically not active. The 2010 PHC reported a very low unemployment figure of 1,204 in the district in the economically active population. Among the economically active population, 95.6 percent are employed with 4.4 percent being unemployed. There is very little difference in the proportion of economically active males (76.6%) and females (73.8%). About the same proportions of males (96.6%) and females are currently employed. There is very little difference in the proportion of economically active males (76.6%) and females (73.8%). About the same proportions of males (96.6%) and females are currently employed. Agriculture and related work is the major occupation in the district, accounting for 84.4 percent of the district’s employed population. Some proportions of the employed persons are engaged as service and sales workers (6.1%) and Craft and related trades workers (6.0%). Professional workers constitute only 1.1 percent of the employed population 15 years and above. The 2010 population and housing census revealed that skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery is the predominant occupation in the district which employs about half (49.1%) of the district’s employed population. Service and sales workers constitute 20.0 percent of the employed population followed by craft and related trades workers (12.7%). Less than one percent (0.7%) of the employed population is employed in clerical support worker occupation. 9.2.4 Information Communication Technology According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, the population age 12 years and older is 40, 757 representing 69.0 percent of the total population of the District. Out of the total population aged 12 years and older, 18,726 representing less than half (45.9%) have mobile phones in the District. This implies a mobile penetration of about 46 percent. With regards to Desktop/laptop computers, only 499 representing 3.7 percent own desktop/laptop computers in the District. Also, only 951 representing 2.3 percent of the total population 12 years and older in the District have access to the use of internet facility which is lower than the regional average of 3.4 percent and the national average of 7.8 percent. 9.2.5 Disability In the Techiman North District, 1,143 representing about two percent (1.9%) of the population reported 1,559 disabilities yielding an average of 1.4 disabilities per person. That is, about 40.0 percent have more than one form of disability. Sight impairment is the main type of disability from which most of the disabled suffer accounting for 32.5 percent in the

80 district of reported disabilities seconded by PWDs who suffer from physical disabilities with 32.1 percent. 9.2.6 Agricultural Activities Out of 13,490 households in the district, 8,512, representing 60.3 percent of households are engaged in agriculture. About sixty percent (60.9%) of the urban households in the district are engaged in agriculture whereas close to sixty percent (59.7%) of the rural households are also engaged in agriculture. The two traditional activities of crop farming and livestock rearing are prominent in the district and in both urban and rural communities. Livestock rearing which is the second most important agricultural activity in the district indicates that majority of livestock keepers, rear chickens and goats. 9.2.7 Housing Conditions Rooms in compound houses are the predominant occupied units by households in the district. It accounts for 57.3 percent of the dwelling units while a significant proportion of households about two percent (1.8%) use kiosks/containers and uncompleted buildings as their occupied housing units. More than two thirds of dwelling units in the district have outer walls constructed with cement blocks or concrete out of which household in urban areas recorded 78.8 percent and rural areas (43.3%). Cement or concrete (63.5%) and earth/mud (35.0%) are the two main construction materials used for floors in the district with a similar trend for both urban and rural localities. eight out of every 10 dwelling units in the district are roofed with metal sheets in the district. The trend is similar for urban (94.7%) and rural (76.5%) localities but the former being much higher than the latter.

There are more households in urban (44.5) areas that use electricity as source of lighting for dwellings than in rural areas. By contrast, more rural households reported using flashlight/Torch (67.5). Only a few households in urban (3.8%) and rural (3.3%) localities use gas for cooking with more of the users. The main sources of drinking water for households in the district are boreholes or tube wells or hand pump and pipe borne. There are more households using boreholes or tube wells or hand pump in the rural areas than in the urban areas. The use of river/stream for drinking is ten times greater in the rural areas (10.7%) than in urban (1.4%) locality. Public toilet facility (WC/KVIP/PIT/PAN etc.) is largely used by urban and rural households in the district. More household users in rural (4.1%) areas do not have toilet facilities in their houses as compared to urban (14.1%) areas. Less than 15.0 percent of households have access to improved latrines (KVIP and WC) with more households using those facilities in urban areas than in rural localities while a significant proportion of rural households have no toilet facility (use beach/field/open defecation). Only three percent (3.2%) of households in the district reported that their solid waste is collected while majority of the households (70.9%) disposes their solid waste on public dumps (open space).The use of public dumps (open space) is greatly patronized in the urban areas (80.0%) than rural areas (68.2%). The data show that less than nine percent (4.5 %) of households in the district indicate that they throw their liquid waste into a sewerage system, through drainage system into gutter and through drainage into a pit (soak away), while the majority of households reported that they throw their liquid waste onto a street or outside and onto compounds (92.4%).

9.3 Policy implications and recommendations The overall level of development and demographic structure in the country conceals very marked differences between and within regions, districts, rural and urban areas. It was to effectively address the imbalance in development that the decentralization programme was initiated in 1984 with the District Assemblies established to “initiate and coordinate the processes of planning, programming, budgeting and implementation of district plans, programmes and projects” relevant to the needs of particular districts and communities. In 1993, the District Assemblies’ Common Fund was established to give metropolitan, municipal and District Assemblies more financial autonomy to actually make decisions at the local level. It has since become an important tool for the achievement of fiscal decentralization in particular and overall decentralization in general. Most of the economic indicators from the 2010 Population and Housing Census seem to portray that Techiman North District is a developing district in the Brong Ahafo Region. The characteristics of the districts (demographic, social, economic, housing conditions and community facilities) in the district therefore need to be taken into account in deciding on the broad areas for policy strategies and interventions. The following recommendations are made based on the findings of the report: Demographic Characteristics The age and structure of the population shows a relatively young population, which has the potential for further growth. The results may have serious cost implications for the provision of social services, particularly education and health. It is therefore recommended that the integration of population variables which has the potential of stalling the rate of growth of the population such as effective family planning methods be considered a priority in the district development planning. In the district, there is a slightly higher male preponderance in the younger age segments while females tend to be in the majority in the economically active age segment and the older ages. The birth rate may be the principal explanation for differences in age composition. There is therefore the need to continue with, and intensify, fertility education programmes that target child spacing and contraceptive practices which are necessary to reduce the high level of fertility in the district. Non-contraceptive and non-family planning practices and attitudes that reduce high fertility also need to be encouraged and sustained. Social Characteristics (Household composition and structure) Given that the average household of 6.4 and even higher for female headed household (20.8 persons) persons is a mix of parents (head with or without spouses), children and other relatives, it seems that the ideal housing situation would be an average of about four rooms per household. If room occupancy is examined from the angle of crowding, however, it would seem that two rooms should be a minimum for a household of five persons. It is, however, evident from the data that most households have inadequate sleeping rooms, particularly when personal property and household belongings occupy a sizable portion of sleeping rooms. On the basis of a rough generalization that the higher the standard of living in a district, the larger the average number of rooms in the housing units, then the Techiman North District will be the most deprived in terms of room occupancy.

To measure crowding, it is necessary to calculate the number of persons per room. In general, one person or fewer per room may be regarded as desirable and three or more persons per room may be defined as “crowded” housing. By this definition, therefore, the Techiman North district in the Brong Ahafo region is crowded. Economic implications While the Techiman North Districts has very suitable land for cultivating yam and maize in commercial quantities, the road network has always been in such a deplorable state that the little that is produced can hardly be transported to large urban areas for sale. The consensus often reached by analysts is that the poor performance of the agricultural sector is at the core of the growth problem in Ghana as a whole and hence the need to seriously tackle the structural problems of the sector. In this respect, and on the basis of the results from the analysis, the following are suggested: Sustained efforts need to be intensified and focused towards modernization of agricultural production, using appropriate technologies to increase productivity and output. This may have to imply a vigorous implementation of the Youth in Agriculture Programmes in the district. Agricultural workers need to be assisted to enable farmers acquire implements and small –to- medium scale irrigation equipment that will facilitate farming throughout the year. Industrial establishments need to be based on locally available inputs that will generate employment and make them more efficient. The sizes of industries need to be carefully assessed vis-à-vis the available market so that the appropriate technology and the right proportions of factor inputs are employed. Attempts at producing the requisite middle-level manpower, through the establishment of Polytechnics, must be sustained and strengthened to enhance technological proficiency. Projects and programmes need to be developed and implemented in the district. Accessible and easily recoverable soft loan facilities should be provided to identifiable private sector organizations and employers to create employment and ensure increased productivity per worker. The Techiman North District has very good agricultural land. It is important for stakeholders in the region to seriously work towards the rebuilding of the major trunk roads to linkup the district to other regions particularly, the three Northern Regions. Also, roads linking communities in the district has to be reshaped and rehabilitated to facilitate the transportation of food stuff in/out of the district. That way, food produced in the district will not be left to waste.

REFERENCES

Ghana Federation of the Disabled, Disability Situation in Ghana, October 2013, http://www.gfdgh.org/disabilitysituationinghana.html.

Ghana Statistical Service, 2000 Population and Housing Census, Brong Ahafo Region, Analysis of District Data and Implications for Planning, 2005. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.

Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census, National Analytical Report, May 2013

Ghana Statistical Service, Census 2010 Summary Results of Final Report

Kwatei, Nana Kwaku Kwankye, The Ghanaian (African) Extended Family (System) April 2009, www.ghanaweb.com.

Opoku, Robert Mensah, Ghana and ICT: Strides Challenges and Way forward, www.ghanaweb.com.

Persons with Disability Act, 2006, Act 715

Population Reference Bureau, Population Handbook 2011

Techiman North District Assembly, 2010-2013 Medium-Term Development Plan, Techiman North District , 2010

UNDP, The Brong Ahafo Region Human Development Report 2013

APPENDICES

Table A1: Household Composition by type of locality

Total Urban Rural Household Composition Total Percent Urban Percent Rural Percent Total 58,701 100.0 28,470 100.00 30,231 100.00 Head only 2,087 3.6 999 3.50 1,088 3.60 Household with head and a spouse only 1,012 1.7 488 1.70 524 1.70 Household with head and biological/adopted children only 6,718 11.4 3,273 11.50 3,445 11.40 Household with head spouse(s) and biological/adopted children only 16,598 28.3 8,142 28.60 8,456 28.00 Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 12,535 21.4 5,911 20.80 6,624 21.90 Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children relatives and nonrelatives of the head 1,344 2.3 615 2.20 729 2.40 Household with head spouse(s) and other composition 2,115 3.6 1,011 3.60 1,104 3.70 Household with head biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 10,576 18.0 4,991 17.50 5,585 18.50 Household with head biological/adopted chilren relatives and nonrelatives of the head 1,024 1.7 579 2.00 445 1.50 Household with head and other composition but no spouse 4,692 8.0 2,461 8.60 2,231 7.40 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A2: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education Educational level attained Never Kinder Middle/JSS/ Sec./ SSS/ Voc./ Tech./ Post Bachelor Post graduate (Cert. Sex/Disability type Total attended Nursery garten Primary JHS SHS Comm. sec degree Diploma Masters PHD etc.) Both Sexes Total 54,385 12,146 2,007 3,429 14,061 16,016 4,921 408 1,062 306 29 No disability 53,263 11,633 1,990 3,407 13,884 15,754 4,838 393 1,041 296 27 With a disability 1,122 513 17 22 177 262 83 15 21 10 2 Sight 365 155 5 8 59 89 29 8 10 2 0 Hearing 191 107 2 4 29 25 18 2 2 2 0 Speech 178 89 6 7 27 26 19 2 0 1 1 Physical 365 191 6 5 41 86 22 2 6 6 0 Intellectual 176 75 6 6 36 36 12 1 1 2 1 Emotional 154 64 3 5 28 38 11 2 2 1 0 Other 101 41 0 3 20 28 7 0 0 2 0 Male Total 26,418 4,607 1,053 1,742 6,804 8,097 2,899 219 717 255 25 No disability 25,848 4,403 1,043 1,728 6,703 7,945 2,841 214 702 246 23 With a disability 570 204 10 14 101 152 58 5 15 9 2 Sight 179 62 2 6 34 46 18 2 7 2 0 Hearing 90 42 1 1 15 12 14 1 2 2 0 Speech 104 47 4 4 19 15 12 1 0 1 1 Physical 176 62 4 2 25 56 15 1 5 6 0 Intellectual 88 35 2 3 18 22 5 0 0 2 1 Emotional 77 28 3 1 16 19 7 1 1 1 0 Other 47 21 0 0 8 13 4 0 0 1 0 Female Total 27,967 7,539 954 1,687 7,257 7,919 2,022 189 345 51 4 No disability 27,415 7,230 947 1,679 7,181 7,809 1,997 179 339 50 4 With a disability 552 309 7 8 76 110 25 10 6 1 0 Sight 186 93 3 2 25 43 11 6 3 0 0 Hearing 101 65 1 3 14 13 4 1 0 0 0 Speech 74 42 2 3 8 11 7 1 0 0 0 Physical 189 129 2 3 16 30 7 1 1 0 0 Intellectual 88 40 4 3 18 14 7 1 1 0 0 Emotional 77 36 0 4 12 19 4 1 1 0 0 Other 54 20 0 3 12 15 3 0 0 1 0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged Population in occupied Population engaged in House- units agricultural activities Households/ Type of crop holds Total Male Female Total Male Female Total households in occupied 13,490 58,701 28,568 30,133 14,477 7,589 6,888 units Households engaged in 8,135 39,374 19,301 20,073 14,477 7,589 6,888 agricultural activities Households engaged in crop 7,882 38,006 18,615 19,391 13,975 7,294 6,681 farming or tree growing Households engaged in crop 7,876 37,992 18,606 19,386 13,967 7,289 6,678 farming Households engaged in tree 51 281 137 144 87 52 35 growing Agro forestry (tree planting) 51 281 137 144 87 52 35 Alligator pepper 14 75 33 42 25 15 10 Apples 11 58 27 31 23 12 11 Asian vegetables (e.g. tinda, cauliflower) 11 70 38 32 33 18 15 Avocado 1 7 2 5 2 1 1 Banana 20 108 61 47 45 21 24 Beans 160 828 429 399 306 175 131 Black pepper 3 15 7 8 6 4 2 Black berries 4 22 11 11 16 9 7 Cabbage 22 100 52 48 30 22 8 Carrot 49 237 120 117 86 49 37 Cashew 999 5,253 2,648 2,605 1,970 1,040 930 Cassava 4,538 21,899 10,392 11,507 8,003 3,738 4,265 Citronella 3 32 16 16 7 3 4 Citrus 29 181 96 85 69 36 33 Cloves 3 11 3 8 4 2 2 Cocoa 1,654 8,462 4,189 4,273 3,082 1,624 1,458 Coconut 25 109 61 48 49 26 23 Cocoyam 262 1,318 654 664 544 248 296 Cocoyam / Taro (kooko) 29 133 63 70 54 22 32 Coffee 2 9 4 5 2 2 0 Cola 4 22 8 14 8 4 4 Cotton 2 13 5 8 3 1 2 Cucumber 25 126 72 54 51 29 22 Egg plant 6 21 11 10 10 6 4 Garden eggs 101 482 229 253 196 107 89 Ginger 3 23 9 14 6 2 4 Groundnut 92 459 224 235 170 80 90 Guava 9 50 24 26 19 10 9 Kenaf 5 22 13 9 7 4 3 Lemon grass 17 106 56 50 53 28 25 Lettuce 11 66 30 36 24 10 14 Maize 3,128 15,869 7,943 7,926 5,883 3,215 2,668 Mango 33 218 105 113 75 36 39 Melon (agusi) 6 27 12 15 16 7 9 Millet 15 76 36 40 21 8 13 Mushroom 1 5 3 2 2 1 1

Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged (cont’d) Population in occupied Population engaged in House- units agricultural activities Households/ Type of crop holds Total Male Female Total Male Female Nut meg 2 3 2 1 2 2 0 Oil palm 27 133 66 67 47 30 17 Okro 183 996 512 484 359 179 180 Onion 27 130 57 73 49 24 25 Pawpaw 5 26 9 17 9 3 6 Peas 11 66 33 33 36 16 20 Pepper 437 2,286 1,108 1,178 843 393 450 Pineapple 24 102 47 55 42 18 24 Plantain 997 4,861 2,351 2,510 1,749 807 942 Potatoes 2 6 1 5 1 0 1 Rice 25 146 75 71 50 30 20 Rubber 1 7 3 4 2 1 1 Shallot 1 6 3 3 1 0 1 Sorghum 1 5 1 4 1 1 0 Soya beans 6 39 23 16 12 7 5 Sugarcane 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 Sweet pepper 27 154 83 71 75 48 27 Sweet potatoes 5 31 17 14 6 4 2 Tiger nut 16 68 31 37 30 15 15 Tobacco 6 23 10 13 16 8 8 Tomatoes 1,631 7,907 4,141 3,766 3,310 1,960 1,350 Water melon 27 128 64 64 48 30 18 Yam 3,603 18,415 8,903 9,512 6,767 3,318 3,449 Other (specify) 78 490 237 253 195 102 93 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A4: Population by sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest Communities

Sex House S/No. Community Name Total Male Female holds Houses 1 Tuobodom 13,761 6,900 6,861 3,030 1,771 2 Ofuman 8,277 4,007 4,270 1,905 1,160 3 Aworowa 6,589 3,133 3,456 1,656 902 4 Krobo 4,359 1,992 2,367 1,052 564 5 Buoyem 2,468 1,231 1,237 532 330 6 Asueyi 2,402 1,162 1,240 600 322 7 Jama-Tenponem 1,856 881 975 458 402 8 Akrofrom 1,817 860 957 376 233 9 Apenkro 1,554 725 829 374 203 10 Dempa 1,552 727 825 348 201 11 Mesidan 1,406 672 734 322 194 12 Nyansuaka 1,389 688 701 301 182 13 Buom Villages (Kunsofa) 1,020 500 520 229 189 14 Benekwaku Krom 835 397 438 159 139 15 Tano Boase 733 367 366 199 85 16 Nsesereso 719 330 389 168 97 17 Didiatem (Tano Krom) 708 324 384 160 147 18 Jabiri (Gebiri) 708 343 365 161 150 19 Kokoroko 581 289 292 140 134 20 Bonya 540 263 277 147 59 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A5: Population by age group in the 20 largest communities

Community All Age group S/No. Name ages 0-4 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ 1 Tuobodom 13,761 1,762 1,672 1,711 1,529 1,386 1,205 1,034 860 680 502 380 229 207 103 202 299 2 Ofuman 8,277 1,076 1,086 1,152 919 755 705 621 530 439 312 243 136 77 71 69 86 3 Aworowa 6,589 835 823 770 736 624 526 394 400 313 262 243 153 109 92 125 184 4 Krobo 4,359 562 526 584 530 409 323 264 215 171 173 146 84 90 62 74 146 5 Buoyem 2,468 344 327 337 283 242 201 164 139 115 73 78 47 24 21 28 45 6 Asueyi 2,402 299 293 256 239 196 207 157 132 123 81 100 83 60 32 58 86 7 Jama-Tenponem 1,856 301 239 225 187 163 175 142 132 94 69 51 16 23 11 11 17 8 Akrofrom 1,817 224 224 245 211 196 127 103 90 78 58 71 51 38 20 34 47 9 Apenkro 1,554 205 161 181 190 173 159 129 115 68 50 45 26 18 6 14 14 10 Dempa 1,552 231 204 227 167 126 139 114 105 80 59 35 20 10 7 12 16 11 Mesidan 1,406 160 156 170 183 112 93 96 71 73 64 56 29 38 21 30 54 12 Nyansuaka 1,389 205 211 180 127 130 119 94 96 59 42 41 18 12 11 14 30 Buom Villages 1,020 133 128 142 107 89 83 78 70 57 43 29 19 12 9 13 8 13 (Kunsofa) Benekwaku 14 Krom 835 96 102 123 98 74 53 45 48 61 35 33 15 12 13 15 12 15 Tano Boase 733 91 76 88 68 68 74 51 47 42 34 30 14 11 11 16 12 16 Nsesereso 719 90 84 87 76 79 45 60 46 22 26 27 9 22 9 11 26 Didiatem (Tano 708 95 70 94 83 62 61 46 49 37 16 29 11 14 6 7 28 17 Krom) 18 Jabiri (Gebiri) 708 117 89 98 74 55 64 38 43 26 18 18 18 9 11 12 18 19 Kokoroko 581 101 92 68 43 35 44 39 39 27 28 17 16 9 7 8 8 20 Bonya 540 62 59 72 58 57 47 54 27 26 22 20 12 10 3 5 6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Project Secretariat Dr. Philomena Nyarko, Government Statistician Mr. Baah Wadieh, Deputy Government Statistician Mr. David Yenukwa Kombat, Acting Census Coordinator Mr. Sylvester Gyamfi, DISDAP Project Coordinator Mrs. Abena A. Osei-Akoto, Data Processing Mr. Rochester Appiah Kubi Boateng, Data Processing Mrs. Jacqueline Anum, Data Processing Mrs. Samilia Mintah, Data Processing Mr. Yaw Misefa, Data Processing Mr. Ernest Enyan, Data Processing Mr. Omar Seidu, Regional Statistician Ms. Hanna Frempong Konadu, Formatting/Typesetting Mrs. Hellen Ayitevie, Formatting/Typesetting Ms. Georgina Anagli, Formatting/Typesetting

Writers George Sarfo Antwi-Boasiako Francis Yaw Adu-Boateng

Consultant Dr. Zrphyrinus K.M. Batse

Editor/ Reviewers Mr. Ernest Kunfaa Mr. Gershon Togoh Mrs. Jane Acolatse Mr. Isaac Odoom