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University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2003 Nanyo Colonialism/Postcolonialism: A Comparative Literary and Cultural Study on Representations of the Pacific in Japanese and English Language Fiction Naoto Sudo University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. 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Recommended Citation Sudo, Naoto, Nanyo Colonialism/Postcolonialism: A Comparative Literary and Cultural Study on Representations of the Pacific in Japanese and English Language Fiction, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of English, University of Wollongong, 2003. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1370 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Nanyo Colonialism/Postcolonialism: A Comparative Literary and Cultural Study on Representations of the Pacific in Japanese and English Language Fiction A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Studies University of Wollongong by Naoto Sudo 2003 A b stra ct Colonial and postcolonial discourse studies have almost solely been focusing on Anglo- and Francophone texts. This thesis mainly deals with colonial and postcolonial discourses from Japan, which has the experiences since the mid­ nineteenth century both of Western cultural and economic colonisation and occupation on the one hand and of its own colonial (military, political, economic, and cultural) expansion to Asian/Pacific areas on the other. The thesis concentrates on representations of the Pacific, in which Asia/Pacific, Japan, and the West have been involved with one another, the three subjects conditioning Japanese colonialism and postcolonialism. A key argument of the thesis is that the three-way interactions of colonial/postcolonial representations of Japanese in the Pacific region produce a ‘colonial subject’ different from Eurocentric colonial models and more complex than dominant Self-Other theories have allowed. In considering colonialism and postcolonialism in the Pacific, the thesis points out that the ‘Japanese’ subject as coloniser/colonised is used in contemporary texts from Japan and Pacific islands to intervene not only in colonial myths of ‘southern earthly paradise’ but also anti-colonial binarism of oppressor/oppresse d. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my sincere gratitude to all those who supported and encouraged me to bring this work to completion. I apologise for being unable to thank each and every one by name. I am particularly indebted to my supervisor Associate Professor Paul Sharrad who expressed interest in my research and offered generous help and constructive feedback and whose professional wisdom and helpful suggestions made this whole exercise a pleasant one. I would also thank to my co-supervisor Associate Professor Gerry Turcotte and the Department of English Studies and to the University of Wollongong for funding this study. I am also grateful to the staff of the University of Hawafi and of its Hamilton Library whose help and suggestions made my study trip fruitful. I also owe my great debt to Professor Koji Kawamoto and Professor Nobuo Takeuchi whose initial concern and continual help made this study possible. Finally, to my parents Buichiro and Kazue Sudo and my brothers Takashi and Yuki, thank you for your goodwill and support. Contents Notes on Japanese Names and Terms ix Introduction 1 PARTI Representing Nanyo: Japanese Views of the Pacific (Micronesia) 8 Chapter 1: The Formation of Nanyo Discourse 8 Knowledge and images of the Pacific Islands in the days of the Tokugawa regime 8 Nanyo discourses in the Meiji era 14 N o te s 21 Chapter 2: Nanshin and Nanyo-Orientalism 24 Japans colonisation of Micronesia and official Nanyo- Orientalism in ‘A Letter from Truk’ 24 Dankichi’s popular Nanyo-Orientalism 29 Japan’s rule over Micronesia and Dankichi 33 Writers’ visits to Nanyo 45 N o te s 52 v Chapter 3: Atsushi Nakajima’s Nanyo Stories 54 Nanyo and Nakajima’s literature 54 Nakajima in Nanyo 62 Nakajima’s Nanyo stories 66 Notes 85 Chapter 4: Godzilla and Postwar Nanyo-Orientalism 87 Nanyo discourse in immediate postwar period and the birth of Godzilla 87 Nanyo-Orientalism ‘after colonialism’ 90 Notes 97 P A R T II The South Seas and Nanyo: Colonial Writings in English and Japanese 99 Chapter 5: Origins of the Difference between South-Sea- and Nanyo- Orientalism 99 Perspectival colonial space’ - Crusoe, Cook, and Melville 100 Japan’s modernisation of representation and monogatari as Japanese colonial space’ 112 Notes 119 Chapter 6: Empire Boys in the South Seas/Nanyo 121 Adventure and boys in Victorian and Showa empires 121 The Coral Island and Dankichi the Adventurous 125 vi N o te s 132 Chapter 7: Re-writing South Sea Romance from Within 134 Resistance from within Japan and the West 134 Fear and violence of the coloniser 140 Re-writing colonial transracial love 145 Stevenson’s and Nakajima’s islander characters 155 N o te s 158 Chapter 8: South Sea Stories and the Wars 160 Re-romanticising the Pacific after world wars 160 A ‘hybrid paradise’ in Frisbie’s The Book o f Puka-Puka 161 Juxtaposition of paradise and inferno in Michener’s T ales o f the South Pacific 169 Orientalism and postcoloniality in Tales o f the South Pacific 173 N o tes 111 P A R T II I Mirror Images between Japan and the Pacific: Postcoloniality in Contemporary Japanese and Pacific Island Texts 179 Chapter 9: Beyond Godzilla into Macias Gilly 179 ‘Japanese postcolonialism’ 179 Lacking ‘self, ambivalence to America, counterattack from Micronesia 182 Island collective consciousness as resitant Other 196 Notes 206 vii Chapter 10: Creating Pacific and Japanese ‘Self/Other’ in Polynesia 208 Wendt, Hauofa, and Nakajima as non-Western Pacific writers 208 Hauofa’s mocking of ex-/neo-colonial Japanese stereotypes 214 Re-discovering a Pacific postcolonial body through Japan: Wendt’s Ola 217 N o tes 225 Chapter 11: Beyond the Tug of War between ‘Americanisation’ and ‘Japanisation’ in Micronesia 226 Which coloniser is better? : Chris Perez Howard’s Mariquita 221 Disputing the ‘liberation’ 234 Beyond anti-/pro-occupation 236 Voices from the former Japanese-mandated territory 241 Chapter 12: ‘Japanese Identities’ from Hawaii 244 Hawaii’s complex dynamics and ‘Japanese American cultures’ 244 ‘Japanese diaspora identities’ and Asia/Pacific 250 Resistance and reconciliation in Japanese-Hawaiian complexity 256 Conclusion 269 Bibliography 272 viii Notes on Japanese Names and Terms Japanese names throughout the thesis are written in English order, given name first. Macrons to indicate long vowels in transliterated Japanese are not used in the thesis. Those who know the language will have no difficulty in differentiating the vowels, while to those without the language macrons are of little use. IX Introduction The Japanese word N a n yo (the ‘South Seas’), in Mark Peattie’s words, is ‘an extremely vague term’: ‘At various times, it has included Micronesia, Melanesia, the South China Sea, and Southeast Asia from the Andaman Islands to Papua’ (xvii). It vaguely refers to the tropical sphere of seas and islands in the ‘south’ of Japan. It also centres on Micronesia - its narrower definition in general use in the late nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth, the period through which the term was most frequently used in Japan (Peattie xviii). On the other hand, the ‘South Sea’ means the Pacific Ocean for most of the Western world from the early sixteenth century, although this appellation ‘south’ is derived from the south of the isthmus of Panama (Kiste 3). The term ‘South Pacific’ replaced ‘South Seas’ after World War Two (Hauofa 2000, 116-117). ‘South Pacific’, although not including Micronesia in general, occasionally encompasses ‘island groups where American military and naval forces were stationed or involved in combat from 1942 to 1944, which would include islands from Samoa to Saipan’ (Peattie xviii). For the Japanese, however, it ‘can only include territories in the Pacific that lie south of the equator’ (Peattie xviii). The difference in scope of the terms, as suggested above, stems from difference of those subjects’ (‘the Japanese’, ‘the Westerners’, or ‘Americans’) relationships to the Pacific, or rather, their co lo n ia l relationships to it. This thesis will deal with such relationships of the Japanese to the islanders as have been produced and transformed through colonial dynamics over the islands and sea, mainly since the early nineteenth century until the 1990s. And it will do this by examining Japanese images or representations of the area, especially Micronesia that was under Japan’s rule from 1914 to 1945 and on which the 1 term ‘Nanyo’ centred as mentioned above.

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