HFQLG Appendix AA
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES Specialist Report for Chapter 3 FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES I. Introduction The lands that comprise the pilot project contain approximately 364 vertebrate species including 224 species of birds, 84 mammal species, 26 reptiles and amphibians, and approximately 30 species of fish. Each of these species has a unique set of habitat requirements, which are discussed in detail in the California Statewide Wildlife Habitat Relationships System (Verner and Boss 1980, Airola 1980, Zeiner et al., 1988, 1990a, 1990b). Detailed discussions of the relationships between wildlife and their habitats are found in a three volume set of the California Wildlife Habitats Relationships (CWHR) System, the CWHR System habitat definitions (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988), and the individual Forest Plans (USFS 1988, 1990, 1992). During the last century a number of changes have occurred to wildlife habitat within the project area from natural events such as climatic changes as well as human activities such as timber harvest, mining, range, and recreational activities. These changes have benefited some species while reducing the quality of habitat for others. The Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project (SNEP) provides a brief summary of historical conditions and changes that have occurred to wildlife habitats within the Sierras (SNEP, Volume II, Section III, Chapters 21-36) as well as the Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement; Managing California Spotted Owl Habitat in the Sierra Nevada National Forests of California, An Ecosystem Approach, August 1996. The species of wildlife found within the pilot project area includes bald eagles and osprey, which are found near lakes and rivers, spotted owls and goshawks, which inhabit the denser forests, and bear, migratory birds, amphibians, and reptiles which utilize a wide variety of habitats. The area also serves as both summer and winter range for all or portions of 11 deer herds: Cow Creek, West Lassen, East Lassen, East Tehama, Bucks Mountain, Sloat, Doyle, Mooretown, Loyalton-Truckee, Downieville, and Nevada City. Each deer herd is managed under the guidance of a deer herd management plan developed cooperatively between the California Department of Fish and Game and major land management agencies, including the Forest Service. The project area is located within the Northeastern California Deer Assessment Unit (DAU 2) and Northeastern Sierra Deer Assessment Unit (DAU 3). Both of these units have been identified by the California Department of Fish and Game as the two top priority DAU's within California to attempt to reverse the decline in deer populations through habitat-based efforts (DFG 1998). Management Direction The Forest Service is charged with managing wildlife habitat on national forest system (NFS) lands in accordance with the requirements of the National Forest Management Act (NFMA) and its implementing regulations. NFMA regulations require that wildlife habitat be managed to maintain viable populations of existing native and desired non-native vertebrate species, and that those species be well distributed throughout the planning area. In addition, the regulations require the Forest Service to preserve and enhance the diversity of plant and animal communities, including endemic and desirable naturalized plant and animal species, so that diversity is at least as great as what would be expected in a natural forest. Each Forest within the project area has established its own wildlife program objectives in its Forest Plan. Three wildlife objectives are shared by all three Forests: 1) maintain viable populations of existing native and desired non-native species, as required by NFMA; 2) provide habitat contributing to the recovery and maintenance of viable populations of Federally listed threatened and endangered species; and 3) improve and protect habitat for selected management emphasis or indicator species (individual Forest Land and Resource Management plans, 1988, 1990, 1992). California Wildlife Habitats Relationships (CWHR) As previously mentioned CWHR classes are commonly used as one tool to describe old forest conditions. Here, they are reviewed for their original purpose; describing wildlife habitat relationships. The CWHR system describes forest habitats through tree size and canopy closure (see Table 3.20). Although shrub and herbaceous layers are decidedly important wildlife habitat attributes, they are not used by the CWHR system as a means to describe habitat. Generally, the early forest successional stages (CWHR size classes 1 and 2) and the more open-canopied forests (CWHR density classes S, P, and sometimes M) will develop a shrub and herbaceous component. Table 3.20. CWHR Criteria 1[1] Seedling Brush, seedlings: not tree dominated; no tree cover 2[2] Sapling Dominated by 1-6" diameter breast height (dbh) trees; canopy cover >10% 3P[3] Pole, open cover Dominated by 6-11" dbh trees; canopy cover 10-39% 3M Pole, moderate cover Dominated by 6-11" dbh trees; canopy cover 40-59% 3D Pole, dense cover Dominated by 6-11" dbh trees: canopy cover >60% 4P Small tree, open Dominated by 11-24" dbh trees; canopy cover 10-39% 4M Small tree, moderate Dominated by 11-24" dbh trees; canopy cover 40-59% cover 4D Small tree, dense cover Dominated by 11-24" dbh trees; canopy cover >60% 5P[4] Large tree, open cover Dominated by >24" dbh trees; canopy cover 10-39% 5M Large tree, moderate Dominated by >24" dbh trees; canopy cover 40-59% cover 5D Large tree, dense cover Dominated by >24" dbh trees; canopy cover >60% 6[5] Large tree, dense, multi- A layer of 24" and larger trees over a distinct layer of 6-24" trees, layered total tree canopy (6" dbh and larger) exceeds 60% closure The CWHR habitat types present within the planning area are reflective of those found throughout the Sierra Nevada mountain range. These habitats include Montane Riparian, Ponderosa Pine, Mixed Conifer, Red Fir, Eastside Pine, and Montane Hardwood (black oak woodlands in this analysis area). While numerous habitats can be described utilizing the information contained in the CWHR there are three that can be used to describe the habitats used by a majority of the terrestrial wildlife species found in the project area. These habitat types are: Grass/forb, shrub, and early successional habitats Based on CWHR, grass/forb, shrub, and early successional habitat is represented by CWHR 1, 2, NB, SX, HX (habitat definitions can be found in Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988). This habitat is important to a number of wildlife associates, including ground nesting birds, small mammals, several species of reptiles, deer and bats. Open forest habitat Early successional habitat, combined with an open forest canopy (CWHR 3, 4, 5S-P) provides a greater wildlife species richness than any other CWHR habitat stage because of its structural complexity (Beedy 1981, Kilgore 1973, Verner 1980). Rickman (personal communication) used the CWHR system to compare the importance of open-canopied vs. closed-canopied stands for wildlife species, including 29 bird species identified in SNEP which may be declining in the Sierras (Graber 1996). It was found that for 24 of the 29 declining bird species using Sierra mixed-conifer, and 23 of these 29 using eastside pine, that the highest habitat values were associated with those habitats supporting more open canopies (10-39 percent) and large trees (CWHR 5P). The dense canopy closures (>60 percent) had the lowest habitat value for reproduction within each size class of tree. Closed-canopy late successional old forest habitat Several wildlife species are associated with more closed-canopy forest conditions (CWHR 4M, 4D, 5M,5D and 6). SNEP identifies 17 species (Table 3.21) as being dependent on late successional old forests; 24 percent of these species are at risk (Graber 1996). Species associated with more closed- canopy old forest habitat attributes include many Sensitive wildlife species such as spotted owl, goshawk, marten, and fisher. Late successional conifer forests are important to species requiring moderated climates produced by the high, relatively closed canopy. Multiple tree layers, large snags and logs provide sites for nesting, denning, resting, roosting and foraging habitat. Table 3.21 Seventeen species identified in SNEP as being dependent on late successional forests Species Risk * Species Risk Northern Goshawk 1 Brown creeper 2 Spotted Owl 1 Winter wren 2 Great Gray Owl 1 Hermit warbler 2 Fisher 1 Purple finch 2 White-Headed 2 Cassin's finch 2 Woodpacker Pileated Woodpecker 2 Evening Grosbeak 2 Red-breasted nuthatch 2 Northern Flying Squirrel 2 Pygmy nuthatch 2 W. red-backed vole 2 Vaux's swift 2 * 1 = indicates on state or federal list as endangered, threatened, or special concern either for species as a whole, or Sierran portion. 2 = Indicates not known to be at risk. Management Indicator Species Management Indicator Species (MIS) have been identified by the Lassen, Plumas, and Tahoe national forests in their respective land and resource management plans or LRMPs. MIS are used as a means to evaluate the effects of various land management activities (Table 3.21) on a wide variety of wildlife species that would be affected. The National Forest Management Act and the Secretary of Agriculture's implementing regulations (36 CFR 219) describe five categories of species that can be represented by using MIS: 1) endangered or threatened species on State and Federal Lists, 2) species whose habitat needs make them sensitive to planned management activities, 3) game and commercial species, 4) non- game species of special interest, and 5) species that indicate trends in other species or communities. All the federally listed threatened or endangandered species and the Forest Service sensitive species that are identified in Table 3.25 are MIS species by definition, thus meeting categories 1 and 2 above. Bald eagle, spotted owl, great gray owl, goshawk, marten, and fisher serve as MIS for those species that require large tree (old forest) habitat. MIS that have been identified to meet categories 3-5 for each Forest are listed in Table 3.22.