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Yeşilköy/Ayios Andronikos Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report

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Yeşilköy/Ayios Andronikos Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Yeșilköy/Ayios Andronikos Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report USAID Contract No. EPP -1-00-03-00013-00 Task Order No. 6 Date: November 19, 2007 Prepared by: Daene McKinney and Phil Brown Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Yeșilköy/Ayios Andronikos Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Supporting Activities that Value the Environment (SAVE) Project Tel: (+90) 392 228 1925 Tel: (+357) 227 707 57 Fax: (+90) 392 228 1756 www.save-irg.com [email protected] International Resources Group 1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 Ph: 202-289-0100; Fax: 202-289-7601 www.irgltd.com Cover Photo: Aerial View of the aquifer test location DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of International Resources Group (IRG) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Like all USAID funded programs in Cyprus, SAVE is committed to strengthening conditions that foster a durable settlement. SAVE activities work to build capacity within the Turkish Cypriot community to better protect and manage the island’s natural and cultural resources within the overall framework of the USAID assistance goals. This document is intended to facilitate SAVE’s work. All references within it to Turkish Cypriot authorities or governing entities and/or place names are for reference purposes only and are meant to convey meaning. They should not be interpreted as implying or indicating any political recognition or change in longstanding USAID policy. Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................1 2 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 2.1 Study Area...............................................................................................................1 2.2 Hydrogeology .........................................................................................................5 2.3 Water Quality ........................................................................................................8 2.4 Conceptual Hydrogeologic Model.................................................................. 11 3 Model Development ......................................................................................................... 16 3.1 The Model ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2 The Model Grid .................................................................................................. 18 3.3 Recharge Data..................................................................................................... 22 4 Results .................................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Initial Conditions................................................................................................. 23 4.2 Baseline Results................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 28 References .............................................................................................................................. 29 Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Acronyms cm centimeters EC European Commission EU European Union GCC Greek Cypriot Community GIS Geographic Information Systems GV Groundwater Vistas, aquifer modeling software IRG International Resources Group m meters SAVE USAID Project, “Supporting Activities that Value the Environment” TCC Turkish Cypriot Community Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report Place Names1 Adaçay Melanarka Avtepe Ayios Symeon Bafra Voukolidha Boltașlı Lythrangomi Bostancı Zodhia Çamlıbel Myrtou Çayırova Ayios Seryios Dali Dhali Derince Vathylakas Değirmenlik Kythrea Esenköy Kilanemos Gelincik Vasili Gürpınar Ayia Marina Kaleburnu Galinoporni Kumyalı Koma tou Yialou Kuruova Korovia Mesarya Mesaoria Pamuklu Tavros Sipahi Ayia Trias Tașlıca Neta Tașpınar Angolemi Yeni Erenköy Yialousa Yeșilköy Ayios Andronikos Ziyamet Leonarisso 1 For ease of reference throughout the body of the report, place names will be referenced using both their Turkish and Greek names the first time they appear in the body of the report, and from that point forward only the Turkish name will be used. All respective place names are presented here to serve as a guide throughout the report. Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report 1 Executive Summary The Supporting Activities that Value the Environment (SAVE) Project works to build local capacity to better protect and manage Cyprus’ valuable natural and cultural resources. SAVE is part of the USAID/Cyprus assistance program undertaken to support economic growth in the Turkish Cypriot Community. It is one of the ways in which USAID/Cyprus implements its overall strategy to contribute to reunification and a political settlement by bridging the distance and addressing the gaps between the Turkish Cypriot Community (TCC) and the Greek Cypriot Community (GCC). The overall Mission strategic objective is: conditions to foster a durable settlement in Cyprus are strengthened. The SAVE Project is a vital component of the overall USAID/Cyprus program and specifically supports Intermediate Result 2: increased parity of economic opportunity. Background Water resources in Cyprus are composed of renewable sources that depend on annual precipitation and recharge of groundwater and non-renewable groundwater. For several decades, Cypriots have “mined” the groundwater reserve in order to satisfy demands that far exceed the sustainable supply of renewable water resources. The SAVE (Supporting Activities that Value the Environment) Project has supported capacity building efforts among local water, geology and mining experts in classroom and field-based training in groundwater management. SAVE has also designed an aquifer testing program and provided training in the use of pump tests to determine safe yields – the volume of groundwater that can be extracted on a sustainable basis. This report summarizes recent SAVE efforts to build capacity among TCC specialists in the use of groundwater modeling and GIS software to simulate and evaluate aquifer characteristics and behavior under alternative assumptions of precipitation, recharge, and withdrawals. The assistance was designed to help increase understanding of aquifer systems, facilitate long range planning and groundwater management, and improve understanding of the agricultural water situation. The full report provides a detailed description of the study area, Yeșilköy (Ayios Andronikos), the hydrogeology and water quality of the aquifer, the conceptual model, the development of the model for Yeșilköy Aquifer, and the results of the modeling effort. The results and a brief overview of the report are provided below. Results A groundwater simulation model, using the software program MODFLOW, was developed for the aquifer by SAVE and participants in a series of side-by-side training sessions starting in May 2006. Data provided from the ENVIS database and the local authorities along with the results of a pumping test were used to parameterize the model. The model was “run” for a three-year period using climate data from 2003-2005. The team specified an aquifer recharge rate of 30% 1 Yeșilköy Aquifer Groundwater Model Technical Report and made an assumption on the pumping rate of 3 million cubic meters per year (1 million m3/year for drinking water and 2 million m3/year for irrigation). The model indicates that the level of the groundwater in the confined area of the aquifer (pumping depth) declines by about one meter per year under the set of assumptions used for the simulations. This result corroborates evidence of at least a 5 meter decline in groundwater levels since 1990 and anecdotal evidence that many irrigation wells are dry by early summer. These results are very preliminary. If the model is to be used for analysis and planning, it needs to be strengthened by improving the data through a detailed well survey, conducting additional pumping tests (only one pumping test was conducted for the exercise), and recalibrating the model. Study Area The 11 square kilometer Yeșilköy Aquifer was selected as the study area for the development of the groundwater model. The aquifer is situated above the village of Yeșilköy on the Karpaz peninsula in Cyprus. This aquifer is one of the seven major aquifers in the TCC. The topography of the area varies with an average elevation around 200 meters above sea level. The area has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. Rainfall is quite variable from year to year and averages around 500 mm/year. The area’s vegetation includes cultivated crops, ornamental plants around residential dwellings, Mediterranean grasses and shrubs, and pine forests. Water supply for the area, both domestic and agricultural, is provided from groundwater pumped from the underlying aquifer. The population of the region in 1996 was about 7,150 persons (personal communication with local
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